1
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de Lange ECM, Hammarlund Udenaes M. Understanding the Blood-Brain Barrier and Beyond: Challenges and Opportunities for Novel CNS Therapeutics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 111:758-773. [PMID: 35220577 PMCID: PMC9305478 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses questions on how to accomplish successful central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery (i.e., having the right concentration at the right CNS site, at the right time), by understanding the rate and extent of blood‐brain barrier (BBB) transport and intra‐CNS distribution in relation to CNS target site(s) exposure. To this end, we need to obtain and integrate quantitative and connected data on BBB using the Combinatory Mapping Approach that includes in vivo and ex vivo animal measurements, and the physiologically based comprehensive LEICNSPK3.0 mathematical model that can translate from animals to humans. For small molecules, slow diffusional BBB transport and active influx and efflux BBB transport determine the differences between plasma and CNS pharmacokinetics. Obviously, active efflux is important for limiting CNS drug delivery. Furthermore, liposomal formulations of small molecules may to a certain extent circumvent active influx and efflux at the BBB. Interestingly, for CNS pathologies, despite all reported disease associated BBB and CNS functional changes in animals and humans, integrative studies typically show a lack of changes on CNS drug delivery for the small molecules. In contrast, the understanding of the complex vesicle‐based BBB transport modes that are important for CNS delivery of large molecules is in progress, and their BBB transport seems to be significantly affected by CNS diseases. In conclusion, today, CNS drug delivery of small drugs can be well assessed and understood by integrative approaches, although there is still quite a long way to go to understand CNS drug delivery of large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Predictive Pharmacology Group, Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Reginald-Opara JN, Svirskis D, Paek S, Tang M, O'Carroll SJ, Dean JM, Chamley LW, Wu Z. The involvement of extracellular vesicles in the transcytosis of nanoliposomes through brain endothelial cells, and the impact of liposomal pH-sensitivity. Mater Today Bio 2022; 13:100212. [PMID: 35198960 PMCID: PMC8841812 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
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3
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Mittal KR, Pharasi N, Sarna B, Singh M, Rachana, Haider S, Singh SK, Dua K, Jha SK, Dey A, Ojha S, Mani S, Jha NK. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery for the treatment of CNS disorders. Transl Neurosci 2022; 13:527-546. [PMID: 36741545 PMCID: PMC9883694 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 6.8 million people die annually because of problems related to the central nervous system (CNS), and out of them, approximately 1 million people are affected by neurodegenerative diseases that include Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease. CNS problems are a primary concern because of the complexity of the brain. There are various drugs available to treat CNS disorders and overcome problems with toxicity, specificity, and delivery. Barriers like the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are a challenge, as they do not allow therapeutic drugs to cross and reach their target. Researchers have been searching for ways to allow drugs to pass through the BBB and reach the target sites. These problems highlight the need of nanotechnology to alter or manipulate various processes at the cellular level to achieve the desired attributes. Due to their nanosize, nanoparticles are able to pass through the BBB and are an effective alternative to drug administration and other approaches. Nanotechnology has the potential to improve treatment and diagnostic techniques for CNS disorders and facilitate effective drug transfer. With the aid of nanoengineering, drugs could be modified to perform functions like transference across the BBB, altering signaling pathways, targeting specific cells, effective gene transfer, and promoting regeneration and preservation of nerve cells. The involvement of a nanocarrier framework inside the delivery of several neurotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of neurological diseases is reviewed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushi R. Mittal
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Nandini Pharasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Bhavya Sarna
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Manisha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Rachana
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Shazia Haider
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Plot No. 32-34 Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata700073, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shalini Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Plot No. 32-34 Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
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4
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Mehrabian A, Mashreghi M, Dadpour S, Badiee A, Arabi L, Hoda Alavizadeh S, Alia Moosavian S, Reza Jaafari M. Nanocarriers Call the Last Shot in the Treatment of Brain Cancers. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221080974. [PMID: 35253549 PMCID: PMC8905056 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221080974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our brain is protected by physio-biological barriers. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) main mechanism of protection relates to the abundance of tight junctions (TJs) and efflux pumps. Although BBB is crucial for healthy brain protection against toxins, it also leads to failure in a devastating disease like brain cancer. Recently, nanocarriers have been shown to pass through the BBB and improve patients’ survival rates, thus becoming promising treatment strategies. Among nanocarriers, inorganic nanocarriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, polymers, micelles, and dendrimers have reached clinical trials after delivering promising results in preclinical investigations. The size of these nanocarriers is between 10 and 1000 nm and is modified by surface attachment of proteins, peptides, antibodies, or surfactants. Multiple research groups have reported transcellular entrance as the main mechanism allowing for these nanocarriers to cross BBB. Transport proteins and transcellular lipophilic pathways exist in BBB for small and lipophilic molecules. Nanocarriers cannot enter via the paracellular route, which is limited to water-soluble agents due to the TJs and their small pore size. There are currently several nanocarriers in clinical trials for the treatment of brain cancer. This article reviews challenges as well as fitting attributes of nanocarriers for brain tumor treatment in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mehrabian
