1
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Sreenivasan S, Schöneich C, Rathore AS. Aggregation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies due to thermal and air/liquid interfacial agitation stress: Occurrence, stability assessment strategies, aggregation mechanism, influencing factors, and ways to enhance stability. Int J Pharm 2024; 666:124735. [PMID: 39326478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are known to undergo stability related issues during various stages of product life cycle resulting in the formation of aggregates and fragments. Aggregates of mAb might result in reduced therapeutic activity and could cause various adverse immunogenic responses. Sample containing mAb undergo aggregation due to various types of stress factors, and there is always a continuous interest among researchers and manufacturers to determine the effect of different factors on the stability of mAb. Thermal stress and air/liquid interfacial agitation stress are among two of the common stress factors to which samples containing mAb are exposed to during various stages. Initial part of this review articles aims to provide a generalized understanding of aggregation of mAb such as size ranges of aggregates, aggregate types, stress factors, analytical techniques, permissible aggregate limits, and stability assessment methods. This article further aims to explain different aspects associated with aggregation of mAb in liquid samples due to thermal and air/liquid interfacial agitation stress. Under each stress category, the occurrence of stress during product life cycle, type of aggregates formed, mechanism of aggregation, strategies used by various researchers to expose mAb containing samples to stress, different factors affecting aggregation, fate of aggregates in human body fluids, and strategies used to enhance mAb stability has been explained in detail. The authors hope that this article provides a detailed understanding about stability of mAb due to thermal and air/liquid interfacial stress with relevance to product life cycle from manufacturing to administration into patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Sreenivasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.
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2
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Manning MC, Holcomb RE, Payne RW, Stillahn JM, Connolly BD, Katayama DS, Liu H, Matsuura JE, Murphy BM, Henry CS, Crommelin DJA. Stability of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Recent Advances. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1301-1367. [PMID: 38937372 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the formulation and stabilization of proteins in the liquid state over the past years since our previous review. Our mechanistic understanding of protein-excipient interactions has increased, allowing one to develop formulations in a more rational fashion. The field has moved towards more complex and challenging formulations, such as high concentration formulations to allow for subcutaneous administration and co-formulation. While much of the published work has focused on mAbs, the principles appear to apply to any therapeutic protein, although mAbs clearly have some distinctive features. In this review, we first discuss chemical degradation reactions. This is followed by a section on physical instability issues. Then, more specific topics are addressed: instability induced by interactions with interfaces, predictive methods for physical stability and interplay between chemical and physical instability. The final parts are devoted to discussions how all the above impacts (co-)formulation strategies, in particular for high protein concentration solutions.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ryan E Holcomb
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert W Payne
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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3
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Bramham JE, Wang Y, Moore SA, Golovanov AP. Assessing Photostability of mAb Formulations In Situ Using Light-Coupled NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9935-9943. [PMID: 38847283 PMCID: PMC11190875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), need to maintain their chemical and physical stability in formulations throughout their lifecycle. It is known that exposure of mAbs to light, particularly UV, triggers chemical and physical degradation, which can be exacerbated by trace amounts of photosensitizers in the formulation. Although routine assessments of degradation following defined UV dosages are performed, there is a fundamental lack of understanding regarding the intermediates, transient reactive species, and radicals formed during illumination, as well as their lifetimes and immediate impact post-illumination. In this study, we used light-coupled NMR spectroscopy to monitor in situ live spectral changes in sealed samples during and after UV-A illumination of different formulations of four mAbs without added photosensitizers. We observed a complex evolution of spectra, reflecting the appearance within minutes of transient radicals during illumination and persisting for minutes to tens of minutes after the light was switched off. Both mAb and excipient signals were strongly affected by illumination, with some exhibiting fast irreversible photodegradation and others exhibiting partial recovery in the dark. These effects varied depending on the mAb and the presence of excipients, such as polysorbate 80 (PS80) and methionine. Complementary ex situ high-performance size-exclusion chromatography analysis of the same formulations post-UV exposure in the chamber revealed significant loss of purity, confirming formulation-dependent degradation. Both approaches suggested the presence of degradation processes initiated by light but continuing in the dark. Further studies on photoreaction intermediates and transient reactive species may help mitigate the impact of light on biopharmaceutical degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack E. Bramham
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Yujing Wang
- Dosage
Form Design & Development, BioPharmaceutical
Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K.
| | - Stephanie A. Moore
- Dosage
Form Design & Development, BioPharmaceutical
Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K.
