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Taylor LS, Trasi NE, Purohit HS, Sun D, Kinjo M, Ni Z, Mahjabeen S, Feng KK, Sun WJ, Matta MK, Decker B, Galinsky RE. Changes in Drug Crystallinity in a Commercial Tacrolimus Amorphous Formulation Result in Variable Pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00433-7. [PMID: 39414078 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
Tacrolimus capsules contain the drug as the amorphous form. It is well known that drug crystallinity is a risk factor for the performance of amorphous formulations. This study investigated the impact of varying levels of crystalline drug on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus following oral dosing of a 5 mg capsule under fasting conditions. Two treatments with percent crystallinity of 20% and 50% were achieved by exposing a marketed generic tacrolimus product to open dish storage conditions of 35°C and 75% relative humidity (RH) for up to 20 days. Crystallinity was monitored with X-ray powder diffraction. Prograf®, the reference listed drug (RLD), an amorphous generic drug product, and generic drug products containing 20% and 50% crystalline tacrolimus were evaluated. All four treatments were administered to healthy participants in a randomized, single-dose, four-treatment, four-period, four-way crossover study. Blood sampling occurred over 24 hours. The amorphous generic tacrolimus product was determined not to be bioequivalent to the RLD. The capsules containing both 20% and 50% crystalline tacrolimus also failed the bioequivalence recommendations when compared to the amorphous generic or to the RLD. Both levels of crystalline tacrolimus resulted in BE failure for both Cmax and AUC parameters. The impact of tacrolimus crystallization was greater for maximum blood concentration (Cmax) values relative to the area-under-the-curve (AUC) values. This study demonstrates that crystalline tacrolimus formed in a marketed generic product and these changes resulted in variable pharmacokinetics which could be of significant clinical concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States.
| | - Niraj E Trasi
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States
| | - Hitesh S Purohit
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States
| | - Dajun Sun
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
| | - Minori Kinjo
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
| | - Zhanglin Ni
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
| | - Sanjida Mahjabeen
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
| | - Kairui Kevin Feng
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
| | - Wei-Jhe Sun
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
| | - Murali K Matta
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, CDER, FDA
| | | | - Raymond E Galinsky
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, United States
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2
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Bapat P, Schwabe R, Paul S, Tseng YC, Bergman C, Taylor LS. Exploring biorelevant conditions and release profiles of ritonavir from HPMCAS-based amorphous solid dispersions. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00316-2. [PMID: 39186978 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Development of a release test for amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) that is in vivo predictive is essential to identify optimally performing formulations early in development. For ASDs containing an enteric polymer, consideration of buffer properties is essential. Herein, release rates of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and ritonavir from ASDs with a 20% drug loading were compared in phosphate and bicarbonate buffers with different molarities, at pH 6.5. The bioaccessibility of ritonavir from the ASD in the tiny-TIM apparatus was also evaluated and compared to that of the crystalline drug. The surface pH at the dissolving solid: solution interface was evaluated using a pH-sensitive fluorescence probe for HPMCAS and ASD compacts in phosphate and bicarbonate buffers. Drug and polymer were found to release congruently in all buffer systems, indicating that the polymer controlled the drug release. Release was slowest in 10 mM bicarbonate buffer, and much faster in phosphate buffers with molarities typically used in release testing (20-50 mM). Release from the 10 mM bicarbonate buffer was matched in a 5 mM phosphate buffer. The surface pH of HPMCAS and HPMCAS:ritonavir ASDs was found to be lower than the bulk solution pH, where surface pH differences largely explained release rate differences seen in the different buffer systems. Ritonavir was highly bioaccessible from the ASD, as assessed by the tiny-TIM system, and much less bioaccessible when crystalline drug was used. The observations highlight the need for continued development of biorelevant assays tailored for ASD formulation assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya Bapat
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Robert Schwabe
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States
| | - Shubhajit Paul
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States
| | - Yin-Chao Tseng
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, United States
| | - Cameron Bergman
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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3