- School of Pharmacy, Biotechnology Research Center, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Mohammad Mashreghi
- School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saba Dadpour
- School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Student Research Committee, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh
- School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Alia Moosavian
- School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- School of Pharmacy, Biotechnology Research Center, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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5
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Garg Y, Kapoor DN, Sharma AK, Bhatia A. Drug Delivery Systems and Strategies to Overcome the Barriers of Brain. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:619-641. [PMID: 34951356 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666211222163025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The transport of drugs to the central nervous system is the most challenging task for conventional drug delivery systems. Reduced permeability of drugs through the blood-brain barrier is a major hurdle in delivering drugs to the brain. Hence, various strategies for improving drug delivery through the blood-brain barrier are currently being explored. Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) offer several advantages, including high chemical and biological stability, suitability for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs, and can be administered through different routes. Furthermore, the conjugation of suitable ligands with these carriers tend to potentiate targeting to the endothelium of the brain and could facilitate the internalization of drugs through endocytosis. Further, the intranasal route has also shown potential, as a promising alternate route, for the delivery of drugs to the brain. This can deliver the drugs directly to the brain through the olfactory pathway. In recent years, several advancements have been made to target and overcome the barriers of the brain. This article deals with a detailed overview of the diverse strategies and delivery systems to overcome the barriers of the brain for effective delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, Pin. 151001. India
| | - Deepak N Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, Pin. 173229. India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, Pin. 173229. India
| | - Amit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, Pin. 151001. India
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6
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Juhairiyah F, de Lange ECM. Understanding Drug Delivery to the Brain Using Liposome-Based Strategies: Studies that Provide Mechanistic Insights Are Essential. AAPS J 2021; 23:114. [PMID: 34713363 PMCID: PMC8553706 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00648-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain drug delivery may be restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and enhancement by liposome-based drug delivery strategies has been investigated. As access to the human brain is limited, many studies have been performed in experimental animals. Whereas providing interesting data, such studies have room for improvement to provide mechanistic insight into the rate and extent of specifically BBB transport and intrabrain distribution processes that all together govern CNS target delivery of the free drug. This review shortly summarizes BBB transport and current liposome-based strategies to overcome BBB transport restrictions, with the emphasis on how to determine the individual mechanisms that all together determine the time course of free drug brain concentrations, following their administration as such, and in liposomes. Animal studies using microdialysis providing time course information on unbound drug in plasma and brain are highlighted, as these provide the mechanistic information needed to understand BBB drug transport of the drug, and the impact of a liposomal formulations of that drug on BBB transport. Overall, these studies show that brain distribution of a drug administered as liposomal formulation depends on both drug properties and liposomal formulation characteristics. In general, evidence suggests that active transporters at the BBB, either being influx or efflux transporters, are circumvented by liposomes. It is concluded that liposomal formulations may provide interesting changes in BBB transport. More mechanistic studies are needed to understand relevant mechanisms in liposomal drug delivery to the brain, providing an improved basis for its prediction in human using animal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firda Juhairiyah
- Research Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Research Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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7
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Post-capillary venules are the key locus for transcytosis-mediated brain delivery of therapeutic nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4121. [PMID: 34226541 PMCID: PMC8257611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective treatments of neurodegenerative diseases require drugs to be actively transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, nanoparticle drug carriers explored for this purpose show negligible brain uptake, and the lack of basic understanding of nanoparticle-BBB interactions underlies many translational failures. Here, using two-photon microscopy in mice, we characterize the receptor-mediated transcytosis of nanoparticles at all steps of delivery to the brain in vivo. We show that transferrin receptor-targeted liposome nanoparticles are sequestered by the endothelium at capillaries and venules, but not at arterioles. The nanoparticles move unobstructed within endothelium, but transcytosis-mediated brain entry occurs mainly at post-capillary venules, and is negligible in capillaries. The vascular location of nanoparticle brain entry corresponds to the presence of perivascular space, which facilitates nanoparticle movement after transcytosis. Thus, post-capillary venules are the point-of-least resistance at the BBB, and compared to capillaries, provide a more feasible route for nanoparticle drug carriers into the brain.