| | - Alexander P. Golovanov
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
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4
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Fischer P, Merkel OM, Siedler M, Huelsmeyer M. Development of a high throughput oxidation profiling strategy for monoclonal antibody products. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114301. [PMID: 38677563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Oxidation is one of the most common degradation pathways of biopharmaceutics, potentially leading to altered product stability, pharmacokinetics, reduced biological activity and/or an increased immunogenicity. However, it is often insufficiently assessed in early development stages, leaving potential molecule liabilities undiscovered. Aim of the present work was the development of a high throughput oxidation profiling strategy, applicable throughout various stages of biopharmaceutical development. The study demonstrates that the combination of multiple stress assays, including peroxide-based, visible light, and metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO), enables a comprehensive understanding of a mAb's oxidation susceptibility. The most effective parameters to evaluate oxidation in a high-throughput screening workflow are aggregation, tryptophan oxidation and changes in the hydrophobicity profile of the Fc and Fab subunit measured via Size Exclusion Chromatography, Intrinsic Tryptophan Fluorescence Emission spectroscopy and Reversed-Phase Chromatography subunit analysis, respectively. This oxidation profiling approach is valuable tool to systematically characterize the oxidation susceptibility under relevant conditions, time effective and with minimal sample consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Fischer
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Drug Product Development, Knollstraße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Siedler
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Drug Product Development, Knollstraße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Martin Huelsmeyer
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Drug Product Development, Knollstraße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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5
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Sreenivasan S, Rathore AS. Taurine, a Naturally Occurring Amino Acid, as a Physical Stability Enhancer of Different Monoclonal Antibodies. AAPS J 2024; 26:25. [PMID: 38355847 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Degradation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a major concern as it affects efficacy, shelf-life, and safety of the product. Taurine, a naturally occurring amino acid, is investigated in this study as a potential mAb stabilizer with an extensive analytical characterization to monitor product degradation. Forced degradation of trastuzumab biosimilar (mAb1)-containing samples by thermal stress for 30 min resulted in high-molecular-weight species by more than 65% in sample without taurine compared to the sample with taurine. Samples containing mAb1 without taurine also resulted in higher Z-average diameter, altered protein structure, higher hydrophobicity, and lower melting temperature compared to samples with taurine. The stabilizing effect of taurine was retained at different mAb and taurine concentrations, time, temperatures, and buffers, and at the presence of polysorbate 80 (PS80). Even the lowest taurine concentration (10 mM) considered in this study, which is in the range of taurine levels in amino acid injections, resulted in enhanced mAb stability. Taurine-containing samples resulted in 90% less hemolysis than samples containing PS80. Additionally, mAb in the presence of taurine showed enhanced stability upon subjecting to stress with light of 365 nm wavelength, combination of light and H2O2, and combination of Fe2+ and H2O2, as samples containing mAb without taurine resulted in increased degradation products by more than 50% compared to samples with taurine upon subjecting to these stresses for 60 min. In conclusion, the presence of taurine enhanced physical stability of mAb by preventing aggregate formation, and the industry can consider it as a new mAb stabilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Sreenivasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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6
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Meleties M, Cooper BM, Marcano-James D, Bhalla AS, Shameem M. Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide Sterilization in the Production of Protein Therapeutics: Uptake and Effects on Product Quality. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2991-3004. [PMID: 37751805 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The aseptic filling of drug products is carried out in pharmaceutical isolators that have been sterilized. A commonly used method for achieving a high level of sterility assurance is vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) sterilization, which is favorable to other methods, such as ethylene oxide sterilization, due to its low cycle times and nontoxic residuals. While VHP cycles are often employed to create a sterile environment within an isolator, they can leave residual levels of hydrogen peroxide behind that can enter the product during fill-finish operations. Due to the oxidizing potential of hydrogen peroxide and the multiple possible sources of uptake along filling lines, the extent of the potential impact on product quality needs to be understood during pharmaceutical development. Herein, different factors affecting hydrogen peroxide uptake, points of entry along the filling line, and possible impacts on product quality are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meleties
- Formulations Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591 USA.
