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Mao H, Liu Y, Lv Q, Li C, Yang Y, Wu F, Xu N, Jin X. The effect of β-Glucan induced intestinal trained immunity against Trichinella spiralis infection. Vet Parasitol 2024:110238. [PMID: 38944590 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic helminth Trichinella spiralis (Ts) induce mixed Th1/Th2 response with predominant type 2 immune responses, with protective immunity mediated by interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. β-Glucan (BG) has been shown to have the ability to induce trained immunity, confers non-specific protection from secondary infections. However, whether BG-induced trained immunity played a role in protective type 2 immunity against Ts infection is unclear. In this study, BG was administered five days before Ts infection to induce trained immunity. Our findings demonstrate that BG pretreatment effectively reduced the number of T. spiralis adults and muscle larvae, whereas inhibition of trained immunity abolished the effect of BG. Additionally, we observed a significant increase in goblet cells and mucus production as evidenced by Alcian blue periodic acid-Schiff staining. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed a significant upregulation of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 expression in response to BG. Conversely, the inhibitor of trained immunity reversed these effects, suggesting that BG-induced trained immunity confers strong protection against Ts infection. In conclusion, these findings suggest that BG-induced trained immunity may play a role in protection against infections caused by other helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhai Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingbo Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chengyao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaming Yang
- Department of Helminth, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, China
| | - Fangwei Wu
- Department of Helminth, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, China
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Xuemin Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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2
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Langner T, Otranto D, Bezerra-Santos MA, Franzen J, Johne A, Tonanzi D, Pfeffer M, Birka S. Detection of Spirocerca lupi and an unknown Trichinella-like nematode in raccoon ( Procyon lotor). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 23:100911. [PMID: 38352914 PMCID: PMC10862008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The raccoon Procyon lotor (Carnivora: Procyonidae) is an invasive species of growing importance for the introduction of alien pathogens or as additional hosts for autochthonous pathogens in Europe, including zoonotic parasites. As the population is steadily increasing and outcompeting the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Germany, the consumption of raccoon meat raises concerns about pathogens they may transmit. Therefore the presence of Trichinella larvae was here investigated in muscle samples (n = 904) of raccoons from northern Germany. No Trichinella larvae were found, thus confirming the general low occurrence of this parasite in Germany. However, Spirocerca lupi (n = 12) and an unidentified Trichinella-like nematode (n = 1) were accidently detected in the examined samples. The first is not a zoonotic parasite but has a high veterinary relevance as it can cause severe diseases in dogs. It is the first documented autochthonous infection of this nematode in Germany. The larvae of an unidentified Trichinella-like nematode were found in high abundance in all examined muscles of one raccoon, though they could not be identified to species level. Histological investigation revealed intramuscular cystic structures. This is the largest study investigating muscular parasites of raccoons in Europe so far, which suggests that this invasive animal species is infected by S. lupi and by a yet unknown Trichinella -like parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Langner
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Hygiene, Germany
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Str. prov. per Casamassima km 3, Valenzano, Bari, 70010, Italy
| | - Marcos Antonio Bezerra-Santos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Str. prov. per Casamassima km 3, Valenzano, Bari, 70010, Italy
| | - Jan Franzen
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annette Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, NRL for Trichinella, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniele Tonanzi
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Pfeffer
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Birka
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Hygiene, Germany
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3
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Juozaitytė-Ngugu E, Maziliauskaitė E, Kirjušina M, Prakas P, Vaitkevičiūtė R, Stankevičiūtė J, Butkauskas D. Identification of Sarcocystis and Trichinella Species in Muscles of Gray Wolf ( Canis lupus) from Lithuania. Vet Sci 2024; 11:85. [PMID: 38393103 PMCID: PMC10892562 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan Sarcocystis and Trichinella nematodes are food-borne parasites whose life cycle is carried-out in various wildlife and domestic animals. The gray wolf (Canis lupus) is an apex predator acting as an ecosystem engineer. This study aimed to identify the species of Sarcocystis and Trichinella found in the muscles of gray wolves in Lithuania. During the 2017-2022 period, diaphragm, heart, and hind leg samples of 15 animals were examined. Microscopical analysis showed the presence of two types of Sarcocystis parasites in 26.7% of the analyzed muscle samples. Based on the sequencing of five loci, nuclear 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, ITS1, mitochondrial cox1, and apicoplast rpoB, S. arctica, and S. svanai were identified. The current work presents the first report of S. svanai in gray wolf. Phylogenetically, S. svanai clustered together with S. lutrae, infecting various carnivorans, and S. arctica was most closely related to S. felis from domestic cats. Trichinella spp. were found in 12 gray wolves (80%). For the first time, Trichinella species were molecularly identified in gray wolves from Lithuania. Trichinella britovi was confirmed in all of the isolated Trichinella larvae using a multiplex PCR. Gray wolves in Lithuania may serve as a major source of zoonotic pathogens due to the presence of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muza Kirjušina
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Parādes 1, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Petras Prakas
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Vaitkevičiūtė
- Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentų 11, Akademija, 53361 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jolanta Stankevičiūtė
- Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentų 11, Akademija, 53361 Kaunas, Lithuania
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4
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Liu Y, Liu J, Wang N, You X, Yang Y, Ding J, Liu X, Liu M, Li C, Xu N. Quantitative label-free proteomic analysis of excretory-secretory proteins in different developmental stages of Trichinella spiralis. Vet Res 2024; 55:4. [PMID: 38172978 PMCID: PMC10763447 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) is a zoonotic parasitic nematode with a unique life cycle, as all developmental stages are contained within a single host. Excretory-secretory (ES) proteins are the main targets of the interactions between T. spiralis and the host at different stages of development and are essential for parasite survival. However, the ES protein profiles of T. spiralis at different developmental stages have not been characterized. The proteomes of ES proteins from different developmental stages, namely, muscle larvae (ML), intestinal infective larvae (IIL), preadult (PA) 6 h, PA 30 h, adult (Ad) 3 days post-infection (dpi) and Ad 6 dpi, were characterized via label-free mass spectrometry analysis in combination with bioinformatics. A total of 1217 proteins were identified from 9341 unique peptides in all developmental stages, 590 of which were quantified and differentially expressed. GO classification and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that these proteins were important for the growth of the larvae and involved in energy metabolism. Moreover, the heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein was the centre of protein interactions at different developmental stages. The results of this study provide comprehensive proteomic data on ES proteins and reveal that these ES proteins were differentially expressed at different developmental stages. Differential proteins are associated with parasite survival and the host immune response and may be potential early diagnostic antigen or antiparasitic vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Juncheng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xihuo You
