A qualitative exploration of how midwives’ and obstetricians’ perception of risk affects care practices for low-risk women and normal birth

How to promote midwives' recognition and professional autonomy? A document analysis study

OBJECTIVE

To identify challenges associated with midwives' professional autonomy in Belgium and develop recommendations to promote midwives' recognition and professional autonomy.

DESIGN

Through a document analysis study we identified challenges, categorized them into themes and linked them with Greenwood's sociological criteria for a profession. This involved an in-depth synthesis of findings from our published studies to comprehensively examine the challenges to optimizing midwifery autonomy and to develop corresponding recommendations.

FINDINGS

We identified challenges related to midwife-led continuity care models, regulation of the midwifery profession, collaboration with stakeholders, professional esteem and professional culture. Based on them, our recommendations include prioritizing midwife-led continuity of care, fostering collaboration, tailoring continuous professional development, increasing public awareness and advocating for policy changes. The attribute of a profession which is lacking the most in midwifery in Belgium is recognized authority, which may result in midwives being undervalued, underutilized and underpaid.

KEY CONCLUSIONS

In this paper we identified challenges in Belgian midwives' recognition and professional autonomy and provided recommendations to address them, emphasizing the importance of recognized authority in midwifery. Implementing these recommendations can positively impact midwives' recognition and autonomy in Belgium and potentially in other countries.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

It is essential for policy makers to address the issue of the lack of recognized authority in midwifery, as it plays a critical role in facilitating decision-making, policy development, and the professionalization of the field. Implementing the outlined recommendations can drive positive changes in midwifery recognition and autonomy in Belgium and beyond.

How does place impact intrapartum practice for midwives and obstetricians?

BACKGROUND

Rising rates of labour and birth interventions are causing concern, having the potential to cause harm if used inappropriately. International evidence demonstrates that place itself influences birth outcomes, but evidence is limited as to how. In New Zealand there are differences in the rates of spontaneous vaginal births by place, along with differences when benchmarking uncomplicated primiparae birthing in hospital maternity facilities throughout the country.

AIM

To develop understanding of how place influenced midwives' and obstetricians' practice in relation to supporting physiological birth.

METHOD

For this Hermeneutic Phenomenological study participants were purposively selected and consisted of nine midwives (employed and self-employed) and three obstetricians, all practising in midwifery led units or hospital maternity facilities. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews. The method of analysis involved writing and rewriting to surface interpretive insights, drawing on philosophical notions from Heidegger and Gadamer.

FINDINGS

The findings revealed that place influences what practitioners are attuned to, what is easier for them to achieve, and their ability to provide woman-centred care. Competing tensions and pressures within place can blur the perceived relationship between normality and risk, influencing what is considered to be safe.

SUMMARY

Place is not neutral; it influences how midwives and obstetricians practise and shapes how they support physiological labour and birth. The findings of this research contribute to a deeper understanding of the barriers and enablers to supporting physiological birth within place.

Improving birth experiences and provider interactions: Expert opinion on critical links in Maternity care

This article explores the Quality of Provider Interaction (QPI) within maternity care, spotlighting its crucial role in positive childbirth experiences. It emphasizes the need for trust-based relationships between women and their care providers, a necessity amplified by the profound neurohormonal sensitivities experienced during labor. Drawing from the 'Optimizing the birth environment' COST DEVOTION CA18211 Working Group, this article aims to provide insights and stimulate discussion on how to mitigate birth trauma and improve childbirth experiences. The study evolved through discussions on QPI, engagement with the group, a review of COST Action research, and conference contributions, leading to essential recommendations. From our dialogue and evaluation of existing literature, we identified four pivotal aspects critical to enhancing QPI: 1) Empathy and emotional availability, 2) Trauma-informed maternity care, 3) Integrating woman-centered individual and institutional attitudes, and 4) Empowering language use. We examine how these elements influence women's emotional and psychological well-being throughout childbirth and beyond, underscoring their critical contribution. This article proposes a framework to improve maternity care by enhancing the Quality of Provider Interaction (QPI). It offers practical recommendations for refining care protocols and language guidelines, emphasizing the importance of respectful, secure birthing environments. Adopting care models that prioritize high-quality provider interactions is crucial for the well-being of women and their families.

Midwife-attended planned home births versus planned hospital births in Spain: Maternal and neonatal outcomes

BACKGROUND

The debate on the safety and outcomes of home versus hospital births highlights the need for evidence-based evaluations of these birthing settings, particularly in Catalonia where both options are available.

AIM

To compare sociodemographic characteristics and maternal and neonatal outcomes between low-risk women opting for home versus hospital births in Catalonia, Spain.

METHODS

This observational cross-sectional study analysed 3,463 low-risk births between 2016 and 2018, including 2,713 hospital and 750 home births. Researchers collected sociodemographic data, birthing processes, and outcomes, using statistical analysis to explore differences between the settings.

FINDINGS

Notable differences emerged: Women choosing home births typically had higher education levels and were predominantly Spanish. They were 3.43 times more likely to have a spontaneous birth and significantly less likely to undergo instrumental births than those in hospitals. Home births were associated with higher utilization of non-pharmacological analgesia and a more pronounced tendency to iniciate breastfeeding within the first hour post birth and stronger inclination towards breastfeeding. Hospital births, conversely, showed higher use of the lithotomy position and epidural analgesia. There were no significant differences in neonatal outcomes between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE

Home births managed by midwives offered better obstetric and neonatal outcomes for low-risk women than hospital births. These results suggest home birth as a safe, viable option that promotes natural birthing processes and reduces medical interventions. The study supports the integration of midwife-led home birth into public health policies, affirming its benefits for maternal and neonatal health.

Women's and Provider's Moral Reasoning About the Permissibility of Coercion in Birth: A Descriptive Ethics Study

Evidence shows that during birth women frequently experience unconsented care, coercion, and a loss of autonomy. For many countries, this contradicts both the law and medical ethics guidelines, which emphasize that competent and fully informed women's autonomy must always be respected. To better understand this discordance, we empirically describe perinatal maternity care providers' and women's moral deliberation surrounding coercive measures during birth. Data were obtained from 1-on-1 interviews with providers (N = 15) and women (N = 14), and a survey of women (N = 118). Analyses focused on an in-depth exploration of responses to a question on the permissibility of coercion in birth whose wording was borrowed from a Swiss medical-ethical guideline. Reasons for and against a principle permissibility of coercive measures in birth were grouped into clusters of reasons to build a coherent explanatory framework. Factors considered morally relevant when deliberating on coercion included women's decisional capacity, beneficence/non-maleficence, authority through knowledge on the part of providers, flaws of the medical system, or the imperative to protect the most vulnerable. Also, we identified various misconceptions, such as the conviction that a pathological birth can justify coercion or that fetal rights can justifiably infringe on women's autonomy. Information and education on the issue of coercion in birth are urgently needed to enable women to fully exercise their reproductive autonomy, to prevent long-term adverse health outcomes of women and children, and to reconcile the medical vigilance which has lead to a reduction of perinatal morbidity and mortality with women's enfranchisement in their own care.

Factors influencing midwives' intentions to facilitate normal physiological birth: A qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Whilst most women desire to birth vaginally, research highlights reducing rates of normal physiological birth worldwide. Previous studies have focussed largely on clinical practices associated with vaginal birth however health care professionals' intentions are also known to effect behaviour; a factor not well understood within the context of midwifery and normal physiological birth.

QUESTION/AIM

To explore factors influencing midwives' intentions to facilitate normal physiological birth.

METHODS

A qualitative study using individual interviews was conducted. The Theory of Planned Behaviour was used to develop a semi-structured interview guide to gather perceptions, thoughts, knowledge, and experience of normal physiological birth from participants. Data were analysed thematically within the theoretical constructs: attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control.

FINDINGS

Fourteen midwives from various practice settings, models, and locations in Australia were interviewed. Major factors influencing midwives' intentions to facilitate normal physiological birth were influenced by workplace culture, values and influence of leaders, the need to prioritise collaborative interdisciplinary relationships and support autonomy in midwifery.