| | - Bailey M Cooper
- Formulations Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591 USA
| | - Daniela Marcano-James
- Formulations Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591 USA
| | - Amardeep S Bhalla
- Formulations Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591 USA
| | - Mohammed Shameem
- Formulations Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591 USA
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7
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Dyck YFK, Rehm D, Winkler K, Sandig V, Jabs W, Parr MK. Comparison of middle- and bottom-up mass spectrometry in forced degradation studies of bevacizumab and infliximab. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115596. [PMID: 37540995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used as therapeutics need comprehensive characterization for appropriate quality assurance. For analysis, cost-effective methods are of high importance, especially when it comes to biosimilar development which is based on extended physicochemical characterization. The use of forced degradation to study the occurrence of modifications for analysis is well established in drug development and may be used for the evaluation of critical quality attributes (CQAs). For mAb analysis different procedures of liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses are commonly applied. In this study the middle-up approach is compared to the more expensive bottom-up analysis in a forced oxidation biosimilar comparability study. Bevacizumab and infliximab as well as biosimilar candidates for the two mAbs were forcefully oxidized by H2O2 for 24, 48 and 72 h. For bottom-up, the reduced and alkylated trypsin or Lys-C digested samples were analysed by LC-MS with quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyser (LC-QTOF-MS) to detect susceptible residues. By middle-up analysis several species of every subunit (Fc/2, light chain and Fd') were detected which differed in the number of oxidations. For the most abundant species, results from middle-up were in line with results from bottom-up analysis, confirming the strength of middle-up analysis. However, for less abundant species of some subunits, results differed between the two approaches. In both mAbs, the Fc was extensively oxidized. In infliximab, additional extensive oxidation was found in the Fab. Assignment to specific amino acid residues was finally possible using the results from bottom-up analyses. Interestingly, the C-terminal cysteine of the light chain was partially found triply oxidized in both mAbs. The comparison of susceptibility to oxidation showed high similarity between the reference products and their biosimilar candidates. It is suggested that the findings of middle-up experiments should be complemented by bottom-up analysis to confirm the assignments of the localization of modifications. Once the consistency of results has been established, middle-up analyses are sufficient in extended forced degradation biosimilar studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Felix Karl Dyck
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Department of Life Sciences & Technology, Berlin University of Applied Science, Seestraße 64, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Rehm
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; ProBioGen AG, Herbert-Bayer-Straße 8, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Volker Sandig
- ProBioGen AG, Herbert-Bayer-Straße 8, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Jabs
- Department of Life Sciences & Technology, Berlin University of Applied Science, Seestraße 64, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Sreenivasan S, Rathore AS. Combined Presence of Ferrous Ions and Hydrogen Peroxide in Normal Saline and In Vitro Models Induces Enhanced Aggregation of Therapeutic IgG due to Hydroxyl Radicals. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37189260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are known to form aggregates and fragments upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ferrous ions (Fe2+). H2O2 and Fe2+ react to form hydroxyl radicals that are detrimental to protein structures. In this study, aggregation of mAb in the combined presence of Fe2+ and H2O2 was investigated in saline and physiologically relevant in vitro models. In the first case study, forced degradation of mAb in saline (a fluid used for administration of mAb) was carried out at 55 °C in the combined presence of 0.2 mM Fe2+ and 0.1% H2O2. The control and stressed samples were analyzed using an array of techniques including visual observation, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), microscopy, UV-vis, fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and cell-based toxicity assays. At the end of 1 h, samples having the combined presence of both Fe2+ and H2O2 exhibited more than 20% HMW (high molecular weight species), whereas samples having only Fe2+, H2O2, or neither resulted in less than 3% HMW. Aggregate-rich samples also exhibited altered protein structures and hydrophobicity. Aggregation increased upon increasing the time, temperature, and concentration of Fe2+ and H2O2. Samples having both Fe2+ and H2O2 also showed higher cytotoxicity in red blood cells. Samples of mAb with chlorides of copper and cobalt with H2O2 also resulted in multifold degradation. The first case study showed enhanced aggregation of mAb in the combined presence of Fe2+ and H2O2 in saline. In the second case study, aggregation of mAb was investigated in artificially prepared extracellular saline and in vitro models such as macromolecule free fraction of serum and serum. In the presence of both Fe2+ and H2O2, %HMW was higher in extracellular saline compared to macromolecule free fraction of serum. Further, in vitro models having the combined presence of Fe2+ and H2O2 resulted in enhanced aggregation of mAb compared to models that had neither.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Sreenivasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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9
