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Hung JH, Teng CF, Hung HC, Chen YL, Chen PJ, Ho CL, Chuang CH, Huang W. Genomic instabilities in hepatocellular carcinoma: biomarkers and application in immunotherapies. Ann Hepatol 2024; 29:101546. [PMID: 39147130 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2024.101546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancers. For patients with advanced HCC, liver function decompensation often occurs, which leads to poor tolerance to chemotherapies and other aggressive treatments. Therefore, it remains critical to develop effective therapeutic strategies for HCC. Etiological factors for HCC are complex and multifaceted, including hepatitis virus infection, alcohol, drug abuse, chronic metabolic abnormalities, and others. Thus, HCC has been categorized as a "genomically unstable" cancer due to the typical manifestation of chromosome breakage and aneuploidy, and oxidative DNA damage. In recent years, immunotherapy has provided a new option for cancer treatments, and the degree of genomic instability positively correlates with immunotherapy efficacies. This article reviews the endogenous and exogenous causes that affect the genomic stability of liver cells; it also updates the current biomarkers and their detection methods for genomic instabilities and relevant applications in cancer immunotherapies. Including genomic instability biomarkers in consideration of cancer treatment options shall increase the patients' well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hsiang Hung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Feng Teng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Organ Transplantation Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Chin Hung
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Jun Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Liang Ho
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsiang Chuang
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wenya Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Diseases and Signal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan..
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2
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Kornyeyev D, Song Z, Eng S, Soulette C, Ramirez R, Tang J, Yue Q, Subramanian R, Zaboli S, Moon C, Tam J, Brodbeck J, Aggarwal A, Diehl L, Fletcher SP, Hyrina A, Holdorf MM, Burdette D. Selective depletion of HBV-infected hepatocytes by class A capsid assembly modulators requires high levels of intrahepatic HBV core protein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0042024. [PMID: 38780261 PMCID: PMC11232385 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00420-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Capsid assembly mediated by hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein (HBc) is an essential part of the HBV replication cycle, which is the target for different classes of capsid assembly modulators (CAMs). While both CAM-A ("aberrant") and CAM-E ("empty") disrupt nucleocapsid assembly and reduce extracellular HBV DNA, CAM-As can also reduce extracellular HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) by triggering apoptosis of HBV-infected cells in preclinical mouse models. However, there have not been substantial HBsAg declines in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with CAM-As to date. To investigate this disconnect, we characterized the antiviral activity of tool CAM compounds in HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), as well as in HBV-infected human liver chimeric mice and mice transduced with adeno-associated virus-HBV. Mechanistic studies in HBV-infected PHH revealed that CAM-A, but not CAM-E, induced a dose-dependent aggregation of HBc in the nucleus which is negatively regulated by the ubiquitin-binding protein p62. We confirmed that CAM-A, but not CAM-E, induced HBc-positive cell death in both mouse models via induction of apoptotic and inflammatory pathways and demonstrated that the degree of HBV-positive cell loss was positively correlated with intrahepatic HBc levels. Importantly, we determined that there is a significantly lower level of HBc per hepatocyte in CHB patient liver biopsies than in either of the HBV mouse models. Taken together, these data confirm that CAM-As have a unique secondary mechanism with the potential to kill HBc-positive hepatocytes. However, this secondary mechanism appears to require higher intrahepatic HBc levels than is typically observed in CHB patients, thereby limiting the therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhijuan Song
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Stacey Eng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Qin Yue
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | | | - Shiva Zaboli
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | | | - Jane Tam
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | | | | | - Lauri Diehl
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
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3
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Hamadalnil Y, Altayb HN. In silico molecular study of hepatitis B virus X protein as a therapeutic target. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4002-4015. [PMID: 37254310 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2217920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Hepatitis B virus is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBx viral protein is considered a contributor to pathogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis. This study aimed to screen the effect of some antiviral compounds to target HBx protein for inhibition of its function. Here, molecular docking, molcular dynsmic simulation, MM/GBSA and T-SNE methods were applied to study the complex stability and to cluster the conformations that generated in the simulation. Among the 179 compounds screened in this study, three antiviral agents (SC75741, Punicalagin, and Ledipasvir) exhibited the lowest docking energy and best interaction. Among these compounds, SC75741 was identified as a potent inhibitor of HBx that showed the best and most stable interaction during molecular dynamic simulation, and blocking a region near to HBx helix resides (aa 88-100) that is associated with cell invasion. The analysis of relative binding free energy through MM/GBSA for molecular dynamic simulation results revealed binding energy -9.9 kcal/mol for SC75741, -11 kcal/mol for Punicalagin, and -10.1 kcal/mol for Ledipasvir. These results elucidate the possible use of these compounds in the research for targeting HBx.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassir Hamadalnil
- Faculty of Medicine, Nile University, Khartoum, Sudan