- Beijing Agrichina Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wangzhuang Industrial Park, Airport Road, Shahe, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yaming Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 6 Xiyuan Road, Puer, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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5
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Cleveland CA, Haynes E, Callaghan KC, Fojtik A, Coker S, Doub E, Brown VR, Majewska AA, Yabsley MJ. Distribution and prevalence of antibodies to Trichinella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in the United States. Vet Parasitol 2024; 325:110090. [PMID: 38043480 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are a reservoir for over 100 viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens that are transmissible to humans, livestock, domestic animals, and wildlife in North America. Numerous historical local surveys and results from a nation-wide survey (2006-2010) indicated that wild pigs in the United States act as reservoirs for Trichinella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii, two zoonotic pathogens of importance for human and animal health. Since that time, wild pig populations have expanded and increased in density in many areas. Population expansion of wild pigs creates opportunities for the introduction of pathogens to new areas of the country, increasing health risks. The goal of this study was to investigate the current geographic distribution and prevalence of Trichinella spp. and T. gondii antibodies in wild pigs using serum samples collected from 2014 to 2020. Serum samples from 36 states were tested for antibodies to Trichinella spp. (n = 7467) and T. gondii (n = 5984) using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Seroprevalence for Trichinella spp. (12.4%, 927/7467) and T. gondii (40.8%, 2444/5984) are significantly higher compared to a previous 2006-2010 study across all regions. Results from this study also showed a lower seroprevalence (4.8%) for Trichinella spp. in the West region compared to the other regions (South: 13.4%; Midwest: 18.4%; Northeast: 19.1%). There were new detection records for antibodies to Trichinella spp. in 11 states, mostly in the West, Midwest, and Northeast regions compared to a previous study in 2014. Males and juveniles were less likely to be positive for Trichinella spp. antibodies, compared to females and older animals, respectively. Seroprevalence was similar for T. gondii across the regions (31.8-56%) with some states having particularly high seroprevalence (e.g., Hawaii 79.4% and Pennsylvania 68%). There were new T. gondii antibody detection records for 12 states, mostly in the West, Midwest, and Northeast regions. Adults were more likely than juveniles and subadults to be seropositive. These data confirm that the distribution and prevalence of antibodies for Trichinella spp. and T. gondii are increasing in the United States, likely driven by wild pig population growth and range expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Cleveland
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ellen Haynes
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Katherine C Callaghan
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Alinde Fojtik
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sarah Coker
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Emily Doub
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Vienna R Brown
- USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Ania A Majewska
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Liu RD, Meng XY, Le Li C, Xu QY, Lin XZ, Dong BR, Ye CY, Miao TT, Si XY, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Trichinella spiralis cathepsin L induces macrophage M1 polarization via the NF-κB pathway and enhances the ADCC killing of newborn larvae. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:433. [PMID: 37993938 PMCID: PMC10666456 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the early stages of Trichinella spiralis infection, macrophages predominantly undergo polarization to the M1-like phenotype, causing the host's inflammatory response and resistance against T. spiralis infection. As the disease progresses, the number of M2-type macrophages gradually increases, contributing to tissue repair processes within the host. While cysteine protease overexpression is typically associated with inflammation, the specific role of T. spiralis cathepsin L (TsCatL) in mediating macrophage polarization remains unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the killing effect of macrophage polarization mediated by recombinant T. spiralis cathepsin L domains (rTsCatL2) on newborn larvae (NBL). METHODS rTsCatL2 was expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21. Polarization of the rTsCatL2-induced RAW264.7 cells was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blot, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The effect of JSH-23, an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), on rTsCatL2-induced M1 polarization investigated. Cytotoxic effects of polarized macrophages on NBL were observed using in vitro killing assays. RESULTS Following the co-incubation of rTsCatL2 with RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells, qPCR and ELISA revealed increased transcription and secretion levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in macrophages. Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in iNOS protein expression, while the expression level of arginase-1 protein remained unchanged. Flow cytometry revealed a substantial increase in the number of CD86-labeled macrophages. The western blot results also indicated that rTsCatL2 increased the expression levels of phospho-NF-κB and phospho-nuclear factor-κB inhibitor alpha (IκB-α) proteins in a dose-dependent manner, while immunofluorescence revealed that rTsCatL2 induced nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB (NF-κB p65) protein in macrophages. The inhibitory effect of JSH-23 suppressed and abrogated the effect of rTsCatL2 in promoting M1 macrophage polarization. rTsCatL2 mediated polarization of macrophages to the M1-like phenotype and enhanced macrophage adhesion and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) killing of NBL. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that rTsCatL2 induces macrophage M1 polarization via the NF-κB pathway and enhances the ADCC killing of NBL. This study provides a further understanding of the interaction mechanism between T. spiralis and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiang Yu Meng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chen Le Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Qiu Yi Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xin Zhi Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Bo Rang Dong
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chu Yan Ye
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Tian Tian Miao
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xin Yi Si
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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7