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Afzal Z, Huguet EL. Bioengineering liver tissue by repopulation of decellularised scaffolds. World J Hepatol 2023; 15:151-179. [PMID: 36926238 PMCID: PMC10011915 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the only curative therapy for end stage liver disease, but is limited by the organ shortage, and is associated with the adverse consequences of immunosuppression. Repopulation of decellularised whole organ scaffolds with appropriate cells of recipient origin offers a theoretically attractive solution, allowing reliable and timely organ sourcing without the need for immunosuppression. Decellularisation methodologies vary widely but seek to address the conflicting objectives of removing the cellular component of tissues whilst keeping the 3D structure of the extra-cellular matrix intact, as well as retaining the instructive cell fate determining biochemicals contained therein. Liver scaffold recellularisation has progressed from small rodent in vitro studies to large animal in vivo perfusion models, using a wide range of cell types including primary cells, cell lines, foetal stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Within these models, a limited but measurable degree of physiologically significant hepatocyte function has been reported with demonstrable ammonia metabolism in vivo. Biliary repopulation and function have been restricted by challenges relating to the culture and propagations of cholangiocytes, though advances in organoid culture may help address this. Hepatic vasculature repopulation has enabled sustainable blood perfusion in vivo, but with cell types that would limit clinical applications, and which have not been shown to have the specific functions of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Minority cell groups such as Kupffer cells and stellate cells have not been repopulated. Bioengineering by repopulation of decellularised scaffolds has significantly progressed, but there remain significant experimental challenges to be addressed before therapeutic applications may be envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Afzal
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Centre; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Laurent Huguet
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Centre; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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10
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Tavella D, Ouellette DR, Garofalo R, Zhu K, Xu J, Oloo EO, Negron C, Ihnat PM. A novel method for in silico assessment of Methionine oxidation risk in monoclonal antibodies: Improvement over the 2-shell model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279689. [PMID: 36580468 PMCID: PMC9799309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have established their role as valuable agents in the treatment of various diseases ranging from cancers to infectious, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Reactive groups of the amino acids within these proteins make them susceptible to many kinds of chemical modifications during manufacturing, storage and in vivo circulation. Among these reactions, the oxidation of methionine residues to their sulfoxide form is a commonly observed chemical modification in mAbs. When the oxidized methionine is in the complementarity-determining region (CDR), this modification can affect antigen binding and thus abrogate biological activity. For these reasons, it is essential to identify oxidation liabilities during the antibody discovery and development phases. Here, we present an in silico method, based on protein modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, to predict the oxidation-liable residues in the variable region of therapeutic antibodies. Previous studies have used the 2-shell water coordination number descriptor (WCN) to identify methionine residues susceptible to oxidation. Although the WCN descriptor successfully predicted oxidation liabilities when the residue was solvent exposed, the method was much less accurate for partially buried methionine residues. Consequently, we introduce a new descriptor, WCN-OH, that improves the accuracy of prediction of methionine oxidation susceptibility by extending the theoretical framework of the water coordination number to incorporate the effects of polar amino acids side chains in close proximity to the methionine of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Tavella
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DT); (CN)
| | - David R. Ouellette
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Raffaella Garofalo
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Analytical Innovation and Mass Spectrometry, Knollstrasse, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Kai Zhu
- Schrödinger, Inc., New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jianwen Xu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eliud O. Oloo
- Schrödinger, Inc., New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher Negron
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DT); (CN)
| | - Peter M. Ihnat
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
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11
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Hipper E, Lehmann F, Kaiser W, Hübner G, Buske J, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P. Protein photodegradation in the visible range? Insights into protein photooxidation with respect to protein concentration. Int J Pharm X 2022; 5:100155. [PMID: 36798831 PMCID: PMC9926095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible light (400-800 nm) can lead to photooxidation of protein formulations, which might impair protein integrity. However, the relevant mechanism of photooxidation upon visible light exposure is still unclear for therapeutic proteins, since proteinogenic structures do not absorb light in the visible range. Here, we show that exposure of monoclonal antibody formulations to visible light, lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which subsequently induce specific protein degradations. The formation of ROS and singlet oxygen upon visible light exposure is investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. We describe the initial formation of ROS, most likely after direct reaction of molecular oxygen with a triplet state photosensitizer, generated from intersystem crossing of the excited singlet state. Since these radicals affect the oxygen content in the headspace of the vial, we monitored photooxidation of these mAb formulations. With increasing protein concentrations, we found (i) a decreasing headspace oxygen content in the sample, (ii) a higher relative number of radicals in solution and (iii) a higher protein degradation. Thus, the protein concentration dependence indicates the presence of higher concentration of a currently unknown photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Florian Lehmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Göran Hübner
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, ADB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany,Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany,Corresponding author at: Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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12
