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Badran G, Grare C, Masson JD, David MO, Achour D, Guidice JML, Garçon G, Crépeaux G. Difference in the cellular response following THP-1 derived phagocytic monocyte cells exposure to commercial aluminum-based adjuvants and aluminum-containing vaccines. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 83:127394. [PMID: 38262194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aluminum-based adjuvants (ABAs) enhance the immune response following vaccine injection. Their mechanisms of action are not fully understood, and their bio-persistency have been described associated with long-term adverse effects. METHODS We evaluated and compared the cellular effects of the two main ABAs and whole vaccines on ATP production, ROS generation and cytokines production (IL-6 and IL-10), using THP-1 cells. RESULTS ABAs altered the cell energy metabolism by increasing ROS production after 24 h and reducing ATP production after 48 h. In addition, both ABAs and whole vaccines induced different kinetics of IL-6 production, whereas only ABAs induced IL-10 secretion. CONCLUSION This study showed clearly, for a first time, a difference in cellular response to the ABAs and whole vaccines which should be taken into consideration in future studies focusing on the effect of ABA in vaccines. Future studies on ABAs should also pay attention to mitochondrial function alterations following exposure to ABA-containing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghidaa Badran
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France.
| | - Céline Grare
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Marie-Odile David
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Univ Evry, Structure-Activité des Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, U1204, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Djamal Achour
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Lo Guidice
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Garçon
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPacts de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé (IMPECS), Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Guillemette Crépeaux
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Laera D, HogenEsch H, O'Hagan DT. Aluminum Adjuvants-'Back to the Future'. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1884. [PMID: 37514070 PMCID: PMC10383759 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum-based adjuvants will continue to be a key component of currently approved and next generation vaccines, including important combination vaccines. The widespread use of aluminum adjuvants is due to their excellent safety profile, which has been established through the use of hundreds of millions of doses in humans over many years. In addition, they are inexpensive, readily available, and are well known and generally accepted by regulatory agencies. Moreover, they offer a very flexible platform, to which many vaccine components can be adsorbed, enabling the preparation of liquid formulations, which typically have a long shelf life under refrigerated conditions. Nevertheless, despite their extensive use, they are perceived as relatively 'weak' vaccine adjuvants. Hence, there have been many attempts to improve their performance, which typically involves co-delivery of immune potentiators, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. This approach has allowed for the development of improved aluminum adjuvants for inclusion in licensed vaccines against HPV, HBV, and COVID-19, with others likely to follow. This review summarizes the various aluminum salts that are used in vaccines and highlights how they are prepared. We focus on the analytical challenges that remain to allowing the creation of well-characterized formulations, particularly those involving multiple antigens. In addition, we highlight how aluminum is being used to create the next generation of improved adjuvants through the adsorption and delivery of various TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatello Laera
- Technical Research & Development, Drug Product, GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Global Manufacturing Division, Corporate Industrial Analytics, Chiesi Pharmaceuticals, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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Ma X, Guo Z, Li Y, Yang K, Li X, Liu Y, Shen Z, Zhao L, Zhang Z. Phytochemical Constituents of Propolis Flavonoid, Immunological Enhancement, and Anti-porcine Parvovirus Activities Isolated From Propolis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:857183. [PMID: 35464376 PMCID: PMC9024060 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.857183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis is widely used in health preservation and disease healing; it contains many ingredients. The previous study had revealed that the ethanolic or water extracts of propolis have a wide range of efficacy, such as antiviral, immune enhancement, anti-inflammatory, and so on, but its antiviral components and underlying mechanism of action remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition, anti-porcine parvovirus (PPV) effectiveness, and immunological enhancement of propolis flavone ethanolic extracts. The chemical composition of propolis flavone was distinguished by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis. In this study, the presence and characterization of 26 major components were distinguished in negative ionization modes to evaluate the effects of propolis flavonoid used as an adjuvant on the immune response of Landrace–Yorkshire hybrid sows immunized with an inactivated vaccine of PPV. Thirty Landrace-Yorkshire hybrid sows were randomly assigned to one of three groups, and the sows in the adjuvant groups were intramuscularly injected with PPV vaccine with a 2.0-ml propolis flavonoid adjuvant (PA) and oil emulsion adjuvant. After that, serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG subclasses were measured to evaluate the adjuvant effects of propolis flavonoid on the humoral immune responses, as well as peripheral lymphocyte proliferation activity and serum concentrations of Th1 and Th2 cytokines for cellular immunity. Results indicated an enhancing effect of PA on IgM, interleukins 2 and 4, interferon-γ, and IgG subclass responses. Especially in the effect of improving cellular immune response, the PA was the best. These findings suggested that PA can significantly enhance the immune responses against the PPV vaccine and could be an alternative way to improve PPV vaccination in sows. Furthermore, we screened the PF chemical components to the effectiveness of anti-PPV. Ferulic acid has an excellent anti-PPV effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ma
- Medicinal Engineering Department, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunopharmacology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center for Inheritance and Innovation Technology of Classical and Prescriptions of Chinese Veterinary, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xia Ma
| | - ZhenHuan Guo
- Medicinal Engineering Department, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunopharmacology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center for Inheritance and Innovation Technology of Classical and Prescriptions of Chinese Veterinary, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yana Li
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunopharmacology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center for Inheritance and Innovation Technology of Classical and Prescriptions of Chinese Veterinary, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Medicinal Engineering Department, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunopharmacology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center for Inheritance and Innovation Technology of Classical and Prescriptions of Chinese Veterinary, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianghui Li