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Kamel HH, Elleboudy NAF, Hasan AN, Ali IR, Mohammad OS. Nano magnetic-based ELISA and nano magnetic-based latex agglutination test for diagnosis of experimental trichinellosis. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:400-409. [PMID: 37193503 PMCID: PMC10182192 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01583-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human trichinellosis is a worldwide foodborne public health threat. Detecting circulating antigens of Trichinella spiralis "T. spiralis" allows for an early diagnosis before larval encystation develops in skeletal muscles. For the first time, the present study aimed to formulate an effective nanomagnetic beads based-ELISA and -latex agglutination test (NMB-ELISA and NMB-LAT) to recognize T. spiralis adult worm crude extract antigen (AWCEA) in sera of experimentally infected mice. The study included thirty-eight mice classified into 3 groups; T. spiralis-infected group (GI) which was euthanized 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 days post-infection (dpi), other parasitic infections group (GII) and healthy control group (GIII). Rabbit anti-T. spiralis polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) were utilized to detect AWCEA in serum samples by sandwich ELISA, NMB-ELISA, and NMB-LAT. Using NMB-ELISA, AWCEA was detected in sera collected at 6 and 8 dpi, with a sensitivity of 50% and 75%, respectively, and a specificity of 100%. Whereas, sandwich ELISA and NMB-LAT couldn't detect the antigen at the same time intervals. Both ELISA formats were able to detect the antigen in samples collected at 10, 12, and 14 dpi with a sensitivity of 100% for NMB-ELISA and 25%, 75%, and 100% respectively, for sandwich-ELISA. Yet, NMB-LAT couldn't detect AWCEA until 12 dpi with a sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 75%. In conclusion, NMB-ELISA is a promising sensitive tool for early and specific diagnosis of acute trichinellosis. The use of NMB-LAT could be a helpful screening procedure in field surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Hussein Kamel
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Aml Nabil Hasan
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Rabea Ali
- Parasitology Department, Theodore Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omnia Sobhi Mohammad
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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8
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Wang S, Meng S, Yang X, Zhang B, Zhang JH, Bai ZK, Song MX. The mechanism of acid resistance by ornithine decarboxylase in Trichinella spiralis. Exp Parasitol 2023; 249:108503. [PMID: 36925097 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is a zoonotic parasite with worldwide distribution that can seriously harm human health and animal husbandry. Ornithine decarboxylase is a component of the acid resistance (AR) system in Escherichia coli. The aim of this study was to investigate the role that T. spiralis ornithine decarboxylase (TsODC) plays in the acid resistance mechanism of T. spiralis. This study involved assessing the transcription and expression of TsODC in worms under acidic conditions. According to mRNA sequences published by NCBI and the results of molecular biology experiments, the complete TsODC sequence was cloned and expressed. rTsODC had good immunogenicity, and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that TsODC was principally localized on the surface tissues of the nematode, especially at the head and tail. qRT‒PCR and Western blotting analysis indicated that the relative expression levels of TsODC mRNA and protein were highest when cultured at pH 2.5 for 2 h. The muscle larvae (ML) of T. spiralis were treated with curcumin and rapamycin, as well as arginine and TsODC polyantisera. The expression levels of TsODC mRNA and protein were significantly increased by arginine and suppressed by curcumin and rapamycin. After reducing the amount of TsODC, the relative expression of TsODC mRNA and the survival rate of T. spiralis ML were both reduced when compared to these values in the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group. The results indicated that TsODC is a member of the T. spiralis AR system and different treatments on TsODC have different effects; thus, these treatments might be a new way to prevent T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shi Meng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jian Hui Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhi Kun Bai
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Ming Xin Song
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China.
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9
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Zoonotic helminths - why the challenge remains. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e21. [PMID: 36790130 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Helminth zoonoses remain a global problem to public health and the economy of many countries. Polymerase chain reaction-based techniques and sequencing have resolved many taxonomic issues and are now essential to understanding the epidemiology of helminth zoonotic infections and the ecology of the causative agents. This is clearly demonstrated from research on Echinococcus (echinococcosis) and Trichinella (trichinosis). Unfortunately, a variety of anthropogenic factors are worsening the problems caused by helminth zoonoses. These include cultural factors, urbanization and climate change. Wildlife plays an increasingly important role in the maintenance of many helminth zoonoses making surveillance and control increasingly difficult. The emergence or re-emergence of helminth zoonoses such as Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Toxocara, Dracunculus and Thelazia exacerbate an already discouraging scenario compounding the control of a group of long neglected diseases.
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10
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Pan ZZ, Zhu MJ, Rong YQ, Yang J. Pleural effusion caused by Trichinella spiralis infection: two case reports. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:77. [PMID: 36747130 PMCID: PMC9903410 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichinosis is a worldwide food-borne zoonotic parasitic disease, which is mainly obtained by ingesting undercooked meat containing infected larvae. The purpose of our article is to introduce and discuss two rare cases of pleural effusion caused by Trichinella spiralis. CASE PRESENTATION Here we described two male patients who presented to the respiratory department of our hospital with a massive unilateral pleural effusion, their serum eosinophils were in the normal range, laboratory serological tests revealed that Trichinella spiralis IgG antibody was positive. After the oral administration of antiparasitic drugs, the pleural effusion of two patients was completely absorbed. CONCLUSION Both patients were diagnosed with Trichinosis complicated with pleural effusion, which is very rare in the clinic and easy to be misdiagnosed because of normal eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-zhen Pan
- grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhong-nan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Eastlake Road, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Miao-juan Zhu
- grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhong-nan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Eastlake Road, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Yu-qiong Rong
- grid.413247.70000 0004 1808 0969Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhong-nan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Eastlake Road, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Jiong Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhong-nan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Eastlake Road, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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11
