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Štirn I, Garcia-Ramos A, Feriche B, Strojnik V, Tomažin K. Influence of an Acute Exposure to a Moderate Real Altitude on Motoneuron Pool Excitability and Jumping Performance. Front Physiol 2022; 13:861927. [PMID: 35547581 PMCID: PMC9081365 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.861927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to test whether ascending to a moderate real altitude affects motoneuron pool excitability at rest, as expressed by a change in the H-reflex amplitude, and also to elucidate whether a possible alteration in the motoneuron pool excitability could be reflected in the execution of lower-body concentric explosive (squat jump; SJ) and fast eccentric-concentric (drop jump; DJ) muscle actions. Fifteen participants performed four experimental sessions that consisted of the combination of two real altitude conditions [low altitude (low altitude, 690 m), high altitude (higher altitude, 2,320 m)] and two testing procedures (H-reflex and vertical jumps). Participants were tested on each testing day at 8, 11, 14 and 17 h. The only significant difference (p < 0.05) detected for the H-reflex was the higher H-reflex response (25.6%) obtained 15 min after arrival at altitude compared to baseline measurement. In terms of motor behavior, DJ height was the only variable that showed a significant interaction between altitude conditions (LA and HA) and time of measurement (8, 11, 14 and 17 h) as DJ height increased more during successive measurements at HA compared to LA. The only significant difference between the LA and HA conditions was observed for DJ height at 17 h which was higher for the HA condition (p = 0.04, ES = 0.41). Although an increased H-reflex response was detected after a brief (15–20 min) exposure to real altitude, the effect on motorneuron pool excitability could not be confirmed since no significant changes in the H-reflex were detected when comparing LA and HA. On the other hand, the positive effect of altitude on DJ performance was accentuated after 6 h of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Štirn
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Amador Garcia-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Catolica de la Santisima Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Belen Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Vojko Strojnik
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Tomažin
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Coşkun B, Aras D, Akalan C, Kocak S, Hamlin MJ. Plyometric Training in Normobaric Hypoxia improves Jump Performance. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:519-525. [PMID: 34879398 DOI: 10.1055/a-1656-9677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Strength training in hypoxia has been shown to enhance hypertrophy and function of skeletal muscle, however, the effects of plyometric training in hypoxia is relatively unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of plyometric training in hypoxia compared to normoxia on body composition, sprint and jump parameters. Twenty-three male physical education students (20.4±2.0 years, mean±SD) participated in the study and were divided into a plyometric training in hypoxia (PTH, n=8), plyometric training in normoxia (PTN, n=7) or control group (C, n=8). The PTH group trained in normobaric hypoxia (approximately 3536 m) 3 days/week for 8 weeks, while the PTN trained in normoxia. PTH induced significant improvements from baseline to post-testing in countermovement-jump (37.8±6.7 cm, 43.4±5.0 cm, p<0.05), squat-jump (35.4±6.2 cm, 41.1±5.7 cm, p<0.05), drop-jump height (32.8±6 cm, 38.1±6 cm, p<0.05) and 20-m sprint performance (3257.1±109.5 ms, 3145.8±83.6 ms, p<0.05); whereas PTN produced significant improvement only in countermovement-jump (37.3±4.8 cm, 40.5±4.5 cm, p<0.05) and 20-m sprint performance (3209.: 3±76.1 ms, 3126.6±100.4 ms, p<0.05). Plyometric training under hypoxic conditions induces greater improvement in some jump measures (drop-jump and squat-jump) compared to similar training in normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Coşkun
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Department of Physical Education and Sports, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dicle Aras
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Akalan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Settar Kocak
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Michael J Hamlin
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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3
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Limmer M, de Marées M, Platen P. Alterations in acid-base balance and high-intensity exercise performance after short-term and long-term exposure to acute normobaric hypoxic conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13732. [PMID: 32792614 PMCID: PMC7426914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation assessed the course of renal compensation of hypoxia-induced respiratory alkalosis by elimination of bicarbonate ions and impairments in anaerobic exercise after different durations of hypoxic exposure. Study A: 16 participants underwent a resting 12-h exposure to normobaric hypoxia (3,000 m). Blood gas analysis was assessed hourly. While blood pH was significantly increased, PO2, PCO2, and SaO2 were decreased within the first hour of hypoxia, and changes remained consistent. A substantial reduction in [HCO3-] levels was observed after 12 h of hypoxic exposure (- 1.35 ± 0.29 mmol/L, p ≤ 0.05). Study B: 24 participants performed in a randomized, cross-over trial portable tethered sprint running (PTSR) tests under normoxia and after either 1 h (n = 12) or 12 h (n = 12) of normobaric hypoxia (3,000 m). No differences occurred for PTSR-related performance parameters, but the reduction in blood lactate levels was greater after 12 h compared with 1 h (- 1.9 ± 2.2 vs 0.0 ± 2.3 mmol/L, p ≤ 0.05). These results indicate uncompensated respiratory alkalosis after 12 h of hypoxia and similar impairment of high-intensity exercise after 1 and 12 h of hypoxic exposure, despite a greater reduction in blood lactate responses after 12 h compared with 1 h of hypoxic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Limmer