- Medicinal Engineering Department, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunopharmacology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center for Inheritance and Innovation Technology of Classical and Prescriptions of Chinese Veterinary, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yonglu Liu
- Medicinal Engineering Department, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunopharmacology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center for Inheritance and Innovation Technology of Classical and Prescriptions of Chinese Veterinary, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy of Shandong Province, Binzhou, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Medicinal Engineering Department, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunopharmacology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center for Inheritance and Innovation Technology of Classical and Prescriptions of Chinese Veterinary, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunopharmacology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center for Inheritance and Innovation Technology of Classical and Prescriptions of Chinese Veterinary, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhiqiang Zhang
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Nanoalum adjuvanted vaccines: small details make a big difference. Semin Immunol 2021; 56:101544. [PMID: 34895823 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purified vaccine antigens offer important safety and reactogenicity advantages compared with live attenuated or whole killed virus and bacterial vaccines. However, they require the addition of adjuvants to induce the magnitude, duration and quality of immune response required to achieve protective immunity. Aluminium salts have been used as adjuvants in vaccines for almost a century. In the literature, they are often referred to as aluminium-based adjuvants (ABAs), or aluminium salt-containing adjuvants or more simply "alum". All these terms are used to group aluminium suspensions that are very different in terms of atomic composition, size, and shape. They differ also in stability, antigen-adsorption, and antigen-release kinetics. Critically, these parameters also have a profound effect on the character and magnitude of the immune response elicited. Recent findings suggest that, by reducing the size of aluminium from micro to nanometers, a more effective adjuvant is obtained, together with the ability to sterile filter the vaccine product. However, the behaviour of aluminium nanoparticles in vaccine formulations is different from microparticles, requiring specific formulation strategies, as well as a more detailed understanding of how formulation influences the immune response generated. Here we review the current state of art of aluminium nanoparticles as adjuvants, with a focus on their immunobiology, preparation methods, formulation optimisation and stabilisation.
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van den Biggelaar RHGA, Hoefnagel MHN, Vandebriel RJ, Sloots A, Hendriksen CFM, van Eden W, Rutten VPMG, Jansen CA. Overcoming scientific barriers in the transition from in vivo to non-animal batch testing of human and veterinary vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1221-1233. [PMID: 34550041 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1977628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Before release, vaccine batches are assessed for quality to evaluate whether they meet the product specifications. Vaccine batch tests, in particular of inactivated and toxoid vaccines, still largely rely on in vivo methods. Improved vaccine production processes, ethical concerns, and suboptimal performance of some in vivo tests have led to the development of in vitro alternatives. AREAS COVERED This review describes the scientific constraints that need to be overcome for replacement of in vivo batch tests, as well as potential solutions. Topics include the critical quality attributes of vaccines that require testing, the use of cell-based assays to mimic aspects of in vivo vaccine-induced immune responses, how difficulties with testing adjuvanted vaccines in vitro can be overcome, the use of altered batches to validate new in vitro test methods, and how cooperation between different stakeholders is key to moving the transition forward. EXPERT OPINION For safety testing, many in vitro alternatives are already available or at an advanced level of development. For potency testing, in vitro alternatives largely comprise immunochemical methods that assess several, but not all critical vaccine properties. One-to-one replacement by in vitro alternatives is not always possible and a combination of methods may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin H G A van den Biggelaar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob J Vandebriel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Sloots
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Willem van Eden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Nies I, Hidalgo K, Bondy SC, Campbell A. Distinctive cellular response to aluminum based adjuvants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 78:103404. [PMID: 32388105 PMCID: PMC7189866 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum-based adjuvants (ABAs) are used in human vaccines to enhance the magnitude of protective immune responses elicited against specific pathogens. One hypothesis is that stress signals released by aluminum-exposed necrotic cells play a role in modulating an immune response that contributes to the adjuvant's effectiveness. We hypothesized that aluminum adjuvant-induced necrosis would be similar irrespective of cellular origin or composition of the adjuvant. To test this hypothesis, human macrophages derived from peripheral monocytic cell line (THP-1) and cells derived from the human brain (primary astrocytes) were evaluated. Three commercially available formulations of ABAs (Alhydrogel, Imject alum, and Adju-Phos) were examined. Alum was also used as a reference. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species formation, and production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were quantified. Cells were exposed to different concentrations (10-100 μg/mL) of the adjuvants for 24 h or 72 h. The two FDA approved adjuvants (Alhydrogel and Adju-Phos) decreased cell viability in both cell types. At the 72 h time point, the decrease in viability was accompanied with increased ROS formation. The size of the aluminum agglomerates was not relatable to the changes observed. After exposure to ABAs, astrocytes and macrophages presented a distinct profile of cytokine secretion which may relate to the function and unique characteristics of each cell type. These variations indicate that aluminum adjuvants may have differing capability of activating cells of different origin and thus their utility in specific vaccine design should be carefully assessed for optimum efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Nies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Krisha Hidalgo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Stephen C Bondy
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Arezoo Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. McElwee
- Centre for Skin Sciences University of Bradford Bradford UK
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Antonella Tosti
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
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