1
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Reddy SR, Coto PB, Thoss M. Intramolecular singlet fission: Quantum dynamical simulations including the effect of the laser field. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:194306. [PMID: 38767260 DOI: 10.1063/5.0209546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In the previous work [Reddy et al., J. Chem. Phys. 151, 044307 (2019)], we have analyzed the dynamics of the intramolecular singlet fission process in a series of prototypical pentacene-based dimers, where the pentacene monomers are covalently bonded to a phenylene linker in ortho, meta, and para positions. The results obtained were qualitatively consistent with the experimental data available, showing an ultrafast population of the multiexcitonic state that mainly takes place via a mediated (superexchange-like) mechanism involving charge transfer and doubly excited states. Our results also highlighted the instrumental role of molecular vibrations in the process as a sizable population of the multiexcitonic state could only be obtained through vibronic coupling. Here, we extend these studies and investigate the effect of the laser field on the dynamics of intramolecular singlet fission by explicitly including the coupling to the laser field in our model. In this manner, and by selectively tuning the laser field to the different low-lying absorption bands of the systems investigated, we analyze the wavelength dependence of the intramolecular singlet fission process. In addition, we have also analyzed how the nature of the initially photoexcited electronic state (either localized or delocalized) affects its dynamics. Altogether, our results provide new insights into the design of intramolecular singlet fission-active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajagopala Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Pedro B Coto
- Materials Physics Center (CFM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Michael Thoss
- Institute of Physics, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Lee I, Melton SR, Xu D, Delor M. Controlling Molecular Photoisomerization in Photonic Cavities through Polariton Funneling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9544-9553. [PMID: 38530932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Strong coupling between photonic modes and molecular electronic excitations, creating hybrid light-matter states called polaritons, is an attractive avenue for controlling chemical reactions. Nevertheless, experimental demonstrations of polariton-modified chemical reactions remain sparse. Here, we demonstrate modified photoisomerization kinetics of merocyanine and diarylethene by coupling the reactant's optical transition with photonic microcavity modes. We leverage broadband Fourier-plane optical microscopy to noninvasively and rapidly monitor photoisomerization within microcavities, enabling systematic investigation of chemical kinetics for different cavity-exciton detunings and photoexcitation conditions. We demonstrate three distinct effects of cavity coupling: first, a renormalization of the photonic density of states, akin to a Purcell effect, leads to enhanced absorption and isomerization rates at certain wavelengths, notably red-shifting the onset of photoisomerization. This effect is present under both strong and weak light-matter couplings. Second, kinetic competition between polariton localization into reactive molecular states and cavity losses leads to a suppression of the photoisomerization yield. Finally, our key result is that in reaction mixtures with multiple reactant isomers, exhibiting partially overlapping optical transitions and distinct isomerization pathways, the cavity resonance can be tuned to funnel photoexcitations into specific reactant isomers. Thus, upon decoherence, polaritons localize into a chosen isomer, selectively triggering the latter's photoisomerization despite initially being delocalized across all isomers. This result suggests that careful tuning of the cavity resonance is a promising avenue to steer chemical reactions and enhance product selectivity in reaction mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inki Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sarah R Melton
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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3
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Xiang B, Xiong W. Molecular Polaritons for Chemistry, Photonics and Quantum Technologies. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2512-2552. [PMID: 38416701 PMCID: PMC10941193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Molecular polaritons are quasiparticles resulting from the hybridization between molecular and photonic modes. These composite entities, bearing characteristics inherited from both constituents, exhibit modified energy levels and wave functions, thereby capturing the attention of chemists in the past decade. The potential to modify chemical reactions has spurred many investigations, alongside efforts to enhance and manipulate optical responses for photonic and quantum applications. This Review centers on the experimental advances in this burgeoning field. Commencing with an introduction of the fundamentals, including theoretical foundations and various cavity architectures, we discuss outcomes of polariton-modified chemical reactions. Furthermore, we navigate through the ongoing debates and uncertainties surrounding the underpinning mechanism of this innovative method of controlling chemistry. Emphasis is placed on gaining a comprehensive understanding of the energy dynamics of molecular polaritons, in particular, vibrational molecular polaritons─a pivotal facet in steering chemical reactions. Additionally, we discuss the unique capability of coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy to dissect polariton and dark mode dynamics, offering insights into the critical components within the cavity that alter chemical reactions. We further expand to the potential utility of molecular polaritons in quantum applications as well as precise manipulation of molecular and photonic polarizations, notably in the context of chiral phenomena. This discussion aspires to ignite deeper curiosity and engagement in revealing the physics underpinning polariton-modified molecular properties, and a broad fascination with harnessing photonic environments to control chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiang