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Moseson DE, Tran TB, Karunakaran B, Ambardekar R, Hiew TN. Trends in amorphous solid dispersion drug products approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration between 2012 and 2023. Int J Pharm X 2024; 7:100259. [PMID: 38974024 PMCID: PMC11225173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2024.100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Forty-eight (48) drug products (DPs) containing amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the 12-year period between 2012 and 2023. These DPs comprise 36 unique amorphous drugs. Ten (10) therapeutic categories are represented, with most DPs containing antiviral and antineoplastic agents. The most common ASD polymers are copovidone (49%) and hypromellose acetate succinate (30%), while spray drying (54%) and hot melt extrusion (35%) are the most utilized manufacturing processes to prepare the ASD drug product intermediate (DPI). Tablet dosage forms are the most common, with several capsule products available. Line extensions of several DPs based on flexible oral solids and powders for oral suspension have been approved which provide patient-centric dosing to pediatric and other patient populations. The trends in the use of common excipients and film coating types are discussed. Eighteen (18) DPs are fixed-dose combinations, and some contain a mixture of amorphous and crystalline drugs. The DPs have dose/unit of amorphous drug ranging from <5 mg up to 300 mg, with the majority being ≤100 mg/unit. This review details several aspects of DPI and DP formulation and manufacturing of ASDs, as well as trends related to therapeutic category, dose, and patient-centricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E. Moseson
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Trong Bien Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Bharathi Karunakaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Rohan Ambardekar
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Sandwich CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Tze Ning Hiew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa 52242, USA
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4
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Moseson DE, Taylor LS. Crystallinity: A Complex Critical Quality Attribute of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4802-4825. [PMID: 37699354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Does the performance of an amorphous solid dispersion rely on having 100% amorphous content? What specifications are appropriate for crystalline content within an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) drug product? In this Perspective, the origin and significance of crystallinity within amorphous solid dispersions will be considered. Crystallinity can be found within an ASD from one of two pathways: (1) incomplete amorphization, or (2) crystal creation (nucleation and crystal growth). While nucleation and crystal growth is the more commonly considered pathway, where crystals originate as a physical stability failure upon accelerated or prolonged storage, manufacturing-based origins of crystallinity are possible as well. Detecting trace levels of crystallinity is a significant analytical challenge, and orthogonal methods should be employed to develop a holistic assessment of sample properties. Probing the impact of crystallinity on release performance which may translate to meaningful clinical significance is inherently challenging, requiring optimization of dissolution test variables to address the complexity of ASD formulations, in terms of drug physicochemical properties (e.g., crystallization tendency), level of crystallinity, crystal reference material selection, and formulation characteristics. The complexity of risk presented by crystallinity to product performance will be illuminated through several case studies, highlighting that a one-size-fits-all approach cannot be used to set specification limits, as the risk of crystallinity can vary widely based on a multitude of factors. Risk assessment considerations surrounding drug physicochemical properties, formulation fundamentals, physical stability, dissolution, and crystal micromeritic properties will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Worldwide Research and Development Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Kesisoglou F, Basu S, Belubbi T, Bransford P, Chung J, Dodd S, Dolton M, Heimbach T, Kulkarni P, Lin W, Moir A, Parrott N, Pepin X, Ren X, Sharma P, Stamatopoulos K, Tistaert C, Vaidhyanathan S, Wagner C, Riedmaier AE. Streamlining Food Effect Assessment - Are Repeated Food Effect Studies Needed? An IQ Analysis. AAPS J 2023; 25:60. [PMID: 37322223 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00822-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Current regulatory guidelines on drug-food interactions recommend an early assessment of food effect to inform clinical dosing instructions, as well as a pivotal food effect study on the to-be-marketed formulation if different from that used in earlier trials. Study waivers are currently only granted for BCS class 1 drugs. Thus, repeated food effect studies are prevalent in clinical development, with the initial evaluation conducted as early as the first-in-human studies. Information on repeated food effect studies is not common in the public domain. The goal of the work presented in this manuscript from the Food Effect PBPK IQ Working Group was to compile a dataset on these studies across pharmaceutical companies and provide recommendations on their conduct. Based on 54 studies collected, we report that most of the repeat food effect studies do not result in meaningful differences in the assessment of the food effect. Seldom changes observed were more than twofold. There was no clear relationship between the change in food effect and the formulation change, indicating that in most cases, once a compound is formulated appropriately within a specific formulation technology, the food effect is primarily driven by inherent compound properties. Representative examples of PBPK models demonstrate that following appropriate validation of the model with the initial food effect study, the models can be applied to future formulations. We recommend that repeat food effect studies should be approached on a case-by-case basis taking into account the totality of the evidence including the use of PBPK modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumit Basu