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Hao HN, Song YY, Ma KN, Wang BN, Long SR, Liu RD, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. A novel C-type lectin from Trichinella spiralis mediates larval invasion of host intestinal epithelial cells. Vet Res 2022; 53:85. [PMID: 36258242 PMCID: PMC9580147 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of a novel type C lectin from Trichinella spiralis (TsCTL) and its role in larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). TsCTL has a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of C-type lectin. The full-length TsCTL cDNA sequence was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The results of qPCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays (IFAs) showed that TsCTL was a surface and secretory protein that was highly expressed at the T. spiralis intestinal infective larva (IIL) stages and primarily located at the cuticle, stichosome and embryos of the parasite. rTsCTL could specifically bind with IECs, and the binding site was localized in the IEC nucleus and cytoplasm. The IFA results showed that natural TsCTL was secreted and bound to the enteral epithelium at the intestinal stage of T. spiralis infection. The rTsCTL had a haemagglutinating effect on murine erythrocytes, while mannose was able to inhibit the rTsCTL agglutinating effect for mouse erythrocytes. rTsCTL accelerated larval intrusion into the IECs, whereas anti-rTsCTL antibodies and mannose significantly impeded larval intrusion in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicated that TsCTL specifically binds to IECs and promotes larval invasion of intestinal epithelium, and it might be a potential target of vaccines against T. spiralis enteral stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Nan Hao
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Kai Ning Ma
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Bo Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
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12
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Eslahi AV, KarimiPourSaryazdi A, Olfatifar M, de Carvalho LMM, Foroutan M, Karim MR, Badri M, Ketzis JK. Global prevalence of
Trichinella
in pigs: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2466-2481. [DOI: 10.1002/vms3.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran
| | - Amir KarimiPourSaryazdi
- Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Meysam Olfatifar
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Diseases Research Center Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran
| | - Luis Manuel Madeira de Carvalho
- CIISA – Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Lisbon Portugal and Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS) Lisboa Portugal
| | - Masoud Foroutan
- Department of Medical Parasitology Faculty of Medicine Abadan University of Medical Sciences Abadan Iran
| | - Md Robiul Karim
- Department of Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University Gazipur Bangladesh
| | - Milad Badri
- Medical Microbiology Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center Research Institute for Prevention of Non‐Communicable Diseases Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran
| | - Jennifer K. Ketzis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Ross University West Farm Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
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13
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Yera H, Bory S, Khieu V, Caron Y. Human trichinellosis in Southeast Asia, 2001-2021. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 28:e00171. [PMID: 35875401 PMCID: PMC9305352 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To present the situation of human trichinellosis in Southeast Asia in the last 20th years we analyzed outbreak data and seroprevalence studies from 2001 to 2021 for this region. We queried PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) using keywords “Trichinella”, “human” and “Southeast Asia”. In addition, we described Trichinella species circulating in this region. In Southeast Asia, in communities eating pork, several cultural factors play important roles in the transmission of Trichinella to humans. The seroprevalences of Trichinella infection in humans are known for Laos and Vietnam to be 0–10.5% in some villages. Also, in Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam relatively few human outbreaks (13) and cases (1604) have been recorded during the last 21st years. Their associated mortality rates were low (0.75%). Trichinella spiralis and T. papuae were transmitted after consumption of raw or undercooked pork from domesticated and wild pigs. T. papuae transmission was related to consumption of wild boar. In this region, trichinellosis was frequently subclinical and clinical or severe cases were sporadic and occurred more in male patients. Nevertheless, it is likely that trichinellosis is widely under-diagnosed and is an endemic disease. In Southeast Asia, trichinellosis occurred mostly in rural populations eating pork or boar meat. Since 2001, the majority of cases have been reported in northern Laos and Thailand. Trichinella spiralis and T. papuae have been isolated as causative species. There is no veterinary surveillance for Trichinella, except in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Yera
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, National Reference Laboratory for Human Trichinellosis, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Université de Paris, Institut Cochin (U1016 Inserm/UMR8104 CNRS/UMR-S8104), Paris, France
| | - Sotharith Bory
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Medicine Department, Calmette Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Virak Khieu
- National Center for Parasitology Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yannick Caron
- Head of Animal Health Unit, Qualyse Laboratory, Tulle, France
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14
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Mohammed ES, Youseef AG, Mubarak AG, Mawas AS, Khalifa FA, Felefel W. Epidemiological perspective associated with principal risk factors of Trichinella spiralis infection in pigs and humans in Egypt. Vet World 2022; 15:1430-1437. [PMID: 35993072 PMCID: PMC9375220 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1430-1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: In Egypt, there is a scarcity of recent data on trichinellosis in pigs and humans. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the epidemiological profile and risk factors associated with Trichinella spiralis infection as well as to assess the effectiveness of the trichinoscope and digestion technique in diagnosing trichinellosis. Materials and Methods: Data were collected on 33812 pigs slaughtered during a year at the Al-Basateen abattoir, Cairo Governorate, Egypt. The slaughtered pigs had already been examined by trichinoscope in the abattoir. The diagnostic effectiveness technique was randomly conducted on 170 pork muscle samples, which were examined using the digestion technique. Furthermore, 90 serum samples from high-risk individuals in Qena and Sohag Governorates, Upper Egypt, were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The investigation revealed that the overall prevalence was 1.06% in pigs by trichinoscope. Of the examined 170 samples, 2.35% and 3.35% were found to harbor Trichinella by trichinoscope and artificial digestion, respectively. Trichinella was identified as T. spiralis using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. A significant relationship was affirmed between the prevalence of trichinellosis and the sex and age of the examined pigs. Likewise, for the first time, there was a considerable seasonal trend in the prevalence of Trichinella with the maximum infection, which was observed during Autumn (1.18%). The prevalence of trichinellosis in humans was 10%, with a significant association with age. Conclusion: Our findings are intended to serve as a starting point for developing effective preventive and control measures for trichinellosis (as application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) in pig farms, stop feeding pigs on garbage as well as, preventing illegal slaughter of pigs outside the slaughterhouses). It also fortifies the establishment of the digestion technique because of its high specificity and sensitivity, although it is difficult to apply to a large number of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Sayed Mohammed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Gahlan Youseef
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Gaber Mubarak
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Amany Sayed Mawas
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Fatma Ahmed Khalifa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Wael Felefel
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh 51744, Egypt
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15