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries
of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, California 92126, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California, San Diego, California 92126, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San
Diego, California 92126, United States
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4
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Michail E, Rashidi K, Liu B, He G, Menon VM, Sfeir MY. Addressing the Dark State Problem in Strongly Coupled Organic Exciton-Polariton Systems. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:557-565. [PMID: 38179964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The manipulation of molecular excited state processes through strong coupling has attracted significant interest for its potential to provide precise control of photochemical phenomena. However, the key limiting factor for achieving this control has been the "dark-state problem", in which photoexcitation populates long-lived reservoir states with energies and dynamics similar to those of bare excitons. Here, we use a sensitive ultrafast transient reflection method with momentum and spectral resolution to achieve the selective excitation of organic exciton-polaritons in open photonic cavities. We show that the energy dispersions of these systems allow us to avoid the parasitic effect of the reservoir states. Under phase-matching conditions, we observe the direct population and decay of polaritons on time scales of less than 100 fs and find that momentum scattering processes occur on even faster time scales. We establish that it is possible to overcome the "dark state problem" through the careful design of strongly coupled systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evripidis Michail
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Kamyar Rashidi
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Bin Liu
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Guiying He
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Vinod M Menon
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Matthew Y Sfeir
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
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5
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Angelico S, Haugland TS, Ronca E, Koch H. Coupled cluster cavity Born-Oppenheimer approximation for electronic strong coupling. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:214112. [PMID: 38051099 DOI: 10.1063/5.0172764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical and photochemical reactivity, as well as supramolecular organization and several other molecular properties, can be modified by strong interactions between light and matter. Theoretical studies of these phenomena require the separation of the Schrödinger equation into different degrees of freedom as in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. In this paper, we analyze the electron-photon Hamiltonian within the cavity Born-Oppenheimer approximation (CBOA), where the electronic problem is solved for fixed nuclear positions and photonic parameters. In particular, we focus on intermolecular interactions in representative dimer complexes. The CBOA potential energy surfaces are compared with those obtained using a polaritonic approach, where the photonic and electronic degrees of freedom are treated at the same level. This allows us to assess the role of electron-photon correlation and the accuracy of CBOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Angelico
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tor S Haugland
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Henrik Koch
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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6
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Weight BM, Li X, Zhang Y. Theory and modeling of light-matter interactions in chemistry: current and future. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31554-31577. [PMID: 37842818 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01415k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Light-matter interaction not only plays an instrumental role in characterizing materials' properties via various spectroscopic techniques but also provides a general strategy to manipulate material properties via the design of novel nanostructures. This perspective summarizes recent theoretical advances in modeling light-matter interactions in chemistry, mainly focusing on plasmon and polariton chemistry. The former utilizes the highly localized photon, plasmonic hot electrons, and local heat to drive chemical reactions. In contrast, polariton chemistry modifies the potential energy curvatures of bare electronic systems, and hence their chemistry, via forming light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons. The perspective starts with the basic background of light-matter interactions, molecular quantum electrodynamics theory, and the challenges of modeling light-matter interactions in chemistry. Then, the recent advances in modeling plasmon and polariton chemistry are described, and future directions toward multiscale simulations of light-matter interaction-mediated chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden M Weight
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Xinyang Li
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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7
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Severi M, Zerbetto F. Polaritonic Chemistry: Hindering and Easing Ground State Polyenic Isomerization via Breakdown of σ-π Separation. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9145-9149. [PMID: 37796008 PMCID: PMC10577679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The ground state conformational isomerization in polyenes is a symmetry allowed process. Its low energy barrier is governed by electron density transfer from the formal single bond that is rotated to the nearby formal double bonds. Along the reaction pathway, the transition state is therefore destabilized. The rules of polaritonic chemistry, i.e., chemistry in a nanocavity with reflecting windows, are barely beginning to be laid out. The standing electric field of the nanocavity couples strongly with the molecular wave function and modifies the potential energy curve in unexpected ways. A quantum electrodynamics approach, applied to the torsional degree of freedom of the central bond of butadiene, shows that formation of the polariton mixes the σ-π frameworks thereby stabilizing/destabilizing the planar, reactant-like conformations. The values of the fundamental mode of the cavity field used in the absence of the cavity do not trigger this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Severi