- Ibra Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ibra, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Hisham N Altayb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Su YP, Lin SY, Su IJ, Kao YL, Shen SC, Earl JP, Ehrlich GD, Chen CY, Huang W, Su YH, Tsai HW. Characterization of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA harboring pre-S mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with ground glass hepatocytes. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29348. [PMID: 38180275 PMCID: PMC10802935 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Ground glass hepatocytes (GGHs) have been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence and poor prognosis. We previously demonstrated that pre-S expression in some GGHs is resistant to current hepatitis B virus (HBV) antiviral therapies. This study aimed to investigate whether integrated HBV DNA (iDNA) is the primary HBV DNA species responsible for sustained pre-S expression in GGH after effective antiviral therapy. We characterized 10 sets of micro-dissected, formalin-fixed-paraffin-embedded, and frozen GGH, HCC, and adjacent hepatitis B surface antigen-negative stained tissues for iDNA, pre-S deletions, and the quantity of covalently closed circular DNA. Eight patients had detectable pre-S deletions, and nine had detectable iDNA. Interestingly, eight patients had integrations within the TERT and CCNE1 genes, which are known recurrent integration sites associated with HCC. Furthermore, we observed a recurrent integration in the ABCC13 gene. Additionally, we identified variations in the type and quantity of pre-S deletions within individual sets of tissues by junction-specific PacBio long-read sequencing. The data from long-read sequencing indicate that some pre-S deletions were acquired following the integration events. Our findings demonstrate that iDNA exists in GGH and can be responsible for sustained pre-S expression in GGH after effective antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Ping Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | | | - Ih-Jen Su
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lan Kao
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, U.S.A
| | | | - Joshua P. Earl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Garth D. Ehrlich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Cheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wenya Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsiu Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A. and The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, U.S.A
| | - Hung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Rosenberg M, Poluch M, Thomas C, Sindaco P, Khoo A, Porcu P. Hepatitis B Virus and B-cell lymphoma: evidence, unmet need, clinical impact, and opportunities. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1275800. [PMID: 37927464 PMCID: PMC10623156 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1275800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly a billion people worldwide are infected with the hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and about a third of them have chronic infection. HBV is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, including acute and chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Screening and control of primary HBV infection through vaccination represent a major advance in global public health, but large sections of the world population, in both developed and underdeveloped countries, remain unscreened and unvaccinated. In addition to being a global cause of liver disease, an important role of HBV in lymphoma has also emerged. First, the high risk of HBV reactivation in previously infected patients receiving chemo-immunotherapy necessitates the systematic evaluation of HBV serological status in all non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) cases and preemptive antiviral therapy for those who may have chronic or occult HBV infection. Second, HBV has been shown to infect lymphocytes, namely B-cells, and has been associated with a higher risk of developing B-cell lymphoma, most clearly in countries where HBV is endemic. While the risk of HBV reactivation with chemoimmunotherapy in NHL is well known, the role and the impact of HBV as a global lymphoma risk factor and potential oncogenic driver in B-cells are very poorly understood. Here, we review the clinical and scientific evidence supporting an association between HBV and B-cell lymphoma, with a particular focus on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and provide an overview of the estimated impact of HBV infection on the biology and clinical course of DLBCL. We also discuss ways to gain a better insight into the unmet need posed by HBV in lymphoma and whether assessing immune responses to HBV, measuring viral loads, and detecting the presence of HBV-encoded proteins in tumor tissue could be integrated into the molecular and clinical risk stratification of patients with DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Rosenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maria Poluch
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Colin Thomas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paola Sindaco
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alan Khoo
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pierluigi Porcu
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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6
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Roca Suarez AA, Planel S, Grand X, Couturier C, Tran T, Porcheray F, Becker J, Reynier F, Delgado A, Cascales E, Peyrot L, Tamellini A, Saliou A, Elie C, Baum C, Vuong BQ, Testoni B, Roques P, Zoulim F, Hasan U, Chemin I. Interspecies comparison of the early transcriptomic changes associated with hepatitis B virus exposure in human and macaque immune cell populations. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1248782. [PMID: 37727809 PMCID: PMC10505653 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1248782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects 300 million individuals worldwide, representing a major factor for the development of hepatic complications. Although existing antivirals are effective in suppressing replication, eradication of HBV is not achieved. Therefore, a multi-faceted approach involving antivirals and immunomodulatory agents is required. Non-human primates are widely used in pre-clinical studies due to their close evolutionary relationship to humans. Nonetheless, it is fundamental to identify the differences in immune response between humans and these models. Thus, we performed a transcriptomic characterization and interspecies comparison of the early immune responses to HBV in human and cynomolgus macaques. Methods We characterized early transcriptomic changes in human and cynomolgus B cells, T cells, myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) exposed to HBV ex vivo for 2 hours. Differentially-expressed genes were further compared to the profiles of HBV-infected patients using publicly-available single-cell data. Results HBV induced a wide variety of transcriptional changes in all cell types, with common genes between species representing only a small proportion. In particular, interferon gamma signaling was repressed in human pDCs. At the gene level, interferon gamma inducible protein 16 (IFI16) was upregulated in macaque pDCs, while downregulated in humans. Moreover, IFI16 expression in pDCs from chronic HBV-infected patients anti-paralleled serum HBsAg levels. Conclusion Our characterization of early transcriptomic changes induced by HBV in humans and cynomolgus macaques represents a useful resource for the identification of shared and divergent host responses, as well as potential immune targets against HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Andres Roca Suarez
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- Hepatology Institute of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Xavier Grand
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- Hepatology Institute of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Trang Tran
- BIOASTER, Institut de Recherche Technologique, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jérémie Becker
- BIOASTER, Institut de Recherche Technologique, Lyon, France
| | | | - Ana Delgado
- BIOASTER, Institut de Recherche Technologique, Lyon, France
| | | | - Loïc Peyrot
- BIOASTER, Institut de Recherche Technologique, Lyon, France
| | | | - Adrien Saliou
- BIOASTER, Institut de Recherche Technologique, Lyon, France
| | - Céline Elie