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Wang M, Liu W, Xiong Z, Li Z, Li J, Xu X, Zhang M, Xing M, Ning Q, Wu D, Qi J. Case Report: "Area of Focus" Atypical Trichinellosis and Fascioliasis Coinfection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:881356. [PMID: 35646994 PMCID: PMC9132012 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.881356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic co-infection is commonly observed in natural populations, yet rare in the laboratory. Multiparasitism can have negative effects on the host, ranging from the atypical manifestations to increased mortality, consequently, it may be misdiagnosed and treated with unsuitable anthelmintic medicines. Therefore, reliable diagnosis is critical for appropriate treatment of parasitic co-infection. Herein, we report a case of a 31-year-old woman with persistent eosinophilia and hypoechoic liver lesion on ultrasound. The microscopic examination of multiple stool specimens did not find any pathogens. The patient had serum specific anti-Trichinella IgG antibody by Dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA). After treatment with albendazole, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed more lesions in the liver. Subsequently, liver biopsy was performed in this patient and Fasciola hepatica was identified using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) as well as polymerase chain reaction. After treatment with triclabendazole, which is the only anthelmintic drug specifically available against this fluke, her eosinophil count returned normal, and the liver lesions were significantly regressed. This case highlights the diagnostic challenge posed by parasitic co-infection, which merits more in-depth evaluation to confirm the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziman Xiong
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiansha Li
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Xu
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyou Xing
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Ning
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Wu
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junying Qi
- National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Khalil G, Marty P, Hage K, Sfeir S, El Hage J, Bou Assi T, Rassam M, Pomares C, Mikhael E. Could the re-emerging practice of wild boar hunting linked to the recent economic crisis lead to new outbreaks of trichinellosis in Lebanon? Parasite 2022; 29:11. [PMID: 35225786 PMCID: PMC8884024 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Documented trichinellosis outbreaks in Lebanon date back to the late 19th century. The first published outbreaks were attributed to the consumption of wild boar meat, while those that followed incriminated pork. The practice of hunting wild boar is currently re-emerging in Lebanon given the recent economic crisis that has limited the purchase of livestock meat. Results: In Lebanon, at least 15 outbreaks of trichinellosis have been reported since 1870. We report an outbreak in January 2019, where five of the fifteen people present at a barbecue party were diagnosed with trichinellosis after wild boar meat consumption. Two subspecies of wild boar, Sus scrofa libycus and Sus scrofa scrofa, are commonly targeted by hunters. Hunters and consumers are sometimes unaware of the ineffectiveness of freezing meat and cooking over a wood fire to avoid trichinellosis. Unexpectedly, the National Center for Zoonosis Control receives every year 4 samples of wild boar meat, all free of Trichinella sp. larvae. Conclusion: Trichinellosis, a zoonosis typically unrecognized or undeclared, still represents a risk linked to the consumption of meat from wild animals, especially wild boar. Consumers, hunters, veterinarians, and butchers need to be further educated. Government regulation of wild boar hunting should be implemented to prevent further outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Khalil
- Medical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University P.O. Box 11-5076 – Riad El Solh 1107 2180 Beirut Lebanon
- Hôpital Saint Joseph des Sœurs de la Croix-Centre Médical Raymond et Aida Najjar P.O. Box 90-375 Bauchrieh, Dora-Metn Beirut Lebanon
- Corresponding authors: ;
| | - Pierre Marty
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm U1065, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice 062020 Nice France
| | - Karl Hage
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University P.O. Box 11-5076 - Riad El Solh 1107 2180 Beirut Lebanon
| | - Salma Sfeir
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University P.O. Box 11-5076 - Riad El Solh 1107 2180 Beirut Lebanon
| | - Jeanne El Hage
- Animal Health Laboratory, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute – LARI P.O. Box 90-1965, Fanar El Metn Lebanon
| | - Tarek Bou Assi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hôpital Saint Joseph des Sœurs de la Croix-Centre Médical Raymond et Aida Najjar P.O. Box 90-375 Bauchrieh, Dora-Metn Beirut Lebanon
| | - Maria Rassam
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University P.O. Box 11-5076 - Riad El Solh 1107 2180 Beirut Lebanon
| | - Christelle Pomares
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm U1065, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice 062020 Nice France
- Corresponding authors: ;
| | - Elio Mikhael
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University P.O. Box 11-5076 - Riad El Solh 1107 2180 Beirut Lebanon
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A Review on Alaria alata, Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis spp. in Mammalian Game Meat Consumed in Europe: Epidemiology, Risk Management and Future Directions. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030263. [PMID: 35158587 PMCID: PMC8833328 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In many European countries, game meat consumption is related to the traditional hunting culture. Its demand and consumption are increasing, also due to the growing populations of wild ungulates. However, specific public health issues exist and should be taken into account. This review focuses on the causal agents, epidemiology, potential risk for human health and its management along the supply chain, including parasite detection at slaughtering and inactivation in meat, of three parasites (Alaria alata, Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis spp.), which can be transmitted by the main mammalian game meat species in the EU: wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama), Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), moose (Alces alces), hare (Lepus europaeus) and wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). By presenting the main issues and knowledge gaps, this study aims to contribute to an improved control supporting the risk analysis process. Abstract Game meat is increasingly appreciated and consumed in Europe, also due to the growing population of wild ungulates. In addition to interesting nutritional properties and market opportunities, game meat is characterized by some specific public health issues. This review focuses on the etiology, epidemiology, public health aspects and risk management along the supply chain, including parasite detection at slaughtering and inactivation in meat, of three selected foodborne parasitic hazards (Alaria alata, Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis spp.) in the main mammalian game meat species in the EU: wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama), Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), moose (Alces alces), hare (Lepus europaeus) and wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The presented data point out the main issues, and knowledge gaps as well as the potential for improved control in order to contribute to the risk analysis process. To pursue an effective management of these parasitic zoonoses, awareness raising should involve all figures in the supply chain, including hunters, restaurateurs and consumers. Human behaviour and the lack of knowledge regarding meat borne parasitic zoonoses and the health risks they pose seem to be the most important factors responsible for human infections. However, detection methods, starting from the sampling procedure, should be further developed and standardized in order to improve the collection of accurate and up-to-date epidemiological data.