- Department
of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of
Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Department
of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of
Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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8
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Bhuyan R, Mony J, Kotov O, Castellanos GW, Gómez Rivas J, Shegai TO, Börjesson K. The Rise and Current Status of Polaritonic Photochemistry and Photophysics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10877-10919. [PMID: 37683254 PMCID: PMC10540218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between molecular electronic transitions and electromagnetic fields can be enlarged to the point where distinct hybrid light-matter states, polaritons, emerge. The photonic contribution to these states results in increased complexity as well as an opening to modify the photophysics and photochemistry beyond what normally can be seen in organic molecules. It is today evident that polaritons offer opportunities for molecular photochemistry and photophysics, which has caused an ever-rising interest in the field. Focusing on the experimental landmarks, this review takes its reader from the advent of the field of polaritonic chemistry, over the split into polariton chemistry and photochemistry, to present day status within polaritonic photochemistry and photophysics. To introduce the field, the review starts with a general description of light-matter interactions, how to enhance these, and what characterizes the coupling strength. Then the photochemistry and photophysics of strongly coupled systems using Fabry-Perot and plasmonic cavities are described. This is followed by a description of room-temperature Bose-Einstein condensation/polariton lasing in polaritonic systems. The review ends with a discussion on the benefits, limitations, and future developments of strong exciton-photon coupling using organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhuyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Mony
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Oleg Kotov
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gabriel W. Castellanos
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timur O. Shegai
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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9
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Mandal A, Taylor MA, Weight BM, Koessler ER, Li X, Huo P. Theoretical Advances in Polariton Chemistry and Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9786-9879. [PMID: 37552606 PMCID: PMC10450711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
When molecules are coupled to an optical cavity, new light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons, are formed due to quantum light-matter interactions. With the experimental demonstrations of modifying chemical reactivities by forming polaritons under strong light-matter interactions, theorists have been encouraged to develop new methods to simulate these systems and discover new strategies to tune and control reactions. This review summarizes some of these exciting theoretical advances in polariton chemistry, in methods ranging from the fundamental framework to computational techniques and applications spanning from photochemistry to vibrational strong coupling. Even though the theory of quantum light-matter interactions goes back to the midtwentieth century, the gaps in the knowledge of molecular quantum electrodynamics (QED) have only recently been filled. We review recent advances made in resolving gauge ambiguities, the correct form of different QED Hamiltonians under different gauges, and their connections to various quantum optics models. Then, we review recently developed ab initio QED approaches which can accurately describe polariton states in a realistic molecule-cavity hybrid system. We then discuss applications using these method advancements. We review advancements in polariton photochemistry where the cavity is made resonant to electronic transitions to control molecular nonadiabatic excited state dynamics and enable new photochemical reactivities. When the cavity resonance is tuned to the molecular vibrations instead, ground-state chemical reaction modifications have been demonstrated experimentally, though its mechanistic principle remains unclear. We present some recent theoretical progress in resolving this mystery. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the collective coupling regime between light and matter, where many molecules can collectively couple to a single cavity mode or many cavity modes. We also lay out the current challenges in theory to explain the observed experimental results. We hope that this review will serve as a useful document for anyone who wants to become familiar with the context of polariton chemistry and molecular cavity QED and thus significantly benefit the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael A.D. Taylor
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Braden M. Weight
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Eric R. Koessler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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10