DISCUSSION

Factors influencing the midwives' intentions of facilitating normal physiological birth were multifaceted. Some influences are more obvious and observable through practice, while others were rooted in underlying beliefs and attitudes that were hidden in the subconscious of those involved. However, all contributing influences ultimately shape midwives' intentions and the way in which they facilitate normal physiological birth.

CONCLUSIONS

Midwives intend to support normal physiological birth; however multiple factors influence their intentions over time. Prioritising collaborative interdisciplinary relationships and supporting autonomy in midwifery could address known barriers.

Insights of healthcare professionals regarding waterbirths and water immersion during labour: A mixed studies review

AIM

To consolidate healthcare professionals' insights about waterbirths and water immersion during labour.

DESIGN

Mixed studies review.

DATA SOURCES

Seven electronic databases were searched from their inception dates till June 2023: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

METHODS

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and Pluye and Hong's mixed studies review framework guided this review. The quality of included studies was evaluated using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Findings were synthesized using the convergent qualitative synthesis method, and results were thematically analysed using Braun and Clarke's framework.

RESULTS

Three main themes were identified from the 22 included studies: (1) believing in waterbirths, (2) opposing forces and (3) plotting the course ahead.

CONCLUSION

Healthcare professionals reported different views about waterbirths and water immersion practices; midwives were most likely to support these practices, followed by nurses and lastly, few physicians supported them. Reasons for opposing waterbirths include insufficient training and support from colleagues as well as concerns about work efficiency, waterbirth safety and litigation issues.

IMPACT

The available evidence suggests the need to provide waterbirth training for healthcare professionals, equip healthcare facilities with necessary waterbirth-related infrastructure and develop appropriate waterbirth policies/guidelines. Healthcare professionals could also consider providing antenatal waterbirth education to women and obtain women's feedback to improve current policies/guidelines. Future research should explore the views of different types of healthcare professionals from more diverse cultures.

REPORTING METHOD

The PRISMA guidelines.

NO PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

Systematic review.

What is 'physiological birth'? A scoping review of the perspectives of women and care providers

PROBLEM

Physiological birth was defined by the World Health Organization in 1997, however, clinical practices in childbirth have changed considerably since this time.

BACKGROUND

Ambiguous terms in healthcare such as 'physiological birth' may cause confusion amongst care providers and consumers.

AIM

To identify what is known about physiological birth, and how perceptions of physiological birth manifest in current literature.

METHODS

This review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews and the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Four databases were searched using keywords relating to physiological birth. Relevant studies were identified using agreed criteria, and data were extracted and synthesised.

RESULTS

A total of 24 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Three connected factors were identified: (1) Physiological birth in a risk-averse system, (2) Dominant voices in birth, and (3) Lack of exposure to physiological birth. No unified universal definition of physiological birth was identified in the literature.

DISCUSSION

'Physiological birth' as a term lacks consistency. A risk-averse healthcare system could be a barrier to physiological birth. Dominant voices in the birthing space can dictate the way birth occurs. Lack of exposure to physiological birth may diminish the acquisition and maintenance of important skills and knowledge among care providers. Recognising the factors important to women could lead to a positive birth experience.

CONCLUSION

Excluding a woman's subjective experience from health professionals' understanding of physiological birth increases the likelihood of risk management being the paramount objective in clinical decision-making. We propose it is timely to align clinical understanding of physiological birth with midwifery's woman-centred professional philosophy.

The exploration of professional midwifery autonomy: Understanding and experiences of final-year midwifery students

BACKGROUND

The concept of professional midwifery autonomy holds great significance in midwifery education. Notably, clinical placements play a crucial role in introducing students to its concept. However, the understanding and experiences of students regarding midwifery autonomy are relatively unknown.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to examine the experiences and understanding of midwifery autonomy among final-year midwifery students.

METHODS

A qualitative exploratory study using three focus group interviews with final-year midwifery students from each of the three Belgian regions; Flanders, Walloon and the Brussels Capital Region. Focus groups were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a thematic analysis.

RESULTS

Upon data analysis, five key themes emerged; 1) working independently, 2) positive learning environment, 3) professional context, 4) actions and decisions of others and 5) beneficial for women. Students emphasized the importance of promoting professional midwifery autonomy through the ability to make their own professional decisions and take initiatives. They highlighted the need for a safe and supportive learning environment that encourages independent practice, nurtures self-governance and facilitates personal growth. Additionally, collaborative relationships with other maternity care professionals and increased awareness among women and the broader healthcare community were identified as essential factors in embracing and promoting professional midwifery autonomy.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study provides valuable insights into the significance of midwifery autonomy among final-year midwifery students. To empower midwifery students to truly understand and experience professional midwifery autonomy, educators and preceptors should adopt strategies that enhance comprehension, foster independent yet collaborative practice, establish supportive learning environments, and equip students to navigate challenges effectively, ultimately improving maternal and new-born health.

Association of personal and systemic factors on intrapartum risk perception and obstetric intervention rates: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Risk perception is fundamental to decision-making; therefore its exploration is essential to gaining a comprehensive understanding of the decision-making process for peripartum interventions. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between personal and systemic factors of the work setting and the risk perception of obstetric healthcare professionals, and in turn how this might influence decisions regarding obstetric interventions.

METHODS

Case vignettes were used to measure risk perception. A quantitative cross-sectional online survey was performed within an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design, and an intervention readiness score created. Associations were calculated using location and dispersion measures, t-tests and correlations in addition to multiple linear regression.

RESULTS

Risk perception, as measured by the risk assessment score, was significantly lower (average 0.8 points) for midwives than for obstetricians (95%-CI [-0.673; -0.317], p < .001). Statistically significant correlations were found for: years of experience and annual number of births in the current workplace, but this was not clinically relevant; hours worked, with the groups of participants working ≥ 30,5 h showing a statistically significant higher risk perception than participants working 20,5-30 h (p = .005); and level of care of the current workplace, with the groups of participants working in a birth clinic (Level IV) showing a statistically significant lower risk perception than participants working in Level I hospital (highly specialised obstetric and neonatal care; p = .016). The option of midwife-led birthing care showed no correlation with risk perception. The survey identified that risk perception, occupation, years in the profession and number of hours worked (i.e. full or part time) represent significant influences on obstetric healthcare professionals' willingness to intervene.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the survey give rise to the hypothesis that the personal and systemic factors of professional qualification, occupation, number of hours worked and level of acuity of the workplace are related to the risk perception of obstetric healthcare professionals. In turn, risk perception itself made a significant contribution to explaining differences in willingness to intervene, suggesting that it influences obstetricians' and midwives' decision-making. Overall, however, the correlations were weak and should be interpreted cautiously. The significant variations in the use of interventions must be addressed in order to provide the highest quality and best possible care for childbearing women and their families. To this end, developing strategies to improve interdisciplinary relationships and collaboration is of great importance.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00017172 (18.06.2019).

Perceptions of healthcare professionals regarding labour induction and augmentation: A qualitative systematic review

BACKGROUND

Labour induction and augmentation procedures are commonly used in maternity units with or without medical indications. Research shows that healthcare professionals play a significant role in women's childbirth decisions.

AIM

To consolidate healthcare professionals' perceptions about labour induction and augmentation.

METHODS

Seven electronic databases were searched from their inception dates till January 2023: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest Dissertations, and Theses Global. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis and Sandelowski and Barroso's guidelines guided this review. Included studies' quality was appraised by the Critical Appraisal Skills Program tool. Data were thematically synthesised. Review findings were assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation-Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research approach.

FINDINGS

Three main themes were identified from the 17 included studies: 1) Making sense of the phenomenon, 2) Two sides of the coin, and 3) The enlightened path ahead.

