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Scarboro M, McQuillan KA. Traumatic Brain Injury Update. AACN Adv Crit Care 2021; 32:29-50. [PMID: 33725106 DOI: 10.4037/aacnacc2021331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a devastating, life-changing event in most cases. After the primary brain insult, it is helpful to use evidence-based monitoring techniques to guide implementation of essential interventions to minimize secondary injury and thereby improve patient outcomes. An update on multimodal neuromonitoring is provided in this narrative review, with discussion of tools and techniques currently used in the treatment of patients with brain injury. Neuroprotective treatments, from the well-studied targeted temperature management to new potential therapeutics under investigation, such as glyburide, also are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Scarboro
- Maureen Scarboro is Acute Care Nurse Practitioner, Neurosurgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Karen A McQuillan
- Karen A. McQuillan is Lead Clinical Nurse Specialist, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Abstract
Clinical neurophysiologic testing provides valuable support in predicting outcome in the setting of disorders of consciousness (DOC), including coma and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Electroencephalography (EEG) and evoked potentials (EP) are simple to apply, inexpensive, safe, and available in most rehabilitation facilities. This chapter reviews the use of EEG and EP in postanoxic coma and TBI. Bilateral absence of cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) may be regarded as a predictor of poor outcome in hypoxic brain damage. Flash VEP may be useful to differentiate between good and poor outcome. In addition, low EEG frequencies, burst suppression, and isoelectric EEG patterns prognosticate poor outcomes in hypoxic brain damage. While a loss of cortical SSEP is generally regarded as a negative prognostic sign in the acute phase of hypoxic brain damage, absence of cortical SSEP responses is not necessarily associated with poor outcome in TBI. Event-related potentials (ERPs) can provide support in outcome prediction. In particular, the N100, mismatch negativity, P300, and N400 may improve accuracy of outcome prediction DOC of different etiologies. Some evidence suggests that ERPs may be superior to SSEP in predicting functional and DOC outcomes (Lew et al., 2003). ERPs are measured brain responses resulting from specific cognitive tasks, sensory stimulation, or planned motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens D Rollnik
- Institute for Neurorehabilitation Research, BDH Clinic Hessisch Oldendorf, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hessisch Oldendorf, Germany.
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Abstract
With the development of modern international medicine, the subject of disorders of consciousness (DOCs) has begun to be raised in mainland China. Much progress has been made to date in several specialties related to the management of chronic DOC patients in China. In this article, we briefly review the present status of DOC studies in China, specifically concerning diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, and rehabilitation. The development of DOC-related scientific organizations and activities in China are introduced. Some weaknesses that need improvement are also noted. The current program provides a good foundation for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Zhao
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Clarençon F, Bardinet É, Martinerie J, Pelbarg V, Menjot de Champfleur N, Gupta R, Tollard E, Soto-Ares G, Ibarrola D, Schmitt E, Tourdias T, Degos V, Yelnik J, Dormont D, Puybasset L, Galanaud D. Lesions in deep gray nuclei after severe traumatic brain injury predict neurologic outcome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186641. [PMID: 29095850 PMCID: PMC5667824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluates the correlation between injuries to deep gray matter nuclei, as quantitated by lesions in these nuclei on MR T2 Fast Spin Echo (T2 FSE) images, with 6-month neurological outcome after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-five patients (80 males, mean age = 36.7y) with severe TBI were prospectively enrolled. All patients underwent a MR scan within the 45 days after the trauma that included a T2 FSE acquisition. A 3D deformable atlas of the deep gray matter was registered to this sequence; deep gray matter lesions (DGML) were evaluated using a semi-quantitative classification scheme. The 6-month outcome was dichotomized into unfavorable (death, vegetative or minimally conscious state) or favorable (minimal or no neurologic deficit) outcome. RESULTS Sixty-six percent of the patients (63/95) had both satisfactory registration of the 3D atlas on T2 FSE and available clinical follow-up. Patients without DGML had an 89% chance (P = 0.0016) of favorable outcome while those with bilateral DGML had an 80% risk of unfavorable outcome (P = 0.00008). Multivariate analysis based on DGML accurately classified patients with unfavorable neurological outcome in 90.5% of the cases. CONCLUSION Lesions in deep gray matter nuclei may predict long-term outcome after severe TBI with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Clarençon
- Department of Neuroradiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris VI University, Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Éric Bardinet
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière–ICM. CNRS UMR 7225
| | | | - Vincent Pelbarg
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Plateform, IHU-A-ICM, Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Paris, France
| | | | - Rajiv Gupta
- Department of Neuroradiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eléonore Tollard
- Department of Neuroradiology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Gustavo Soto-Ares
- Department of Neuroradiology, Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Danielle Ibarrola
- CERMEP, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological & Neurosurgical Hospital, Bron, France
| | | | - Thomas Tourdias
- Department of Neuroradiology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Degos
- Paris VI University, Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris VI University, Paris, France
| | - Jérome Yelnik
- INSERM U679, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris VI University, Paris. France
| | - Didier Dormont
- Department of Neuroradiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris VI University, Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Louis Puybasset
- Paris VI University, Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris VI University, Paris, France
| | - Damien Galanaud
- Department of Neuroradiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris VI University, Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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