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8
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Ashique S, Sandhu NK, Chawla V, Chawla PA. Targeted Drug Delivery: Trends and Perspectives. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1435-1455. [PMID: 34151759 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210609161301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to various limitations in conventional drug delivery system, it is important to focus on the target-specific drug delivery system where we can deliver the drug without any degradation. Among various challenges faced by a formulation scientist, delivering the drug to its right site, in its right dose, is also an important aim. A focused drug transport aims to extend, localize, target and have a safe drug interaction with the diseased tissue. OBJECTIVE The aim of targeted drug delivery is to make the required amount of the drug available at its desired site of action. Drug targeting can be accomplished in a number ways that include enzyme mediation, pH-dependent release, use of special vehicles, receptor targeting among other mechanisms. Intelligently designed targeted drug delivery systems also offer the advantages of a low dose of the drug along with reduced side effects which ultimately improves patient compliance. Incidences of dose dumping and dosage form failure are negligible. A focused drug transport aims to have a safe drug interaction with the diseased tissue. CONCLUSION This review focuses on the available targeting techniques for delivery to the colon, brain and other sites of interest. Overall, the article should make an excellent read for the researchers in this area. Newer drug targets may be identified and exploited for successful drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Navjot Kaur Sandhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Viney Chawla
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
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Olsman M, Sereti V, Mühlenpfordt M, Johnsen KB, Andresen TL, Urquhart AJ, Davies CDL. Focused Ultrasound and Microbubble Treatment Increases Delivery of Transferrin Receptor-Targeting Liposomes to the Brain. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:1343-1355. [PMID: 33608142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle to treating several brain disorders. Focused ultrasound (FUS) in combination with intravascular microbubbles increases BBB permeability by opening tight junctions, creating endothelial cell openings, improving endocytosis and increasing transcytosis. Here we investigated whether combining FUS and microbubbles with transferrin receptor-targeting liposomes would result in enhanced delivery to the brain of post-natal rats compared with liposomes lacking the BBB-targeting moiety. For all animals, increased BBB permeability was observed after FUS treatment. A 40% increase in accumulation of transferrin receptor-targeting liposomes was observed in the FUS-treated hemisphere, whereas the isotype immunoglobulin G liposomes showed no increased accumulation. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of brain sections revealed that both types of liposomes were mainly observed in endothelial cells in the FUS-treated hemisphere. The results demonstrate that FUS and microbubble treatment combined with BBB-targeting liposomes could be a promising approach to enhance drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Olsman
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Viktoria Sereti
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Melina Mühlenpfordt
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kasper Bendix Johnsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lars Andresen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrew James Urquhart
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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Quantification of microdialysis related variability in humans: Clinical trial design recommendations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 157:105607. [PMID: 33141034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Target-site concentrations obtained via the catheter-based minimally invasive microdialysis technique often exhibit high variability. Catheter calibration is commonly performed via retrodialysis, in which a transformation factor, termed relative recovery (RR), is determined. Leveraging RR values from a rich data set of a very large clinical microdialysis study, promised to contribute critical insight into the origin of the reportedly high target-site variability. The present work aimed (i) to quantify and explain variability in RR associated with the patient (including non-obese vs. obese) and the catheter, and (ii) to derive recommendations on the design of future clinical microdialysis studies. METHODS A prospective, age- and sex-matched parallel group, single-centre trial in non-obese and obese patients (BMI=18.7-86.9 kg/m2) was performed. 1-3 RR values were obtained in the interstitial fluid of the subcutaneous fat tissue in one catheter per upper arm of 120 patients via the retrodialysis method (nRR=1008) for a panel of drugs (linezolid, meropenem, tigecycline, cefazolin, fosfomycin, piperacillin and acetaminophen). A linear mixed-effects model was developed to quantify the different types of variability in RR and to explore the association between RR and patient body size descriptors. RESULTS Estimated RR was highest for acetaminophen (69.7%, 95%CI=65.0% to 74.3%) and lowest for piperacillin (40.4%, 95%CI=34.6% to 46.0%). The linear mixed-effects modelling analysis showed that variability associated with the patient (σ=15.9%) was the largest contributor (46.7%) to overall variability, whereas the contribution of variability linked to the catheter (σ=5.55%) was ~1/6 (16.8%). The relative contribution of residual unexplained variability (σ=12.0%, including intracatheter variability) was ~1/3 (36.4%). The limits of agreement of repeated RR determinations in a single catheter ranged from 0.694-1.64-fold (linezolid) to 0.510-3.02-fold (cefazolin). Calculated fat mass affected RR, explaining the observed lower RR in obese (ΔRRmean= -29.7% relative reduction) versus non-obese patients (p<0.001); yet only 15.8% of interindividual variability was explained by this effect. No difference in RR was found between catheters implanted into the left or right arm (p=0.732). CONCLUSIONS Three recommendations for clinical microdialysis trial design were derived: 1) High interindividual variability underscored the necessity of measuring individual RR per patient. 