- BIOASTER, Institut de Recherche Technologique, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Baum
- BIOASTER, Institut de Recherche Technologique, Lyon, France
| | - Bao Quoc Vuong
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Barbara Testoni
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- Hepatology Institute of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Roques
- CEA, Institut François Jacob, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Inserm, U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses and Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- Hepatology Institute of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Hepatology, Croix Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Uzma Hasan
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- INSERM U1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Chemin
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
- Hepatology Institute of Lyon, Lyon, France
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Zhao K, Guo F, Wang J, Zhong Y, Yi J, Teng Y, Xu Z, Zhao L, Li A, Wang Z, Chen X, Cheng X, Xia Y. Limited disassembly of cytoplasmic hepatitis B virus nucleocapsids restricts viral infection in murine hepatic cells. Hepatology 2023; 77:1366-1381. [PMID: 35718932 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Murine hepatic cells cannot support hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection even with supplemental expression of viral receptor, human sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (hNTCP). However, the specific restricted step remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to dissect HBV infection process in murine hepatic cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS Cells expressing hNTCP were inoculated with HBV or hepatitis delta virus (HDV). HBV pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), and different relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA) intermediates were produced in vitro . The repair process from rcDNA to cccDNA was assayed by in vitro repair experiments and in mouse with hydrodynamic injection. Southern blotting and in situ hybridization were used to detect HBV DNA. HBV, but not its satellite virus HDV, was restricted from productive infection in murine hepatic cells expressing hNTCP. Transfection of HBV pgRNA could establish HBV replication in human, but not in murine, hepatic cells. HBV replication-competent plasmid, cccDNA, and recombinant cccDNA could support HBV transcription in murine hepatic cells. Different rcDNA intermediates could be repaired to form cccDNA both in vitro and in vivo . In addition, rcDNA could be detected in the nucleus of murine hepatic cells, but cccDNA could not be formed. Interestingly, nuclease sensitivity assay showed that the protein-linked rcDNA isolated from cytoplasm was completely nuclease resistant in murine, but not in human, hepatic cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that the disassembly of cytoplasmic HBV nucleocapsids is restricted in murine hepatic cells. Overcoming this limitation may help to establish an HBV infection mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Institute of Medical Virology , TaiKang Medical School , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Fangteng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Institute of Medical Virology , TaiKang Medical School , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Institute of Medical Virology , TaiKang Medical School , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Youquan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Institute of Medical Virology , TaiKang Medical School , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Junzhu Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Institute of Medical Virology , TaiKang Medical School , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Yan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Institute of Medical Virology , TaiKang Medical School , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Zaichao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Institute of Medical Virology , TaiKang Medical School , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Institute of Medical Virology , TaiKang Medical School , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Aixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Institute of Medical Virology , TaiKang Medical School , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Zichen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Institute of Medical Virology , TaiKang Medical School , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology , Wuhan Institute of Virology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan , China
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Institute of Medical Virology , TaiKang Medical School , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
- Wuhan University Center for Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics , Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases , Wuhan , China
| | - Yuchen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology , Institute of Medical Virology , TaiKang Medical School , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
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8
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Hepatitis B Virus Core Protein Is Not Required for Covalently Closed Circular DNA Transcriptional Regulation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0136222. [PMID: 36226986 PMCID: PMC9645219 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01362-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health burden worldwide, and currently there is no cure. The persistence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is the major obstacle for antiviral trement. HBV core protein (HBc) has emerged as a promising antiviral target, as it plays important roles in critical steps of the viral life cycle. However, whether HBc could regulate HBV cccDNA transcription remains under debate. In this study, different approaches were used to address this question. In synthesized HBV cccDNA and HBVcircle transfection assays, lack of HBc showed no effect on transcription of HBV RNA as well as HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) production in a hepatoma cell line and primary human hepatocytes. Reconstitution of HBc did not alter the expression of cccDNA-derived HBV markers. Similar results were obtained from an in vivo mouse model harboring cccDNA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) or ChIP sequencing assays revealed transcription regulation of HBc-deficient cccDNA chromatin similar to that of wild-type cccDNA. Furthermore, treatment with capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) dramatically reduced extracellular HBV DNA but could not alter viral RNA and HBsAg. Our results demonstrate that HBc neither affects histone modifications and transcription factor binding of cccDNA nor directly influences cccDNA transcription. Although CAMs could reduce HBc binding to cccDNA, they do not suppress cccDNA transcriptional activity. Thus, therapeutics targeting capsid or HBc should not be expected to sufficiently reduce cccDNA transcription. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein (HBc) has emerged as a promising antiviral target. However, whether HBc can regulate HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) transcription remains elusive. This study illustrated that HBc has no effect on epigenetic regulation of cccDNA, and it does not participate in cccDNA transcription. Given that HBc is dispensable for cccDNA transcription, novel cccDNA-targeting therapeutics are needed for an HBV cure.