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18
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Ahmed F, Cappai MG, Morrone S, Cavallo L, Berlinguer F, Dessì G, Tamponi C, Scala A, Varcasia A. Raw meat based diet (RMBD) for household pets as potential door opener to parasitic load of domestic and urban environment. Revival of understated zoonotic hazards? A review. One Health 2021; 13:100327. [PMID: 34584928 PMCID: PMC8455362 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RMBD (acronym of Raw Meat Based Diet) and BARF diets (acronym for Biologically Appropriate Raw Food or Bones and Raw Food) account dietary regimens based on raw ingredients (including raw meat), popular in pet feeding. Animal tissues and organs as well as other uncooked ingredients are more and more popularly used by pet owners to feed household pets. However, the increased risk of exposure to microbiological and parasitic agents poses the question as to whether such diets may be recommendable to be handled and offered to domestic cats and dogs co-living in domestic and urban environment. Above all, the threat of human and animal infections by parasites from raw meat fed to pets is not sufficiently explored and tracked, meanwhile deserving particular surveillance, instead. At this regard, raw meat feeding to pets may represent a route of exposure to the increased risk of environmental load. In fact, some parasites typically found in rural environment can be given the chance to complete their life-cycle, for the closeness between definitive and intermediate hosts. This is of particular concern, as potentially infected pets serving as definitive hosts can become a continuous source of environmental diffusion of parasites, both at domestic and urban level. The handling of raw meat requires adequate knowledge and awareness of the hygienic principles to prevent the onset of disorders related to both manipulation by pet owners and uncooked food consumption by the pet. This review aimed to shed a comprehensive overview of the hygienic aspects related to raw pet feeding, as to handling of raw meat in domestic environment, with special emphasis on parasitic agents and related zoonotic hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Ahmed
- Animal Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Institute, University of Sassari, Italy
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, University of Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Sarah Morrone
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Lia Cavallo
- Animal Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Institute, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Berlinguer
- Chair of Animal Physiology of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgia Dessì
- Animal Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Institute, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Tamponi
- Animal Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Institute, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scala
- Animal Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Institute, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Animal Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Institute, University of Sassari, Italy
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19
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Kosmidou M, Papamichail G, Klouras E, Tsamis K, Sarmas I, Rapti I, Milionis H. Trichinosis Imitating an Inflammatory Systematic Disease. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:497-499. [PMID: 34724769 PMCID: PMC8561047 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis (trichinosis) is a parasitic infection caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella. Pigs are the most common source of human infection. We describe a case of a 47-year-old woman presented with a wide range of intermittent symptoms including prolonged fever, dry cough, diarrhea, rash, myalgias and arthralgias. The patient was attended by physicians with various medical specialties such as dermatologists, rheumatologists and allergiologists, but they did not establish a certain diagnosis because of the gradual onset of symptoms, raising the suspicion of a systematic disease. After extensive work up, the diagnosis of trichinosis was established with femoral muscle biopsy compatible with inflammatory myopathy of parasitic etiology with trichinosis to be the predominant diagnosis. Despite the significant delay of diagnosis for almost three months, patient was treated successfully with no further complications. Trichinellosis is a food-borne treatable infection. Preventive measures include community education especially in zones where parasite prevalence is increased, improvement of farming and cooking techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kosmidou
- First Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Georgios Papamichail
- First Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Klouras
- First Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsamis
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Ioannis Sarmas
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Iro Rapti
- First Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Haralampos Milionis
- First Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
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20
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A Case of Trichinellosis in a 14-Year-Old Male Child at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Sidama, Ethiopia. Case Rep Infect Dis 2021; 2021:3624687. [PMID: 34691794 PMCID: PMC8536450 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3624687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichinellosis develops after ingestion of Trichinella cysts in pork meat. It is one of the most important parasitic human pathogens in the world. It is, however, underreported in part because none of the clinical manifestations are pathognomonic. The primary mode of transmission is ingestion of raw meat. Among the symptoms are muscle pain, swelling, and myopathy. High-grade fever and other systemic symptoms are not unusual. The hallmarks are ophthalmic and musculoskeletal manifestations, particularly conjunctival haemorrhage with periorbital edema and subungual splinter haemorrhage. Although the majority of infections are mild and asymptomatic, severe infections can result in enteritis, periorbital edema, and myositis. Presentation of the Case. A 14-year-old male patient from Oromia Region, Arsi Zone, West Arsi Zone, Bishan Guracha area, which is almost completely encircled by mountains, presented with a complaint of worsening easy fatigability and asymmetric right thigh enlargement lasting one month. The pertinent physical examinations on presentation were puffy face and eyes, and there was a 4 cm by 5 cm mass on the right lateral thigh with no overlying skin colour change, on-tender, and no discharge. Eosinophilia of 14% was noticed on the complete blood count. The definitive diagnosis of trichinellosis was made by muscle biopsy. He was then managed with albendazole and prednisolone and improved. Conclusion Patients with periorbital edema, myositis, or eosinophilia should be evaluated for trichinellosis. Individuals who have these symptoms and a history of eating pork meat should be suspected of having trichinellosis. Before eating raw pork meat, it is recommended that it be cooked properly.
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Thanchomnang T, Sadaow L, Sanpool O, Intapan PM, Rodpai R, Boonroumkaew P, Janwan P, Tourtip S, Maleewong W. Development of an immunochromatographic point-of-care test for detection of IgG antibody in serodiagnosis of human trichinellosis. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 111:148-153. [PMID: 34461253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trichinellosis is a globally distributed food-borne parasitic disease. Initially, diagnosis is usually made based on clinical signs, symptoms, and history of eating raw or undercooked meat. In the present study, an immunochromatographic test (ICT) kit was developed to diagnose trichinellosis by detecting IgG antibodies in sera of infected humans. METHODS Somatic extract from Trichinella spiralis larvae was used as the antigen for the ICT kit development. Diagnostic efficacy was evaluated using human serum samples from proven trichinellosis patients, healthy persons, and those with other parasitic infections. RESULTS The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy of the ICT kit were 100.0% (95%; CI 88.8 to 100.0%), 92.5% (95% CI; 86.9 to 96.2%), 73.8% (95% CI; 58.0 to 86.1%), 100.0% (95% CI; 97.3 to 100.0%) and 93.8% (95% CI; 89.2 to 96.9%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This ICT diagnostic kit can be used as a testing tool for human trichinellosis. This test should permit rapid detection of infection to enable prompt anthelminthic treatment. It can also be used for retrospective diagnoses and field surveys based at laboratories where sophisticated equipment is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjit Thanchomnang
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Lakkhana Sadaow
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pewpan M Intapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Penchom Janwan
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Somjintana Tourtip
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Touloudi A, Valiakos G, Cawthraw S, Kostoulas P, Gortázar C, Boadella M, Giannakopoulos A, Birtsas P, Sofia M, Athanasiou LV, Satra M, Athanasakopoulou Z, Kantere M, Spyrou V, Petrovska L, Billinis C. Development of a Multiplex Bead Assay for Simultaneous Serodiagnosis of Antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella suis, and Trichinella spiralis in Wild Boar. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050904. [PMID: 33922494 PMCID: PMC8144985 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a multiplex bead assay for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella suis, and Trichinella spiralis. Sera from Eurasian wild boar of known serological status for TB (64 seropositive, 106 seronegative), Brucella (30 seropositive, 39 seronegative), and Trichinella (21 seropositive, 97 seronegative) were used for the development and evaluation of the assay. Magnetic beads coated with recombinant MPB83 antigen (TB), a whole-cell B. suis 1330 antigen, and an E/S T. spiralis antigen were used for the detection of specific antibodies using Bio-Rad Bio-Plex technology. The sensitivities (Se) and specificities (Sp) of the multiplex assay were, for M. bovis, 0.98 and 0.86; for B. suis, 1.00 and 0.97; and for T. spiralis, 0.90 and 0.99 (Se and Sp, respectively). The results show the diagnostic potential of this assay for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against M. bovis, B. suis, and T. spiralis in wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Touloudi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (A.T.); (G.V.); (P.K.); (A.G.); (M.S.); (L.V.A.); (Z.A.); (M.K.)
| | - George Valiakos
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (A.T.); (G.V.); (P.K.); (A.G.); (M.S.); (L.V.A.); (Z.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Shaun Cawthraw
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (S.C.); (L.P.)