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Davidsson E, Kowalewski M. The role of dephasing for dark state coupling in a molecular Tavis-Cummings model. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:044306. [PMID: 37493131 PMCID: PMC7615654 DOI: 10.1063/5.0155302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The collective coupling of an ensemble of molecules to a light field is commonly described by the Tavis-Cummings model. This model includes numerous eigenstates that are optically decoupled from the optically bright polariton states. Accessing these dark states requires breaking the symmetry in the corresponding Hamiltonian. In this paper, we investigate the influence of non-unitary processes on the dark state dynamics in the molecular Tavis-Cummings model. The system is modeled with a Lindblad equation that includes pure dephasing, as it would be caused by weak interactions with an environment, and photon decay. Our simulations show that the rate of pure dephasing, as well as the number of two-level systems, has a significant influence on the dark state population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Davidsson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Palo E, Papachatzakis MA, Abdelmagid A, Qureshi H, Kumar M, Salomäki M, Daskalakis KS. Developing Solution-Processed Distributed Bragg Reflectors for Microcavity Polariton Applications. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:14255-14262. [PMID: 37529668 PMCID: PMC10388359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Improving the performance of organic optoelectronics has been under vigorous research for decades. Recently, polaritonics has been introduced as a technology that has the potential to improve the optical, electrical, and chemical properties of materials and devices. However, polaritons have been mainly studied in optical microcavities that are made by vacuum deposition processes, which are costly, unavailable to many, and incompatible with printed optoelectronics methods. Efforts toward the fabrication of polariton microcavities with solution-processed techniques have been utterly absent. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time strong light-matter coupling and polariton photoluminescence in an organic microcavity consisting of an aluminum mirror and a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) made by sequential dip coating of titanium hydroxide/poly(vinyl alcohol) (TiOH/PVA) and Nafion films. To fabricate and develop the solution-processed DBRs and microcavities, we automatized a dip-coating device that allowed us to produce sub-100 nm films consistently over many dip-coating cycles. Owning to the solution-based nature of our DBRs, our results pave the way to the realization of polariton optoelectronic devices beyond physical deposition methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Palo
- Department
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Michael A. Papachatzakis
- Department
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Ahmed Abdelmagid
- Department
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Hassan Qureshi
- Department
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Salomäki
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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12
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Theurer CP, Laible F, Tang J, Broch K, Fleischer M, Schreiber F. Strong light-matter coupling in pentacene thin films on plasmonic arrays. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37387269 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing strong light-matter coupling is an elegant and powerful way to modify the energy landscapes of excited states of organic semiconductors. Consequently, the chemical and photophysical properties of these organic semiconductors can be influenced without the need of chemical modification but simply by implementing them in optical microcavities. This has so far mostly been shown in Fabry-Pérot cavities and with organic single crystals or diluted molecules in a host matrix. Here, we demonstrate strong, simultaneous coupling of the two Davydov transitions in polycrystalline pentacene thin films to surface lattice resonances supported by open cavities made of silver nanoparticle arrays. Such thin films are more easily fabricated and, together with the open architecture, more suitable for device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph P Theurer
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Florian Laible
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Jia Tang
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics (LISA+), Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Fleischer
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics (LISA+), Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics (LISA+), Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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13
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Mukherjee A, Feist J, Börjesson K. Quantitative Investigation of the Rate of Intersystem Crossing in the Strong Exciton-Photon Coupling Regime. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5155-5162. [PMID: 36813757 PMCID: PMC9999416 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Strong interactions between excitons and photons lead to the formation of exciton-polaritons, which possess completely different properties compared to their constituents. The polaritons are created by incorporating a material in an optical cavity where the electromagnetic field is tightly confined. Over the last few years, the relaxation of polaritonic states has been shown to enable a new kind of energy transfer event, which is efficient at length scales substantially larger than the typical Förster radius. However, the importance of such energy transfer depends on the ability of the short-lived polaritonic states to efficiently decay to molecular localized states that can perform a photochemical process, such as charge transfer or triplet states. Here, we investigate quantitatively the interaction between polaritons and triplet states of erythrosine B in the strong coupling regime. We analyze the experimental data, collected mainly employing angle-resolved reflectivity and excitation measurements, using a rate equation model. We show that the rate of intersystem crossing from the polariton to the triplet states depends on the energy alignment of the excited polaritonic states. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the rate of intersystem crossing can be substantially enhanced in the strong coupling regime to the point where it approaches the rate of the radiative decay of the polariton. In light of the opportunities that transitions from polaritonic to molecular localized states offer within molecular photophysics/chemistry and organic electronics, we hope that the quantitative understanding of such interactions gained from this study will aid in the development of polariton-empowered devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Unger F, Moretti L, Hausch J, Bredehoeft J, Zeiser C, Haug S, Tempelaar R, Hestand NJ, Cerullo G, Broch K. Modulating Singlet Fission by Scanning through Vibronic Resonances in Pentacene-Based Blends. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20610-20619. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Unger
