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Touponse G, Malacon K, Li G, Yoseph E, Han S, Zygourakis C. Provider's exposure to diversity contributes to socioeconomic disparities in lumbar and cervical fusion outcomes. World Neurosurg X 2024; 23:100382. [PMID: 38756754 PMCID: PMC11097082 DOI: 10.1016/j.wnsx.2024.100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Studies report patient race, income, and education influence spinal fusion outcomes; fewer studies, however, examine the influence of provider factors such as exposure to diversity or cultural sensitivity. Objective To examine how providers' experience with diverse patient populations affects spinal fusion outcomes. Methods Retrospective review of 39,680 patients undergoing lumbar and cervical fusions, 2003-2021, in Clinformatics® Data Mart national database. We used the provider patient racial diversity index (pRDI)-a published metric of physician exposure to diverse patients-to divide patients into groups based their provider's category (I, II, III) where patients treated by category III providers had surgeons with the most diverse patient populations. Multivariate regression models on propensity score-matched cohorts examined the association between patient SES and provider category on post-operative outcomes. Results Black patients had decreased discharge home (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.54-0.83) compared to white patients. Patients treated by category III providers had increased length of stay (Coeff. 0.62; 95% CI 0.43-0.81), charge (Coeff. 36800; 95% CI 29,200-44,400), and decreased discharge home (OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.83-0.97) compared to patients treated by category I providers. Asian patients treated by category II providers had decreased readmission (OR 0.38; 95% CI 0.14-0.96), and Black patients treated by category III providers had increased discharge home (OR 1.41; 95% CI 1.1-1.9) compared to those treated by category I providers. Conclusion While our study found two specific instances of improved spine surgery outcomes for minority patients treated by providers serving diverse patient populations, we present mixed findings overall. This study serves as the foundation for future research to better understand how provider pRDI affects outcomes in patients undergoing lumbar and cervical spine surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Touponse
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karen Malacon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Guan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ezra Yoseph
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Summer Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Quantative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Corinna Zygourakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Alan A, Ennabe M, Sulaiman A, Weinand M. Discontinuation of affirmative action: Consequences for black educational equity, neurosurgical residency, and medical diversity, with consideration of potential adversity as a new path forward. World Neurosurg X 2024; 23:100339. [PMID: 38497060 PMCID: PMC10943114 DOI: 10.1016/j.wnsx.2024.100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Alan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michelle Ennabe
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Abdulmuizz Sulaiman
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ, USA
- College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Martin Weinand
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
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O'Malley GR, Sarwar SA, Weisman HE, Wan E, Prem Kumar R, Patel NV. Assessing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Patient-Facing Websites in Neurosurgical Departments in the United States. World Neurosurg 2024; 186:e366-e373. [PMID: 38556163 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.03.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-facing websites serve as essential platforms for disseminating information, engaging with patients, and increasing access to neurosurgical resources and services. Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion are at the forefront of issues facing the field of neurosurgery, especially concerning race and gender disparities in regards to providers in the field. METHODS Data were collected in regards to the race and gender of patients and providers displayed on the neurosurgery department's patient-facing website in addition to accommodations for disabilities, decreased ability to pay, and language. RESULTS Patients who were White were depicted more commonly than those of color (69% vs. 31%, P < 0.00001). White patients also were over-represented when compared with the average demographics of the communities in which the hospitals served (P = 0.03846). Neurosurgical providers who were White outnumbered those of color (70% vs. 30%, P < 0.00001). The racial depiction of providers was comparable with racial disparities currently observed in neurosurgery (P = 0.59612). Female neurosurgery providers were seen less than male providers on patient-facing websites (P < 0.00001) but were seen more commonly on patient-facing websites than the percentage of practicing neurosurgeons they currently comprise (28% vs. 8%, P < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that patient-facing websites of neurosurgical departments are an area of improvement in regards to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the field of neurosurgery. Disparities are noted in regards to the racial depiction of patients and further call to attention racial and gender disparities in the field of neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey R O'Malley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Syed A Sarwar
- Department of Neurosurgery, HMH-Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hannah E Weisman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Erica Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rohit Prem Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nitesh V Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, HMH-Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, New Jersey, USA
