1
|
Li Y, Guan Q, Xu J, Zhang H, Liu S, Ding Z, Wang Q, Wang Z, Liu M, Zhao Y. Comparative study of cyclosporine A liposomes and emulsions for ophthalmic drug delivery: Process optimization through response surface methodology (RSM) and biocompatibility evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 225:113267. [PMID: 36940502 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, cyclosporine A loaded liposomes (CsA-Lips) were fabricated aimed at improving the biocompatibility of the ophthalmic formulation and getting rid of the direct contact of ocular tissues with irritant excipients. Response surface methodology was exploited in order to investigate the influence of miscellaneous factors on the key characteristics of CsA-Lips. Ratio of EPC:CsA, ratio of EPC:Chol, and stirring speed were selected as the independent variables, while size, drug-loading content (DL), and drug-loading content (DL) loss rate were applied as the response variables. In case of the maximal lack-of-fit p-value and minimum sequential p-value, quadratic model was regarded as the fittest model to analyze the data. The correlation of independent variables with response variables was described by three-dimension surface figures. Optimized formulation for CsA-Lips was obtained with ratio of EPC:CsA set as 15, ratio of EPC:Chol set as 2, and stirring speed set as 800 rpm. The particle size of CsA-Lips was 129.2 nm after optimalization while their TEM images exhibited spherical unilamellar vesicles with clearly shell-core structure. CsA released more rapidly from CsA-Lips in comparison with self-made emulsion and Restasis®. Besides, minimum cytotoxicity of CsA-Lips was perceived via both MTT method and LDH method, indicating the excellent compatibility of the ophthalmic formulation. Simultaneously, CsA-Lips showed enhanced nonspecific internalization in the cytoplasm with a time-dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, CsA-Lips could be adhibited as the hopeful ophthalmic drug delivery system clinically for dry eye syndrome (DES).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinglan Li
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingran Guan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaizhen Zhang
- School of Geography and Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Sisi Liu
- Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanna Zhao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang N, Zhang Y, Wang W, Ye Z, Chen H, Hu G, Ouyang D. How can machine learning and multiscale modeling benefit ocular drug development? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114772. [PMID: 36906232 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The eyes possess sophisticated physiological structures, diverse disease targets, limited drug delivery space, distinctive barriers, and complicated biomechanical processes, requiring a more in-depth understanding of the interactions between drug delivery systems and biological systems for ocular formulation development. However, the tiny size of the eyes makes sampling difficult and invasive studies costly and ethically constrained. Developing ocular formulations following conventional trial-and-error formulation and manufacturing process screening procedures is inefficient. Along with the popularity of computational pharmaceutics, non-invasive in silico modeling & simulation offer new opportunities for the paradigm shift of ocular formulation development. The current work first systematically reviews the theoretical underpinnings, advanced applications, and unique advantages of data-driven machine learning and multiscale simulation approaches represented by molecular simulation, mathematical modeling, and pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling for ocular drug development. Following this, a new computer-driven framework for rational pharmaceutical formulation design is proposed, inspired by the potential of in silico explorations in understanding drug delivery details and facilitating drug formulation design. Lastly, to promote the paradigm shift, integrated in silico methodologies were highlighted, and discussions on data challenges, model practicality, personalized modeling, regulatory science, interdisciplinary collaboration, and talent training were conducted in detail with a view to achieving more efficient objective-oriented pharmaceutical formulation design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yunsen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhuyifan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China; Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Guanghui Hu
- Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS), University of Macau, Macau, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tan ML, Chandran S, Jereb R, Alam K, Bies R, Kozak D, Walenga R, Le Merdy M, Babiskin A. Mechanistic modeling of ophthalmic, nasal, injectable, and implant generic drug products: A workshop summary report. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:631-638. [PMID: 36851886 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For approval, a proposed generic drug product must demonstrate it is bioequivalent (BE) to the reference listed drug product. For locally acting drug products, conventional BE approaches may not be feasible because measurements in local tissues at the sites of action are often impractical, unethical, or cost-prohibitive. Mechanistic modeling approaches, such as physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, may integrate information from drug product properties and human physiology to predict drug concentrations in these local tissues. This may allow clinical relevance determination of critical drug product attributes for BE assessment during the development of generic drug products. In this regard, the Office of Generic Drugs of the US Food and Drug Administration has recently established scientific research programs to accelerate the development and assessment of generic products by utilizing model-integrated alternative BE approaches. This report summarizes the presentations and panel discussion from a public workshop that provided research updates and information on the current state of the use of PBPK modeling approaches to support generic product development for ophthalmic, injectable, nasal, and implant drug products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang Tan
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sajeev Chandran
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research and IVIVC/Biopharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical R & D, Lupin Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Rebeka Jereb
- Clinical Development, Sandoz Development Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Khondoker Alam
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Bies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at BuffaloBuffalo, New York, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ross Walenga
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Andrew Babiskin
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jurišić Dukovski B, Ljubica J, Kocbek P, Safundžić Kučuk M, Krtalić I, Hafner A, Pepić I, Lovrić J. Towards the development of a biorelevant in vitro method for the prediction of nanoemulsion stability on the ocular surface. Int J Pharm 2023; 633:122622. [PMID: 36669582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ophthalmic oil-in-water nanoemulsions (NEs) are a complex technological platform, representing an advancement in the treatment of dry eye disease. In addition to enabling the incorporation of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), NEs provide prolonged residence time of APIs and other formulation components and consequent replenishment and stabilization of the compromised tear film. Ophthalmic NEs have been on the market for over 20 years, but considering their complexity, as well as the complex nature of the ocular surface, they are still a poorly understood advanced dosage form. The objective of this study was to develop a biorelevant in vitro method that would be able to predict the behavior of ophthalmic NEs after application. With that goal, NE formulations differing in critical material attributes and critical formulation variables were employed and subjected to simulated tear turnover and blinking. By gradually increasing the complexity of the in vitro method, we were able to detect key parameters influencing NE stability. The undertaken study presents a step forward in the development of in vitro tools that are fundamental to the reliable, cost and time-effective development of innovative and generic topical ophthalmic NEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bisera Jurišić Dukovski
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josip Ljubica
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Kocbek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Iva Krtalić
- R&D, PLIVA Croatia Ltd, TEVA Group Member, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 25, 1000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Hafner
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Pepić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Lovrić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Recent Advances in Improving the Bioavailability of Hydrophobic/Lipophilic Drugs and Their Delivery via Self-Emulsifying Formulations. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids7010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Formulations based on emulsions for enhancing hydrophobic and lipophilic drug delivery and its bioavailability have attracted a lot of interest. As potential therapeutic agents, they are integrated with inert oils, emulsions, surfactant solubility, liposomes, etc.; drug delivering systems that use emulsion formations have emerged as a unique and commercially achievable accession to override the issue of less oral bioavailability in connection with hydrophobic and lipophilic drugs. As an ideal isotropic oil mixture of surfactants and co-solvents, it self-emulsifies and forms fine oil in water emulsions when acquainted with aqueous material. As droplets rapidly pass through the stomach, fine oil promotes the vast spread of the drug all over the GI (gastrointestinal tract) and conquers the slow disintegration commonly seen in solid drug forms. The current status of advancement in technologies for drug carrying has promulgated the expansion of innovative drug carriers for the controlled release of self-emulsifying pellets, tablets, capsules, microspheres, etc., which got a boost for drug delivery usage with self-emulsification. The present review article includes various kinds of formulations based on the size of particles and excipients utilized in emulsion formation for drug delivery mechanisms and the increase in the bioavailability of lipophilic/hydrophobic drugs in the present time.