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Markus de Marées
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Platen
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Álvarez-Herms J, Julià-Sánchez S, Gatterer H, Corbi F, Viscor G, Burtscher M. Effects of a Single Power Strength Training Session on Heart Rate Variability When Performed at Different Simulated Altitudes. High Alt Med Biol 2020; 21:292-296. [PMID: 32412860 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2020.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Álvarez-Herms, Jesús, Sonia Julià-Sánchez, Hannes Gatterer, Francisco Corbi, Gines Viscor, and Martin Burtscher. Effects of a single power strength training session on heart rate variability when performed at different simulated altitudes. High Alt Med Biol. 21:292-296, 2020. Background: This study assessed heart rate variability (HRV) after a single power strength training session performed at different hypoxic levels. Materials and Methods: Eight physically active subjects (31.1 ± 4.3 years; 177.6 ± 3.0 cm; 70.1 ± 5.2 kg) performed 6 bouts of 15-second continuous maximal jump exercises interspersed by 3 minutes of rest at different altitude levels (total volume of each session: 20 minutes). The normoxic hypoxia levels were FiO2 low altitude: 20.9%; moderate altitude: 16.5%; and high altitude: 13.5%. Results: Average power output during the jumps was similar for all conditions (≅3150 W). Twenty-four hours before (PRE) and 24 hours after (POST) each training session, HRV parameters (R-R, square root of the mean of the sum of differences between intervals [RMSSD], pNN50, and very low frequency, low frequency, and high frequency) were determined without resulting in significant statistical differences, neither from PRE to POST nor between conditions (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed a negligible perturbation of HRV parameters 24 hours after a single power strength session up to a hypoxic level equivalent to 4000 m. Further studies are needed to determine the hypoxia-dependent threshold and intensities of training loads affecting HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Álvarez-Herms
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences. Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Sonia Julià-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences. Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Corbi
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Gines Viscor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Camacho-Cardenosa A, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Martínez-Guardado I, Brazo-Sayavera J, Timon R, Olcina G. EFFECTS OF REPEATED-SPRINT TRAINING IN HYPOXIA ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE OF TEAM SPORTS PLAYERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202602188454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The traditional hypoxic training program used by endurance athletes was included in the training of team and/or racquet sports players. Objective: The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of a new lower dose of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) as compared with previous studies on short and long-term physical performance of team sports players. Methods: Tests were performed before and after four weeks of supervised specific training and after two weeks of detraining. Twenty-four team-sport players voluntarily participated in the study (age: 22.73±2.87 years; weight: 70.20±3.42 kg; height: 176.95±1.63 cm; BMI: 22.42±2.26 kg/m2); the participants were randomly assigned to the RSH training group (n=8; FiO2= 14.6%), to the normoxia group (RSN) (n=8; FiO2= 20.9%) or to a third control group (CON) (n=8). The participants performed eight training sessions of two sets of five 10-second repeated sprints, with a recovery period of 20 seconds between sprints and a recovery period of 10 minutes at 120 W between sets. Body composition was measured following standard anthropometric evaluation procedures. The Wingate Test, Repeated-Sprint Ability Test, SJ, CMJ and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test were used to evaluate aerobic and anaerobic outcomes. Results: In the hypoxia group, maximal power increased by 14.96% and the total number of sprints performed increased by 20.36%, both with a large effect size (ES=0.78 and ES = 0.71, respectively). Conclusion: A lower dose of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia produces improvements in maximal power and number of sprints in the hypoxia group, in team sports players, as shown by the large effect size in both cases. Level of evidence II; Comparative prospective study.