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Coyle A, Graves EKM, Hannah TC, Yong V, Rostmeyer K, Erkmen CP, Erkmen K. Dear Program Director: An Evaluation of Implicit Bias in Letters of Recommendation for Neurosurgery Residency. Neurosurgery 2024:00006123-990000000-01173. [PMID: 38771088 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000003002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite comprising half of medical students, women represent only 29.6% of neurosurgery applicants and 17% of residents, suggesting a "leak" in the career pipeline for women neurosurgeons. Surveys persistently show that neurosurgery programs identify United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE®) Step 1 score and letters of recommendation (LORs) as the most important factors in selecting applicants to interview. A previous study in neurosurgery found no differences in LORs. However, multiple studies in other specialties have demonstrated implicit gender bias in LORs, which may influence resident selection. Our objective is to evaluate neurosurgery residency LORs for evidence of implicit gender bias. METHODS Retrospective analysis of LORs for interviewed neurosurgery applicants at a single institution during the 2014 to 2020 National Residency Matching Program (NRMP®) match cycles. Letters were evaluated using Linguistic Inquiry & Word Count (LIWC) software (Pennebaker Conglomerates), and additional applicant data were obtained from candidate applications. LIWC (Pennebaker Conglomerates) output data included custom dictionary categories and terms that were analyzed using Prism 10 and Rstudio. RESULTS Two hundred eighteen applications were reviewed for a total of 827 letters. LIWC (Pennebaker Conglomerates) analysis showed significant differences in word count (331 vs 297, difference = 34, 95% CI: 9-61, P = .008). LORs for applicants who were men were more likely to mention Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society (1.17 vs 0.778, difference = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.13-0.67, P = .023). USMLE® Step 1 scores were significantly lower for women (241 vs 247, difference = 6, 95% CI: 2-10, P = .004). There was no significant difference between letters for men and women for all categories evaluated in the linguistic evaluation. CONCLUSION LORs are vital to the neurosurgical residency application process. The data exhibit some differences between the men and women applicants but few differences in their LORs, consistent with the results of the previous neurosurgical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Coyle
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erin K M Graves
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Theodore C Hannah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valeda Yong
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Temple University Health Systems, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kaleb Rostmeyer
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cherie P Erkmen
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Temple University Health Systems, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kadir Erkmen
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Badejo OA, Oboh E, Abu-Bonsrah N, Petitt Z, Ekweogwu OC, Morgan E, Onyia CU, Ahmad MH, Ayodele OA, Usman B, Dawang Y, Orhorhoro OI, Oyemolade TA, Okere OE, Deng DD, Njeru PN, Otun A, Nischal SA, Opara O, Iroegbu-Emeruem LU, Fuller AT, Haglund MM, Chikani MC, Adeleye AO, Adeolu AA, Ukachukwu AEK. Women in Nigerian Neurosurgery: A Cross-Sectional Survey. World Neurosurg 2024; 185:e75-e85. [PMID: 38741331 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although women have made remarkable strides in several medical specialties in Sub-Saharan Africa, their presence and contribution to the development of neurosurgery remain limited. We sought to study the gender differences within Nigerian neurosurgery, identify challenges resulting from these differences, and recommend how African female neurosurgeons can maximize their effects in neurosurgery. METHODS A structured online survey captured data on neurosurgical infrastructural capacity, workforce, and training from neurosurgical consultants and residents in neurosurgical centers in Nigeria. All the collected data were coded and analyzed. RESULTS Altogether, 82 neurosurgical consultants and 67 neurosurgical residents from 50 primary medical institutions in Nigeria completed the online survey. Only 8 of the respondents (5.4%) were women, comprising 3 consultants, 2 senior residents, and 3 junior residents. Although 40.2% of the respondents did not believe that being female affected the decision of whether to specialize in neurosurgery, 46.3% believed that being female was a disadvantage. Most did not believe that being female affected admission (57.8%), completion of a neurosurgery residency (58.5%), or life working as a neurosurgeon after graduation (63.4%). The most common challenges women face while navigating through neurosurgery training and practice are erosion of family and social life, lack of female mentors, and lack of a work-life balance. CONCLUSIONS There is a deficit of both female consultants and trainees among Nigerian neurosurgeons. Identifying female medical students with a strong interest in neurosurgery and providing early mentorship might increase the number of female neurosurgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwakemi A Badejo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ena Oboh
- Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancy Abu-Bonsrah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zoey Petitt
- Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ofodile C Ekweogwu
- Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Eghosa Morgan
- Department of Surgery, Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | | | - Misbahu H Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Olabamidele A Ayodele
- Department of Surgery, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Babagana Usman
- Department of Surgery, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf Dawang
- Department of Surgery, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada-Zuba, Nigeria
| | - Omuvie I Orhorhoro
- Department of Surgery, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Di D Deng
- Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paula N Njeru
- Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ayodamola Otun
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shiva A Nischal
- Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oluwamayowa Opara
- Department of Surgery, Imo State Specialist Hospital, Owerri, Nigeria
| | | | - Anthony T Fuller
- Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael M Haglund
- Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark C Chikani
- Department of Surgery, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Amos O Adeleye
- Department of Neurosurgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Augustine A Adeolu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Alvan-Emeka K Ukachukwu
- Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Pugazenthi S, Fabiano AS, Barpujari A, Vessell M, Reddy V, Adogwa O, Swartz KR. Sociodemographics Impact Competitiveness in the Neurosurgical Match: Survey Results. World Neurosurg 2024; 182:e308-e318. [PMID: 38008166 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurosurgical match involves selecting future neurosurgeons who will comprise the future national workforce, based on a competitive ranking process of applicants. We aimed to identify which sociodemographic and academic factors influence competitiveness and rank position in the match. METHODS A Council of State Neurosurgical Societies (CSNS) survey was distributed to current U.S. neurosurgical residents. The primary outcome measure was self-reported rank position of matched program. Variables included sociodemographic and academic metrics. Fisher exact, logistic regression, and t tests were performed. RESULTS Among the 72 respondents, median United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 score was 248, 34.7% were Alpha Omega Alpha inductees, 77.8% completed 1-3 sub-internship rotations, median number of publications was 5, and 13.9% had a Ph.D. Sociodemographic analysis demonstrated that 69.4% were male and 30.6% were female. Applicants with a home neurosurgery program or of female gender had statistically significantly higher odds of matching into a top 3 program on their rank list (odds ratio = 9 and odds ratio = 6, respectively). Female applicants exhibited similar mean, but less variance, compared with male respondents for United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 scores and number of publications. Respondents with a top 3 program match were more likely to agree that the home program supported their pursuance of neurosurgery. CONCLUSIONS Two sociodemographic factors were independently associated with high match rank: presence of home neurosurgery program and female gender. Female respondents reported consistently strong academic metrics (similar mean, but less variance, compared with male respondents).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangami Pugazenthi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander S Fabiano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Awinita Barpujari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meena Vessell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vamsi Reddy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Owoicho Adogwa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Karin R Swartz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Gelhard S, O'Brien L, Vincenti S, Smego DR, Hobbs R, Varghese TK, Selzman CH, Pereira SJ. Disparities in Gender and Diversity Representation Among Surgical Subspecialties: Are we Losing Momentum? J Surg Res 2024; 293:413-419. [PMID: 37812874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recruitment efforts have demonstrated small increases in female and under-represented applicants in recent years; however, the majority of surgical programs remain predominantly Caucasian and male. With increased national emphasis on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion initiatives and mentoring programs, applicants to surgical specialties have continued to increase. While strategies to improve gender and racial diversity are now openly discussed, it is unclear if we have seen significant improvement. We sought to analyze the gender and diversity trends between surgical specialties. METHODS Publicly available data from the Association of American Medical Colleges, National Board of Medical Examiners, and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education were extracted to determine total number, gender, and diversity of surgery applicants and active residents from the years 2018 to 2021. Surgical specialties within the main match were compared through an analysis completed through Microsoft Excel. RESULTS Between the years from 2018 to 2021, there was a rise in diversity representation among all surgical residents except for orthopedics which remained less than 30%. Orthopedics, Neurosurgery, and Thoracic Integrated training programs have the lowest rates of female representation among current residents at 16.72%, 20.37%, and 30.05%, respectively. General surgery demonstrates the greatest increase of female residents with a positive 6% change over this recent four-year time period. CONCLUSIONS There has been minimal positive progress in gender and diversity representation in surgical subspecialties overall in recent years. Continued advocacy through mentorship and scholarship programs is recommended to achieve greater gender and diversity representation in general surgery and surgical subspecialties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liam O'Brien
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sydney Vincenti
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Douglas R Smego
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Reilly Hobbs
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Section of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake, Utah
| | - Thomas K Varghese
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah; Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Craig H Selzman
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sara J Pereira
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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Parikh PP, Elahi MA, Arya N, Lin KK, Moore ML, Patel NP. Characterization of neurosurgery fellowship directors: strengths and room for improvement. J Neurosurg Sci 2023; 67:688-693. [PMID: 35380202 DOI: 10.23736/s0390-5616.21.05621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While many current and aspiring neurosurgeons are looking to supplement their clinical practices with leadership positions, there has not been research characterizing current leadership positions such as fellowship directors (FDs) in neurosurgery to provide insight into objective qualities that distinguish these individuals from the rest of the workforce. This study aims to outline the current characterization of spine, endovascular, pediatric, and stereotactic and functional neurosurgery fellowship directors. METHODS A list of accredited neurosurgical fellowship programs located within the US and their respective directors was acquired through the AANS Neurosurgical Fellowship Training Program Directory. This study obtained educational, demographic, institutional, research, and professional background variables through curriculum vitae, institutional profiles, personal websites, emails, and the Scopus database. RESULTS Of the 152 FDs analyzed, 143 (94%) were male, 9 (6%) were female, and the mean age was 52.2±8.5 years. The mean Scopus H-index and mean total citations for all FDs was 27±15.7 and 3782.1±4526.7, respectively. Furthermore, the majority of FDs were Caucasian (69.1%), followed by Asian (20.4%), Black or African American (5.3%), and Hispanic or Latino (5.3%). The mean number of years as FD was 8.9±7.2. CONCLUSIONS This analysis showed neurosurgery fellowship directors are primarily Caucasian males. Neurosurgery training pedigree seems to play a role in FD attainment. In addition, these directors are largely distinguished by their research productivity. This analysis serves as an insight into the current climate for students aspiring to serve as academic leaders in the field of neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth P Parikh
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | | | - Namrata Arya
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Keldon K Lin
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - M Lane Moore
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Naresh P Patel
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA -
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Pierre K, Bardhi O, Laurent D, Vaziri S, Lucke-Wold B, Brennan MM, Dagra A, Olowofela B, Barthélemy E. The AANS Harvey Cushing Medal: a demographic and academic analysis of its recipients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY 2023; 38:66. [PMID: 38037602 PMCID: PMC10688272 DOI: 10.1186/s41984-023-00243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Harvey Cushing Medal, awarded by the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, is the premier accolade in neurosurgery. The study's purpose was to examine the qualities and accomplishments of previous winners, emphasizing potential selection biases, with the aim to promote social justice and guide young neurosurgeons in their career paths. Results Predominantly, recipients graduated from top-ranked United States News and World Report institutions and specialized in cerebrovascular and neuro-oncologic/skull base neurosurgery. A significant proportion held roles as department or division chairs and led neurosurgical organizations. All awardees were male, and there was a notable trend of increasing publication counts among more recent recipients. Conclusions Commonalities among Harvey Cushing Medal winners include graduating from top institutions, holding significant leadership roles, and having an extensive publication history. However, the absence of female and underrepresented minority awardees underscores an urgent need for greater diversity in the selection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pierre
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, PO Box 100265, Gainesville, FL 32610-0265, USA
| | - Olgert Bardhi
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dimitri Laurent
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sasha Vaziri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Meghan M. Brennan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abeer Dagra
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Ernest Barthélemy
- Division of Neurosurgery, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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10
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Kurland DB, Cheung ATM, Kim NC, Ashayeri K, Hidalgo T, Frempong-Boadu A, Oermann EK, Kondziolka D. A Century of Evolution in Spine Surgery Publications: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Field From 1900 to 2023. Neurosurgery 2023; 93:1121-1143. [PMID: 37610208 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Spine surgery has advanced in concert with our deeper understanding of its elements. Narrowly focused bibliometric analyses have been conducted previously, but never on the entire corpus of the field. Using big data and bibliometrics, we appraised the entire corpus of spine surgery publications to study the evolution of the specialty as a scholarly field since 1900. METHODS We queried Web of Science for all contents from 13 major publications dedicated to spine surgery. We next queried by topic [topic = (spine OR spinal OR vertebrae OR vertebral OR intervertebral OR disc OR disk)]; these results were filtered to include articles published by 49 other publications that were manually determined to contain pertinent articles. Articles, along with their metadata, were exported. Statistical and bibliometric analyses were performed using the Bibliometrix R package and various Python packages. RESULTS Eighty-five thousand five hundred articles from 62 journals and 134 707 unique authors were identified. The annual growth rate of publications was 2.78%, with a surge after 1980, concurrent with the growth of specialized journals. International coauthorship, absent before 1970, increased exponentially with the formation of influential spine study groups. Reference publication year spectroscopy allowed us to identify 200 articles that comprise the historical roots of modern spine surgery and each of its subdisciplines. We mapped the emergence of new topics and saw a recent lexical evolution toward outcomes- and patient-centric terms. Female and minority coauthorship has increased since 1990, but remains low, and disparities across major publications persist. CONCLUSION The field of spine surgery was borne from pioneering individuals who published their findings in a variety of journals. The renaissance of spine surgery has been powered by international collaboration and is increasingly outcomes focused. While spine surgery is gradually becoming more diverse, there is a clear need for further promotion and outreach to under-represented populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Kurland
- Department of Neurological Surgery, New York University, New York , New York , USA
| | - Alexander T M Cheung
- Department of Neurological Surgery, New York University, New York , New York , USA
| | - Nora C Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, New York University, New York , New York , USA
| | - Kimberly Ashayeri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, New York University, New York , New York , USA
| | - Teresa Hidalgo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, New York University, New York , New York , USA
| | | | - Eric Karl Oermann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, New York University, New York , New York , USA
- Center for Data Science, New York University, New York , New York , USA
| | - Douglas Kondziolka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, New York University, New York , New York , USA
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11
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Romano R, Dean J, Bageac DV, Galske J, Anderson T, Kadian S, Modi Y, Paro M, Lambert W, Leclair NK, Hersh DS, Bulsara KR. Recruitment into Academic Neurosurgery Using a Model for Successful Cross-Campus Research Collaboration: A Premedical Student Survey. World Neurosurg 2023; 179:e21-e31. [PMID: 37348601 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recruitment of diverse and talented students to the field of neurosurgery is key to its continued growth and scientific advancement. Barriers, including poor perceptions and lack of early exposure, can impact recruitment and have been compounded by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines the impact of an inaugural Neurosurgery Research Consortium meeting on premedical students, assessing whether this exposure generated interest and improved perceptions of a career in neurosurgery. METHODS Premedical students were recruited to virtually attend an inaugural Neurosurgery Research Consortium developed by the affiliated medical school's American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) Student Chapter. Questionnaires were distributed to students before and after the meeting to assess student demographics and perceptions of neurosurgery. RESULTS A total of 54 students attended the meeting, with general interest in neurosurgery, medicine, and research opportunities being the primary factors for attendance. Following the research meeting, we found that students perceived neurosurgeons to be friendlier and more approachable, with a more positive quality of life (QoL). Overall perceptions of neurosurgery improved after the meeting, but perceptions among racial and ethnic minority students did not significantly change in the areas of diversity, inclusion, and equity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest recruitment strategies targeting undergraduate students may improve their perception of neurosurgery as a career, and may mitigate some barriers to entry. These strategies are cost effective and easily replicable, making an easily implementable approach to provide direct insight into neurosurgery for future medical students while also promoting academic efforts in the field of neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Romano