Collapse
|
6
|
Belenos A, Wood EL, Hu M, Kozak D, Xu X, Fisher AC. Product Quality Research for Developing and Assessing Regulatory Submissions for Generic Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsions. AAPS J 2023; 25:20. [PMID: 36702976 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Approval of the first generic 0.05% cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion (COE) in the U.S. represents a milestone achievement of the science and research program in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). COE is a locally acting complex drug product indicated to increase tear production in patients whose production is presumed to be suppressed due to ocular inflammation associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The path to approval required overcoming numerous scientific challenges to determining therapeutic equivalence to the reference listed drug. Researchers in CDER's Office of Pharmaceutical Quality and Office of Generic Drugs developed a quality by design approach to understand the effects of process and formulation variables on the product's critical quality attributes, including globule size distribution (GSD), turbidity, viscosity, zeta potential, surface tension, and osmolality. CDER researchers explored multiple techniques to perform physicochemical characterization and analyze the GSD including laser diffraction, nanoparticle tracking analysis, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, asymmetric field flow fractionation, and two-dimensional diffusion ordered spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance. Biphasic models to study drug transfer kinetics demonstrated that COEs with qualitative and quantitative sameness and comparable GSDs, analyzed using earth mover's distance, can be therapeutic equivalents. This body of research facilitated the review and approval of the first U.S. generic COE. In addition, the methods and fundamental understanding developed from this research may support the development and assessment of other complex generics. The approval of a generic COE should improve the availability of this complex drug product to U.S. patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avery Belenos
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Erin Leigh Wood
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Meng Hu
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Adam C Fisher
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang W, Ouyang D. Opportunities and challenges of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2100-2120. [PMID: 35452792 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is an important in silico tool to bridge drug properties and in vivo PK behaviors during drug development. Over the recent decade, the PBPK method has been largely applied to drug delivery systems (DDS), including oral, inhaled, transdermal, ophthalmic, and complex injectable products. The related therapeutic agents have included small-molecule drugs, therapeutic proteins, nucleic acids, and even cells. Simulation results have provided important insights into PK behaviors of new dosage forms, which strongly support drug regulation. In this review, we comprehensively summarize recent progress in PBPK applications in drug delivery, which shows large opportunities for facilitating drug development. In addition, we discuss the challenges of applying this methodology from a practical viewpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tan JYB, Yoon BK, Cho NJ, Lovrić J, Jug M, Jackman JA. Lipid Nanoparticle Technology for Delivering Biologically Active Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9664. [PMID: 34575831 PMCID: PMC8465605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is enormous interest in utilizing biologically active fatty acids and monoglycerides to treat phospholipid membrane-related medical diseases, especially with the global health importance of membrane-enveloped viruses and bacteria. However, it is difficult to practically deliver lipophilic fatty acids and monoglycerides for therapeutic applications, which has led to the emergence of lipid nanoparticle platforms that support molecular encapsulation and functional presentation. Herein, we introduce various classes of lipid nanoparticle technology and critically examine the latest progress in utilizing lipid nanoparticles to deliver fatty acids and monoglycerides in order to treat medical diseases related to infectious pathogens, cancer, and inflammation. Particular emphasis is placed on understanding how nanoparticle structure is related to biological function in terms of mechanism, potency, selectivity, and targeting. We also discuss translational opportunities and regulatory needs for utilizing lipid nanoparticles to deliver fatty acids and monoglycerides, including unmet clinical opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ying Brenda Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.Y.B.T.); (B.K.Y.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore;
| | - Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.Y.B.T.); (B.K.Y.)
- School of Healthcare and Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore;
| | - Jasmina Lovrić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Mario Jug
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Joshua A. Jackman
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.Y.B.T.); (B.K.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Antipin IS, Alfimov MV, Arslanov VV, Burilov VA, Vatsadze SZ, Voloshin YZ, Volcho KP, Gorbatchuk VV, Gorbunova YG, Gromov SP, Dudkin SV, Zaitsev SY, Zakharova LY, Ziganshin MA, Zolotukhina AV, Kalinina MA, Karakhanov EA, Kashapov RR, Koifman OI, Konovalov AI, Korenev VS, Maksimov AL, Mamardashvili NZ, Mamardashvili GM, Martynov AG, Mustafina AR, Nugmanov RI, Ovsyannikov AS, Padnya PL, Potapov AS, Selektor SL, Sokolov MN, Solovieva SE, Stoikov II, Stuzhin PA, Suslov EV, Ushakov EN, Fedin VP, Fedorenko SV, Fedorova OA, Fedorov YV, Chvalun SN, Tsivadze AY, Shtykov SN, Shurpik DN, Shcherbina MA, Yakimova LS. Functional supramolecular systems: design and applications. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
