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Lin J, Bu F, Wu D, Jiang P, He Q, Yang D, Zhu X, Wang Y, Xiang X. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Clinical Extrapolation for Topical Application of Pilocarpine on Eyelids: A Comprehensive Study. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:2861-2870. [PMID: 38857643 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Exploiting a convenient and highly bioavailable ocular drug delivery approach is currently one of the hotspots in the pharmaceutical industry. Eyelid topical application is seen to be a valuable strategy in the treatment of chronic ocular diseases. To further elucidate the feasibility of eyelid topical administration as an alternative route for ocular drug delivery, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of pilocarpine were conducted in rabbits. Besides, a novel physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model describing eyelid transdermal absorption and ocular disposition was developed in rabbits. The PBPK model of rabbits was extrapolated to human by integrating the drug-specific permeability parameters and human physiological parameters to predict ocular pharmacokinetic in human. After eyelid topical application of pilocarpine, the concentration of pilocarpine in iris peaked at 2 h with the value of 18,724 ng/g and the concentration in aqueous humor peaked at 1 h with the value of 1,363 ng/mL. Significant miotic effect were observed from 0.5 h to 4.5 h after eyelid topical application of pilocarpine in rabbits, while that were observed from 0.5 h to 3.5 h after eyedrop instillation. The proposed eyelid PBPK model was capable of reasonably predicting ocular exposure of pilocarpine after application on the eyelid skin and based on the PBPK model, the human ocular concentration was predicted to be 10-fold lower than that in rabbits. And it was suggested that drugs applied on the eyelid skin could transfer into the eyeball through corneal pathway and scleral pathway. This work could provide pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data for the development of eyelid drug delivery, as well as the reference for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fengjiao Bu
- Department of Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Pin Jiang
- Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai 201299, China
| | - Qingfeng He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dongsheng Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yixue Wang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai 201102, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Ishida N, Katsura A, Takagaki K, Arakawa H, Shimada T, Mizuno S, Sai Y, Kato Y, Nakamura H, Suga Y, Matsushita R. Transdermal pilocarpine on the skin over salivary glands to increase salivation: an in vivo study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:881. [PMID: 39095752 PMCID: PMC11297717 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyposalivation is treated using oral cholinergic drugs; however, systemic side effects occasionally lead to discontinuation of treatment. We aimed to investigate the effects of transdermal pilocarpine on the salivary gland skin on saliva secretion and safety in rats. METHODS Pilocarpine was administered to rats orally (0.5 mg/kg) or topically on the salivary gland skin (5 mg/body). Saliva volume, the number of sweat dots, and fecal weight were measured along with pilocarpine concentration in plasma and submandibular gland tissues. RESULTS Saliva volume significantly increased 0.5 h after oral administration and 0.5, 3, and 12 h after topical administration. Fecal weight and sweat dots increased significantly 1 h after oral administration; however, no changes were observed after topical application. The pilocarpine concentration in the submandibular gland tissues of the topical group was higher than that in the oral group at 0.5, 3, and 12 h of administration. CONCLUSIONS Pilocarpine application to salivary gland skin persistently increased salivary volume in rats without inducing sweating or diarrhea. Transdermal pilocarpine applied to the skin over the salivary glands may be an effective and safe treatment option for hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Ishida
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ayano Katsura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Koichi Takagaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara- machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mizuno
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Sai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara- machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ryukyu University Graduate School of Medical Science, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Nakagami, 903-0215, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yukio Suga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsushita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
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Patton GN, Lee HJ. Chemical Insights into Topical Agents in Intraocular Pressure Management: From Glaucoma Etiopathology to Therapeutic Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:274. [PMID: 38399328 PMCID: PMC10891530 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma encompasses a group of optic neuropathies characterized by complex and often elusive etiopathology, involvihttng neurodegeneration of the optic nerve in conjunction with abnormal intraocular pressure (IOP). Currently, there is no cure for glaucoma, and treatment strategies primarily aim to halt disease progression by managing IOP. This review delves into the etiopathology, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches for glaucoma, with a special focus on IOP management. We discuss a range of active pharmaceutical ingredients used in glaucoma therapy, emphasizing their chemical structure, pharmacological action, therapeutic effectiveness, and safety/tolerability profiles. Notably, most of these therapeutic agents are administered as topical formulations, a critical aspect considering patient compliance and drug delivery efficiency. The classes of glaucoma therapeutics covered in this review include prostaglandin analogs, beta blockers, alpha agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, Rho kinase inhibitors, and miotic (cholinergic) agents. This comprehensive overview highlights the importance of topical administration in glaucoma treatment, offering insights into the current state and future directions of pharmacological management in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea;