DISCUSSION

Healthcare professionals' labour induction and augmentation decisions were affected by personal (knowledge and moral philosophies), and external factors (women, community members, colleagues, and healthcare institutions). Some clinicians were unfamiliar with the proper labour induction/augmentation procedures, while others were worried about their decisions and outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Suggestions for improvement include conducting labour induction/augmentation training for clinicians, having sufficient resources in facilities, and developing appropriate labour induction/augmentation clinical guidelines. Women and their partners, community members, and traditional healers could benefit from receiving labour induction/augmentation education. To improve health outcomes, healthcare professionals could deliver woman-centred care and collaborate.

How midwives facilitate informed decisions in the third stage of labour - an exploration through portraiture

PROBLEM

Midwifery philosophy promotes informed decision-making. Despite this, midwives report a lack of informed decision-making in standard maternity care systems.

BACKGROUND

Previous research has shown a woman's ability to make informed decisions within her maternity care significantly impacts her childbearing experience. When informed decision-making is facilitated, women report positive experiences, whereas when lacking, there is an increased potential for birth trauma.

AIM

To explore midwives' experiences of facilitating informed decision-making, using third-stage management as context.

METHODS

Five midwives from Victoria, Australia, were interviewed about their experiences with informed decision-making. These interviews were guided by portraiture methodology whereby individual narrative portraits were created. This paper explores the shared themes among these five portraits.

FINDINGS

Five individual narrative portraits tell the stories of each midwife, providing rich insight into their philosophies, practices, barriers and enablers of informed decision-making. These are then examined as a whole dataset to explore shared themes, and include; 'informed decision-making is fundamental to midwifery practice' 'the system', and 'navigating the system'. The system contained the sub-themes; hierarchy in hospitals, the medicalisation of birth, and the impact on midwifery practice, and 'navigating the system' - contained; safety of the woman and safety of the midwife, and the gold-standard of midwifery.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Midwives in this study valued informed decision-making as fundamental to their philosophy but also faced barriers in their ability to facilitate it. Barriers to informed decision-making included: power-imbalances; de-skilling in physiological birth; fear of blame, and interdisciplinary disparities. Conversely enablers included continuity models of midwifery care, quality antenatal education, respectful interdisciplinary collaboration and an aim toward a resurgence of fundamental midwifery skills.

Skills and knowledge of midwives at free-standing birth centres and home birth: A meta-ethnography

PROBLEM

When midwives offer birth assistance at home birth and free-standing birth centres, they must adapt their skill set. Currently, there are no comprehensive insights on the skills and knowledge that midwives need to work in those settings.

BACKGROUND

Midwifery care at home birth and in free-standing birth centres requires context specific skills, including the ability to offer low-intervention care for women who choose physiological birth in these settings.

AIM

To synthesise existing qualitative research that describes the skills and knowledge of certified midwives at home births and free-standing birth centres.

STUDY DESIGN

We conducted a systematic review that included searches on 5 databases, author runs, citation tracking, journal searches, and reference checking. Meta-ethnographic techniques of reciprocal translation were used to interpret the data set, and a line of argument synthesis was developed.

RESULTS

The search identified 13 papers, twelve papers from seven countries, and one paper that included five Nordic countries. Three overarching themes and seven sub-themes were developed: 'Building trustworthy connections,' 'Midwife as instrument,' and 'Creating an environment conducive to birth.'

CONCLUSION

The findings highlight that midwives integrated their sensorial experiences with their clinical knowledge of anatomy and physiology to care for women at home birth and in free-standing birth centres. The interactive relationship between midwives and women is at the core of creating an environment that supports physiological birth while integrating the lived experience of labouring women. Further research is needed to elicit how midwives develop these proficiencies.

Exploring health care professionals' experiences and knowledge of woman-centred care in a university hospital

Inspired by the six quality-of-care goals developed by the Institute of Medicine, woman-centred care (WCC) as model of care is used in maternity services as it gives an emphasis on the woman as an individual and not her status as a patient. Bringing stronger attention to women's needs and values, is proven to have clear benefits for perinatal outcomes, but fails to be known or recognised by healthcare professionals' (HCPs) and implemented. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study aimed to explore HCPs definitions of WCC and identify the degree of agreement and knowledge regarding perinatal indicators when a WCC model of care is implemented. The quantitative part was carried using a self-administered questionnaire with perinatal indicators identified from the literature. Semi-structured interviews were realized using a purposive sample of 15 HCPs and an interview grid inspired by Leap's WCC model. The study was conducted in the maternity of a university hospital in French-speaking part of Switzerland. Out of 318 HCPs working with mothers and their newborns, 51% had already heard of WCC without being familiar with Leap's model. The HCPs were aware of the positive perinatal care outcomes when WCC was implemented: women's satisfaction (99.2%), health promotion (97.6%), HCP's job satisfaction (93.2%) and positive feelings about their work (85.6%), which were strongly emphasised in the interviews. The respondents reported institutional difficulties in implementing the model such as administrative overload and lack of time. The positive outcomes of WCC on spontaneous deliveries and improved neonatal adaptation were known by most HCPs (63.4% and 59.9%, respectively). However, fewer than half of the HCPs highlighted the model's positive effects on analgesia and episiotomies or its financial benefits. Knowledge of quality-of-care outcomes (i.e women's satisfaction, positive impact on practice…) was prevalent among most of HCPs. Without adhering to a common definition and without a specific model for consensus, most providers have integrated some aspects of WCC into their practice. However, specific perinatal indicators remain largely unknown, which may hinder the implementation of WCC.

Lithuanian midwives' attitudes and actions during low-risk birth

INTRODUCTION

This study sheds light on the attitudes and practices of Lithuanian midwives during low-risk births. The aim is to reveal how autonomous work is incorporated into daily routines, how care is oriented towards the mother, and how care is delivered before and during interventions. It highlights midwives' views on both their own and their colleagues' actions during labor, what is aimed for and what outcome is expected.

METHODS

A qualitative research method was chosen. Midwives were interviewed individually in February and April 2022 by random sampling and semi-structured interviews, after the purpose of the survey was explained and their consent was given to use the information only for scientific work purposes. Midwives were recruited through social networks, sharing information about the study and its nature. All data were coded and analyzed in aggregate form. Ten midwives working in the labor ward participated in the study.

RESULTS

From the midwives' point of view, every birth and its experience are unique. Midwives work together with mothers to achieve the common goal of a positive birth experience. Communication with the mother and her family, good rapport, clear information and informed decision-making are key aspects for midwives during labor. The midwife's actions must be reasonable and purposeful, with a preference for non-medicated methods of pain and stress relief.

CONCLUSIONS

A low-risk birth that is within the competence of midwives is one in which there is a low likelihood of medical interventions. Midwives are encouraged to minimize the use of interventions and to provide high quality delivery care.

How Do Midwives View Their Professional Autonomy, Now and in Future?

BACKGROUND

Internationally, midwives' professional autonomy is being challenged, resulting in their inability to practice to their full scope of practice. This situation contrasts with the increasing international calls for strengthening the midwifery profession. The aim of this study therefore is to explore Belgian midwives' views on their current and future autonomy.

METHODS

An online survey among Belgian midwives was performed. Data were collected and analyzed using a quantitative approach, while quotes from respondents were used to contextualize the quantitative data.

RESULTS

Three hundred and twelve midwives from different regions and professional settings in Belgium completed the questionnaire. Eighty-five percentage of respondents believe that they are mostly or completely autonomous. Brussels' midwives feel the most autonomous, while those in Wallonia feel the least. Primary care midwives feel more autonomous than hospital-based midwives. Older midwives and primary care midwives feel less recognized and respected by other professionals in maternity care. The majority of our respondents believe that in future midwives should be able to work more autonomously in constructive collaboration with other professionals.

CONCLUSION

While Belgian midwives generally rated their own professional autonomy as high, a significant majority of respondents desire more autonomy in future. In addition, our respondents want to be recognized and respected by society and other health professionals in maternity care. It is recommended to prioritize efforts in enhancing midwives' autonomy, while also addressing the need for increased recognition and respect from society and other maternity care professionals.