2) The low relative contribution of intercatheter variability to overall variability indicated that measuring RR with a single catheter per patient is sufficient for reliable catheter calibration. 3) The wide limits of agreement from multiple RR in the same catheter implied an uncertainty of a factor of two in target-site drug concentration estimation necessitating to perform catheter calibration (retrodialysis sampling) multiple times per patient. To allow routine clinical use of microdialysis, research efforts should aim at further understanding and minimising the method-related variability. Optimised study designs in clinical trials will ultimately yield more informative microdialysis data and increase our understanding of this valuable sampling technique to derive target-site drug exposure.
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Abstract
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Nanocarriers
(NCs) are promising tools to improve drug delivery
across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) for more effective treatment
of brain disorders, although there is a scarcity of clinical translation
of brain-directed NCs. In order to drive the development of brain-oriented
NCs toward clinical success, it is essential to understand the prerequisites
for nanodelivery to be successful in brain treatment. In this Perspective,
we present how pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD), formulation
and nanotoxicity factors impact the therapeutic success of brain-specific
nanodelivery. Properties including high loading efficiency, slow in vivo drug release, long systemic circulation, an increase
in unbound brain-to-plasma concentration/exposure ratio (Kp,uu,brain), high drug potency, and minimal nanotoxicity
are prerequisites that should preferably be combined to maximize the
therapeutic potential of a brain-targeted NC. The PK of brain-directed
NCs needs to be evaluated in a more therapeutically relevant manner,
focusing on the released, unbound drug. It is more crucial to increase
the Kp,uu,brain than to improve the ability
of the NC to cross the BBB in its intact form. Brain-targeted NCs,
which are mostly developed for treating brain tumors, including metastases,
should aim to enhance drug delivery not just to tumor regions with
disrupted BBB, but equally important to regions with intact BBB where
the drugs themselves have problems reaching. This article provides
critical insights into how a brain-targeted nanoformulation needs
to be designed and optimized to achieve therapeutic success in the
brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Translational PKPD Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
- Translational PKPD Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Pierce CF, Kwasnicki A, Lakka SS, Engelhard HH. Cerebral Microdialysis as a Tool for Assessing the Delivery of Chemotherapy in Brain Tumor Patients. World Neurosurg 2020; 145:187-196. [PMID: 32890850 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of curative treatment for glioblastoma has been extremely challenging. Chemotherapeutic agents that have seemed promising have failed in clinical trials. Drugs that can successfully target cancer cells within the brain must first traverse the brain interstitial fluid. Cerebral microdialysis (CMD) is an invasive technique in which interstitial fluid can be directly sampled. CMD has primarily been used clinically in the setting of head trauma and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Our goal was to review the techniques, principles, and new data pertaining to CMD to highlight its use in neuro-oncology. We conducted a literature search using the PubMed database and selected studies in which the investigators had used CMD in either animal brain tumor models or clinical trials. The references were reviewed for additional information. Studies of CMD have shown its importance as a neurosurgical technique. CMD allows for the collection of pharmacokinetic data on drug penetrance across the blood-brain barrier and metabolic data to characterize the response to chemotherapy. Although no complications have been reported, the current CMD technique (as with any procedure) has risks and limitations, which we have described in the present report. Animal CMD experiments have been used to exclude central nervous system drug candidates from progressing to clinical trials. At present, patients undergoing CMD have been monitored in the intensive care unit, owing to the requisite tethering to the apparatus. This can be expected to change soon because of advances in microminiaturization. CMD is an extremely valuable, yet underused, technique. Future CMD applications will have central importance in assessing drug delivery to tumor cells in vivo, allowing a pathway to successful therapy for malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F Pierce
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amanda Kwasnicki
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sajani S Lakka
- Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Herbert H Engelhard