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jordan Dean
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Devin V Bageac
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - James Galske
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Thea Anderson
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sumeet Kadian
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yash Modi
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mitch Paro
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - William Lambert
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nathan K Leclair
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - David S Hersh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ketan R Bulsara
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
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12
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Hayden Gephart M, Holly LT, Amin-Hanjani S, Zipfel GJ, Mack WJ, Tennekoon M, Korn S. Roadmap for Development of a Strong, Diverse Research Workforce in Neurosurgery. Neurosurgery 2023; 93:e53-e58. [PMID: 37581448 PMCID: PMC10552973 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A benchmark of success for the neurosurgeon-scientist includes obtaining individual research funding from the National Institutes of Health. Successful roadmaps to this goal highlight diversity, individual commitment and resiliency, innovative research goals, intentional mentoring, protected research time, and financial support. We must equip neurosurgery residents to surmount obstacles such as long periods of training, gaps in research productivity, and limited protected time for research to ensure successful transition to independent research careers. Strong individual, departmental, and national commitment to scientific development of a diverse cohort of residents and junior faculty will increase the number and diversity of National Institutes of Health-funded neurosurgeon-scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Hayden Gephart
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Langston T. Holly
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sepideh Amin-Hanjani
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals/Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gregory J. Zipfel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - William J. Mack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Tennekoon
- Office of Training & Workforce Development, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Korn
- Office of Training & Workforce Development, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Fenton D, Hamzat I, Dimitroyannis R, Nordgren R, Saunders MR, Baroody FM, Baird B, Shogan A. Assessment of Demographic Changes of Workforce Diversity in Otolaryngology, 2013 to 2022. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 149:628-635. [PMID: 37261840 PMCID: PMC10236323 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2023.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Importance Given the growth of minoritized groups in the US and the widening racial and ethnic health disparities, improving diversity remains a proposed solution in the field of otolaryngology. Evaluating current trends in workforce diversity may highlight potential areas for improvement. Objective To understand the changes in gender, racial, and ethnic diversity in the otolaryngology workforce in comparison with changes in the general surgery and neurosurgery workforces from 2013 to 2022. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used publicly available data from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the Association of American Medical Colleges for 2013 to 2022, and included medical students and trainees in all US medical residency programs and allopathic medical schools. Main Outcomes and Measures Average percentages of women, Black, and Latino trainees during 2 intervals of 5 years (2013-2017 and 2018-2022). Pearson χ2 tests compared demographic information. Normalized ratios were calculated for each demographic group in medical school and residency. Piecewise linear regression assessed linear fit for representation across time periods and compared rates of change. Results The study population comprised 59 865 medical residents (43 931 [73.4%] women; 6203 [10.4%] Black and 9731 [16.2%] Latino individuals; age was not reported). The comparison between the 2 study intervals showed that the proportions of women, Black, and Latino trainees increased in otolaryngology (2.9%, 0.7%, and 1.6%, respectively), and decreased for Black trainees in both general surgery and neurosurgery (-0.4% and -1.0%, respectively). In comparison with their proportions in medical school, Latino trainees were well represented in general surgery, neurosurgery, and otolaryngology (normalized ratios [NRs]: 1.25, 1.06, and 0.96, respectively); however, women and Black trainees remained underrepresented in general surgery, neurosurgery, and otolaryngology (women NRs, 0.76, 0.33, and 0.68; Black NRs, 0.63, 0.61, and 0.29, respectively). The percentage of women, Black, and Latino trainees in otolaryngology all increased from 2020 to 2022 (2.5%, 1.1%, and 1.1%, respectively). Piecewise regression showed positive trends across all 3 specialties. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this cross-sectional study indicate a positive direction but only a modest increase of diversity in otolaryngology, particularly in the context of national demographic data. Novel strategies should be pursued to supplement existing efforts to increase diversity in otolaryngology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fenton
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ibraheem Hamzat
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Rachel Nordgren
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Milda R. Saunders
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Fuad M. Baroody
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brandon Baird
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrea Shogan
- Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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14