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Cao X, Du X, Jiao H, An Q, Chen R, Fang P, Wang J, Yu B. Carbohydrate-based drugs launched during 2000 -2021. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3783-3821. [PMID: 36213536 PMCID: PMC9532563 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are fundamental molecules involved in nearly all aspects of lives, such as being involved in formating the genetic and energy materials, supporting the structure of organisms, constituting invasion and host defense systems, and forming antibiotics secondary metabolites. The naturally occurring carbohydrates and their derivatives have been extensively studied as therapeutic agents for the treatment of various diseases. During 2000 to 2021, totally 54 carbohydrate-based drugs which contain carbohydrate moities as the major structural units have been approved as drugs or diagnostic agents. Here we provide a comprehensive review on the chemical structures, activities, and clinical trial results of these carbohydrate-based drugs, which are categorized by their indications into antiviral drugs, antibacterial/antiparasitic drugs, anticancer drugs, antidiabetics drugs, cardiovascular drugs, nervous system drugs, and other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaojing Du
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Heng Jiao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Quanlin An
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruoxue Chen
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pengfei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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10
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Suresh M, Menne S. Recent Drug Development in the Woodchuck Model of Chronic Hepatitis B. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081711. [PMID: 36016334 PMCID: PMC9416195 DOI: 10.3390/v14081711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is responsible for the increasing global hepatitis burden, with an estimated 296 million people being carriers and living with the risk of developing chronic liver disease and cancer. While the current treatment options for chronic hepatitis B (CHB), including oral nucleos(t)ide analogs and systemic interferon-alpha, are deemed suboptimal, the path to finding an ultimate cure for this viral disease is rather challenging. The lack of suitable laboratory animal models that support HBV infection and associated liver disease progression is one of the major hurdles in antiviral drug development. For more than four decades, experimental infection of the Eastern woodchuck with woodchuck hepatitis virus has been applied for studying the immunopathogenesis of HBV and developing new antiviral therapeutics against CHB. There are several advantages to this animal model that are beneficial for performing both basic and translational HBV research. Previous review articles have focused on the value of this animal model in regard to HBV replication, pathogenesis, and immune response. In this article, we review studies of drug development and preclinical evaluation of direct-acting antivirals, immunomodulators, therapeutic vaccines, and inhibitors of viral entry, gene expression, and antigen release in the woodchuck model of CHB since 2014 until today and discuss their significance for clinical trials in patients.
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11
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Cheng X, Xia Y. HIRA in Hepatitis B Virus Minichromosome Regulation: Another Piece of the Puzzle. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:718-719. [PMID: 35691338 PMCID: PMC9421579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Wuhan University Center for Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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12
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Bianca C, Sidhartha E, Tiribelli C, El-Khobar KE, Sukowati CHC. Role of hepatitis B virus in development of hepatocellular carcinoma: Focus on covalently closed circular DNA. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:866-884. [PMID: 35721287 PMCID: PMC9157711 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i5.866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global health problem, especially in developing countries. It may lead to prolonged liver damage, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Persistent chronic HBV infection is related to host immune response and the stability of the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in human hepatocytes. In addition to being essential for viral transcription and replication, cccDNA is also suspected to play a role in persistent HBV infections or hepatitis relapses since cccDNA is very stable in non-dividing human hepatocytes. Understanding the pathogenicity and oncogenicity of HBV components would be essential in the development of new diagnostic tools and treatment strategies. This review summarizes the role and molecular mechanisms of HBV cccDNA in hepatocyte transformation and hepatocarcinogenesis and current efforts to its detection and targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claryssa Bianca
- Department of Biomedicine, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia
| | - Elizabeth Sidhartha
- Department of Biomedicine, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jakarta 13210, Indonesia
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Centro Studi Fegato, Fondazione Italiana Fegato ONLUS, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Korri Elvanita El-Khobar
- Eijkman Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
| | - Caecilia H C Sukowati
- Centro Studi Fegato, Fondazione Italiana Fegato ONLUS, Trieste 34149, Italy
- Eijkman Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
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13
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PRKDC promotes hepatitis B virus transcription through enhancing the binding of RNA Pol II to cccDNA. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:404. [PMID: 35468873 PMCID: PMC9038722 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus infection remains a major health problem worldwide due to its high risk of liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which is present as an individual minichromosome, serves as the template for transcription of all viral RNAs and pla ays critical role in viral persistence. Therefore, there is an urgent need to gain broader insight into the transcription regulation of cccDNA. Here, we combined a modified Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) with an engineered ascorbate peroxidase 2 (APEX2) to identify cccDNA associated proteins systematically in living cells. By functional screening, we verified that protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic subunit (PRKDC) was an effective activator of HBV cccDNA transcription in HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells and primary human hepatocytes. Mechanismly, PRKDC interacted with POLR2A and POLR2B, the two largest subunits of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and recruited Pol II to HBV cccDNA minichromosome in a kinase-dependent manner. PRKDC knockdown or inhibitor treatment significantly decreased the enrichment of POLR2A and POLR2B on cccDNA, as well as reducing the levels of cccDNA associated Pol II Ser5 and Ser2 phosphorylation, which eventually inhibited the HBV cccDNA activity. Collectively, these findings give us new insights into cccDNA transcription regulation, thus providing new potential targets for HBV treatment in patients.