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Bioengineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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13
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Chen Q, Bai L, Zhou X, Xu P, Li X, Xu H, Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Lu S, Xue M. Development of long-circulating lapachol nanoparticles: formation, characterization, pharmacokinetics, distribution and cytotoxicity. RSC Adv 2020; 10:30025-30034. [PMID: 35518271 PMCID: PMC9056296 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05752e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lapachol is an active compound for the treatment of malignant brain glioma. However, its physicochemical properties limit its clinical application. The purpose of this study is to develop a nano-drug delivery system (LPC-LP) loaded with lapachol (LPC), which remarkably prolongs the half-life in the body, and increases the brain intake, therefore, achieving a better anticancer effect in the treatment of glioma. In order to optimize the formulation of liposomes, an orthogonal design was adopted with entrapment efficiency (EE) as the index. The characterization of the optimized formulation was evaluated in vitro. To assess the safety profile and effect of LPC-LP, a rapid and sensitive ultra-fast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for studying the pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of LPC-LP and LPC. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the two preparations on C6 cells was studied by the MTT assay. The results showed that the average particle size of LPC-LP was 85.92 ± 2.35 nm, the EE of liposomes was 92.52 ± 1.81%, and the charge potential was −40.70 ± 9.20 mV. An in vitro release study showed that the release of lapachol from LPC-LP was delayed compared to LPC, indicating that LPC-LP was a sustained and controlled release system. The UPLC-MS/MS method was fully validated in both plasma and brain tissue according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended guidelines, and successfully used for quantification of lapachol in vivo. After intravenous administration, LPC-LP prolonged circulation time of lapachol in the body and increased brain intake. Besides, the MTT results revealed that the IC50 value of LPC-LP on C6 cells significantly decreased, compared with LPC, which further confirmed that LPC-LP enhanced the inhibition of C6 cells and improved the anti-glioma effect. In conclusion, LPC-LP could serve as a promising candidate for the clinical application of lapachol in the treatment of glioma. LPC-LP is a promising and potential nanoparticle in the treatment of glioma.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University Beijing 100069 China
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University Beijing 100069 China
| | - Xuelin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University Beijing 100069 China
| | - Pingxiang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University Beijing 100069 China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University Beijing 100069 China
| | - Huanli Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University Beijing 100069 China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University Beijing 100069 China
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University Beijing 100069 China
| | - Shousi Lu
- China Rehabilitation Research Center Beijing China
| | - Ming Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University Beijing 100069 China
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14
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In vitro and in vivo evaluation of organic solvent-free injectable melatonin nanoformulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:248-256. [PMID: 32439308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a neurohormone with potenial therapeutic effects in many diseases including neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Due to limited solubility in water there is currently no clinically available melatonin formulation for parenteral use. Clinical use of melatonin has thus relied on oral administration, which in many cases is hampered by low and variable bioavailability. In animal treatment studies of neonatal HI, this issue have been circumvented by using parenteral administration of melatonin dissolved in ethanol (EtOH) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), solvents that are potentially neurotoxic, especially to the newborn brain. Thus, there is an urgent need for a non-toxic injectable melatonin formulation. The aim of this study was to develop such a formulation comprised of melatonin and biocompatible lipid-based nanoparticles with improved melatonin bioavailability. We herein report the development and characterization of an injectable system composed of melatonin and liposomes (LP) or oil-in-water nanoemulsions (NE). Nanoparticle characterization confirmed physicochemical stability over a week and an improvement with respect to melatonin solubilization in water (2.6 mg/mL in our injectable system). Determination of the in vitro release kinetics showed a prolonged release when melatonin is solubilized in nanoparticles (T1/2: 81 min vs 50 min vs 26 min for melatonin-LP, melatonin-NE, and melatonin-EtOH respectively). The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were confirmed in vivo in adult rats as similar melatonin levels detected in blood and indicated higher bioavailability in brain after intravenous administration of melatonin nanoformulations (10 mg/kg) in comparison to the free-melatonin administration. In conclusion, we have developed an organic solvent-free injectable formulation for melatonin by utilizing FDA-approved components, as a safe alternative for facilitating the potential of melatonin against variety of pathological conditions.