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Persad-Paisley EM, Andrea SB, Leary OP, Carvalho OD, Zeyl VG, Laguna AR, Anderson MN, Shao B, Toms SA, Oyelese AA, Gokaslan ZL, Sharkey KM. Continued underrepresentation of historically excluded groups in the neurosurgery pipeline: an analysis of racial and ethnic trends across stages of medical training from 2012 to 2020. J Neurosurg 2023; 138:1748-1757. [PMID: 36272123 DOI: 10.3171/2022.8.jns221143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE US allopathic medical schools have experienced improvements in racial and ethnic diversity among matriculants in the past decade. It is not clear, however, whether better representation of historically excluded racial and ethnic groups at medical school entry impacts subsequent stages of the medical training pipeline leading into a specific field. The aim of this study was to examine these trends as they relate to the neurosurgical medical education pipeline and consider the drivers that sustain barriers for underrepresented groups. METHODS Race and ethnicity reports from the American Association of Medical Colleges were obtained on allopathic medical school applicants, acceptees, and graduates and applicants to US neurosurgical residency programs from 2012 to 2020. The representation of groups categorized by self-reported race and ethnicity was compared with their US population counterparts to determine the representation quotient (RQ) for each group. Annual racial composition differences and changes in representation over time at each stage of medical training were evaluated by estimating incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using non-Hispanic Whites as the reference group. RESULTS On average, Asian and White individuals most frequently applied and were accepted to medical school, had the highest graduation rates, and applied to neurosurgery residency programs more often than other racial groups. The medical school application and acceptance rates for Black individuals increased from 2012 to 2020 relative to Whites by 30% (95% CI 1.23-1.36) and 42% (95% CI 1.31-1.53), respectively. During this same period, however, inequities in neurosurgical residency applications grew across all non-Asian racialized groups relative to Whites. While the incidence of active Black neurosurgery residents increased from 2012 to 2020 (0.6 to 0.7/100,000 Black US inhabitants), the prevalence of White neurosurgery residents grew in the active neurosurgery resident population by 16% more. CONCLUSIONS The increased racial diversity of medical school students in recent years is not yet reflected in racial representation among neurosurgery applicants. Disproportionately fewer Black relative to White US medical students apply to neurosurgery residency, which contributes to declining racial representation among all active neurosurgery resident physicians. Hispanic individuals are becoming increasingly represented in neurosurgery residency but continue to remain underrepresented relative to the US population. Ongoing efforts to recruit medical students into neurosurgery who more accurately reflect the diversity of the general US population are necessary to ensure equitable patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Owen P Leary
- 1The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Orianna D Carvalho
- 3Lifespan Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Research Design, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Victoria G Zeyl
- 1The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Amanda R Laguna
- 1The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Katherine M Sharkey
- 5Medicine, and
- 6Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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15
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O'Sullivan L, Kagabo W, Prasad N, Laporte D, Aiyer A. Racial and Ethnic Bias in Medical School Clinical Grading: A Review. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2023; 80:806-816. [PMID: 37019709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Improving diversity in healthcare is a widely recognized national goal. The diversity of medical student matriculants has increased, yet this trend is not seen in the composition of competitive residency programs. In this review, we examine racial and ethnic disparities in medical student grading during clinical years and explore the consequences of how this may exclude minority students from accessing competitive residency positions. DESIGN Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and ERIC databases using variations of the terms "race," "ethnicity," "clerkship," "rotation," "grade," "evaluation", or "shelf exam." Of 391 references found using the criteria, 29 were related to clinical grading and race/ethnicity and included in the review. The GRADE criteria were used to determine the quality of evidence. SETTING Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD. RESULTS Five studies examining a total of 107,687 students from up to 113 different schools found racial minority students receive significantly fewer Honors grades in core clerkships compared to White students. Three studies examining 94,814 medical student evaluations from up to 130 different schools found significant disparities in the wording of written clerkship evaluations based on race and/or ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS A large body of evidence suggests the presence of racial bias in subjective clinical grading and written clerkship evaluations of medical students. Grading disparities can disadvantage minority students when applying to competitive residency programs and may contribute to a lack of diversity in these fields. As low minority representation has a negative impact on patient care and research advancement, strategies to resolve this issue must be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy O'Sullivan
- Johns Hopkins Orthopedics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Whitney Kagabo
- Department of Orthopedics, Johns Hopkins Orthopedics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Niyathi Prasad
- Department of Orthopedics, Johns Hopkins Orthopedics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dawn Laporte
- Department of Orthopedics, Johns Hopkins Orthopedics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amiethab Aiyer
- Department of Orthopedics, Johns Hopkins Orthopedics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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16
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Sitaraman S, S H, Pahwa B, Tayal A, Shukla A. Letter to the Editor Regarding Reevaluating Innovations in Medical Student Neurosurgery Education: Lessons Learned Today from Data Collected Before COVID-19. World Neurosurg 2023; 172:102. [PMID: 37012708 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudharman Sitaraman
- University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Harimadhav S
- Srinivas Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhavya Pahwa
- University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital, New Delhi, India.