10
|
Luke MC, Kozak D. Regulating Generic Ophthalmologic Drug Bioequivalence-Envisioning Accessibility for Patients. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 37:157-161. [PMID: 33332225 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2020.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New, brand-name, ophthalmology drug products are developed, investigated, and submitted for marketing approval through premarket interactions with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These drug applications for novel drugs are reviewed by FDA for safety and effectiveness before being allowed on the market. Many brand-name drugs are allowed a period of marketing exclusivity and/or have patent protections that can delay generic competition. When these exclusivity periods or patents expire or are challenged (in the case of patents), generic competitors may then market equivalent products, as allowed by U.S. law (eg, Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, often referred to as "the Hatch-Waxman Act"). To be approved as a therapeutic equivalent, a generic product must demonstrate that it is both pharmaceutically equivalent and bioequivalent to the brand-name drug product, which can involve innovative analytical methods and study designs. To facilitate generic drug assessment and approval, the FDA has negotiated the Generic Drug User Fee Amendments (GDUFA) program that funds a rigorous generic drug development program that includes pre-Abbreviated New Drug Application (pre-ANDA) correspondence and meetings, targeted bioequivalence research, and publication of product-specific guidances (PSGs) to support generic drug research and development for manufacturers interested in developing generic drugs for the U.S. market. FDA's regulatory practices include the monitoring of quality and postapproval adverse events of all marketed products, including those for use in and around the eyes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markham C Luke
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Le Merdy M, Spires J, Lukacova V, Tan ML, Babiskin A, Xu X, Zhao L, Bolger MB. Ocular Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Ointment Formulations. Pharm Res 2020; 37:245. [PMID: 33215336 PMCID: PMC7677276 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to show how the Ocular Compartmental Absorption & Transit (OCAT™) model in GastroPlus® can be used to characterize ocular drug pharmacokinetic performance in rabbits for ointment formulations. Methods A newly OCAT™ model developed for fluorometholone, as well as a previously verified model for dexamethasone, were used to characterize the aqueous humor (AH) concentration following the administration of multiple ointment formulations to rabbit. The model uses the following parameters: application surface area (SA), a fitted application time, and the fitted Higuchi release constant to characterize the rate of passage of the active pharmaceutical ingredient from the ointment formulations into the tears in vivo. Results Parameter sensitivity analysis was performed to understand the impact of ointment formulation changes on ocular exposure. While application time was found to have a significant impact on the time of maximal concentration in AH, both the application SA and the Higuchi release constant significantly influenced both the maximum concentration and the ocular exposure. Conclusions This initial model for ointment ophthalmic formulations is a first step to better understand the interplay between physiological factors and ophthalmic formulation physicochemical properties and their impact on in vivo ocular drug pharmacokinetic performance in rabbits. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-020-02965-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Le Merdy
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA.
| | - Jessica Spires
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Viera Lukacova
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Ming-Liang Tan
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER/OGD/ORS/DQMM, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER/OGD/ORS/DQMM, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER/OPQ/OTR/DPQR, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER/OGD/ORS/DQMM, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Michael B Bolger
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dong Y, Hengst L, Hunt R, Feng X, Kozak D, Choi S, Ashraf M, Xu X. Evaluating drug distribution and release in ophthalmic emulsions: Impact of release conditions. J Control Release 2020; 327:360-370. [PMID: 32822741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the process of drug distribution and mechanism of drug release of ophthalmic emulsions in the context of factors associated with the drug release. Cyclosporine and difluprednate emulsions were chosen as model systems. A kinetic method was used to quantitatively evaluate the drug distribution within a simplified biphasic (emulsion) system. The impacts of release associated factors were investigated, including the amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), ethanol, and ionic strength in the release medium as well as the temperature. SDS and ethanol were found to significantly enhance both rate and extent of drug diffusion from oil to aqueous phase for both cyclosporine and difluprednate emulsions. The ionic strength was found to decrease the rate and extent of cyclosporine transfer from oil to aqueous phase but had little impact on the transfer of difluprednate between phases. Diffusion of cyclosporine to aqueous phase exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing temperature due to its atypical temperature dependent solubility in water. Based on our previous method to investigate the impact of formulation variables on drug diffusion and the findings in the current study, a biphasic release model for emulsions is proposed and discussed. Lastly, the underlying relationship of three key quality attributes (i.e., globule size distribution, drug distribution, and release characteristics) and their effect on product quality and performance were discussed. This study provides a fundamental insight into the drug distribution and release in complex emulsion systems. It also elucidates the critical variables for the development of in vitro release method to support regulatory assessment of ophthalmic emulsions and formulation development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Dong