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Strategies for development of decellularized heart valve scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2022; 288:121675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Discovery and reduction of tryptophan oxidation-induced IgG1 fragmentation in a polysorbate 80-dependent manner. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 173:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are susceptible to chemical and enzymatic modifications during manufacturing, storage, and shipping. Deamidation, isomerization, and oxidation can compromise the potency, efficacy, and safety of therapeutic antibodies. Recently, in silico tools have been used to identify liable residues and engineer antibodies with better chemical stability. Computational approaches for predicting deamidation, isomerization, oxidation, glycation, carbonylation, sulfation, and hydroxylation are reviewed here. Although liable motifs have been used to improve the chemical stability of antibodies, the accuracy of in silico predictions can be improved using machine learning and molecular dynamic simulations. In addition, there are opportunities to improve predictions for specific stress conditions, develop in silico prediction of novel modifications in antibodies, and predict the impact of modifications on physical stability and antigen-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabdita Vatsa
- Development Services, Lonza Biologics, Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Gupta S, Jiskoot W, Schöneich C, Rathore AS. Oxidation and Deamidation of Monoclonal Antibody Products: Potential Impact on Stability, Biological Activity, and Efficacy. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:903-918. [PMID: 34890632 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role in human health of therapeutic proteins in general, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in particular, has been significant and is continuously evolving. A considerable amount of time and resources are invested first in mAb product development and then in clinical examination of the product. Physical and chemical degradation can occur during manufacturing, processing, storage, handling, and administration. Therapeutic proteins may undergo various chemical degradation processes, including oxidation, deamidation, isomerization, hydrolysis, deglycosylation, racemization, disulfide bond breakage and formation, Maillard reaction, and β-elimination. Oxidation and deamidation are the most common chemical degradation processes of mAbs, which may result in changes in physical properties, such as hydrophobicity, charge, secondary or/and tertiary structure, and may lower the thermodynamic or kinetic barrier to unfold. This may predispose the product to aggregation and other chemical modifications, which can alter the binding affinity, half-life, and efficacy of the product. This review summarizes major findings from the past decade on the impact of oxidation and deamidation on the stability, biological activity, and efficacy of mAb products. Mechanisms of action, influencing factors, characterization tools, clinical impact, and risk mitigation strategies have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India.
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16
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Lee RH, Wang YJ, Lai TY, Hsu TL, Chuang PK, Wu HC, Wong CH. Combined Effect of Anti-SSEA4 and Anti-Globo H Antibodies on Breast Cancer Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1526-1537. [PMID: 34369155 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The globo-series glycosphingolipids (SSEA3, SSEA4, and Globo H) were shown to express in many cancers selectively, and a combination of anti-SSEA4 and anti-Globo H antibodies was able to suppress tumor growth in mice inoculated with breast cancer cell lines. To further understand the effect, we focused on the combined effect of the two antibodies in target binding and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vitro. Here, we report that the binding of anti-Globo H antibody (VK9) to MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells was influenced by anti-SSEA4 antibody (MC813-70), and a combination of both antibodies induced a similar effect as did anti-SSEA4 antibodies alone in a reporter-based ADCC assay, indicating that SSEA4 is a major target in breast cancer due to its higher expression than Globo H. Furthermore, we showed that a homogeneous anti-SSEA4 antibody (chMC813-70-SCT) designed to maximize the ADCC activity can be used to isolate a subpopulation of natural killer (NK) cells that exhibit an ∼23% increase in killing the target cells as compared to the unseparated NK cells. These findings can be used to predict a therapy outcome based on the expression levels of antigens and evaluate therapeutic antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Herng Lee
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yen Lai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Ling Hsu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kai Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Han-Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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17
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Srivastava A, Mallela KMG, Deorkar N, Brophy G. Manufacturing Challenges and Rational Formulation Development for AAV Viral Vectors. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2609-2624. [PMID: 33812887 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has emerged as a leading platform for gene delivery for treating various diseases due to its excellent safety profile and efficient transduction to various target tissues. However, the large-scale production and long-term storage of viral vectors is not efficient resulting in lower yields, moderate purity, and shorter shelf-life compared to recombinant protein therapeutics. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of upstream, downstream and formulation unit operation challenges encountered during AAV vector manufacturing, and discusses how desired product quality attributes can be maintained throughout product shelf-life by understanding the degradation mechanisms and formulation strategies. The mechanisms of various physical and chemical instabilities that the viral vector may encounter during its production and shelf-life because of various stressed conditions such as thermal, shear, freeze-thaw, and light exposure are highlighted. The role of buffer, pH, excipients, and impurities on the stability of viral vectors is also discussed. As such, the aim of this review is to outline the tools and a potential roadmap for improving the quality of AAV-based drug products by stressing the need for a mechanistic understanding of the involved processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Srivastava
- Biopharma Production, Avantor, Inc., 1013 US Highway, 202/206, Bridgewater, NJ, United States.
