1
|
Li B, Fu G, Liu C, Lu Y, Mi Y, Yan D, Wu J, Dai X, Cao D, Liu W, Liu X. Ti 2C 3 MXene-based nanocomposite as an intelligent nanoplatform for efficient mild hyperthermia treatment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 665:389-398. [PMID: 38537587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted much attention due to its less invasive, controllable and highly effective nature. However, PTT also suffers from intrinsic cancer resistance mediated by cell survival pathways. These survival pathways are regulated by a variety of proteins, among which heat shock protein (HSP) triggers thermotolerance and protects tumor cells from hyperthermia-induced apoptosis. Confronted by this challenge, we propose and validate here a novel MXene-based HSP-inhibited mild photothermal platform, which significantly enhances the sensitivity of tumor cells to heat-induced stress and thus improves the PPT efficacy. The Ti3C2@Qu nanocomposites are constructed by utilizing the high photothermal conversion ability of Ti3C2 nanosheets in combination with quercetin (Qu) as an inhibitor of HSP70. Qu molecules are loaded onto the nanoplatform in a pH-sensitive controlled release manner. The acidic environment of the tumor causes the burst-release of Qu molecules, which deplete the level of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in tumor cells and leave the tumor cells out from the protection of the heat-resistant survival pathway in advance, thus sensitizing the hyperthermia efficacy. The nanostructure, photothermal properties, pH-responsive controlled release, synergistic photothermal ablation of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, and hyperthermia effect on subcellular structures of the Ti3C2@Qu nanocomposites were systematically investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bai Li
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Gege Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yingqian Mi
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jiahang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Dianbo Cao
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University. Chang Chun 130021, China.
| | - Wanchao Liu
- Anesthesia Department, Jilin Provincial Armed Police Corps Hospital, Changchun 130052, China.
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo S, Zhang Y, Song J, Li Y, Wu C, Zhang C. Solubility-permeability interplay of a supersaturated lutein delivery system constructed by glycosylated stevioside and hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128791. [PMID: 38123041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the solubilizing capacity of glycosylated stevioside/hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose (stevia-G-HPMC) complexes with varying mass ratios on lutein. The impact on the steady-state flux and permeability coefficient of intracellular lutein was also explored through the construction of a Caco-2 cellular transport model. The results indicated that the equilibrium solubility of lutein linearly increased with an increase in stevia-G amount. The stability constants of the ternary system surpassed those of the binary system. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed a tight and stable structure in lutein supersaturated complexes. Meanwhile, lutein-stevia-G-HPMC complexes demonstrated superior cumulative penetrations, with the peak Papp (AP → BL) value being (3.24 ± 0.89) × 10-5 cm·s-1. There was a slight decrease in Papp (BL → AP), which improved the forward transport of lutein. Highly soluble lutein in aqueous environments saturated the extracellular transport proteins on the AP side of cell membranes, thereby maintaining the high permeability transport. Notably, the permeability trend of lutein in Caco-2 cells negatively correlated with the equilibrium solubility and matched the single exponential growth model. When the mass ratio of lutein, stevia-G and HPMC was 1:21:5, the solubility-permeability trade-off of lutein was effectively maintained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Luo
- Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiangfeng Song
- Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Caie Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kämäräinen T, Kadota K, Arima-Osonoi H, Uchiyama H, Tozuka Y. Tailoring the Self-Assembly of Steviol Glycoside Nanocarriers with Steroidal Amphiphiles. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5747-5760. [PMID: 37748027 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Bile salts are biosurfactants that can induce structure transformations in supramolecular nanoassemblies with conventional surfactants owing to their unique, planar amphiphilic character and the rigidity of their hydrophobic steroid skeleton. However, structural information about the association of bile salts and amphiphilic glycosides is lacking. In this work, we investigated the micelle structure of two anionic di- and trihydroxy bile salts [sodium deoxycholate (SDC) and sodium cholate (SC)] and a conventional anionic surfactant [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)] in mixtures with a nonionic steviol glycoside [α-glucosyl stevia (Stevia-G)] and studied their potential as a nanocarrier system for two poorly water-soluble drugs (clotrimazole and ketoconazole). Decreased critical micelle concentrations determined from surface tension measurements demonstrate synergistic interactions between Stevia-G and SDS/SDC/SC in a decreasing order. Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering, interpreted by a core-shell ellipsoid model, indicate that SDS and bile salts act differently on the mixed micelle structure. Compared with SDS/Stevia-G, bile salt/Stevia-G had a core-shell structure more similar to that of pure Stevia-G micelles. SDC and SDS had an increasing and decreasing influence, respectively, on the available molecular surface area in mixtures with Stevia-G on the micelle core but a similar influence on the micelle shell solvation number relative to that of their pure micellar structures. The number of bile salt hydroxyl groups was influential in determining the micelle stoichiometry: an increasing number of hydroxyl groups corresponded to decreasing bile salt aggregation numbers and a smaller hydrophobic micellar core. The core volume was the most important structural factor in explaining the drug solubilization capacity of the nanocarrier systems. Therefore, bile salt-steviol glycoside mixed micellar assemblies exhibit structure control mechanisms allowing the fine-tuning of their interior hydrophobic domains important for nanocarrier applications toward solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tero Kämäräinen