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Camacho-Cardenosa M, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Tomas-Carus P, Olcina G, Timón R, Brazo-Sayavera J. Effects of whole-body vibration under hypoxic exposure on muscle mass and functional mobility in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:625-632. [PMID: 31236796 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ageing is accompanied by a loss of muscle mass and function, which are associated with decrease of functional capacity. Combination of WBV training with normobaric hypoxic exposure could augment the beneficial effects due to synergic effects of both treatments. AIMS The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 36 sessions of the combined WBV training and normobaric hypoxic exposure on muscle mass and functional mobility in older adults. METHODS Nineteen elderly people were randomly assigned to a: vibration normoxic exposure group (NWBV; n = 10; 20.9% FiO2) and vibration hypoxic exposure group (HWBV; n = 9). Participants developed 36 sessions of WBV training along 18 weeks, which included 4 bouts of 30 s (12.6 Hz in frequency and 4 mm in amplitude) with 60 s of rest between bouts, inside a hypoxic chamber for the HWBV. The "Timed Up and Go Test" evaluated functional mobility. Percentages of lean mass were obtained with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Neither statistically significant within group variations nor statistically significant differences between both groups were detected to any parameter. DISCUSSION Baseline characteristics of population, training protocol and the level of hypoxia employed could cause different adaptations on muscle mass and function. CONCLUSIONS The combination of WBV training and hypoxic exposure did not cause any effect on either legs lean mass or functional mobility of older adults.
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Camacho-Cardenosa M, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Brazo-Sayavera J, Olcina G, Tomas-Carus P, Timón R. Evaluation of 18-Week Whole-Body Vibration Training in Normobaric Hypoxia on Lower Extremity Muscle Strength in an Elderly Population. High Alt Med Biol 2019; 20:157-164. [PMID: 31021265 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2018.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic benefits of hypoxic training have been suggested for clinical populations, such as elderly who could suffer loss of lower limb muscle strength and higher risk of falling. This study investigated the effects of 18 weeks of whole-body vibration (WBV) training in normobaric hypoxia on the strength parameters of an elderly population. Thirty-one healthy elderly participants were randomly assigned to a hypoxic whole-body vibration group (HWBV; n = 10), normoxic whole-body vibration group (NWBV; n = 11), or control group (n = 10). The experimental groups received the same vibration treatment in a hypoxia chamber (HWBV: 16.1% fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2]; NWBV: 21.0% FiO2). Isokinetic leg muscle strength was evaluated using a Biodex System-3 isokinetic dynamometer. Body composition was obtained with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were no significant differences between groups in either strength or body composition parameters. The NWBV group showed statistically significant improvements in the maximal strength of knee extensors, with a small effect size (p = 0.004; d = 0.54). No significant differences were found in any variable of the HWBV group. The combination of WBV training and exposure to normobaric cyclic hypoxia carried out in the present study did not have an effect on strength parameters in healthy elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier Brazo-Sayavera
- 2 Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay.,3 Polo de Desarrollo Universitario EFISAL, Rivera, Uruguay
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- 1 Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Pablo Tomas-Carus
- 4 Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Cie^ncia e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.,5 Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Rafael Timón
- 1 Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
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8
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Andrade DC, Beltrán AR, Labarca-Valenzuela C, Manzo-Botarelli O, Trujillo E, Otero-Farias P, Álvarez C, Garcia-Hermoso A, Toledo C, Del Rio R, Silva-Urra J, Ramírez-Campillo R. Effects of Plyometric Training on Explosive and Endurance Performance at Sea Level and at High Altitude. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1415. [PMID: 30364035 PMCID: PMC6191644 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Plyometric training performed at sea level enhance explosive and endurance performance at sea level. However, its effects on explosive and endurance performance at high altitude had not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of a sea level short-term (i.e., 4-week) plyometric training program on explosive and endurance performance at sea level and at high altitude (i.e., 3,270 m above sea level). Participants were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 12) and a plyometric training group (n = 11). Neuromuscular (reactive strength index – RSI) and endurance (2-km time-trial; running economy [RE]; maximal oxygen uptake - VO2max) measurements were performed at sea level before, at sea level after intervention (SL +4 week), and at high altitude 24-h post SL +4 week. The ANOVA revealed that at SL +4 week the VO2max was not significantly changed in any group, although RE, RSI and 2-km time trial were significantly (p < 0.05) improved in the plyometric training group. After training, when both groups were exposed to high altitude, participants from the plyometric training group showed a greater RSI (p < 0.05) and were able to maintain their 2-km time trial (11.3 ± 0.5 min vs. 10.7 ± 0.6 min) compared to their pre-training sea level performance. In contrast, the control group showed no improvement in RSI, with a worse 2-km time trial performance (10.3 ± 0.8 min vs. 9.02 ± 0.64 min; p < 0.05; ES = 0.13). Moreover, after training, both at sea level and at high altitude the plyometric training group demonstrated a greater (p < 0.05) RSI and 2-km time trial performance compared to the control group. The oxygen saturation was significantly decreased after acute exposure to high altitude in the two groups (p < 0.05). These results confirm the beneficial effects of sea level short-term plyometric training on explosive and endurance performance at sea level. Moreover, current results indicates that plyometric training may also be of value for endurance athletes performing after an acute exposure to high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cristóbal Andrade
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Faculty of Physiological Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Rosa Beltrán
- Departamento de Educación, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Cristian Labarca-Valenzuela
- Departamento Biomédico, Centro Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Oscar Manzo-Botarelli
- Departamento Biomédico, Centro Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Erwin Trujillo
- Departamento Biomédico, Centro Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Patricio Otero-Farias
- Departamento de Educación, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Cristian Álvarez
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Antonio Garcia-Hermoso
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Toledo
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Faculty of Physiological Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Faculty of Physiological Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Silva-Urra
- Departamento Biomédico, Centro Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Rubio-Arias JÁ, Freitas TT, Camacho A, Jiménez-Diaz JF, Alcaraz PE. Acute Physiological and Performance Responses to High-Intensity Resistance Circuit Training in Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1040-1047. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Gatterer H, Menz V, Untersteiner C, Klarod K, Burtscher M. Physiological Factors Associated With Declining Repeated Sprint Performance in Hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 33:211-216. [PMID: 28277432 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gatterer, H, Menz, V, Untersteiner, C, Klarod, K, and Burtscher, M. Physiological factors associated with declining repeated sprint performance in hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 211-216, 2019-Performance loss in hypoxia might not only be caused by reduced oxygen availability, but might also be influenced by other factors, as for example, oxidative stress, perceived exertion, or breathing patterns. This study aimed to investigate the influence of these factors on running performance during hypoxic and normoxic shuttle-run sprinting. Eight male amateur soccer players performed shuttle-run sprints in hypoxia (FiO2 ∼14.8%) and normoxia (random order). Each session comprized 3 sets of 5 × 10 seconds back and forth sprints (4.5 m), with recovery times between repetitions and sets of 20 seconds and 5 minutes, respectively. Sprinting distance, acceleration patterns, heart rate (HR) and breathing frequency were measured during each session (Zephyr-PSM Training System). Redox state and lactate concentration ([La]) were determined before and after each session, whereas rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed after the sprint sessions. Overall distance covered was similar during hypoxia and normoxia sprinting (Δ -8.3 ± 14.3 m, 95% CI -20.2 to 3.6, p > 0.05). During the third set, distance tended to be reduced in hypoxia compared with normoxia (169 ± 6 m, 95% CI 164-174 vs. 175 ± 4 m, 95% CI 171-178, p = 0.070). Differences in breathing frequency during sprinting in hypoxia and normoxia were associated with individual reductions in sprinting distance (r = -0.792, p = 0.019). Despite a somewhat lower running distance during the third set and similar [La], RPE, HR, and redox responses, the preserved overall running distance indicates that the training stimulus might be enhanced in hypoxia compared with normoxia. Alteration of the respiratory patterns during repeated sprinting in hypoxia might be one factor, besides others, responsible for a potential performance loss. It could be hypothesized that respiratory pattern adaptations are involved in potential performance improvements after hypoxia repeated sprint training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Gatterer