| | - Anish Tayal
- University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anushruti Shukla
- University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital, New Delhi, India
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17
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Vallejo FA, Schachner B, VanderVeer-Harris N, Torres AA, Weng J, Chang H, Bollo R, Ragheb J. A snapshot of contemporary leadership at pediatric neurosurgery fellowships. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2022; 30:532-537. [PMID: 36087318 DOI: 10.3171/2022.7.peds22133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many pathways to positions of leadership exist within pediatric neurological surgery. The authors sought to investigate common trends in leadership among pediatric neurosurgery fellowship directors (FDs) and describe how formalized pediatric neurosurgical training arrived at its current state. METHODS Fellowship programs were identified using the Accreditation Council for Pediatric Neurosurgery Fellowships website. Demographic, training, membership, and research information was collected via email, telephone, curricula vitae, and online searches. RESULTS The authors' survey was sent to all 35 identified FDs, and 21 responses were received. Response data were supplemented with curricula vitae and online data prior to analysis. FDs were predominantly male, self-identified predominantly as Caucasian, and had a mean age of 53 years. The mean duration from residency graduation until FD appointment was 13.4 years. The top training programs to produce future FDs were New York University and Washington University in St. Louis (residency) and Washington University in St. Louis (fellowship). CONCLUSIONS This study characterizes the current state of pediatric neurosurgery fellowship program leadership. The data serve as an important point of reference to compare with future leadership as well as contrast with neurosurgery and other surgical disciplines in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adrian A Torres
- 3Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - John Weng
- 3Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Henry Chang
- 1University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami
| | - Robert Bollo
- 4Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - John Ragheb
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami; and
- 6Division of Neurosurgery, Brain Institute, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida
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18
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Mulligan KM, Jella TK, Cwalina TB, Tsai EC, Parr AM, Woodrow SI, Wright JM, Wright CH. Projected timeline to achieve gender balance within the United States neurosurgical workforce exceeds 150 years: a National Plan and Provider Enumeration System analysis. J Neurosurg 2022; 138:1088-1097. [PMID: 35932267 DOI: 10.3171/2022.4.jns212968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite incremental progress in the representation and proportion of women in the field of neurosurgery, female neurosurgeons still represent an overwhelming minority of the current US physician workforce. Prior research has predicted the timeline by which the proportion of female neurosurgery residents may reach that of males, but none have used the contemporary data involving the entire US neurosurgical workforce. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective analysis of the National Plan and Provider Enumeration System (NPPES) registry of all US neurosurgeons to determine changes in the proportions of women in neurosurgery across states, census divisions, and census regions between 2010 and 2020. A univariate linear regression was performed to assess historical growth, and then Holt-Winter forecasting was used to predict in what future year gender parity may be reached in this field. RESULTS A majority of states, divisions, and regions have increased the proportion of female neurosurgeons from 2010. Given current growth rates, the authors found that female neurosurgeons will not reach the proportion of women in the overall medical workforce until 2177 (95% CI 2169-2186). Furthermore, they found that women in neurosurgery will not match their current proportion of the overall US population until 2267 (95% CI 2256-2279). CONCLUSIONS Whereas many studies have focused on the overall increase of women in neurosurgery in the last decade, this one is the first to compare this growth in the context of the overall female physician workforce and the female US population. The results suggest a longer timeline for gender parity in neurosurgery than previous studies have suggested and should further catalyze the targeted recruitment of women into the field, an overhaul of current policies in place to support and develop the careers of women in neurosurgery, and increased self-reflection and behavioral change from the entire neurosurgery community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarun K Jella
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Thomas B Cwalina
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Eve C Tsai
- 2Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann M Parr
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sarah I Woodrow
- 4Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Akron, Ohio; and
| | - James M Wright
- 5Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Christina H Wright
- 5Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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19
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Barrie U, Williams M, Nguyen M, Kenfack YJ, Mason H, Ata A, Aoun SG, Pilitsis JG. Characteristics of graduating medical students interested in neurosurgery with intention to practice in underserved areas: Implications for residency programs. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 218:107293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Antar A, Feghali J, Yang W, Wicks EE, Sattari SA, Li S, Witham TF, Brem H, Huang J. Home Program Matching in Neurosurgical Residency Programs: A 7-Year Study. World Neurosurg 2022; 164:e772-e783. [PMID: 35595044 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine home program matching percentage (staying in a program affiliated with one's medical school) for each neurosurgical residency program in the United States. Secondarily, to elucidate both program-level and resident characteristics associated with home program matching. METHODS Demographic and bibliometric characteristics were collected for 1572 residents in US-based and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited neurosurgery programs over the 2014 to 2020 match period using publicly available websites. Program characteristics were collected, including number of clinical faculty, top 20 Doximity research ranking, top 10 Doximity reputation ranking, top 10 U.S. News department ranking, affiliation with a U.S. News top 10 medical school, and geographic region. Programs were ranked according to home program matching percentage and associations were statistically evaluated. RESULTS The average home program matching percentage per residency was 18.6%. New York Presbyterian/Columbia retained the largest percentage of its own medical students with a home program matching percentage of 57.14%. From the resident frame of reference, only a higher preresidency H-index (3.7 ± 4.0 vs. 3.2 ± 3.7, p=0.033) was significantly associated with home program matching. From a program perspective, program size (standardized β=0.234, p=0.006), Doximity research (standardized β=0.206, p=0.031), Doximity reputation (standardized β=0.196, p=0.040), and U.S. News program rankings (standardized β=0.200, p=0.036) were all significantly associated with home program matching. Overall home program matching percentage remained relatively constant over the 2014-2020 time period. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study delineate home program matching patterns on a program-by-program level for U.S. neurosurgical residency programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Antar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James Feghali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wuyang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Wicks