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14
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Xu Z, Zhao L, Zhong Y, Zhu C, Zhao K, Teng Y, Cheng X, Chen Q, Xia Y. A Novel Mouse Model Harboring Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular DNA. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:1001-1017. [PMID: 34896285 PMCID: PMC8873614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The persistence of viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is the major obstacle for antiviral treatment against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Basic and translational studies are largely hampered due to the lack of feasible small animal models to support HBV cccDNA formation. The aim of this study is to establish a novel mouse model harboring cccDNA. METHODS An adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector carrying a replication-deficient HBV1.04-fold genome (AAV-HBV1.04) was constructed. The linear HBV genome starts from nucleotide 403 and ends at 538, which results in the splitting of HBV surface and polymerase genes. Different HBV replication markers were evaluated for AAV-HBV1.04 plasmid-transfected cells, the AAV-HBV1.04 viral vector-transduced cells, and mice injected with the AAV-HBV1.04 viral vector. RESULTS Compared with the previously reported AAV-HBV1.2 construct, direct transfection of AAV-HBV1.04 plasmid failed to produce hepatitis B surface antigen and progeny virus. Interestingly, AAV-HBV1.04 viral vector transduction could result in the formation of cccDNA and the production of all HBV replication markers in vitro and in vivo. The formation of cccDNA could be blocked by ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein) inhibitors but not HBV reverse transcription inhibitor or capsid inhibitors. The AAV-HBV1.04 mouse supported long-term HBV replication and responded to antiviral treatments. CONCLUSIONS This AAV-HBV1.04 mouse model can support HBV cccDNA formation through ATR-mediated DNA damage response. The de novo formed cccDNA but not the parental AAV vector can lead to the production of hepatitis B surface antigen and HBV progeny. This model will provide a unique platform for studying HBV cccDNA and developing novel antivirals against HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaichao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youquan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaitao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Wuhan University Center for Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Yuchen Xia, PhD, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China. fax: 0086-27-68759222.
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15
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Baddeley HJE, Isalan M. The Application of CRISPR/Cas Systems for Antiviral Therapy. Front Genome Ed 2021; 3:745559. [PMID: 34723245 PMCID: PMC8549726 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2021.745559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As CRISPR/Cas systems have been refined over time, there has been an effort to apply them to real world problems, such as developing sequence-targeted antiviral therapies. Viruses pose a major threat to humans and new tools are urgently needed to combat these rapidly mutating pathogens. Importantly, a variety of CRISPR systems have the potential to directly cleave DNA and RNA viral genomes, in a targeted and easily-adaptable manner, thus preventing or treating infections. This perspective article highlights recent studies using different Cas effectors against various RNA viruses causing acute infections in humans; a latent virus (HIV-1); a chronic virus (hepatitis B); and viruses infecting livestock and animal species of industrial importance. The outlook and remaining challenges are discussed, particularly in the context of tacking newly emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J E Baddeley
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Isalan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Lin SY, Su YP, Trauger ER, Song BP, Thompson EGC, Hoffman MC, Chang TT, Lin YJ, Kao YL, Cui Y, Hann HW, Park G, Shieh FS, Song W, Su YH. Detection of Hepatitis B Virus-Host Junction Sequences in Urine of Infected Patients. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:1649-1659. [PMID: 34558837 PMCID: PMC8485884 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, found in more than 85% of HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinomas (HBV-HCCs), can play a significant role in HBV-related liver disease progression. HBV-host junction sequences (HBV-JSs), created through integration events, have been used to determine HBV-HCC clonality. Here, we investigate the feasibility of analyzing HBV integration in a noninvasive urine liquid biopsy. Using an HBV-targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay, we first identified HBV-JSs in eight HBV-HCC tissues and designed short-amplicon junction-specific polymerase chain reaction assays to detect HBV-JSs in matched urine. We detected and validated tissue-derived junctions in five of eight matched urine samples. Next, we screened 32 urine samples collected from 25 patients infected with HBV (5 with hepatitis, 10 with cirrhosis, 4 with HCC, and 6 post-HCC). Encouragingly, all 32 urine samples contained HBV-JSs detectable by HBV-targeted NGS. Of the 712 total HBV-JSs detected in urine, 351 were in gene-coding regions, 11 of which, including TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase), had previously been reported as recurrent integration sites in HCC tissue and were found only in the urine patients with cirrhosis or HCC. The integration breakpoints of HBV DNA detected in urine were found predominantly (~70%) at a previously identified integration hotspot, HBV DR1-2 (down-regulator of transcription 1-2). Conclusion: HBV viral-host junction DNA can be detected in urine of patients infected with HBV. This study demonstrates the potential for a noninvasive urine liquid biopsy of integrated HBV DNA to monitor patients infected with HBV for HBV-associated liver diseases and the efficacy of antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yih-Ping Su
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Research InstituteDoylestownPAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ting-Tsung Chang
- Department of Internal MedicineNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of MedicineTainanTaiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yih-Jyh Lin
- Department of SurgeryNational Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of MedicineTainanTaiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lan Kao