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kadota
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima-Osonoi
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Uchiyama
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tozuka
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang H, Chen W, Lu A, Li H, Kang L, Wu C. Solubilisation and Enhanced Oral Absorption of Curcumin Using a Natural Non-Nutritive Sweetener Mogroside V. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:1031-1045. [PMID: 36855540 PMCID: PMC9968502 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s395266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Curcumin (CUR) is a functional ingredient from the spice turmeric. It has attracted considerable attention recently, owing to its diverse biological activities. However, curcumin has low water solubility, which limited its applications. Some sugar molecules were found to be able to solubilise poorly water-soluble compounds by forming micelles in aqueous solutions. Purpose To improve the water solubility and oral absorption of CUR, using a non-nutritive natural sweetener, namely, Mogroside V (Mog-V). Methods A solid dispersion of CUR in Mog-V was prepared using a solvent evaporation method. The solid dispersion was characterised by using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The solid dispersion can dissolve in water to form micelles with a diameter of ~160 nm, which were characterised by using dynamic light scattering. To find out the mechanism of solubilisation, the aggregation behaviour of Mog-V molecules in aqueous solution was investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Finally, oral absorption of CUR in the solid dispersion was evaluated using a rodent model. Results A solid dispersion was formed in a ratio of 1 CUR to 10 Mog-V by weight. Upon dissolution into water, CUR laden micelles formed via self-assembly of Mog-V molecules, which increased the solubility of CUR by nearly 6000 times compared with pure CUR crystals. In rats, the solid dispersion increased the oral absorption of CUR by 29 folds, compared with CUR crystals. In terms of solubilisation mechanism, it was found that Mog-V self-assembled into micelles with a core-shell structure and CUR molecules were incorporated into the hydrophobic core of the Mog-V micelles. Conclusion Mog-V can form a solid dispersion with CUR. Upon dissolution in water, the Mog-V in the solid dispersion can self-assemble into micelles, which solubilise CUR and increase its oral absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junying Zhang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hufang Wang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenlin Chen
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiyu Lu
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailiang Li
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, Camperdown, Australia,Correspondence: Lifeng Kang, Email
| | - Chunyong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China,Chunyong Wu, Email
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uchiyama H, Kadota K, Tozuka Y. A review of transglycosylated compounds as food additives to enhance the solubility and oral absorption of hydrophobic compounds in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:11226-11243. [PMID: 35757865 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2092056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Transglycosylation has been used to modify the physicochemical properties of original compounds. As a result, transglycosylated compounds can form molecular aggregates in size ranges of a few nanometers in an aqueous medium when their concentrations exceed a specific level. Incorporating these hydrophobic compounds has been observed to enhance the solubility of hydrophobic compounds into aggregate structures. Thus, this review introduces four transglycosylated compounds as food additives that can enhance the solubility and oral absorption of hydrophobic compounds. Here, transglycosylated hesperidin, transglycosylated rutin, transglycosylated naringin, and transglycosylated stevia are the focus as representative substances. Significantly, we observed that amorphous formations containing hydrophobic compounds with transglycosylated compounds improved solubility and oral absorption compared to untreated hydrophobic compounds. Moreover, combining transglycosylated compounds with hydrophilic polymers or surfactants enhanced the solubilizing effects on hydrophobic compounds. Furthermore, the enhanced solubility of hydrophobic compounds improved their oral absorption. Transglycosylated compounds also influenced nanoparticle preparation of hydrophobic compounds as a dispersant. This study demonstrated the benefits of transglycosylated compounds in developing supplements and nutraceuticals of hydrophobic compounds with poor aqueous solubility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Uchiyama
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kadota
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tozuka