Important aspects of intrapartum care described by first-time mothers giving birth in specialised obstetric units in Norway: A qualitative analysis of two questions from the Babies Born Better study

OBJECTIVE

To explore aspects of intrapartum care that were importanrt for primiparous women who had given birth in large obstetric units in Norway.

METHODS

We used data from the Babies Born Better (B3) survey, version 1, which is an international, web-based qualitative survey. We performed a reflexive, thematic analysis of the responses to two questions about descriptions of aspects of positive care and areas of care requiring improvement during the intrapartum period. The responders could give up to three responses to each question and there were no word limits.

RESULTS

In all, 677 first time mothers who gave birth at the five largest specialised obstetric units in Norway during 2014-2015 were included in the study. The thematic analysis of the 2 205 responses resulted in three final themes: 'Communication and positive interactions with the caregivers', 'Autonomy and active involvement in the labour process', and 'Safety, competence and quality of labour care'.

CONCLUSION

For women who give birth for the first time in specialised obstetric units both relational aspect such as communication and respect, and environmental aspects such as facilities, are of importance. First-time mothers might be particularly vulnerable to absence of positive interactions with caregivers because they lack the resources former birthing experience can give. It is essential to give unexperienced birthing women special attention during childbirth because the first birth may influence decisions in following pregnancies.

Key Maternity Care Stakeholders' Views on Midwives' Professional Autonomy

Advancement towards the professionalism of midwifery is closely linked to midwives' professional autonomy. Although the perspectives of Belgian midwives on their professional autonomy have been studied, the views of other maternity care stakeholders are a blind spot. The aim of this study, therefore, was to explore maternity care stakeholders' views on Belgian midwives' professional autonomy. A qualitative exploratory study was performed using focus group interviews. A heterogenous group of 27 maternity care stakeholders participated. The variation between midwives, with different levels of autonomy, was reported. The analysis of the data resulted in five themes: (1) The autonomous midwife is adequately educated and committed to continuous professional further education, (2) The autonomous midwife is competent, (3) The autonomous midwife is experienced, (4) The autonomous midwife assures safe and qualitative care, and (5) The autonomous midwife collaborates with all stakeholders in maternity care. A maternity collaborative framework, where all maternity care professionals respect each other's competences and autonomy, is crucial for providing safe and quality care. To achieve this, it is recommended to implement interprofessional education to establish strong foundations for interprofessional collaboration. Additionally, a regulatory body with supervisory powers can help ensure safe and quality care, while also supporting midwives' professional autonomy and professionalisation.

"I didn't feel like I could trust her and that felt really risky": a phenomenographic exploration of how Australian Midwives describe intrapartum risk

OBJECTIVE

Concepts of intrapartum risk are not well explored in the Australian context. In response to an increasing focus on risk in maternity care, we sought to obtain insight into what Australian midwives conceptualised as intrapartum risk.

DESIGN

The research was conducted using a phenomenographic approach. Following ethical approval, in-depth semi-structured interviews were used to determine the qualitatively different ways midwives conceptualise intrapartum risk.

SETTING

This project was undertaken across different midwifery practice settings in Australia.

PARTICIPANTS

Australian midwives (n=14) with expertise in caring for women in the intrapartum period volunteered to participate in the study.

FINDINGS

When discussing their experience of intrapartum risk, midwives focused on the external horizon of the woman as the risk, that included the internal horizons of being labelled as clinically high risk, working relationships within transdisciplinary risk and institutional risk. Risks were orientated toward the woman as well as to the midwives.

KEY CONCLUSIONS

The midwives in this study conceptualised that intrapartum risk was associated with the woman including being labelled as high risk in addition to certain challenges within the midwife-woman relationship, particularly if there was a lack of reciprocal trust.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

This study supports current evidence that improved collaborative professional relationships are integral to safety in maternity care. It reinforces continuity of midwifery care as important, and particularly as a way of mitigating intrapartum risk. Further research is required to inform what challenges experienced in the midwife-woman relationship contribute to concepts of risk.

(Un)warranted variation in local hospital protocols for neonatal referral to the pediatrician: An explorative study in the Netherlands

BACKGROUND

Studies indicate unwarranted variation in a wide range of neonatal care practices, contributing to preventable morbidity and mortality. Unwarranted variation is the result of complex interactions and multiple determinants. One of the determinants contributing to unwarranted variation in care may be variation in local hospital protocols. The purpose of this study was to examine variation in the content of obstetric and neonatal protocols for six common indications for neonatal referral to the pediatrician: large for gestational age/macrosomia, small for gestational age/fetal growth restriction, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, vacuum extraction, forceps extraction, and cesarean birth.

METHODS

We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study examining protocols for neonatal referral to the pediatrician in the obstetric and neonatal departments of all Dutch hospitals. Variation in protocols was analyzed between regions, between neonatal and obstetrics departments located in the same hospital, and within neonatal and obstetrics departments.

RESULTS

There was considerable variation in protocols between regions, between neonatal and obstetrics departments, and within neonatal and obstetrics departments. The results of this study showed considerable variation in recommendations for type of referral, admission, screening/diagnostic tests, treatment, and discharge. Furthermore, results generally showed lower referral thresholds in neonatal departments compared with obstetric departments, and higher referral thresholds in the eastern region of the Netherlands. We also found variation in local hospital protocols, which could not be explained by population characteristics but which may be explained by varying recommendations in existing national and international guidelines and/or lack of adherence to these guidelines.

CONCLUSIONS

To reduce unwarranted variation in local protocols, evidence-based, multidisciplinary guidelines should be developed in the Netherlands. Further research addressing knowledge gaps is needed to inform these guidelines. Attention should be paid to the implementation of evidence, and only where evidence is lacking or inconclusive should agreements be based on multidisciplinary consensus. Where protocols deviate from evidence-based guidelines because of specific local circumstances, clearer, more transparent justifications should be made. Uniformity in guidance will offer clear standards for care evaluation and provide opportunities to reduce inappropriate care.

The effect of organizational belonging and profession on clinicians' attitudes toward supporting vaginal birth and interprofessional teamwork-a cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of organizational belonging and profession on clinicians' attitudes toward supporting vaginal birth and interprofessional teamwork in Swedish maternity care.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study used a cross-sectional design, with a web-based survey sent to midwives, physicians and nurse assistants at five labor wards in Sweden. The survey consisted of two validated scales: the Swedish version of the Labor Culture Survey (S-LCS), measuring attitudes toward supporting vaginal birth, and the Assessment of Collaborative Environments (ACE-15), measuring attitudes toward interprofessional teamwork. Two-way ANOVA was conducted to assess the main effect of and interaction effect between organizational belonging and profession for the different subscales of the S-LCS and the ACE-15, together with Tukey's honest significant difference post-hoc analysis and partial eta squared to determine effect size. The relation between the subscales was assessed using the Pearson's correlation analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 539 midwives, physicians and nurse assistants completed the survey. Organizational belonging significantly influenced attitudes toward supporting vaginal birth and interprofessional teamwork, with the largest effect for Positive team culture (F = 38.88, effect size = 0.25, p < 0.001). The effect of profession was strongest for the subscale Best practices (F = 59.43, effect size = 0.20, p < 0.001), with midwives being more supportive of strategies proposed to support vaginal birth than physicians and nurse assistants. A significant interaction effect was found for four of the subscales of the S-LCS, with the strongest effect for items reflecting the Unpredictability of vaginal birth (F = 4.49, effect size = 0.07, p < 0.001). Labor ward culture (unit microculture) specifically related to supporting vaginal birth was strongly correlated to interprofessional teamwork (r = 0.598, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In the current study, both organizational belonging and profession influenced attitudes toward supporting vaginal birth and interprofessional teamwork. Positive team culture was positively correlated to an organizational culture supportive of vaginal birth. Interventions to support vaginal births should include efforts to strengthen teamwork between professions, as well as considering women's values, preferences and informed choices.