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Research InstituteDoylestownPAUSA
| | - Yixiao Cui
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Research InstituteDoylestownPAUSA
| | - Hie-Won Hann
- Liver Disease Prevention CenterDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyThomas Jefferson University HospitalPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Grace Park
- Liver Disease Prevention CenterDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyThomas Jefferson University HospitalPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | | | - Wei Song
- JBS Science, Inc.DoylestownPAUSA
| | - Ying-Hsiu Su
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Research InstituteDoylestownPAUSA
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17
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Zhang D, Guo S, Schrodi SJ. Mechanisms of DNA Methylation in Virus-Host Interaction in Hepatitis B Infection: Pathogenesis and Oncogenetic Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9858. [PMID: 34576022 PMCID: PMC8466338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), the well-studied oncovirus that contributes to the majority of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) worldwide, can cause a severe inflammatory microenvironment leading to genetic and epigenetic changes in hepatocyte clones. HBV replication contributes to the regulation of DNA methyltransferase gene expression, particularly by X protein (HBx), and subsequent methylation changes may lead to abnormal transcription activation of adjacent genes and genomic instability. Undoubtedly, the altered expression of these genes has been known to cause diverse aspects of infected hepatocytes, including apoptosis, proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and immune responses. Additionally, pollutant-induced DNA methylation changes and aberrant methylation of imprinted genes in hepatocytes also complicate the process of tumorigenesis. Meanwhile, hepatocytes also contribute to epigenetic modification of the viral genome to affect HBV replication or viral protein production. Meanwhile, methylation levels of HBV integrants and surrounding host regions also play crucial roles in their ability to produce viral proteins in affected hepatocytes. Both host and viral changes can provide novel insights into tumorigenesis, individualized responses to therapeutic intervention, disease progress, and early diagnosis. As such, DNA methylation-mediated epigenetic silencing of cancer-related genes and viral replication is a compelling therapeutic goal to reduce morbidity and mortality from liver cancer caused by chronic HBV infection. In this review, we summarize the most recent research on aberrant DNA methylation associated with HBV infection, which is involved in HCC development, and provide an outlook on the future direction of the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dake Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shicheng Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Steven J. Schrodi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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18
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Aghbash PS, Eslami N, Shirvaliloo M, Baghi HB. Viral coinfections in COVID-19. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5310-5322. [PMID: 34032294 PMCID: PMC8242380 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The most consequential challenge raised by coinfection is perhaps the inappropriate generation of recombinant viruses through the exchange of genetic material among different strains. These genetically similar viruses can interfere with the replication process of each other and even compete for the metabolites required for the maintenance of the replication cycle. Due to the similarity in clinical symptoms of most viral respiratory tract infections, and their coincidence with COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, it is recommended to develop a comprehensive diagnostic panel for detection of respiratory and nonrespiratory viruses through the evaluation of patient samples. Given the resulting changes in blood markers, such as coagulation factors and white blood cell count following virus infection, these markers can be of diagnostic value in the detection of mixed infection in individuals already diagnosed with a certain viral illness. In this review, we seek to investigate the coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory and nonrespiratory viruses to provide novel insights into the development of highly sensitive diagnostics and effective treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa S. Aghbash
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Narges Eslami
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Drug Applied Research CentreTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Drug Applied Research CentreTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Hossein B. Baghi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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19
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Ghosh S, Chakraborty A, Banerjee S. Persistence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Multi-Faceted Player for Hepatocarcinogenesis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:678537. [PMID: 34526974 PMCID: PMC8435854 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.678537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has a multi-dimensional effect on the host, which not only alters the dynamics of immune response but also persists in the hepatocytes to predispose oncogenic factors. The virus exists in multiple forms of which the nuclear localized covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is the most stable and the primary reason for viral persistence even after clearance of surface antigen and viral DNA. The second reason is the existence of pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) containing virion particles. On the other hand, the integration of the viral genome in the host chromosome also leads to persistent production of viral proteins along with the chromosomal instabilities. The interferon treatment or administration of nucleot(s)ide analogs leads to reduction in the viral DNA load, but the pgRNA and surface antigen clearance are a slow process and complete loss of serological HBsAg is rare. The prolonged exposure of immune cells to the viral antigens, particularly HBs antigen, in the blood circulation results in T-cell exhaustion, which disrupts immune clearance of the virus and virus-infected cells. In addition, it predisposes immune-tolerant microenvironment, which facilitates the tumor progression. Thus cccDNA, pgRNA, and HBsAg along with the viral DNA could be the therapeutic targets in the early disease stages that may improve the quality of life of chronic hepatitis B patients by impeding the progression of the disease toward hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soma Banerjee