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (A.T.); (G.V.); (P.K.); (A.G.); (M.S.); (L.V.A.); (Z.A.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece;
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | | | - Alexios Giannakopoulos
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (A.T.); (G.V.); (P.K.); (A.G.); (M.S.); (L.V.A.); (Z.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Periklis Birtsas
- Faculty of Forestry, Wood Science and Design, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece;
| | - Marina Sofia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (A.T.); (G.V.); (P.K.); (A.G.); (M.S.); (L.V.A.); (Z.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Labrini V. Athanasiou
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (A.T.); (G.V.); (P.K.); (A.G.); (M.S.); (L.V.A.); (Z.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Maria Satra
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece;
| | - Zoi Athanasakopoulou
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (A.T.); (G.V.); (P.K.); (A.G.); (M.S.); (L.V.A.); (Z.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Maria Kantere
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (A.T.); (G.V.); (P.K.); (A.G.); (M.S.); (L.V.A.); (Z.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Vassiliki Spyrou
- Faculty of Animal Science, University of Thessaly, 412 22 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Liljana Petrovska
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (S.C.); (L.P.)
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (A.T.); (G.V.); (P.K.); (A.G.); (M.S.); (L.V.A.); (Z.A.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece;
- Correspondence:
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Didelphis spp. opossums and their parasites in the Americas: A One Health perspective. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:4091-4111. [PMID: 33788021 PMCID: PMC8599228 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Medium sized opossums (Didelphis spp.) are among the most fascinating mammals of the Americas, playing important ecological roles (e.g., dispersal of seeds and control of insect populations) in the environment they inhabit. Nevertheless, as synanthropic animals, they are well adapted to human dwellings, occupying shelters within the cities, peripheral areas, and rural settings. These marsupials can harbor numerous pathogens, which may affect people, pets, and livestock. Among those, some protozoa (e.g., Leishmania infantum, Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii), helminths (e.g., Ancylostoma caninum, Trichinella spiralis, Alaria marcianae, Paragonimus spp.) and arthropods (e.g., ticks, fleas) present substantial public health and veterinary importance, due to their capacity to cause disease in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Here, we reviewed the role played by opossums on the spreading of zoonotic parasites, vectors, and vector-borne pathogens, highlighting the risks of pathogens transmission due to the direct and indirect interaction of humans and domestic animals with Didelphis spp. in the Americas.
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Gao Y, Meng X, Yang X, Meng S, Han C, Li X, Wang S, Li W, Song M. RNAi-mediated silencing of Trichinella spiralis glutaminase results in reduced muscle larval infectivity. Vet Res 2021; 52:51. [PMID: 33766101 PMCID: PMC7992778 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is an important foodborne parasitic nematode distributed worldwide that infects humans and animals. Glutaminase (GLS) is an important gene in the glutamine-dependent acid resistance (AR) system; however, its role in T. spiralis muscle larvae (ML) remains unclear. The present study aimed to characterize T. spiralis GLS (TsGLS) and assess its function in T. spiralis ML AR both in vitro and in vivo using RNA interference. The results indicated that native TsGLS (72 kDa) was recognized by anti-rTsGLS serum at the muscle larvae stage; moreover, an immunofluorescence assay confirmed that TsGLS was located in the epidermis of ML. After silencing the TsGLS gene, the relative expression of TsGLS mRNA and the survival rate of T. spiralis ML were reduced by 60.11% and 16.55%, respectively, compared to those in the PBS and control groups. In vivo AR assays revealed that the worm numbers at 7 and 35 days post-infection (dpi) decreased by 61.64% and 66.71%, respectively, compared to those in the PBS group. The relative expression of TsGLS mRNA in F1 generation T. spiralis ML was reduced by 42.52%, compared to that in the PBS group. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the presence of the glutamine-dependent AR system in T. spiralis. Our results indicate that TsGLS plays a crucial role in the T. spiralis AR system; thus, it could be used as a potential candidate target molecule for producing vaccines against T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaoqing Meng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shi Meng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Caixia Han
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wei Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Mingxin Song
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Street, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Argirova MA, Georgieva MK, Hristova-Avakumova NG, Vuchev DI, Popova-Daskalova GV, Anichina KK, Yancheva DY. New 1 H-benzimidazole-2-yl hydrazones with combined antiparasitic and antioxidant activity. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39848-39868. [PMID: 35494105 PMCID: PMC9044521 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07419a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections, caused mainly by the species Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis), are widespread around the world and lead to morbidity and mortality in the population. Meanwhile, some studies have showed that these parasites induce oxidative stress in the infected host. With the aim of developing a class of compounds combining anthelmintic with antioxidant properties, a series of new benzimidazolyl-2-hydrazones 5a-l, bearing hydroxyl- and methoxy-groups, were synthesized. The anthelmintic activity on encapsulated T. spiralis was studied in vitro thus indicating that all hydrazones were more active than the clinically used anthelmintic drugs albendazole and ivermectin. 5b and 5d killed the total parasitic larvae (100% effectiveness) after 24 hours incubation period at 37 °C in both concentrations (50 and 100 μg ml−1). The antioxidant activity of the target compounds was elucidated in vitro against stable free radicals DPPH and ABTS as well as iron induced oxidative damage in model systems containing biologically relevant molecules lecithin and deoxyribose. The two 2,3- and 3,4-dihydroxy hydrazones 5b and 5d were the most effective radical scavengers in all studied systems. DFT calculations were applied to calculate the reaction enthalpies in polar and nonpolar medium and estimate the preferred mechanism of antioxidant activity. The relative radical scavenging ability of compounds 5a-l showed a good correlation to the experimentally observed trends. It was found that the studied compounds are capable to react with various free radicals – ˙OCH3, ˙OOH and ˙OOCH3, through several possible reaction pathways – HAT in nonpolar medium, SPLET in polar medium and RAF in both media. The design of new drug candidates that combine anthelmintic and antioxidant actions in one molecule offers a beneficial approach in the treatment of the tissue damages, immune system dysfunction and oxidative stress caused by trichinellosis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Argirova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., build. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Miglena K. Georgieva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nadya G. Hristova-Avakumova
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Zdrave Str., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar I. Vuchev
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Galya V. Popova-Daskalova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Kameliya K. Anichina