Midwives' action-guiding orientation while attending hospital births - A scoping review

Following the "call for action to research", various aspects of maternity care should be examined so that perinatal care can be improved based on evidence. Clinical midwifery is the most common way of attending births in high-income countries. Midwives are the experts for normal labor and birth and play a central role in caring for women giving birth in a hospital setting. The aim of this scoping review was to explore midwives' action-guiding orientation in their care provision during hospital births in high-income countries. Four databases (CINAHL, PubMed, MEDLINE and PSYNDEX) were searched systematically for studies in English or German on midwives' action-guiding orientation during hospital labor and birth, published between 2000 and February 2022. Only studies from peer-reviewed journals were included. Reporting followed the PRISMA-ScR statement for scoping reviews. From a total of 1572 studies, 26 studies with 4 different research designs were included in the narrative synthesis. The synthesis shows 7 central concepts that emerge in the studies: medicalization of birth versus woman-centered care; midwives' knowledge and experience; midwives' professional identity; midwives' confidence or autonomy in practice; intra-professional and multi-professional relations; continuity of care and relationship with the woman; and working conditions and cultural context. The central concept most reflective of midwives' action-guiding orientation was "medicalization of birth versus woman-centered care." Other elements that affect midwives' action-guiding orientation and represent influencing factors at the micro, meso, and macro levels of obstetric care must be considered if one is to understand the profession and work of midwives.

Experiences, Beliefs, and Values Influencing Midwives' Attitudes Toward the Use of Childbirth Interventions

INTRODUCTION

Intervention rates in perinatal care vary between and within countries, without populations' characteristics as a full explanation. Research suggests that one factor in this variation might be the attitudes of perinatal health care providers. Systematic knowledge on the background of midwives' attitudes and how this influences the use of interventions is limited. The study aim was to to explore experiences, beliefs, and values that influence midwives' attitudes toward interventions in perinatal care.

METHODS

A qualitative study using in-depth interviews with primary care midwives (n = 20) in the Netherlands. The interviews were performed in June 2019 and combined a narrative approach with a semistructured interview guide. Inductive content analysis was applied.

RESULTS

We identified 2 main themes: attitudes toward interventions and influences on midwives' attitudes. The midwives in our study described their attitudes toward interventions as oriented to either wait and see or check and control. Care based on wait and see displayed a more supportive style of behavior, and care based on check and control appeared to display a more directive style of behavior. In the theme of influences on midwives' attitudes, 3 subthemes emerged: experiences in collaboration, trust and fear, and woman-centeredness.

DISCUSSION

Midwives with a wait and see attitude seem to have a more restricted approach toward interventions compared with midwives with a check and control attitude. Midwives need to be aware how their experiences, beliefs, and values shape their attitudes toward use of interventions. This awareness could be a first step toward the reduction of unwarranted interventions.

'The System is Not Set up for the Benefit of Women': Women's Experiences of Decision-Making During Pregnancy and Birth in Ireland

In this article, I draw on in-depth qualitative interviews with 23 women, conducted in 2019/2020, focusing on their involvement in decision-making during pregnancy and birth. The study is located in Ireland, where comparably progressive national policies regarding informed choice in labour and birth clash with the day-to-day reality of a heavily medicalised, paternalistic maternity care system. I represent the subjective experiences of a diverse group of women through in-depth interview excerpts. In my analysis, I move beyond describing what is happening in the Irish maternity system to discussing why this is happening - relating the findings of the research to the international literature on authoritative knowledge, technocratic hospital cultures and risk-based discourses around birth. In the last section of the article, I offer concrete, empirically grounded and innovative recommendations how to enhance women's involvement in decision-making.

Intrapartum risk perception-A qualitative exploration of factors affecting the risk perception of midwives and obstetricians in the clinical setting

OBJECTIVE

to gain an in-depth view of the specific risk perception of midwives and obstetricians, in order to achieve a deeper understanding of the situations which midwives and obstetricians perceive as risky and of the factors affecting their risk perception.

DESIGN

a qualitative approach using focus group discussions was used as part of the first strand within a sequential explorative mixed methods project.

PARTICIPANTS

24 midwives and obstetricians providing labour care in the clinical setting ANALYSIS: according to qualitative content analysis.

FINDINGS

both external and internal factors were identified which potentially influence the risk perception of midwives and obstetricians: (i) the individual perception of the obstetric health professional, (ii) the dyad of obstetric health professional & woman, (iii) being part of a team and (iv) being part of an institution. While risk definitions/classifications and obstetric risk factors were less common topics, structural and organisational factors, such as lack of staff and excessive workload, dominated the discussions about risky situations in the delivery room.

KEY CONCLUSION

Obstetric health professionals' risk perception is multifactorial and risky situations in the delivery room can be described as a complex construct of various factors. The results suggest that there are different forms of risk perception and different factors which are perceived as risky.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Reflection on one's own role and actions should be included in the training of obstetric professionals and also be maintained in everyday professional life.

Midwives and protection of pregnant workers in Western Switzerland: Practices, difficulties and contributions

BACKGROUND

Switzerland's maternity protection legislation aims to protect the health of pregnant employees and their unborn children by regulating their potential occupational exposure to hazards and strenuous activities. This legislation provides a role for obstetricians, but not for midwives.

AIMS

Identify the practices of Switzerland's French-speaking midwives that favour the implementation of maternity protection legislation and reflect on the profession's role in supporting pregnant employees.

METHODS

356 midwives answered an online questionnaire. The analysis focuses on the 205 midwives who perform pregnancy consultations in their practice. Data were analysed in two stages using STATA software: 1) simple descriptive and correlational statistics and 2) hierarchical cluster analysis to identify typologies of practices by grouping similar responses.

FINDINGS

Despite having no officially defined role in Switzerland's maternity protection legislation, its midwives actively participate in protecting pregnant employees , especially those with more knowledge of the legislation, those with more years of experience and those practicing independently. The barriers that midwives face when trying to provide greater support for pregnant employees are linked significantly to their lack of knowledge about the legislation, a lack of recognition for their role in the current legislation and a lack of continuing education about the occupational health risks associated with pregnancy at work.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Their profession and specific practices give midwives privileged access to pregnant employees. Midwives' knowledge of the legislation, their awareness of the occupational risks and hazards facing pregnant employees and the conviction that their profession has the potential to make a difference could all be improved. The role of midwives should be-and deserves to be-formally and legally recognised and integrated into Switzerland's maternity protection legislation.

The influence and meaning of the birth environment for nulliparous women at a hospital-based labour ward in Sweden: An ethnographic study

BACKGROUND

Labour and birth are sensitive physiological processes substantially influenced by environmental and psychosocial factors.

AIM

To explore the influence and meaning of the birth environment for nulliparous women giving birth in either one of two differently designed birthing rooms at a hospital-based labour ward.

METHODS

Five months of ethnographic fieldwork was conducted at a labour ward in Sweden, consisting of participant observations of 16 nulliparous women giving birth in either a 'Regular' birthing room (n = 8) or a specially designed, 'New room' (n = 8). Data included field notes, informal interviews, reflective notes, and individual interviews with eight women after birth. The data was analysed through an ethnographic iterative hermeneutic analysis process.

FINDINGS

The analysis identified the birth environment as consisting of the physical space, the human interaction within it, and the institutional context. The analytic concept; Birth Manual was conceived as an instrument for managing labour in accordance with institutional authority. Significant to the interpretation of the influence and meaning of the birth environment were two abstract rooms: an Institutional room, where birth was approached as a critical event, designating birthing women as passive; and a Personal room, where birth was approached as a physiological event in which women's agency was facilitated.

CONCLUSION

Institutional authority permeated the atmosphere within the birth environment, irrespective of the design of the room. A power imbalance between institutional demands and birthing women's needs was identified, emphasising the vital role the birth philosophy plays in creating safe birth environments that increase women's sense of agency.