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Leanna Hengst
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Robert Hunt
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Stephanie Choi
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ismail A, Nasr M, Sammour O. Nanoemulsion as a feasible and biocompatible carrier for ocular delivery of travoprost: Improved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. Int J Pharm 2020; 583:119402. [PMID: 32387308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Travoprost is a synthetic prostaglandin F2α analogue used in treatment of glaucoma. Due to its water insolubility and oily nature, novel delivery systems need to be developed to enhance its bioavailability, and sustain its release. In the current work, travoprost nanoemulsion was explored as a novel carrier prepared using low energy technique. Results showed that travoprost nanoemulsions exhibited suitable nanodroplet size, zeta potential, pH, refractive index, controlled release, as well as sufficient stability under accelerated conditions. In vivo studies delineated the enhanced absorption of travoprost nanoemulsion compared to the marketed eye drops Travatan®, as proven by the higher Cmax and AUC of the former, and its prolonged intraocular pressure reduction time. Moreover, the nanoemulsion formulation was proven safe and non-irritant to ocular surfaces. Therefore, it can be suggested that travoprost nanoemulsion is a promising ocular delivery system for glaucoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Omaima Sammour
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jurišić Dukovski B, Juretić M, Bračko D, Randjelović D, Savić S, Crespo Moral M, Diebold Y, Filipović-Grčić J, Pepić I, Lovrić J. Functional ibuprofen-loaded cationic nanoemulsion: Development and optimization for dry eye disease treatment. Int J Pharm 2019; 576:118979. [PMID: 31870964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in dry eye disease (DED) affecting millions of people worldwide. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be used topically to act on the inflammatory component of DED, but their limited aqueous solubility raises formulation issues. The aim of this study was development and optimization of functional cationic nanoemulsions (NEs) for DED treatment, as a formulation approach to circumvent solubility problems, prolong drug residence at the ocular surface and stabilize the tear film. Ibuprofen was employed as the model NSAID, chitosan as the cationic agent, and lecithin as the anionic surfactant enabling chitosan incorporation. Moreover, lecithin is a mixture of phospholipids including phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, two constituents of the natural tear film important for its stability. NEs were characterized in terms of droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta-potential, pH, viscosity, osmolarity, surface tension, entrapment efficiency, stability, sterilizability and in vitro release. NEs mucoadhesive properties were tested rheologically after mixing with mucin dispersion. Biocompatibility was assessed employing 3D HCE-T cell-based model and ex vivo model using porcine corneas. The results of our study pointed out the NE formulation with 0.05% (w/w) chitosan as the lead formulation with physicochemical properties adequate for ophthalmic application, mucoadhesive character and excellent biocompatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bisera Jurišić Dukovski
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Juretić
- R&D, PLIVA Croatia Ltd, TEVA Group Member, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danka Bračko
- R&D, PLIVA Croatia Ltd, TEVA Group Member, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danijela Randjelović
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Microelectronic Technologies, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana Savić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mario Crespo Moral
- University of Valladolid, Institute of Applied Ophthalmo-Biology (IOBA), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- University of Valladolid, Institute of Applied Ophthalmo-Biology (IOBA), Valladolid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jelena Filipović-Grčić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Pepić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Lovrić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
In vitro evaluation of stearylamine cationic nanoemulsions for improved ocular drug delivery. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2019; 69:621-634. [PMID: 31639085 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2019-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oil-in-water nanoemulsions (NEs) represent one of the formulation approaches to improve eye-related bio-availability of lipophilic drugs. The potential of cationic NEs is pronounced due to the electrostatic interaction of positively charged droplets with negatively charged mucins present in the tear film, providing prolonged formulation residence at the ocular surface. The aim of this study was to develop a cationic ophthalmic NE with cationic lipid stearylamine (SA) as a carrier of a positive charge. The addition of a nonionic surfactant provided the dual electro-steric stabilization of NEs and enabled tuning of SA concentration to achieve an optimal balance between its interaction with mucins and biocompatibility. Physicochemical characterization, stability profile, in vitro mucoadhesion study and biocompatibility study employing 3D HCE-T cell-based model of corneal epithelium pointed out the NE with 0.05 % (m/m) SA as the leading formulation. Minimizing SA content while retaining droplet/mucin interactions is of great importance for efficacy and safety of future ophthalmic drug products.