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15
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Spencer AP, Torrado M, Custódio B, Silva-Reis SC, Santos SD, Leiro V, Pêgo AP. Breaking Barriers: Bioinspired Strategies for Targeted Neuronal Delivery to the Central Nervous System. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E192. [PMID: 32102252 PMCID: PMC7076453 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders encompass a vast spectrum of pathological conditions and represent a growing concern worldwide. Despite the high social and clinical interest in trying to solve these pathologies, there are many challenges to bridge in order to achieve an effective therapy. One of the main obstacles to advancements in this field that has hampered many of the therapeutic strategies proposed to date is the presence of the CNS barriers that restrict the access to the brain. However, adequate brain biodistribution and neuronal cells specific accumulation in the targeted site also represent major hurdles to the attainment of a successful CNS treatment. Over the last few years, nanotechnology has taken a step forward towards the development of therapeutics in neurologic diseases and different approaches have been developed to surpass these obstacles. The versatility of the designed nanocarriers in terms of physical and chemical properties, and the possibility to functionalize them with specific moieties, have resulted in improved neurotargeted delivery profiles. With the concomitant progress in biology research, many of these strategies have been inspired by nature and have taken advantage of physiological processes to achieve brain delivery. Here, the different nanosystems and targeting moieties used to achieve a neuronal delivery reported in the open literature are comprehensively reviewed and critically discussed, with emphasis on the most recent bioinspired advances in the field. Finally, we express our view on the paramount challenges in targeted neuronal delivery that need to be overcome for these promising therapeutics to move from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Spencer
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (M.T.); (B.C.); (S.C.S.-R.); (S.D.S.); (V.L.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP—Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marília Torrado
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (M.T.); (B.C.); (S.C.S.-R.); (S.D.S.); (V.L.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Custódio
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (M.T.); (B.C.); (S.C.S.-R.); (S.D.S.); (V.L.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C. Silva-Reis
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (M.T.); (B.C.); (S.C.S.-R.); (S.D.S.); (V.L.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia D. Santos
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (M.T.); (B.C.); (S.C.S.-R.); (S.D.S.); (V.L.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Victoria Leiro
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (M.T.); (B.C.); (S.C.S.-R.); (S.D.S.); (V.L.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Pêgo
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.P.S.); (M.T.); (B.C.); (S.C.S.-R.); (S.D.S.); (V.L.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP—Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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16
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Loryan I, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Syvänen S. Brain Distribution of Drugs: Pharmacokinetic Considerations. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 273:121-150. [PMID: 33258066 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is crucial to understand the basic principles of drug transport, from the site of delivery to the site of action within the CNS, in order to evaluate the possible utility of a new drug candidate for CNS action, or possible CNS side effects of non-CNS targeting drugs. This includes pharmacokinetic aspects of drug concentration-time profiles in plasma and brain, blood-brain barrier transport and drug distribution within the brain parenchyma as well as elimination processes from the brain. Knowledge of anatomical and physiological aspects connected with drug delivery is crucial in this context. The chapter is intended for professionals working in the field of CNS drug development and summarizes key pharmacokinetic principles and state-of-the-art experimental methodologies to assess brain drug disposition. Key parameters, describing the extent of unbound (free) drug across brain barriers, in particular blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers, are presented along with their application in drug development. Special emphasis is given to brain intracellular pharmacokinetics and its role in evaluating target engagement. Fundamental neuropharmacokinetic differences between small molecular drugs and biologicals are discussed and critical knowledge gaps are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Loryan
- Translational PKPD Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Johnsen KB, Burkhart A, Thomsen LB, Andresen TL, Moos T. Targeting the transferrin receptor for brain drug delivery. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 181:101665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Kumar P, Huo P, Liu B. Formulation Strategies for Folate-Targeted Liposomes and Their Biomedical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E381. [PMID: 31382369 PMCID: PMC6722551 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The folate receptor (FR) is a tumor-associated antigen that can bind with folic acid (FA) and its conjugates with high affinity and ingests the bound molecules inside the cell via the endocytic mechanism. A wide variety of payloads can be delivered to FR-overexpressed cells using folate as the ligand, ranging from small drug molecules to large DNA-containing macromolecules. A broad range of folate attached liposomes have been proven to be highly effective as the targeted delivery system. For the rational design of folate-targeted liposomes, an intense conceptual understanding combining chemical and biomedical points of view is necessary because of the interdisciplinary nature of the field. The fabrication of the folate-conjugated liposomes basically involves the attachment of FA with phospholipids, cholesterol or peptides before liposomal formulation. The present review aims to provide detailed information about the design and fabrication of folate-conjugated liposomes using FA attached uncleavable/cleavable phospholipids, cholesterol or peptides. Advances in the area of folate-targeted liposomes and their biomedical applications have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kumar
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Peipei Huo
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zibo 255000, China.