| | - Krishna M G Mallela
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, MS C238-V20, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - Nandkumar Deorkar
- Biopharma Production, Avantor, Inc., 1013 US Highway, 202/206, Bridgewater, NJ, United States
| | - Ger Brophy
- Biopharma Production, Avantor, Inc., 1013 US Highway, 202/206, Bridgewater, NJ, United States
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18
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Tao M, Ao T, Mao X, Yan X, Javed R, Hou W, Wang Y, Sun C, Lin S, Yu T, Ao Q. Sterilization and disinfection methods for decellularized matrix materials: Review, consideration and proposal. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2927-2945. [PMID: 33732964 PMCID: PMC7930362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterilization is the process of killing all microorganisms, while disinfection is the process of killing or removing all kinds of pathogenic microorganisms except bacterial spores. Biomaterials involved in cell experiments, animal experiments, and clinical applications need to be in the aseptic state, but their physical and chemical properties as well as biological activities can be affected by sterilization or disinfection. Decellularized matrix (dECM) is the low immunogenicity material obtained by removing cells from tissues, which retains many inherent components in tissues such as proteins and proteoglycans. But there are few studies concerning the effects of sterilization or disinfection on dECM, and the systematic introduction of sterilization or disinfection for dECM is even less. Therefore, this review systematically introduces and analyzes the mechanism, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of various sterilization and disinfection methods, discusses the factors influencing the selection of sterilization and disinfection methods, summarizes the sterilization and disinfection methods for various common dECM, and finally proposes a graphical route for selecting an appropriate sterilization or disinfection method for dECM and a technical route for validating the selected method, so as to provide the reference and basis for choosing more appropriate sterilization or disinfection methods of various dECM. Asepsis is the prerequisite for the experiment and application of biomaterials. Sterilization or disinfection affects physic-chemical properties of biomaterials. Mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of sterilization or disinfection methods. Factors influencing the selection of sterilization or disinfection methods. Selection of sterilization or disinfection methods for decellularized matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihan Tao
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianrang Ao
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Mao
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinzhu Yan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rabia Javed
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weijian Hou
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cong Sun
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuang Lin
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianhao Yu
- The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Ao
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Device, National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Cuervo W, Sordillo LM, Abuelo A. Oxidative Stress Compromises Lymphocyte Function in Neonatal Dairy Calves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020255. [PMID: 33562350 PMCID: PMC7915147 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy calves are unable to mount an effective immune response during their first weeks of life, which contributes to increased disease susceptibility during this period. Oxidative stress (OS) diminishes the immune cell capabilities of humans and adult cows, and dairy calves also experience OS during their first month of life. However, the impact that OS may have on neonatal calf immunity remains unexplored. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the impact of OS on newborn calf lymphocyte functions. For this, we conducted two experiments. First, we assessed the association of OS status throughout the first month of age and the circulating concentrations of the cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL) 4, as well as the expression of cytokine-encoding genes IFNG, IL2, IL4, and IL10 in peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) of 12 calves. Subsequently, we isolated PBMCs from another 6 neonatal calves to investigate in vitro the effect of OS on immune responses in terms of activation of lymphocytes, cytokine expression, and antibody production following stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or bovine herpesvirus-1. The results were compared statistically through mixed models. Calves exposed to high OS status in their first month of age showed higher concentrations of IL-4 and expression of IL4 and IL10 and lower concentrations of IFN-γ and expression of IFNG and IL2 than calves exposed to lower OS. In vitro, OS reduced lymphocyte activation, production of antibodies, and protein and gene expression of key cytokines. Collectively, our results demonstrate that OS can compromise some immune responses of newborn calves. Hence, further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms of how OS affects the different lymphocyte subsets and the potential of ameliorating OS in newborn calves as a strategy to augment the functional capacity of calf immune cells, as well as enhance calves’ resistance to infections.