- Clinical Pharmacology - Oncology, Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tejashree Belubbi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philip Bransford
- Data & Computational Sciences, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Chung
- Drug Product Technologies, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Dodd
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Profiling, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Tycho Heimbach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Wen Lin
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrea Moir
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
- Regulatory Affairs, Simulations Plus, Lancaster, CA, USA
| | - Xiaojun Ren
- Modeling & Simulation, PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Shruthi Vaidhyanathan
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christian Wagner
- Global Drug Product Development, Global CMC Development, the Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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Moseson DE, Hiew TN, Su Y, Taylor LS. Formulation and Processing Strategies which Underpin Susceptibility to Matrix Crystallization in Amorphous Solid Dispersions. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:108-122. [PMID: 35367246 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Through matrix crystallization, an amorphous solid may transform directly into its more stable crystalline state, reducing the driving force for dissolution. Herein, the mechanism of matrix crystallization in an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) was probed. ASDs of bicalutamide/copovidone were prepared by solvent evaporation and hot melt extrusion, and sized by mortar and pestle or cryomilling techniques, modulating the level of mechanical activation experienced by the sample. Drug loading (DL) of the binary ASD was varied from 5-50%, and ternary systems were formulated at 30% DL with two surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, Vitamin E TPGS). Imaging of partially dissolved or crystallized compacts by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and confocal fluorescence microscopy was performed to investigate pathways of hydration, phase separation, and crystallization. Monitoring drug and polymer release of ASD powder under non-sink conditions provided insight into supersaturation and desupersaturation profiles. Systems at the greatest risk of matrix crystallization had high DLs, underwent mechanical activation, and/or contained surfactant. Systems having greatest resistance to matrix crystallization had rapid and congruent drug and polymer release. This study has implications for formulation and process design of ASDs and risk assessment of matrix crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tze Ning Hiew
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States; Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
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7
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Krummnow A, Danzer A, Voges K, Dohrn S, Kyeremateng SO, Degenhardt M, Sadowski G. Explaining the Release Mechanism of Ritonavir/PVPVA Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091904. [PMID: 36145652 PMCID: PMC9505701 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is dissolved on a molecular level in a polymeric matrix. The API is expected to be released from the ASD upon dissolution in aqueous media. However, a series of earlier works observed a drastic collapse of the API release for ASDs with high drug loads (DLs) compared to those with low DLs. This work provides a thermodynamic analysis of the release mechanism of ASDs composed of ritonavir (RIT) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVPVA). The observed release behavior is, for the first time, explained based on the quantitative thermodynamic phase diagram predicted by PC-SAFT. Both liquid–liquid phase separation in the dissolution medium, as well as amorphous phase separation in the ASD, could be linked back to the same thermodynamic origin, whereas they had been understood as different phenomena so far in the literature. Furthermore, it is illustrated that upon release, independent of DL, both phenomena occur simultaneously for the investigated system. It could be shown that the non-congruent release of the drug and polymer is observed when amorphous phase separation within the ASD has taken place to some degree prior to dissolution. Nanodroplet formation in the dissolution medium could be explained as the liquid–liquid phase separation, as predicted by PC-SAFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Krummnow
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Andreas Danzer
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kristin Voges
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dohrn
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Samuel O. Kyeremateng
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.O.K.); (G.S.); Tel.: +49-621-589-4940 (S.O.K.); +49-231-755-2635 (G.S.)
| | - Matthias Degenhardt
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Knollstraße, D-67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.O.K.); (G.S.); Tel.: +49-621-589-4940 (S.O.K.); +49-231-755-2635 (G.S.)