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19
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Hu Y, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Fridén M. Understanding the Influence of Nanocarrier-Mediated Brain Delivery on Therapeutic Performance Through Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3425-3433. [PMID: 31163187 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating how encapsulation in a regular nanocarrier (NC) (providing extended circulation time) or in a brain-targeting NC (providing prolonged circulation time and increased brain uptake) may influence the therapeutic index compared with the unformulated drug and to explore the key parameters affecting therapeutic performance using a model-based approach. Pharmacokinetic (PK) models were built with chosen PK parameters. For a scenario where central effect depends on area under the unbound brain concentration curve and peripheral toxicity relates to peak unbound plasma concentration, dose-effect and drug-side effect curves were constructed, and the therapeutic index was evaluated. Regular NC improved the therapeutic index compared with the unformulated drug due to reduced peripheral toxicity, while brain-targeting NC enhanced the therapeutic index by lowering peripheral toxicity and increasing central effect. Decreasing drug release rate or systemic clearance of NC with drug still encapsulated could increase the therapeutic index. Also, a drug with shorter half-life would therapeutically benefit more from a NC encapsulation. This work provides insights into how a NC for brain delivery should be optimized to maximize the therapeutic performance and is helpful to predict if and to what extent a drug with certain PK properties would obtain therapeutic benefit from nanoencapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Translational PKPD Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Associate Member of SciLife Lab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
- Translational PKPD Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Associate Member of SciLife Lab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Markus Fridén
- Translational PKPD Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Associate Member of SciLife Lab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Early Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, R&D Biopharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
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20
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Targeted brain delivery of methotrexate by glutathione PEGylated liposomes: How can the formulation make a difference? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 139:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Teleanu DM, Chircov C, Grumezescu AM, Teleanu RI. Neuronanomedicine: An Up-to-Date Overview. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E101. [PMID: 30813646 PMCID: PMC6471564 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of neuronanomedicine has recently emerged as the bridge between neurological sciences and nanotechnology. The possibilities of this novel perspective are promising for the diagnosis and treatment strategies of severe central nervous system disorders. Therefore, the development of nano-vehicles capable of permeating the blood⁻brain barrier (BBB) and reaching the brain parenchyma may lead to breakthrough therapies that could improve life expectancy and quality of the patients diagnosed with brain disorders. The aim of this review is to summarize the recently developed organic, inorganic, and biological nanocarriers that could be used for the delivery of imaging and therapeutic agents to the brain, as well as the latest studies on the use of nanomaterials in brain cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and stroke. Additionally, the main challenges and limitations associated with the use of these nanocarriers are briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mihai Teleanu
- Emergency University Hospital, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Cristina Chircov
- Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 060042Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 060042Bucharest, Romania.
- ICUB-Research Institute of University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 36-46 M. Kogalniceanu Blvd., 050107 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Raluca Ioana Teleanu
- "Dr. Victor Gomoiu" Clinical Children's Hospital, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
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22
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Teleanu DM, Chircov C, Grumezescu AM, Volceanov A, Teleanu RI. Blood-Brain Delivery Methods Using Nanotechnology. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E269. [PMID: 30544966 PMCID: PMC6321434 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologies of the brain, of which brain cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis, are some of the most prevalent, and that presently are poorly treated due to the difficulties associated with drug development, administration, and targeting to the brain. The existence of the blood-brain barrier, a selective permeability system which acts as a local gateway against circulating foreign substances, represents the key challenge for the delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain. However, the development of nanotechnology-based approaches for brain delivery, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, micelles, and carbon nanotubes, might be the solution for improved brain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mihai Teleanu
- Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Cristina Chircov
- Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 060042 București, Romania.