Collapse
|
16
|
Dong Y, Hengst L, Hunt R, Patel D, Vo A, Choi S, Ashraf M, Cruz CN, Xu X. Understanding drug distribution and release in ophthalmic emulsions through quantitative evaluation of formulation-associated variables. J Control Release 2019; 313:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
Le Merdy M, Fan J, Bolger MB, Lukacova V, Spires J, Tsakalozou E, Patel V, Xu L, Stewart S, Chockalingam A, Narayanasamy S, Rouse R, Matta M, Babiskin A, Kozak D, Choi S, Zhang L, Lionberger R, Zhao L. Application of Mechanistic Ocular Absorption Modeling and Simulation to Understand the Impact of Formulation Properties on Ophthalmic Bioavailability in Rabbits: a Case Study Using Dexamethasone Suspension. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:65. [PMID: 31111305 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Developing mathematical models to predict changes in ocular bioavailability and pharmacokinetics due to differences in the physicochemical properties of complex topical ophthalmic suspension formulations is important in drug product development and regulatory assessment. Herein, we used published FDA clinical pharmacology review data, in-house, and literature rabbit pharmacokinetic data generated for dexamethasone ophthalmic suspensions to demonstrate how the mechanistic Ocular Compartmental Absorption and Transit model by GastroPlus™ can be used to characterize ocular drug pharmacokinetic performance in rabbits for suspension formulations. This model was used to describe the dose-dependent (0.01 to 0.1%) non-linear pharmacokinetic in ocular tissues and characterize the impact of viscosity (1.67 to 72.9 cP) and particle size (5.5 to 22 μm) on in vivo ocular drug absorption and disposition. Parameter sensitivity analysis (hypothetical suspension particle size: 1 to 10 μm, viscosity: 1 to 100 cP) demonstrated that the interplay between formulation properties and physiological clearance through drainage and tear turnover rates in the pre-corneal compartment drives the ocular drug bioavailability. The quick removal of drug suspended particles from the pre-corneal compartment renders the impact of particle size inconsequential relative to viscosity modification. The in vivo ocular absorption is (1) viscosity non-sensitive when the viscosity is high and the impact of viscosity on the pre-corneal residence time reaches the maximum physiological system capacity or (2) viscosity sensitive when the viscosity is below a certain limit. This study reinforces our understanding of the interplay between physiological factors and ophthalmic formulation physicochemical properties and their impact on in vivo ocular drug PK performance in rabbits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Le Merdy
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Jianghong Fan
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Michael B Bolger
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Viera Lukacova
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Jessica Spires
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Vikram Patel
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Sharron Stewart
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Ashok Chockalingam
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Suresh Narayanasamy
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Rodney Rouse
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Murali Matta
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Stephanie Choi
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Robert Lionberger
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lionberger RA. Innovation for Generic Drugs: Science and Research Under the Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2012. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 105:878-885. [PMID: 30648739 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory science is science and research intended to improve decision making in a regulatory framework. Improvements in decision making can be in both accuracy (making better decisions) and in efficiency (making faster decisions). Science and research supported by the Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2012 (GDUFA) have focused on two innovative methodologies that work together to enable new approaches to development and review of generic drugs: quantitative models and advanced in vitro product characterization. Quantitative models faithfully represent current scientific understanding. They are tools pharmaceutical scientists and clinical pharmacologists use for making better and faster product development decisions. Advances in the in vitro product comparisons provide the measurements of product differences that are the critical input into the models. This paper outlines four areas where science and research funded by GDUFA support synergistic use of models and characterization at critical decision points during generic drug product development and review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Lionberger
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dong Y, Hengst L, Patel D, Hunt R, Qu H, Choi S, Ashraf M, Cruz CN, Xu X. A Kinetic Approach to Determining Drug Distribution in Complex Biphasic Systems. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2002-2011. [PMID: 30639742 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical emulsions contain multiple components, such as micellar, aqueous, and oil phases, leading to complex drug transfer and equilibrium phenomena. These complex components present challenges for the bioequivalence assessment of the drug products. The objective of the study was to develop a method that can probe the underlying mechanism and process of drug distribution. The concept of drug partitioning into biphasic systems was used to simplify the complex transfer phenomenon. A kinetic method was developed taking into account the biphasic diffusion. Using this approach, both the rate (kinetics) and the extent (equilibrium) of distribution can be determined. For method development purpose, 3 model compounds (triamcinolone acetonide, difluprednate, and cyclosporine), with expected partition coefficient values ranging from 2 to 6, were tested using the kinetic method and the traditional shake-flask method. The values obtained by the 2 methods for all compounds correlated well (r2 = 0.825). Various organic and aqueous solvents which are commonly encountered in formulations were also tested to determine the impact of phase composition on drug distribution. The kinetic method was found to offer more flexibility in terms of solvent composition and can lead to better understanding for drug distribution and potential drug release in complex biphasic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Dong
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Leanna Hengst
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Deval Patel
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Robert Hunt
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Haiou Qu
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Stephanie Choi
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Celia N Cruz
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993.
| |
Collapse
|