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shahab Aldin Sattari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean Li
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy F Witham
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Henry Brem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Judy Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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21
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Caruso JP, Singh R, Mazzola C, Eldridge CM, Chilakapati S, Deme P, Swartz K, Schirmer CM, Huntoon K, Cheng J, Steinmetz M, Adogwa O. Trends in Racial and Ethnic Representation Among Neurosurgery Applicants and Residents: A Comparative Analysis of Procedural Specialties. World Neurosurg 2022; 163:e177-e186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.03.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Bauman MMJ, Riviere-Cazaux C, Ashruf I, Bertelsen A, Rotter JC, Spinner RJ. Letter to the Editor: A Virtual Neurosurgical Outreach Program to Engage Premedical Students During the Summer. World Neurosurg 2022; 158:320-321. [PMID: 35380952 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ibrahim Ashruf
- Department of Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Anna Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Juliana C Rotter
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert J Spinner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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23
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Schill C, Cedeño F, Rabin D. What's new in academic international medicine? Improving the state of representation in the neurosurgical workforce. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/ijam.ijam_106_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Barrios-Anderson A, Liu DD, Snead J, Wu E, Lee DJ, Robbins J, Aguirre J, Tang O, Garcia CM, Pucci F, Anderson MN, Syed S, Shaaya E, Gokaslan Z. In Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding "The National Student Neurosurgical Research Conference: A Research Conference for Medical Students". World Neurosurg 2021; 157:259. [PMID: 34929779 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.09.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David D Liu
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jameson Snead
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Esther Wu
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - David J Lee
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - James Robbins
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jesus Aguirre
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Oliver Tang
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Catherine M Garcia
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Francesco Pucci
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; The Brown University Department of Neurosurgery, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Matthew N Anderson
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; The Brown University Department of Neurosurgery, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sohail Syed
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; The Brown University Department of Neurosurgery, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Elias Shaaya
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; The Brown University Department of Neurosurgery, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ziya Gokaslan
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; The Brown University Department of Neurosurgery, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Witt EE, Eruchalu CN, Dey T, Bates DW, Goodwin CR, Ortega G. Non-English Primary Language Is Associated with Short-Term Outcomes After Supratentorial Tumor Resection. World Neurosurg 2021; 155:e484-e502. [PMID: 34461280 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite research indicating that patients with non-English primary language (NEPL) have increased hospital length of stay (LOS) for craniotomies, there is a paucity of neurosurgical research examining the impact of language on short-term outcomes. This study sought to evaluate short-term outcomes for patients with English primary language (EPL) and NEPL admitted for resection of a supratentorial tumor. METHODS Using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project New Jersey State Inpatient Database, this study included patients 18-90 years old who underwent resection of a supratentorial primary brain tumor, meningioma, or brain metastasis from 2009 to 2017. The primary outcomes were total, preoperative, and postoperative LOS. Secondary outcomes were complications, mortality, and discharge disposition. Univariable and multivariable analyses compared Spanish primary language (SPL), non-English non-Spanish (NENS) primary language, and EPL groups. RESULTS A total of 7324 patients were included: 2962 with primary brain tumor, 2091 with meningioma, and 2271 with brain metastasis. Patients with SPL (n = 297) were younger and more likely to have noncommercial insurance, lower income, and fewer comorbidities. Patients with NENS (n = 257) had similar age and comorbidities to the EPL group but had a greater proportion of noncommercially insured and low-income patients (P < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that patients with NENS had increased postoperative LOS (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 1.10; P = 0.008) and higher odds of a complication (adjusted odds ratio, 1.36; P = 0.015), and patients with SPL had higher odds of being discharged home (adjusted odds ratio, 1.55; P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS Patients with NEPL have different short-term outcomes after supratentorial tumor resection that varies based on primary language. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms driving these findings and to clarify unique experiences for different populations with NEPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Witt
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Surgery and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Chukwuma N Eruchalu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Surgery and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tanujit Dey
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Surgery and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David W Bates
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - C Rory Goodwin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Center for Brain and Spinal Metastases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gezzer Ortega
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Surgery and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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