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Denitsa Y. Yancheva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., build. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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26
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Braasch J, Ostermann S, Mackiewicz M, Bardot C, Pagneux C, Borchardt-Lohölter V, Lattwein E. Trichinella spiralis - New method for sample preparation and objective detection of specific antigens using a chemiluminescence immunoassay. Vet Parasitol 2020; 4:100033. [PMID: 33305254 PMCID: PMC7711141 DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2020.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic roundworm Trichinella spiralis is most commonly transmitted to humans through consumption of raw or undercooked meat of infected pigs or game. To prevent human infection, slaughterhouses perform meat safety surveillance using the gold standard "Magnetic Stirrer Method". We introduce a fast and objective method using automated detection of specific Trichinella spiralis antigens by a newly developed immunoassay based on chemiluminescence (ChLIA). Panel A comprised muscle tissue samples from non-infected pigs (n = 37). Panel B comprised muscle tissue samples from non-infected pigs spiked with different amounts of Trichinella larvae without collagen capsules (n = 56). Panel C contained muscle tissue samples from experimentally infected pigs including Trichinella larvae encapsulated in collagen (n = 32). Each sample was shredded with PBS buffer in a knife mill, destroying Trichinella larvae. Following centrifugation, the supernatant (muscle tissue extract containing released excretory and secretory Trichinella spiralis antigens) was used for Trichinella-specific antigen detection by the new Trichinella ChLIA. The overall accuracy of the Trichinella ChLIA was 97.6 %. The specificity of the Trichinella ChLIA was 100 % (panel A). The sensitivity in samples from experimentally infected pigs was 100 % representing a detection limit of 0.01 larvae per gram. Cross-reactivity with parasites other than Trichinella spp. was not observed. This new meat inspection method for the detection of Trichinella spiralis antigens presents high specificity and high sensitivity, especially in truly infected samples. In contrast to the gold standard, this new approach to meat safety surveillance does not require longsome digestion or microscopy by trained personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Braasch
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Seekamp 31, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ostermann
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Seekamp 31, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Monika Mackiewicz
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Seekamp 31, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Catherine Bardot
- EUROFINS Laboratory in Moulins, Boulevard De Nomazy - BP 1707, 03017 Moulins, France
| | - Caroline Pagneux
- EUROFINS Laboratory in Moulins, Boulevard De Nomazy - BP 1707, 03017 Moulins, France
| | - Viola Borchardt-Lohölter
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Seekamp 31, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Erik Lattwein
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Seekamp 31, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
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Hedman HD, Varga C, Duquette J, Novakofski J, Mateus-Pinilla NE. Food Safety Considerations Related to the Consumption and Handling of Game Meat in North America. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040188. [PMID: 33255599 PMCID: PMC7712377 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging foodborne pathogens present a threat to public health. It is now recognized that several foodborne pathogens originate from wildlife as demonstrated by recent global disease outbreaks. Zoonotic spillover events are closely related to the ubiquity of parasitic, bacterial, and viral pathogens present within human and animal populations and their surrounding environment. Foodborne diseases have economic and international trade impacts, incentivizing effective wildlife disease management. In North America, there are no food safety standards for handling and consumption of free-ranging game meat. Game meat consumption continues to rise in North America; however, this growing practice could place recreational hunters and game meat consumers at increased risk of foodborne diseases. Recreational hunters should follow effective game meat food hygiene practices from harvest to storage and consumption. Here, we provide a synthesis review that evaluates the ecological and epidemiological drivers of foodborne disease risk in North American hunter populations that are associated with the harvest and consumption of terrestrial mammal game meat. We anticipate this work could serve as a foundation of preventive measures that mitigate foodborne disease transmission between free-ranging mammalian and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden D. Hedman
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA; (H.D.H.); (J.N.)
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Jared Duquette
- Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife Resources; Champaign, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Jan Novakofski
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA; (H.D.H.); (J.N.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nohra E. Mateus-Pinilla
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA; (H.D.H.); (J.N.)
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
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28
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Weatherhead JE, Gazzinelli-Guimaraes P, Knight JM, Fujiwara R, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME, Corry DB. Host Immunity and Inflammation to Pulmonary Helminth Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:594520. [PMID: 33193446 PMCID: PMC7606285 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminths, including nematodes, cestodes and trematodes, are complex parasitic organisms that infect at least one billion people globally living in extreme poverty. Helminthic infections are associated with severe morbidity particularly in young children who often harbor the highest burden of disease. While each helminth species completes a distinct life cycle within the host, several helminths incite significant lung disease. This impact on the lungs occurs either directly from larval migration and host immune activation or indirectly from a systemic inflammatory immune response. The impact of helminths on the pulmonary immune response involves a sophisticated orchestration and activation of the host innate and adaptive immune cells. The consequences of activating pulmonary host immune responses are variable with several helminthic infections leading to severe, pulmonary compromise while others providing immune tolerance and protection against the development of pulmonary diseases. Further delineation of the convoluted interface between helminth infection and the pulmonary host immune responses is critical to the development of novel therapeutics that are critically needed to prevent the significant global morbidity caused by these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E. Weatherhead
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - John M. Knight
- Department of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, and the Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ricardo Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Children’s Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University, College State, TX, United States
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Children’s Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David B. Corry
- Department of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, and the Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, Immunology, Allergy, Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, TX, United States
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