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20
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Jacobitz AW, Liu Q, Suravajjala S, Agrawal NJ. Tryptophan Oxidation of a Monoclonal Antibody Under Diverse Oxidative Stress Conditions: Distinct Oxidative Pathways Favor Specific Tryptophan Residues. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:719-726. [PMID: 33198947 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan oxidation can play an important role in selecting therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for commercialization. Monoclonal antibodies that harbor particularly sensitive tryptophan residues are typically discarded in favor of oxidation resistant antibodies. The susceptibility of any individual tryptophan residue to oxidation is typically evaluated through forced degradation studies during the molecule development process. We compared the results of several common forced degradation "stress tests" for each tryptophan residue in a monoclonal antibody and found that high-stress oxidation conditions consistently provide a different ranking of oxidative sensitivity across the individual tryptophan residues compared to long-term thermal stability or low-stress conditions. We subsequently determined that this difference in ranking is largely due to an overabundance of double oxidation (i.e. detected as +32 Da) of specific tryptophan residues under high stress conditions compared to single oxidation (i.e. +16 Da). We posit that this double oxidation is in fact mechanistically distinct from the observed single oxidation and that high stress conditions favor the double oxidation mechanism (and double oxidation sensitive tryptophan residues) while single oxidation appears to be the primary mode of oxidation under H2O2 stress and long-term thermal stability and favors different tryptophan residues which are more susceptible to the single oxidation mechanism.
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21
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Brinson RG, Arbogast LW, Marino JP, Delaglio F. Best Practices in Utilization of 2D-NMR Spectral Data as the Input for Chemometric Analysis in Biopharmaceutical Applications. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:2339-2355. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Brinson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Luke W. Arbogast
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - John P. Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Frank Delaglio
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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22
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Bandi S, Singh SM, Shah DD, Upadhyay V, Mallela KM. 2D NMR Analysis of the Effect of Asparagine Deamidation Versus Methionine Oxidation on the Structure, Stability, Aggregation, and Function of a Therapeutic Protein. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4621-4635. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Surinder M. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Dinen D. Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Krishna M.G. Mallela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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23
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Modhave D, Barrios B, Paudel A. PVP-H 2O 2 Complex as a New Stressor for the Accelerated Oxidation Study of Pharmaceutical Solids. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090457. [PMID: 31484442 PMCID: PMC6781290 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive impurities, such as hydrogen peroxide in excipients, raise a great concern over the chemical stability of pharmaceutical products. Traditional screening methods of spiking impurities into solid drug-excipient mixtures oversimplify the micro-environment and the physical state of such impurities in real dosage form. This can lead to an inaccurate prediction of the long-term product stability. This study presents the feasibility of using a polyvinylpyrrolidone-hydrogen peroxide complex (PVP-H2O2) as an oxidative agent for the solid state forced degradation of a selected drug, vortioxetine HBr. The PVP-H2O2 complex was prepared and characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. The tablet compacts were made using a mixture of solid PVP-H2O2 complex and crystalline vortioxetine HBr powder. The compacts were exposed to 40 °C/75% RH condition in open and closed states for different time intervals. The extent and the type of drug degradation were analysed using LC and LC-MS. The extent of degradation was higher in the samples stored at the open state as compared to the close state. The solution state forced oxidation was conducted to verify the peroxide induced degradation reactions. The results evidence the utility of the proposed solid-state stressor and the method for screening the sensitivity of drugs to the excipient reactive impurities involving peroxides in solid-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray Modhave
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Brenda Barrios
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), 8010 Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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24
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Dyck YFK, Rehm D, Joseph JF, Winkler K, Sandig V, Jabs W, Parr MK. Forced Degradation Testing as Complementary Tool for Biosimilarity Assessment. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6030062. [PMID: 31330921 PMCID: PMC6783961 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can impact their efficacy and may therefore represent critical quality attributes (CQA) that require evaluation. To complement classical CQA, bevacizumab and infliximab were subjected to oxidative stress by H2O2 for 24, 48, or 72 h to probe their oxidation susceptibility. For investigation, a middle-up approach was used utilizing liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). In both mAbs, the Fc/2 subunit was completely oxidized. Additional oxidations were found in the light chain (LC) and in the Fd’ subunit of infliximab, but not in bevacizumab. By direct comparison of methionine positions, the oxidized residues in infliximab were assigned to M55 in LC and M18 in Fd’. The forced oxidation approach was further exploited for comparison of respective biosimilar products. Both for bevacizumab and infliximab, comparison of posttranslational modification profiles demonstrated high similarity of the unstressed reference product (RP) and the biosimilar (BS). However, for bevacizumab, comparison after forced oxidation revealed a higher susceptibility of the BS compared to the RP. It may thus be considered a useful tool for biopharmaceutical engineering, biosimilarity assessment, as well as for quality control of protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Felix Karl Dyck
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences & Technology, Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin, Seestraße 64, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Rehm
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- ProBioGen AG, Goethestraße 54, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Felix Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Volker Sandig
- ProBioGen AG, Goethestraße 54, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Jabs
- Department of Life Sciences & Technology, Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin, Seestraße 64, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Wang W, Ohtake S. Science and art of protein formulation development. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118505. [PMID: 31306712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein pharmaceuticals have become a significant class of marketed drug products and are expected to grow steadily over the next decade. Development of a commercial protein product is, however, a rather complex process. A critical step in this process is formulation development, enabling the final product configuration. A number of challenges still exist in the formulation development process. This review is intended to discuss these challenges, to illustrate the basic formulation development processes, and to compare the options and strategies in practical formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Biological Development, Bayer USA, LLC, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States.