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Wuelfing WP, El Marrouni A, Lipert MP, Daublain P, Kesisoglou F, Converso A, Templeton AC. Dose Number as a Tool to Guide Lead Optimization for Orally Bioavailable Compounds in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1685-1694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Peter Wuelfing
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Maya P. Lipert
- AbbVie, Inc., 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Pierre Daublain
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | | | - Antonella Converso
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Allen C. Templeton
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
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Lima FA, Vilela RV, Oréfice RL, Silva IR, Reis EC, Carvalho LA, Maria-Engler SS, Ferreira LA, Goulart GA. Nanostructured lipid carriers enhances the safety profile of tretinoin: in vitro and healthy human volunteers' studies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1391-1409. [PMID: 34085552 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To enhance the tretinoin (TRE) safety profile through the encapsulation in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). Materials & methods: NLC-TRE was developed using a 23 experimental factorial design, characterized (HPLC, dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, cryo-transmission electron microscopy) and evaluated by in vitro studies and in healthy volunteers. Results: The NLC-TRE presented spherical structures, average particle size of 130 nm, zeta potential of 24 mV and encapsulation efficiency of 98%. The NLC-TRE protected TRE against oxidation (p < 0.0001) and promoted epidermal targeting (p < 0.0001) compared with the marketed product, both 0.05% TRE. The in vitro assay on reconstructed human epidermis and the measurement of transepidermal water loss in healthy volunteers demonstrated an enhanced safety profile in comparison to the marketed product (p < 0.0002). Conclusion: The NLC-TRE enhances the epidermal targeting and safety profile of TRE, representing a potential safer alternative for the topical treatment of skin disorders using TRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia A Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Raquel Vr Vilela
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics & Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 48824 East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Rodrigo L Oréfice
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Izabela R Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Co Reis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Larissa Ac Carvalho
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvya S Maria-Engler
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Am Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gisele Ac Goulart
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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10
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Saboo S, Bapat P, Moseson DE, Kestur US, Taylor LS. Exploring the Role of Surfactants in Enhancing Drug Release from Amorphous Solid Dispersions at Higher Drug Loadings. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050735. [PMID: 34067666 PMCID: PMC8156319 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the dosage size of amorphous solid dispersion (ASD)-based formulations, it is of interest to devise formulation strategies that allow increased drug loading (DL) without compromising dissolution performance. The aim of this study was to explore how surfactant addition impacts drug release as a function of drug loading from a ternary ASD, using felodipine as a model poorly soluble compound. The addition of 5% TPGS (d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, a surfactant) to felodipine-polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate ASDs was found to facilitate rapid and congruent (i.e., simultaneous) release of drug and polymer at higher DLs relative to binary ASDs (drug and polymer only). For binary ASDs, good release was observed for DLs up to <20% DL; this increased to 35% DL with surfactant. Microstructure evolution in ASD films following exposure to 100% relative humidity was studied using atomic force microscopy coupled with nanoscale infrared imaging. The formation of discrete, spherical drug-rich domains in the presence of surfactant appeared to be linked to systems showing congruent and rapid release of drug and polymer. In contrast, a contiguous drug-rich phase was formed for systems without surfactant at higher DLs. This study supports the addition of surfactant to ASD formulations as a strategy to increase DL without compromising release. Furthermore, insights into the potential role of surfactant in altering ASD release mechanisms are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Saboo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.S.); (P.B.); (D.E.M.)
- Oral Formulation Sciences and Technology, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Pradnya Bapat
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.S.); (P.B.); (D.E.M.)
| | - Dana E. Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.S.); (P.B.); (D.E.M.)
| | - Umesh S. Kestur
- Drug Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squib Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA;
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.S.); (P.B.); (D.E.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-765-496-6614
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11
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Moseson DE, Corum ID, Lust A, Altman KJ, Hiew TN, Eren A, Nagy ZK, Taylor LS. Amorphous Solid Dispersions Containing Residual Crystallinity: Competition Between Dissolution and Matrix Crystallization. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:69. [PMID: 34002256 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Crystallinity in an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) may negatively impact dissolution performance by causing lost solubility advantage and/or seeding crystal growth leading to desupersaturation. The goal of the study was to evaluate underlying dissolution and crystallization mechanisms resulting from residual crystallinity contained within bicalutamide (BCL)/polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate copolymer (PVPVA) ASDs produced by hot melt extrusion (HME). In-line Raman spectroscopy, polarized light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize crystallization kinetics and mechanisms. The fully amorphous ASD (0% crystallinity) did not dissolve completely, and underwent crystallization to the metastable polymorph (form 2), initiating in the amorphous matrix at the interface of the amorphous solid with water. Under non-sink conditions, higher extents of supersaturation were achieved because dissolution initially proceeded unhindered prior to nucleation. ASDs containing residual crystallinity had markedly reduced supersaturation. Solid-mediated crystallization (matrix crystallization) consumed the amorphous solid, growing the stable polymorph (form 1). Under sink conditions, both the fully amorphous ASD and crystalline physical mixture achieve faster release than the ASDs containing residual crystallinity. In the latter systems, matrix crystallization leads to highly agglomerated crystals with high relative surface area. Solution-mediated crystallization was not a significant driver of concentration loss, due to slow crystal growth from solution in the presence of PVPVA. The high risk stemming from residual crystallinity in BCL/PVPVA ASDs stems from (1) fast matrix crystallization propagating from crystal seeds, and (2) growth of the stable crystal form. This study has implications for dissolution performance outcomes of ASDs containing residual crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Isaac D Corum