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luo S, Yu L, Song J, Wu C, Li Y, Zhang C. Hybridization of glucosyl stevioside and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose to improve the solubility of lutein. Food Chem 2022; 394:133490. [PMID: 35717918 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a lutein-glucosyl stevioside (stevia-G)-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) complex was prepared via an antisolvent precipitation combined with dynamic high pressure microfluidization method. The solubility, microstructure, crystallinity and thermodynamic properties of the freeze-dried powder were investigated, as well as the formation mechanism and the storage stability of the produced complex. When the optimal mass ratio of lutein, stevia-G, and HPMC was 1: 40: 0.5, the apparent solubility of lutein reached 2805.47 ± 24.94 μg·mL-1, which was approximately 5600 times higher than that of lutein crystals. The lutein-stevia-G-HPMC complex formed an amorphous dispersed structure and was in a thermodynamically high energy state. The self-assembled micelle structure of stevia-G and HPMC polymer created a supersaturated system mainly by multiple hydrogen bonding, which promoted maximum lutein dissolving, delayed supersaturated crystallization process, and hindered precipitation. The present results suggested the complex formed by stevia-G and HPMC effectively promote lutein's hydrophilicity and stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Luo
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Lijun Yu
- Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jiangfeng Song
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Caie Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang Y, Xu M, Wan Z, Yang X. Novel functional properties and applications of steviol glycosides in foods. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
8
|
Xu P, Dai Z, Li D, Liu C, Wu C, Song J. Preparation, optimization, characterization, and in vitro bioaccessibility of a lutein microparticle using spray drying with β‐cyclodextrin and stevioside. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng‐Xiang Xu
- Department of Food Science and Technology College of Light Industry and Food Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Zhu‐Qing Dai
- Institute of Agro‐product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
| | - Da‐Jing Li
- Institute of Agro‐product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
| | - Chun‐Quan Liu
- Institute of Agro‐product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
| | - Cai‐E. Wu
- Department of Food Science and Technology College of Light Industry and Food Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- Co‐Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Jiang‐Feng Song
- Institute of Agro‐product Processing Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Preparation and Characterization of Solid Dispersions Composed of Curcumin, Hydroxypropyl Cellulose and/or Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate by Grinding with Vibrational Ball Milling. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110383. [PMID: 33198284 PMCID: PMC7696471 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Solubility is an important physicochemical property affecting drug bioavailability. One approach to improve drug solubility is using amorphous formulations, which can improve solubility by up to a 1000-fold. Herein, amorphous curcumin (CUR) and amorphous solid dispersions (SDs) consisting of CUR, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and/or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were developed using vibrational ball milling. The resulting ground mixtures (GMs) were characterized using powder X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and a dissolution test. The 60-min GM containing 90% HPC significantly increased the drug solubility. Presence of SDS in the GMs containing 90% HPC reduced the grinding duration from 60 min to 30 min in forming a ground SD that significantly increased the CUR dissolution rate. This amorphous state was stable for 30 days when stored at 40 °C/RH 75%.
Collapse
|
10
|
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.: an updated review of its health benefits, industrial applications and safety. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
11
|
Kadota K, Nogami S, Uchiyama H, Tozuka Y. Controlled release behavior of curcumin from kappa-carrageenan gels with flexible texture by the addition of metal chlorides. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
12
|
Machmudah S, Winardi S, Wahyudiono, Kanda H, Goto M. Formation of Fine Particles from Curcumin/PVP by the Supercritical Antisolvent Process with a Coaxial Nozzle. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6705-6714. [PMID: 32258906 PMCID: PMC7114885 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The production of fine particles via the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) antisolvent process was carried out. The experiments were conducted at temperatures of 40-60 °C and pressures of 8-12 MPa with a 15 mL min-1 carbon dioxide (CO2) and 0.5 mL min-1 feed solution flow rate. As a feed solution, the curcumin and the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) powder were dissolved in acetone and ethanol at concentrations of 1.0 mg mL-1 and 2.0-4.0% in weight, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images described that most of the precipitated particle products have spherical morphologies with a size of less than 1 μm. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra exhibited that the curcumin structural properties did not shift after the SC-CO2 antisolvent process. Moreover, the PVP addition in the curcumin particle products can enhance the curcumin dissolution in distilled water significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siti Machmudah
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember
Institute of Technology, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Sugeng Winardi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember
Institute of Technology, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Wahyudiono
- Department
of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya
University, Furo−cho, Chikusa−ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hideki Kanda
- Department
of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya
University, Furo−cho, Chikusa−ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Motonobu Goto
- Department
of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya
University, Furo−cho, Chikusa−ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Silymarin Restores Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) Function in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Patients In Vitro. Inflammation 2019; 42:1203-1214. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-00980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|