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Sugibayashi K. Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: From the Dawn and Early Stage to the Development and Maturity Stage, and the Future. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:1227-1253. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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da Silva PHR, Cunha Júnior ADS, Pianetti GA, Fernandes C. Chromatographic bioanalysis of antiglaucoma drugs in ocular tissues. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1166:122388. [PMID: 33578274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of multifactorial optic neuropathies and the leading cause of irreversible blindness and visual impairment. Epidemiological data has estimated that in 2020 there will be more than 80 million individuals affected by the disease worldwide. Nowadays, intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering is carried out mainly by pharmacotherapy, with different drugs. The study of ocular pharmacokinetics of antiglaucoma drugs, crucial for better understanding of ocular distribution, bioavailability, and pharmacodynamic parameters, can benefit the development of antiglaucoma drugs or formulations. Bioanalysis of drugs in ocular matrices is still underestimated, since it is challenging and rarely performed. Therefore, this review summarized the chromatographic methods employed for the quantification of several antiglaucoma drugs in different ocular matrices, discussing bioanalytical steps, such as sample preparation, separation, and detection. Animals and matrices as well as the challenges faced in ocular bioanalysis were also discussed. Ocular bioanalysis has been performed mainly in rabbits, the most adequate animal model for ocular studies. The matrix most used is aqueous humor, because it is cleaner and easier to sample. Sample preparation was carried out primarily employing classic techniques, such as liquid-liquid extraction, protein precipitation, and solid-phase extraction, with conventional solvents and sorbents. Chromatographic separation was achieved predominantly by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry and tandem mass spectrometry prevailed for detection, although other techniques, such as fluorimetry, have also been used. It was evidenced that more efforts must be directed towards miniaturized, eco-friendly, and non-terminal sampling for sample preparation. In its turn, ultra high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry should gain prominence in ocular bioanalysis for separation and detection, respectively, since it combines high separation capacity with selectivity and sensitivity, in addition to being an environmental friendly approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Reis da Silva
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Armando da Silva Cunha Júnior
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gerson Antônio Pianetti
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Christian Fernandes
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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See GL, Arce Jr. F, Itakura S, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Prolonged Distribution of Tranilast in the Eyes after Topical Application onto Eyelid Skin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:779-783. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Lee See
- Graduate School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
- Department of Pharmacy, University of San Carlos
| | - Florencio Arce Jr.
- Graduate School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
- Department of Pharmacy, University of San Carlos
| | - Shoko Itakura
- Graduate School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Hiroaki Todo
- Graduate School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Kenji Sugibayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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See GL, Arce F, Dahlizar S, Okada A, Fadli MFBM, Hijikuro I, Itakura S, Katakura M, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Enhanced nose-to-brain delivery of tranilast using liquid crystal formulations. J Control Release 2020; 325:1-9. [PMID: 32598958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal administration is poised as a competent method in delivering drugs to the brain, because the nasal route has a direct link with the central nervous system bypassing the formidable blood-brain barrier. C17-monoglycerol ester (MGE) and glyceryl monooleate (GMO) as liquid crystal (LC)-forming lipids possess desirable formulation characteristics as drug carriers for intranasally administered drugs. This study investigated the effect of LC formulations on the pharmacokinetics of tranilast (TL), a lipophilic model drug, and its distribution in the therapeutic target regions of the brain in rats. The anatomical biodistribution of LC formulations was monitored using micro-computed tomography tandem in vivo imaging systems. MGE and GMO effectively formed LC with suitable particle size, zeta potential, and viscosity supporting the delivery of TL to the brain. MGE and GMO LC formulations enhanced brain uptake by 10- to 12-fold and 2- to 2.4- fold, respectively, compared with TL solution. The olfactory bulb had the highest TL concentration and fluorescent signals among all the brain regions, indicating a direct nose-to-brain delivery pathway of LC formulations. LC-forming lipids, MGE and GMO, are potential biomaterials in formulations intended for intranasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Lee See
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Care Professions, University of San Carlos, Cebu, the Philippines
| | - Florencio Arce
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Care Professions, University of San Carlos, Cebu, the Philippines
| | - Sabrina Dahlizar
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Akie Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Ichiro Hijikuro
- Farnex Inc., Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama Venture Plaza, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shoko Itakura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masanori Katakura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Todo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugibayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan.
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The permeability of human eyelid skin to topically applied lidocaine. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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