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Andres Lust
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Kevin J Altman
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Tze Ning Hiew
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Ayse Eren
- Charles B. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Zoltan K Nagy
- Charles B. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
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Yang R, Mann AKP, Van Duong T, Ormes JD, Okoh GA, Hermans A, Taylor LS. Drug Release and Nanodroplet Formation from Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Insight into the Roles of Drug Physicochemical Properties and Polymer Selection. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2066-2081. [PMID: 33784104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution of amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) can lead to the formation of amorphous drug-rich nano species (nanodroplets) via liquid-liquid phase separation or glass-liquid phase separation when the drug concentration exceeds the amorphous solubility. These nanodroplets have been shown to be beneficial for ASD performance both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, understanding the generation and stability of nanodroplets from ASD formulations is important. In this study, the impacts of polymer selection and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) physicochemical properties (wet glass transition temperature (Tg) and log P) on nanodroplet release were studied. Six APIs with different physicochemical properties were formulated as ASDs with two polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVPVA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS). Their release performance was evaluated using both powder and surface normalized dissolution of compacts. In general, HPMCAS-based dispersions resulted in higher drug release compared to PVPVA-based dispersions. The two polymers also exhibited different trends in nanodroplet formation as a function of drug loading (DL). PVPVA ASDs exhibited a "falling-off-the-cliff" effect, with a dramatic decline in release performance with a small increase in drug loading, while HPMCAS ASDs exhibited a negative "slope" in the release rate as a function of drug loading. For both polymers, low Tg compounds achieved higher levels of nanodroplet formation compared to high Tg compounds. The nanodroplets generated from ASD dissolution were also monitored with dynamic light scattering, and HPMCAS was found to be more effective at stabilizing nanodroplets against size increase. Insights from this study may be used to guide formulation design and selection of excipients based on API physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Yang
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Amanda K P Mann
- Merck & Co., Inc. 2000, Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Tu Van Duong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - James D Ormes
- Merck & Co., Inc. 2000, Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Grace A Okoh
- Merck & Co., Inc. 2000, Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andre Hermans
- Merck & Co., Inc. 2000, Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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13
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Patterns of drug release as a function of drug loading from amorphous solid dispersions: A comparison of five different polymers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 155:105514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Application and limitations of thermogravimetric analysis to delineate the hot melt extrusion chemical stability processing window. Int J Pharm 2020; 590:119916. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Effects of Surfactants on Itraconazole-Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate Solid Dispersion Prepared by Hot Melt Extrusion. II: Rheological Analysis and Extrudability Testing. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3063-3073. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Hermans A, Kesisoglou F, Xu W, Dewitt K, Marota M, Colace T. Possibilities and Limiting Factors for the Use of Dissolution as a Quality Control Tool to Detect Presence of Crystallinity for Amorphous Solid Dispersions: An Experimental and Modeling Investigation. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3054-3062. [PMID: 31103787 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this article, experiments on tablets containing a model compound, grazoprevir, were conducted to explore how media selection for a quality control dissolution method can influence the sensitivity for the dissolution method toward drug crystallinity detection in an amorphous solid dispersion formulation. The experiment shows that under ideal nonsink conditions with respect to crystalline solubility, dissolution can indeed be predictive of crystallinity in the formulation. However, the limit of detection for crystallinity with quality control dissolution can change based on inherent variabilities in the drug product. In addition, it is demonstrated that the method's sensitivity and accuracy might be reduced if the crystalline particles are sufficiently small with respect to the solid dispersion particles. To further demonstrate the limits of the dissolution method, a dissolution model was also explored to simulate and predict the sensitivity of the dissolution response toward crystallinity based on solubility in the media and particle size of the crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Hermans
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486.
| | | | - Wei Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Kristel Dewitt
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Melanie Marota
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Thomas Colace
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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