"Whatsapping" the continuity of postpartum care in Switzerland: A socio-anthropological study

BACKGROUND

Digital media such as Apps, Internet and social networks have become integral parts of the maternity experience for more than a decade. These media can support or undermine women's experiences as has been shown in digital sociology research. Using Immediate Messaging Applications to provide information and support to women during the perinatal period is an emerging practice.

AIM

This article analyses how health and social care professionals - with a focus on community midwives - and women communicate between postpartum home visits through Immediate Message Applications in Switzerland.

METHODS

A socio-anthropological study that relied on qualitative methods including semi-directed interviews with midwives and health and social care professionals (n = 30) and immigrant women (n = 20).

FINDINGS

Since the introduction of Immediate Messaging Applications, women and their carer converse more regularly between post-partum home visits. Women send questions, pictures and videos to them, often allowing swift responses to their concerns. Midwives encounter difficulties answering women's questions when they cannot be solved through quick communication (e.g. infant crying). To them, texting frequency forms a clinical clue to women's mental health. Not all women contact their carer through digital messages; immigrant women are less likely to know and use this service.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Immediate Messaging Applications form a promising communication tool, complementary to home visits, and contribute to woman-centered care and continuity of care. As an emergent practice, it has not been framed by a guideline yet. Policy makers and practitioners should ensure that its use does not contribute to unequal access to care.

Health Care Providers' Perceptions of Quality of Childbirth and Its Associated Risks in Poland

OBJECTIVE

To describe Polish maternity care providers' cognitive frames of quality of childbirth and how they relate to providers' perceptions of childbirth using Baranowska's model of quality of care.

DESIGN

Mixed-methods, cross-sectional.

SETTING

Twenty-four hospitals and outpatient clinics that provide maternity care located in two central districts of Poland.

PARTICIPANTS

Obstetricians or resident physicians in obstetrics (n = 50) and midwives (n = 676) who were actively engaged in the provision of maternity care.

METHODS

Participants completed a survey that included two tasks. The first was a sentence completion technique that we used as a projective method to investigate participants' preconceived attitudes about quality of childbirth. Depending on the number of perspectives (as in Baranowska's model) included in the statements, participants' perceptions were categorized as strongly narrowed (zero perspectives), narrow (one perspective), intermediate (two perspectives), or holistic (three perspectives). In the second task, we asked participants to choose one statement out of three that best represented their beliefs about childbirth.

RESULTS

Participants had mostly intermediate (n = 436, 60%) or narrow (n = 183, 25%) perceptions of quality of childbirth. Those with less work experience tended to have more encompassing perspectives. More than half of the participants perceived childbirth as a physiologic process requiring no medical interventions (n = 385, 53%). Only 9% (n = 65) of the participants reported that childbirth is always associated with great risk. There was a main effect of work experience on the number of perspectives included in the definition of quality of childbirth with F(2, 720) = 5.532, p = .004. Participants with less work experience included more perspectives in their statements. There were no statistically significant differences in the perception of quality of childbirth between obstetricians and midwives, with F(1, 724) = .000, p = 0.991, or between participants from different workplaces, with F(3, 719) = 1.742, p = .157.

CONCLUSION

Only a small share of participants had holistic perceptions of quality of childbirth consistent with Baranowska's model. This may not only contribute to the medicalization of maternity care in Poland, but it also contrasts with participants' declarations that childbirth is a physiologic process with no need for medical interventions. Considering the greater rates of medical interventions in maternity care in Poland, the latter finding requires further research.

Risk Perception of Health Professionals in Intrapartum Care Decisions: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study

Background

Risk perception plays an important role in decision-making processes. Differences in obstetric intervention rates suggest that, in addition to medical indications, the risk perception of obstetric health professionals might have a major influence on their decision-making process during childbirth. Although studies have investigated whether risk perception affects the role of midwifery or influences decision making during childbirth, little is known about what obstetric health professionals actually perceive as risk or risky situations and whether different risk perceptions lead to more interventions during intrapartum care.

Objective

The objective of this study is to understand the association of risk perception and the decision-making processes of obstetric health professionals (midwives and obstetricians) in Germany during intrapartum care. The study has 3 specific aims: (1) gain insight into what obstetric health professionals perceive as risk in the German clinical setting, (2) assess the extent to which personal and systemic factors have an impact on obstetric health professionals’ risk perception, and (3) investigate whether different perceptions of risk are associated with different decisions being made by obstetric health professionals.

Methods

This is an exploratory sequential mixed methods study with 2 phases, a qualitative followed by a quantitative phase. In the first phase, qualitative data are collected and analyzed by conducting focus group discussions and applying qualitative content analysis to address aim 1. In the second phase, for aims 2 and 3 and to help explain the qualitative results, quantitative data are collected and analyzed by conducting an observational study using case vignettes within a survey constructed on the basis of the qualitative results.

Results

Enrollment in the first (qualitative) phase began in July 2019, and data collection and analysis have been completed. The second (quantitative) phase is currently planned, and data collection is expected to start in December 2020. First results of the qualitative phase are expected to be submitted for publication in 2020, with completion of the second phase scheduled for 2021.

Conclusions

This mixed methods study will examine the perception of risk and its association with the decision-making processes of obstetric health professionals during their care of women in childbirth. The rationale for this approach is that the qualitative data and their analysis explore participants' views in more depth, while the quantitative data will help to provide and explore a general understanding of the research problem. The results are expected to be relevant to health care professionals, policymakers, and educational institutions in order to minimize underuse, overuse, and misuse of interventions during intrapartum care.

Trial Registration

German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00017172; https://tinyurl.com/y2zoowkx

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/21443

Causal links to missed Australian midwifery care: What is the evidence?

INTRODUCTION

The incidences and types of missed nursing care in the acute care and community sectors are both ubiquitous and quantifiable, however, there are few research studies relating to the type and frequency of missed maternity-based care for mothers and families. The aim of this study is to estimate the incidences and types of Australian missed midwifery care and to identify those factors that have causal links to it.

METHODS

A non-experimental, descriptive method using a Likert developed MISSCARE scale was used to ascertain consensus estimates made by Australian midwives. Electronic invitations were extended to their membership using an inclusive link to the MISSCARE survey. Inclusion criteria were all ANMF members who were midwives and currently employed within the Australian public and private healthcare systems. Data analysis was undertaken using both Rasch analysis and Structural Equation Modelling.

RESULTS

The type and frequency of missed Australian midwifery care can be quantified and several demographic factors are significant predictor variables for overall missed midwifery care. The most prevalent aspects of missed care in the Australian midwifery setting are midwives’ hand hygiene, supportive care, perinatal education, and surveillance type midwifery practices.

CONCLUSIONS

As the frequencies and types of missed midwifery care in Australia have been identified, it is possible for midwives to be mindful of minimising care omissions related to hand hygiene, providing supportive care and education to mothers as well as surveillance-type midwifery practices.

Facilitators and barriers to the implementation of a physiological approach during labour and birth: A systematic review and thematic synthesis

OBJECTIVES

To explore facilitators and barriers to the implementation of a physiological approach to care during labour and birth in obstetric settings. To explore how facilitators and barriers located at three levels: organisation, professional groups (midwives and obstetricians) and women, interact to influence the implementation of a physiological approach.

METHOD

A systematic review of the literature, identified 32 eligible studies from four databases reporting relevant qualitative data. Findings from these studies were thematically synthesised in three phases: line by line coding of findings from primary studies, development of descriptive themes and analytical themes. This review is reported in line with PRISMA guidelines.

FINDINGS

At an organisational level, centralisation of care in obstetric units limited time for labouring and professional care to support a physiological labour and birth. Risk management strategies ostensibly designed to promote safety sustained a risk-based approach. At a professional level, important barriers include hierarchical decision-making led by obstetricians, midwifery acquiescence, obstetric and midwifery risk preoccupation, rationalisation of the routine use of clinical intervention and an erosion of midwifery skills and knowledge. At the level of the woman, barriers include a lack of knowledge and reliance on professional decision-making. Facilitators include collaborative working by midwives and obstetricians, a valuing of midwifery autonomy and women's questioning of inappropriate intervention use.