- Centre for Liver Research, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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20
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Li YT, Wu HL, Liu CJ. Molecular Mechanisms and Animal Models of HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma: With Emphasis on Metastatic Tumor Antigen 1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9380. [PMID: 34502289 PMCID: PMC8431721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an important cause of cancer death worldwide, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major etiology, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. Lack of sensitive biomarkers for early diagnosis of HCC and lack of effective therapeutics for patients with advanced HCC are the main reasons for high HCC mortality; these clinical needs are linked to the molecular heterogeneity of hepatocarcinogenesis. Animal models are the basis of preclinical and translational research in HBV-related HCC (HBV-HCC). Recent advances in methodology have allowed the development of several animal models to address various aspects of chronic liver disease, including HCC, which HBV causes in humans. Currently, multiple HBV-HCC animal models, including conventional, hydrodynamics-transfection-based, viral vector-mediated transgenic, and xenograft mice models, as well as the hepadnavirus-infected tree shrew and woodchuck models, are available. This review provides an overview of molecular mechanisms and animal models of HBV-HCC. Additionally, the metastatic tumor antigen 1 (MTA1), a cancer-promoting molecule, was introduced as an example to address the importance of a suitable animal model for studying HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Tsung Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Lin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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21
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Bousali M, Papatheodoridis G, Paraskevis D, Karamitros T. Hepatitis B Virus DNA Integration, Chronic Infections and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1787. [PMID: 34442866 PMCID: PMC8398950 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is an Old World virus with a high mutation rate, which puts its origins in Africa alongside the origins of Homo sapiens, and is a member of the Hepadnaviridae family that is characterized by a unique viral replication cycle. It targets human hepatocytes and can lead to chronic HBV infection either after acute infection via horizontal transmission usually during infancy or childhood or via maternal-fetal transmission. HBV has been found in ~85% of HBV-related Hepatocellular Carcinomas (HCC), and it can integrate the whole or part of its genome into the host genomic DNA. The molecular mechanisms involved in the HBV DNA integration is not yet clear; thus, multiple models have been described with respect to either the relaxed-circular DNA (rcDNA) or the double-stranded linear DNA (dslDNA) of HBV. Various genes have been found to be affected by HBV DNA integration, including cell-proliferation-related genes, oncogenes and long non-coding RNA genes (lincRNAs). The present review summarizes the advances in the research of HBV DNA integration, focusing on the evolutionary and molecular side of the integration events along with the arising clinical aspects in the light of WHO's commitment to eliminate HBV and viral hepatitis by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bousali
- Bioinformatics and Applied Genomics Unit, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Papatheodoridis
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Laiko” General Hospital of Athens, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
| | - Timokratis Karamitros
- Bioinformatics and Applied Genomics Unit, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece;
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
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23
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Ye M, Wang S, Sun P, Qie J. Integrated MicroRNA Expression Profile Reveals Dysregulated miR-20a-5p and miR-200a-3p in Liver Fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9583932. [PMID: 34235224 PMCID: PMC8218919 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9583932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to involve in liver fibrogenesis. However, the miRNA-gene regulation in liver fibrosis is still unclear. Herein, the miRNA expression profile GSE40744 was obtained to analyze the dysregulated miRNAs between liver fibrosis and normal samples. Then, we predicted the target genes of screened miRNAs by miRTarBase, followed by gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Then, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify the functional miRNA-gene regulatory modules. Furthermore, we verified the hub gene expression using the gene expression profile GSE14323. Finally, 89 DEMs were identified in fibrotic liver samples compared to normal liver samples. The top 3 upregulated DEMs (miR-200b-3p, miR-200a-3p, and miR-182-5p) and downregulated DEMs (miR-20a-5p, miR-194-3p, and miR-148a-3p) were further studied. 516 and 1416 target genes were predicted, respectively. KEGG analysis demonstrated that the predicted genes were enriched in the p53 signaling pathway and hepatitis B, etc. Through constructing a PPI network, the genes with the highest connectivity were identified as hub genes. Of note, most of the hub genes were potentially targeted by miR-20a-5p and miR-200a-3p. Based on the data from GSE14323, the expression of EGFR, STAT3, CTNNB1, and TP53 targeted by miR-200a-3p was significantly downregulated in fibrotic liver samples. Oppositely, the expression of PTEN, MYC, MAPK1, UBC, and CCND1 potentially targeted by miR-20a-5p was significantly upregulated. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that miR-20a-5p and miR-200a-3p were identified as the novel liver fibrosis-associated miRNAs, which may play critical roles in liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peilong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jingbo Qie