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Luca Moretti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Julian Hausch
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Jona Bredehoeft
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Clemens Zeiser
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Sara Haug
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Roel Tempelaar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Hestand
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Evangel University, 1111 North Glenstone Avenue, Springfield, Missouri 65802, United States
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
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15
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Wu W, Sifain AE, Delpo CA, Scholes GD. Polariton enhanced free charge carrier generation in donor-acceptor cavity systems by a second-hybridization mechanism. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:161102. [PMID: 36319424 DOI: 10.1063/5.0122497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cavity quantum electrodynamics has been studied as a potential approach to modify free charge carrier generation in donor-acceptor heterojunctions because of the delocalization and controllable energy level properties of hybridized light-matter states known as polaritons. However, in many experimental systems, cavity coupling decreases charge separation. Here, we theoretically study the quantum dynamics of a coherent and dissipative donor-acceptor cavity system, to investigate the dynamical mechanism and further discover the conditions under which polaritons may enhance free charge carrier generation. We use open quantum system methods based on single-pulse pumping to find that polaritons have the potential to connect excitonic states and charge separated states, further enhancing free charge generation on an ultrafast timescale of several hundred femtoseconds. The mechanism involves polaritons with optimal energy levels that allow the exciton to overcome the high Coulomb barrier induced by electron-hole attraction. Moreover, we propose that a second-hybridization between a polariton state and dark states with similar energy enables the formation of the hybrid charge separated states that are optically active. These two mechanisms lead to a maximum of 50% enhancement of free charge carrier generation on a short timescale. However, our simulation reveals that on the longer timescale of picoseconds, internal conversion and cavity loss dominate and suppress free charge carrier generation, reproducing the experimental results. Thus, our work shows that polaritons can affect the charge separation mechanism and promote free charge carrier generation efficiency, but predominantly on a short timescale after photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Andrew E Sifain
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Courtney A Delpo
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
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16
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Abstract
By employing the numerically exact multiple Davydov D2 ansatz, we study cavity-manipulated singlet fission that is mediated by polaritonic conical intersections for both one- and two-molecule systems. The population evolution of the TT state and the cavity photons is carefully examined in search for a high fission efficiency via cavity engineering. Several interesting mechanisms have been uncovered, such as photon-assisted singlet fission, system localization via a displaced photon state, and collective enhancement of the fission efficiency for the two-molecule system. It is also found that the system localization process in the two-molecule system differs substantially from that in the one-molecule system because of the appearance of a novel central polaritonic conical intersection in the two-molecule system. It has been demonstrated that the cavity-controlled singlet fission process can be switched on and off by controlling the average pumping photon number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Maxim F Gelin
- School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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17
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Fregoni J, Garcia-Vidal FJ, Feist J. Theoretical Challenges in Polaritonic Chemistry. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1096-1107. [PMID: 35480492 PMCID: PMC9026242 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polaritonic chemistry exploits strong light-matter coupling between molecules and confined electromagnetic field modes to enable new chemical reactivities. In systems displaying this functionality, the choice of the cavity determines both the confinement of the electromagnetic field and the number of molecules that are involved in the process. While in wavelength-scale optical cavities the light-matter interaction is ruled by collective effects, plasmonic subwavelength nanocavities allow even single molecules to reach strong coupling. Due to these very distinct situations, a multiscale theoretical toolbox is then required to explore the rich phenomenology of polaritonic chemistry. Within this framework, each component of the system (molecules and electromagnetic modes) needs to be treated in sufficient detail to obtain reliable results. Starting from the very general aspects of light-molecule interactions in typical experimental setups, we underline the basic concepts that should be taken into account when operating in this new area of research. Building on these considerations, we then provide a map of the theoretical tools already available to tackle chemical applications of molecular polaritons at different scales. Throughout the discussion, we draw attention to both the successes and the challenges still ahead in the theoretical description of polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Fregoni
- Departamento de Física
Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics
Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal
- Departamento de Física
Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics
Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física
Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics
Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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