KEY CONCLUSIONS

Contrary to evidence-based guidelines that recommend a physiological approach, a risk-based approach informs practices in obstetric units. Primary research has mainly identified barriers to implementing a physiological approach at a professional level, and this has been studied largely from a midwifery perspective. To aid comprehensive investigations of facilitators and barriers and their interactive influences, this review identifies important research gaps for study across all levels: organisation, professionals (midwives and obstetricians) and women.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Risk preoccupations and rationalisation, with negative influences on knowledge and skills in the use of a physiological approach, must prompt reflection and action amongst professional groups. Power imbalances between midwives and obstetricians need to be addressed, drawing on experiences in units where collaborative working and midwifery autonomy is fostered.

Catastrophic thinking: Is it the legacy of traumatic births? Midwives' experiences of shoulder dystocia complicated births

BACKGROUND

Shoulder dystocia (SD) is considered one of the most traumatic birth experiences not only for women, but for clinicians involved as well. Adverse effects of birth trauma on the emotions and psyche of midwives have been well established.

AIM

To explore the impact of SD, as a birth trauma, on midwives' orientation towards normal births and on their clinical practice and the factors which may deteriorate or improve the experience of SD.

METHODS

In a qualitative descriptive study design, 25 in-depth interviews were undertaken with Australian midwives who had experienced at least one case of SD. Data were analysed thematically.

FINDINGS

A total of four themes emerged: 1) an unforgettable birth; a wake-up call, 2) from passion to caution, 3) factors worsening the experience, and 4) factors soothing the experience. Fear, anxiety and doubt about their professional competence were the most common feelings experienced by midwives after SD. For many, the first exposure to SD left them contemplating their previous attitude towards normal birth. Disturbed orientation of normal birth shifted midwives towards hypervigilance in practice. Not having effective relationships with women and receiving poor support from colleagues were perceived to worsen the traumatic experience, whereas working in a midwifery continuity of care model and the sense of being appreciated improved midwives' experience after the trauma.

CONCLUSION

Shoulder dystocia is a birth emergency that midwives will inevitably experience. Involvement in such births can potentially direct midwives towards a 'worst case scenario' mentality and affect the way they provide care for women in future.

Perinatal mental health in Ireland: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

The international literature clearly indicates that perinatal mental health issues affect many women, and can have profound negative consequences for both the mother, infant and family, and that the causes of perinatal mental health issues are multifaceted and complex.

AIM

This scoping review explores the existing research on perinatal mental health in Ireland to provide a baseline and to guide further research as well as inform the implementation of the recent policy strategies.

DESIGN

Scoping Review METHODS: We conducted a structured literature search on Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, PsychInfo and Scopus, using key words to search for publications up to December 2018. All publications based on empirical studies on perinatal mental health in Ireland (regardless of research design, sample size, and methods used) were included. Exclusion criteria were: study location not the Republic of Ireland; not relating to the perinatal period (pregnancy up to the first 12 months after birth); not relating to mental health; and not relating to maternal mental health, not relating to human subjects; not an empirical study; international study with generalised results. Data were mapped onto a charting form, allowing us to a) conduct a basic numerical analysis of prevalent research questions and designs, and b) to identify key themes within the data, utilising Braun and Clarke's (2006) thematic analysis.

RESULTS

The search resulted in 623 unique references. 29 publications were included in this review. Our analysis resulted in three main findings. (1) A significant number of women in Ireland are affected by perinatal mental health problems, but prevalence rates vary significantly between studies. (2) A history of mental health problems and lack of social support were identified as key risk factors. (3) The existing perinatal mental health services in Ireland are generally inadequate. We further noted a focus on quantitative approaches and a medicalisation of perinatal mental health, resulting in an absence of women's voices and their lived experiences, particularly those of women of colour, migrant women and ethnic minorities.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

We conclude that in order to further the vision of woman-centred maternity care, we need to conduct woman-centred research that puts women's subjective experiences of perinatal mental health and well-being at the centre, including those of marginalised women in an increasingly diverse Irish society.

Birthing outside the system: the motivation behind the choice to freebirth or have a homebirth with risk factors in Australia

BACKGROUND

Childbirth in Australia occurs predominantly in a biomedical context, with 97% of births occurring in hospital. A small percentage of women choose to birth outside the system - that is, to have a midwife attended homebirth with risk factors, or a freebirth, where the birth at home is intentionally unattended by any health professional.

METHOD

This study used a Grounded Theory methodology. Data from 13 women choosing homebirth and 15 choosing freebirth were collected between 2010 and 2014 and analysed over this time.

RESULTS

The core category was 'wanting the best and safest,' which describes what motivated the women to birth outside the system. The basic social process, which explains the journey women took as they pursued the best and safest, was 'finding a better way'. Women who gave birth outside the system in Australia had the countercultural belief that their knowledge about what was best and safest had greater authority than the socially accepted experts in maternity care. The women did not believe the rhetoric about the safety of hospitals and considered a biomedical approach towards birth to be the riskier birth option compared to giving birth outside the system. Previous birth experiences taught the women that hospital care was emotionally unsafe and that there was a possibility of further trauma if they returned to hospital. Giving birth outside the system presented the women with what they believed to be the opportunity to experience the best and safest circumstances for themselves and their babies.

CONCLUSION

Shortfalls in the Australian maternity care system is the major contributing factor to women's choice to give birth outside the system. Systematic improvements should prioritise humanising maternity care and the expansion of birth options which prioritise midwifery-led care for women of all risk.

Pregnancy related risk perception in pregnant women, midwives & doctors: a cross-sectional survey

Background

Risk perception in relation to pregnancy and birth is a complex process influenced by multiple personal, psychological and societal factors. Traditionally, the risk perception of healthcare professionals has been presented as more objective and authoritative than that of pregnant women. Doctors have been presented as more concerned with biomedical risk than midwives. Such dichotomies oversimplify and obscure the complexity of the process. This study examines pregnancy-related risk perception in women and healthcare professionals, and what women and professionals believe about each other’s risk perception.

Methods

A cross sectional survey of set in UK maternity services. Participants were doctors working in obstetrics (N = 53), midwives (N = 59), pregnant women (N = 68). Participants were recruited in person from two hospitals. Doctors were also recruited online. Participants completed a questionnaire measuring the degree of perceived risk in various childbirth-related scenarios; and the extent to which they believed others agreed with them about the degree of risk generally involved in childbirth. Main outcome measures were the degree of risk perceived to the mother in baby in pregnancy scenarios, and beliefs about own perception of risk in comparison to their own group and other groups.

Results

There were significant differences in total risk scores between pregnant women, doctors and midwives in perception of risk to the mother in 68/80 scenarios. Doctors most frequently rated risks lowest. Total scores for perceived risk to the baby were not significantly different. There was substantial variation within each group. There was more agreement on the ranking of scenarios according to risk. Each group believed doctors perceived most risk whereas actually doctors most frequently rated risks lowest. Each group incorrectly believed their peers rated risk similarly to themselves.

Conclusions

Individuals cannot assume others share their perception of risk or that they make correct assessments regarding others’ risk perception. Further research should consider what factors are taken into account when making risk assessments,

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12884-019-2467-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Midwives' care on a labour ward prior to the introduction of a midwifery model of care: a field of tension

Purpose: There is a need to deepen knowledge about midwives’ care in obstetric-led labour wards in which midwives are responsible for normal births. This ethnographic study explores the content and meaning of midwives’ care of women in a hospital-based labour ward in Sweden prior to the introduction of a theoretical midwifery model of care. Methods: Data were gathered through participant observation, analysed through interpretation grounded in reflexivity discussions and are presented in the form of ethnographic descriptions. Results: The midwives’ care was provided in a field of tension in which they had to balance contrasting models of care, described in the themes: The birthing rooms and the office—Different rooms of care, Women giving birth or being delivered—Midwives’ expectations and relationships with women, Old and new caring roles of the midwife—Women giving birth in a “new age”, Being and doing—Different approaches to caring, and Holistic and reductionist care—Guided by contrasting models and guidelines. The midwives’ freedom to act as autonomous professionals was hindered by medical and institutional models of care and this led to uncertainty regarding their roles as midwives. Conclusions: Midwives having to balance their activities in a field of tension require midwifery models that can guide their practice.