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Goyal A. Modeling reveals no direct role of the extent of HBV DNA integrations on the outcome of infection. J Theor Biol 2021; 526:110793. [PMID: 34087271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) with its high prevalence and death toll is one of the most important infectious diseases to study. Yet, there is very little progress in the development of within-host models for HBV, which has subsequently hindered our understanding of this virus. The uncertainty around the proliferation of infected hepatocytes has been studied but never in association with other important biological continuous events such as integrations and superinfections. This is despite the fact that these processes affect the diversity and composition of infected cell population in the liver and an improved understanding of the cellular composition will undoubtedly assist in strategizing against this viral infection. Here, we developed novel mathematical models that incorporate these key biological processes and analyzed them both analytically and numerically. Unaffected by the extent of integrated DNA (IDNA), the outcome of HBV infection was primarily dictated by the balance between processes generating and killing infected hepatocytes containing covalent closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The superinfection was found to be a key process in the spread of HBV infection as its exclusion could not reproduce experimentally observed composition of infected hepatocytes at peak of acute HBV infection, a stage where our model predicts that infected hepatocytes most likely carry both cccDNA and IDNA. Our analysis further suggested the existence of some form of selective advantage of infected hepatocytes containing only IDNA to explain the viral dynamics observed during antiviral treatment and the transition from peak to acute infection. Finally, the fine line between liver destruction and resolution of acute HBV infection was found to be highly influenced by the fate of cccDNA during cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Goyal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, United States
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Liu R, Zhao L, Cheng X, Han H, Li C, Li D, Liu A, Gao G, Zhou F, Liu F, Jiang Y, Zhu C, Xia Y. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with hepatitis B virus infection - a retrospective study. Liver Int 2021; 41:720-730. [PMID: 33351265 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared a pandemic. Although COVID-19 is caused by infection in the respiratory tract, extrapulmonary manifestations including dysregulation of the immune system and hepatic injury have been observed. Given the high prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in China, we sought to study the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and HBV coinfection in patients. METHODS Blood samples of 50 SARS-CoV-2 and HBV coinfected patients, 56 SARS-CoV-2 mono-infected patients, 57 HBeAg-negative chronic HBV patient controls and 57 healthy controls admitted to Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University were collected in this study. Complete blood count and serum biochemistry panels including markers indicative of liver functions were performed. Cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 were evaluated. T cell, B cell and NK cell counts were measured using flow cytometry. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 and HBV coinfection did not significantly affect the outcome of the COVID-19. However, at the onset of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 and HBV coinfected patients showed more severe monocytopenia and thrombocytopenia as well as more disturbed hepatic function in albumin production and lipid metabolism. Most of the disarrangement could be reversed after recovery from COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS While chronic HBV infection did not predispose COVID-19 patients to more severe outcomes, our data suggest SARS-CoV-2 and HBV coinfection poses a higher extent of dysregulation of host functions at the onset of COVID-19. Thus, caution needs to be taken with the management of SARS-CoV-2 and HBV coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huan Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Andrew Liu
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT, USA
| | - Guosheng Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory for Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingan Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Gu C, Shi X, Dang X, Chen J, Chen C, Chen Y, Pan X, Huang T. Identification of Common Genes and Pathways in Eight Fibrosis Diseases. Front Genet 2021; 11:627396. [PMID: 33519923 PMCID: PMC7844395 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.627396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic inflammation often leads to fibrosis, which is also the common and final pathological outcome of chronic inflammatory diseases. To explore the common genes and pathogenic pathways among different fibrotic diseases, we collected all the reported genes of the eight fibrotic diseases: eye fibrosis, heart fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, intestinal fibrosis, lung fibrosis, pancreas fibrosis, renal fibrosis, and skin fibrosis. We calculated the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment scores of all fibrotic disease genes. Each gene was encoded using KEGG and GO enrichment scores, which reflected how much a gene can affect this function. For each fibrotic disease, by comparing the KEGG and GO enrichment scores between reported disease genes and other genes using the Monte Carlo feature selection (MCFS) method, the key KEGG and GO features were identified. We compared the gene overlaps among eight fibrotic diseases and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was finally identified as the common key molecule. The key KEGG and GO features of the eight fibrotic diseases were all screened by MCFS method. Moreover, we interestingly found overlaps of pathways between renal fibrosis and skin fibrosis, such as GO:1901890-positive regulation of cell junction assembly, as well as common regulatory genes, such as CTGF, which is the key molecule regulating fibrogenesis. We hope to offer a new insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying fibrosis and therefore help leading to the development of new drugs, which specifically delay or even improve the symptoms of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuening Dang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Colorectal Cancer Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiafei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunji Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xufeng Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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