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Menz
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Kultida Klarod
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Mueang, Thailand
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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Biochemical responses and physical performance during high-intensity resistance circuit training in hypoxia and normoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:809-818. [PMID: 28260202 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of hypoxia on metabolic and acid-base balance, blood oxygenation, electrolyte, and half-squat performance variables during high-resistance circuit (HRC) training. METHODS Twelve resistance-trained subjects participated in this study. After a 6RM testing session, participants performed three randomized trials of HRC: normoxia (NORM: FiO2 = 0.21), moderate hypoxia (MH: FiO2 = 0.16), or high hypoxia (HH: FiO2 = 0.13), separated by 72 h of recovery in normoxic conditions. HRC consisted of two blocks of three exercises (Block 1: bench press, deadlift and elbow flexion; Block 2: half-squat, triceps extension, and ankle extension). Each exercise was performed at 6RM. Rest periods lasted for 35 s between exercises, 3 min between sets, and 5 min between blocks. Peak and mean force and power were determined during half-squat. Metabolic, acid-base balance, blood oxygenation and electrolyte variables, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured following each block. RESULTS During the first set, peak force and power were significantly lower in HH than MH and NORM; whereas in the second set, mean and peak force and power were significantly lower in HH than NORM. At the end of the HRC training session, blood lactate and RPE in HH were significantly higher than in MH and NORM. SaO2, pH, HCO3-, and pO2 values were significantly lower in all hypoxic conditions than in NORM. CONCLUSION These results indicate that simulated hypoxia during HRC exercise reduce blood oxygenation, pH, and HCO3-, and increased blood lactate ultimately decreasing muscular performance.
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12
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Álvarez-Herms J, Julià-Sánchez S, Gatterer H, Blank C, Corbi F, Pagès T, Burtscher M, Viscor G. Anaerobic training in hypoxia: A new approach to stimulate the rating of effort perception. Physiol Behav 2016; 163:37-42. [PMID: 27126970 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study compared subjective effort perception with objective physiological measures during high-intensive intermittent exercise performed in normoxia, moderate hypoxia (FiO2: 16.5%) and severe hypoxia (FiO2: 13.5%). Sixteen physically active subjects performed an equal training session on three different days. Training consisted of 6 "all-out" series of continuous jumps lasting for 15s each. Average power output during the jumps was similar in all three conditions (~3200W). Greater hypoxemia was observed in hypoxia as compared to normoxia. Likewise, a significantly higher value in perceived effort was observed after hypoxia training as compared to normoxia training (p<0.05). Whereas blood lactate concentrations immediately after training were not different between normoxia and hypoxia, creatine kinase increased in moderate (p=0.02) and severe (p<0.01) hypoxia compared to normoxia 24h after the training. Perceived fatigue was also significantly elevated 24h after hypoxic exercise only. Heart rate variability pre and 24h after exercise showed a tendency to sympathetic predominance in severe hypoxia as compared to moderate hypoxia and normoxia. In conclusion, a single session of anaerobic exercise can be executed at the same intensity in moderate/severe hypoxia as in normoxia. This type of hypoxic training may be considered as a method potentially to improve the ability tolerating discomfort and consequently also exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Álvarez-Herms
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Sud, Facultat de Biologia, Avinguda Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - S Julià-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Sud, Facultat de Biologia, Avinguda Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - H Gatterer
- Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - C Blank
- Department for Medical Sciences and Health Systems Management, Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, UMIT, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria.
| | - F Corbi
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, Faculty of Lleida, University of Lleida, Complex de la Caparrella, s/n, 25192, Spain.
| | - T Pagès
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Sud, Facultat de Biologia, Avinguda Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - G Viscor
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Sud, Facultat de Biologia, Avinguda Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Álvarez-Herms J, Julià-Sánchez S, Corbi F, Pagès T, Viscor G. A program of circuit resistance training under hypobaric hypoxia conditions improves the anaerobic performance of athletes. Sci Sports 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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