Addressing a need. Holistic midwifery in the Netherlands: A qualitative analysis

The Netherlands has a maternity care system with integrated midwifery care, including the option of home birth for low risk women. A small group of Dutch (holistic) midwives is willing to assist women in high risk pregnancies during a home birth against medical advice. We examined holistic midwives’ motivations and way of practice, in order to provide other maternity care professionals with insight into the way they work and to improve professional relationships between all care providers in the field. An exploratory qualitative research design with a constructivist approach and a grounded theory method were used. We performed in-depth interviews with twenty-four holistic midwives on their motivations for working outside their professional boundaries. Open, axial and selective coding of the interview data was done in order to generate themes. We held a focus group for a member check of the findings. Four main themes were found: 1) The regular system is failing women, 2) The relationship as basis for empowerment, 3) Delivering client centered care in the current system is demanding, and 4) Future directions. One core theme emerged that covered all other themes: Addressing a need. Holistic midwives explained that many of their clients had no other choice than to choose a home birth in a high risk pregnancy because they felt let down by the regular system of maternity care. Holistic midwives appear to deliver an important service. They provide continuity of care and succeed in establishing a relationship with their clients built on trust and mutual respect, truly putting their clients’ needs first. Some women feel let down by the regular system, and holistic midwives may be the last resort before those women choose to deliver unattended by any medical professional. Maternity care providers should consider working with holistic midwives in the interest of good patient care.

Health professionals' perceptions of a midwifery model of woman-centred care implemented on a hospital labour ward

BACKGROUND

Theoretical models as a basis for midwives' care have been developed over recent decades. Although there are similarities between these models, their usefulness in practice needs to be researched in specific cultural contexts.

AIM

To explore whether, when adopted by midwives on labour wards, a midwifery model of woman-centred care (MiMo) was useful in practice from the viewpoint of a variety of health professionals.

METHODS

Data were collected from a variety of health professionals before and after an intervention of implementating MiMo at a hospital-based labour ward in Sweden, using nine focus group interviews with a total of 43 participants: midwives (n=16), obstetricians (n=8), assistant nurses (n=11) and managers (n=8). The text from interviews was analysed using content analysis.

FINDINGS

From expressing no explicit need of a midwifery model of woman-centred care before the intervention, there was a shift in midwives, obstetricians and managers perceptions towards identifying advantages of using the MiMo as it gives words to woman-centred midwifery care. Such shift in perception was not found among the assistant nurses.

DISCUSSION

Clarification of the various roles of health professionals is needed to develop the model. Heavy workloads and stress were barriers to implementing the model. Thus, more support is needed from organisational management.

CONCLUSIONS

The model was useful for all professional groups, except for assistant nurses. Further studies are needed in order to clarify the various professional roles and interdisciplinary collaborations in making the MiMo more useful in daily maternity care.

Challenges to midwives' scope of practice in providing women's birthing care in an Australian hospital setting: A grounded theory study

OBJECTIVE

To identify and explore processes midwives use to exercise their scope of practice whilst caring for women during normal birth.

METHODS

Strauss and Corbin's (1998) grounded theory approach was used. Data were collected from 17 midwife participants using participant observation of women's labour and birth care followed by semi-structured interviews.

RESULTS

The core category of promoting normal birthing: aspiring to develop a midwife-led scope of practice conceptualises midwives working to develop their scope of practice to promote and facilitate normal birthing for women. Two interrelated categories, promoting and maintaining healthy birthing and optimising scope of practice further explicate how midwives provide woman-centred care within their scope of practice.

CONCLUSIONS

The theoretical framework generates conceptual knowledge of how midwives aspire to promote healthy, safe and responsive birthing care for women in their scope of practice in a hospital setting. Findings provide greater insights into the competing perspectives of birthing care challenging midwives' capacity to provide woman-centred care, influencing the degree to which midwives are able to exercise their scope of practice in promoting normal birth.

Midwifery students' experiences of their clinical internship: A qualitative descriptive study

BACKGROUND

Globally the safety of mothers and babies is fundamental in maternity care. Central to ensuring this safety is appropriate preparation of midwifery students' to ensure graduates are equipped to assume the responsibilities of delivering safe and effective maternity care. In preparation for autonomous practice Irish midwifery students' undertake a 36 week internship in the final year of the BSc Midwifery programme. Within this paid internship midwifery students' have the opportunity to develop professional behaviours, consolidate knowledge and learn necessary skills to fulfil the role of midwife under the supervision of registered midwives.

OBJECTIVE

To explore midwifery students' experiences of the internship period.

DESIGN AND METHOD

A descriptive qualitative study using focus groups with ethical approval.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

BSc Midwifery students' in the final year of their programme (n = 17) in an Irish University were invited to participate in a focus group interview midway through their internship. All participants (n = 13) had experience of working in two sites used for internship at the time of data collection.

RESULTS

Key findings include the importance of the internship period in consolidating clinical skills and building confidence and competence for midwifery practice. Midwifery students' experience considerable stress during the internship period. Demands identified as stressors include providing care in increasingly complex clinical areas, meeting academic deadlines and maintaining a work life balance. Negative interpersonal experiences and dismissive attitudes to reflection on practice were barriers to learning. Midwifery students' articulated the importance of learning through doing, a supportive learning culture and philosophy in the unit, protected time for reflection and being included and valued as part of the midwifery team.

CONCLUSIONS

The benefits and challenges associated with internship in midwifery are apparent, particularly when students' are contending with two geographically distant sites. Support mechanisms and suggestions for improvements are considered.

An International Comparison of Midwifery Models of Care in the United Kingdom and New Zealand That Promote Relationship Building With Women and Its Influence on Women's Decision Making for Birth

Following a successful application for a Florence Nightingale Foundation travel scholarship, I completed an observation visit to New Zealand to explore its model of midwifery care. My focus consisted of three main elements: exploration at a clinical level and lessons we can learn to improve our clinical model of continuity; exploration at a strategic level to learn lessons about sustainability of continuity models, monitoring, and regulation; and exploration at the researcher level to explore research priorities and interests and to consider topics for further research and potential collaboration. The purpose of this article is to share my personal reflections on this experience.

The New Zealand model is based on a philosophy of trust in both women as consumers and midwives as skilled professionals. At all levels there is a commitment to the value of autonomy and a feeling of safety in people holding the responsibility for their decisions. In New Zealand, despite a full commitment to continuity and partnership when working with women, the decisions women were making were not necessarily reflective of an increase in normality. To maximize benefit from lessons learned in practice, it seems prudent to work together internationally on improvement, innovation, and research.

Easy to Believe in, But Difficult to Carry Out—Norwegian Midwives' Experiences of Promoting Normal Birth in an Obstetric-Led Maternity Unit

PURPOSE

To explore and describe midwives' experiences of promoting normal birth in medicalized obstetric-led birth units in Norway.

STUDY DESIGN

A qualitative research design with an explorative/descriptive approach. A convenience sample of 10 midwives was recruited from 2 obstetric-led birth units.

MAJOR FINDINGS

Three main themes were identified. First, personal attributes and attitudes were perceived to influence the birthing process. Second, lack of time and impatient staff negatively affected the woman's chances of giving birth normally. Third, increasing focus on procedures, selection criteria, and technology threatened the use of midwifery skills and prevented midwives from promoting normal births.

MAIN CONCLUSION

Promoting normal birth is influenced by midwives' disposition and attitudes. It is therefore disturbing that midwives experience a loss of their autonomy and responsibility for normal births in obstetric-led wards.