| | - Satoshi Ohtake
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United States
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26
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Krause ME, Sahin E. Chemical and physical instabilities in manufacturing and storage of therapeutic proteins. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 60:159-167. [PMID: 30861476 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of a robust biologic drug product is accomplished by extensive formulation and process development screening studies; however, even in the most optimal formulation, a protein can undergo spontaneous degradation during manufacture, storage, and clinical use. Chemical changes to amino acid residues, such as oxidation of methionine or tryptophan, or changes in charge such as deamidation or carbonylation, can induce conformational changes in the overall protein structure, potentially leading to changes in physical - in addition to chemical - stability. Oxidation is often caused by light exposure or the presence of metal ions or peroxides. Asparagine deamidation is more likely to occur at higher pH and/or elevated temperature. Mechanical and interfacial stresses during manufacturing can lead to physical instabilities (i.e. various forms of aggregation). A well-defined manufacturing process and effective in-process controls are essential in minimizing chemical and physical instabilities, enabling robust production and distribution of a safe and efficacious drug product. In this work, the authors provide a review of developments in these areas over the past two years, with emphasis on manufacturability of therapeutically relevant proteins and protein-based drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Krause
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States.
| | - Erinc Sahin
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States
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27
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Farjami A, Akbarzadehlaleh P, Molavi O, Siahi-Shadbad M. Stability-Indicating Size Exclusion Chromatography Method for the Analysis of IgG mAb-Cetuximab. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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28
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Duivelshof BL, Fekete S, Guillarme D, D’Atri V. A generic workflow for the characterization of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies—application to daratumumab. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4615-4627. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Effect of Chemical Oxidation on the Higher Order Structure, Stability, Aggregation, and Biological Function of Interferon Alpha-2a: Role of Local Structural Changes Detected by 2D NMR. Pharm Res 2018; 35:232. [PMID: 30324266 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidized interferons have been shown to aggregate and cause immunogenicity. In this study, the structural mechanisms underlying oxidation-induced interferon alpha-2a (IFNA2a) aggregation and loss of function were examined. METHODS IFNA2a was oxidized using 0.037% vol/vol hydrogen peroxide. Oxidized protein was probed using biophysical methods that include denaturant melts, particle counting, proteolysis-coupled mass spectrometry, and 2D NMR. RESULTS Oxidized IFNA2a did not show major changes in its secondary structure, but showed minor changes in tertiary structure when compared to the unoxidized protein. In addition, a significant loss of conformational stability was observed upon oxidation. Correspondingly, increased protein aggregation was observed resulting in the formation of sub-visible particles. Oxidized protein showed decreased biological function in terms of its anti-viral potency and cytopathic inhibition efficacy. Proteolysis-coupled mass spectrometry identified five methionine residues that were oxidized with no correlation between the extent of oxidation and their accessible surface area. 2D 15N-1H HSQC NMR identified residue-level local structural changes in the protein upon oxidation, which were not detectable by global probes such as far-UV circular dichroism and fluorescence. CONCLUSIONS Increased protein aggregation and decreased function of IFNA2a upon oxidation correlated with the site of modification identified by proteolysis-coupled mass spectrometry and local structural changes in the protein detected by 2D NMR.
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