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 060042 București, Romania.
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 060042 București, Romania.
- ICUB-Research Institute of University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 36-46 M. Kogalniceanu Blvd., 050107 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Adrian Volceanov
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 060042 București, Romania.
| | - Raluca Ioana Teleanu
- Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
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23
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Nanodelivery systems for overcoming limited transportation of therapeutic molecules through the blood-brain barrier. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2659-2674. [PMID: 30499740 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the impermeable structure and barrier function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the delivery of therapeutic molecules into the CNS is extremely limited. Nanodelivery systems are regarded as the most effective and versatile carriers for the CNS, as they can transport cargo molecules across the BBB via various mechanisms. This review emphasizes the multi-functionalization strategies of nanodelivery systems and combinatorial approaches for the delivery of therapeutic drugs and genes into the CNS. The characteristics and functions of the BBB and underlying mechanisms of molecular translocation across the BBB are also described.
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24
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Hu Y, Gaillard PJ, Rip J, de Lange EC, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. In Vivo Quantitative Understanding of PEGylated Liposome’s Influence on Brain Delivery of Diphenhydramine. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5493-5500. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Translational PKPD Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Associate Member of SciLife Lab, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jaap Rip
- Nanomi B.V., Zuthpenstraat 51, 7575EJ Oldenzaal, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C.M. de Lange
- Predictive Pharmacology Group, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
- Translational PKPD Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Associate Member of SciLife Lab, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Schorzman AN, Lucas AT, Kagel JR, Zamboni WC. Methods and Study Designs for Characterizing the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Carrier-Mediated Agents. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1831:201-228. [PMID: 30051434 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8661-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Major advances in carrier-mediated agents (CMAs), which include nanoparticles, nanosomes, and conjugates, have revolutionized drug delivery capabilities over the past decade. While providing numerous advantages, such as greater solubility, duration of exposure, and delivery to the site of action over their small molecule counterparts, there is substantial variability in systemic clearance and distribution, tumor delivery, and pharmacologic effects (efficacy and toxicity) of these agents. In this chapter, we focus on the analytical and phenotypic methods required to design a study that characterizes the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of all forms of these nanoparticle-based drug agents. These methods include separation of encapsulated and released drugs, ultrafiltration for measurement of non-protein bound active drug, microdialysis to measure intra-tumor drug concentrations, immunomagnetic separation and flow cytometry for sorting cell types, and evaluation of spatial distribution of drug forms relative to tissue architecture by mass spectrometry imaging and immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Schorzman
- Translational Oncology and Nanoparticle Drug Development Initiative (TOND2I) Lab, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew T Lucas
- Translational Oncology and Nanoparticle Drug Development Initiative (TOND2I) Lab, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John R Kagel
- Translational Oncology and Nanoparticle Drug Development Initiative (TOND2I) Lab, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William C Zamboni
- Translational Oncology and Nanoparticle Drug Development Initiative (TOND2I) Lab, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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26
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Greenwood J, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Jones HC, Stitt AW, Vandenbroucke RE, Romero IA, Campbell M, Fricker G, Brodin B, Manninga H, Gaillard PJ, Schwaninger M, Webster C, Wicher KB, Khrestchatisky M. Current research into brain barriers and the delivery of therapeutics for neurological diseases: a report on CNS barrier congress London, UK, 2017. Fluids Barriers CNS 2017; 14:31. [PMID: 29110676 PMCID: PMC5674735 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-017-0079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a report on the CNS barrier congress held in London, UK, March 22–23rd 2017 and sponsored by Kisaco Research Ltd. The two 1-day sessions were chaired by John Greenwood and Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes, respectively, and each session ended with a discussion led by the chair. Speakers consisted of invited academic researchers studying the brain barriers in relation to neurological diseases and industry researchers studying new methods to deliver therapeutics to treat neurological diseases. We include here brief reports from the speakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Greenwood
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Hazel C Jones
- Gagle Brook House, Chesterton, Bicester, OX26 1UF, UK.
| | - Alan W Stitt
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birger Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heiko Manninga
- NEUWAY Pharma GmbH, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carl Webster
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Michel Khrestchatisky
- CNRS, NICN, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Vect-Horus, Faculte de Medecine Nord, 51 Boulevard Pierre Dramard, Marseille, France
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Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Microdialysis as an Important Technique in Systems Pharmacology—a Historical and Methodological Review. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1294-1303. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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