1
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Kowkabany G, Bao Y. Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis: An Effective Tool to Characterize Extracellular Vesicles. Molecules 2024; 29:4672. [PMID: 39407601 PMCID: PMC11477862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29194672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles that have attracted much attention for their potential in disease diagnosis and therapy. However, the clinical translation is limited by the dosing consistency due to their heterogeneity. Among various characterization techniques, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) offers distinct benefits for EV characterization. In this review, we will discuss the NTA technique with a focus on factors affecting the results; then, we will review the two modes of the NTA techniques along with suitable applications in specific areas of EV studies. EVs are typically characterized by their size, size distribution, concentration, protein markers, and RNA cargos. The light-scattering mode of NTA offers accurate size, size distribution, and concentration information in solution, which is useful for comparing EV isolation methods, storage conditions, and EV secretion conditions. In contrast, fluorescent mode of NTA allows differentiating EV subgroups based on specific markers. The success of fluorescence NTA heavily relies on fluorescent tags (e.g., types of dyes and labeling methods). When EVs are labeled with disease-specific markers, fluorescence NTA offers an effective tool for disease detection in biological fluids, such as saliva, blood, and serum. Finally, we will discuss the limitations and future directions of the NTA technique in EV characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuping Bao
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA;
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2
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Saggu M, Bou-Assaf GM, Bucher R, Budyak IL, Buecheler J, Cao S, Groenning M, Khan E, Kwok SC, Minocha S, Pisupati K, Radhakrishnan V, Videbæk N, Yang DT, Zhang B, Narhi LO. Evaluating Clinical Safety and Analytical Impact of Subvisible Silicone Oil Particles in Biopharmaceutical Products. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1401-1414. [PMID: 38220088 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Silicone oil is a commonly used lubricant in pre-filled syringes (PFSs) and can migrate over time into solution in the form of silicone oil particles (SiOPs). The presence of these SiOPs can result in elevated subvisible particle counts in PFS drug products compared to other drug presentations such as vials or cartridges. Their presence in products presents analytical challenges as they complicate quantitation and characterization of other types of subvisible particles in solution. Previous studies have suggested that they can potentially act as adjuvant resulting in potential safety risks for patients. In this paper we present several analytical case studies describing the impact of the presence of SiOPs in biotherapeutics on the analysis of the drug as well as clinical case studies examining the effect of SiOPs on patient safety. The analytical case studies demonstrate that orthogonal techniques, especially flow imaging, can help differentiate SiOPs from other types of particulate matter. The clinical case studies showed no difference in the observed patient safety profile across multiple drugs, patient populations, and routes of administration, indicating that the presence of SiOPs does not impact patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Saggu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | | | - Reinhard Bucher
- Product Development Safety, Clinical Safety, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan L Budyak
- Biopharmaceutical Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Jakob Buecheler
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shawn Cao
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Minna Groenning
- CMC Biophysical Analysis, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Emon Khan
- Late Respiratory and Immunology, AstraZeneca, Academy House, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stanley C Kwok
- Dosage Form Design & Development, BioPharmaceuticals Development, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Shalini Minocha
- Injectable Drug Product Development, Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, 121 Seaport Blvd, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karthik Pisupati
- Biopharmaceutical Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Vinay Radhakrishnan
- Injectable Drug Product Development, Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, 121 Seaport Blvd, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicoline Videbæk
- Clinical Immunogenicity Analysis, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Dennis T Yang
- Biopharmaceutical Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Injectable Drug Product Development, Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, 121 Seaport Blvd, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Nagatoishi S, Toyoshima T, Furukawa K, Tsumoto K. Quantitative analysis of antibody aggregates by combination of pinched-flow fractionation and coulter method. Anal Biochem 2023; 681:115331. [PMID: 37774997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
For the pharmaceutical development of proteins, multiple methods of analysis are recommended for evaluating aggregation, and the development of more quantitative and simpler analytical techniques for subvisible particles is expected. This study introduces the Pinched-Flow Fractionation (PFF)-Coulter method, which combines the Pinched-flow fractionation (PFF) and Coulter methods to analyze the concentration of submicron-sized particles. The PFF method separates the particles by size. Separated particles were individually detected using the Coulter method. We have utilized the PFF-Coulter method to quantitatively analyze particle concentrations using standard particles, evaluate detection limits, variability, and correlation between theoretical and measured values, and analyze mixtures of different particle sizes. The PFF-Coulter method allows for quantitatively analyzing of particle sizes from 0.2 to 2.0 μm. The quantifiable weight concentration range was 2.5 × 10-2 - 50 μg/mL, and the number concentration range was 104-1010 particles/mL. The sample volume was small (<10 μL). The PFF-Coulter method is capable of quantitative analysis that complements data from conventional measurement techniques, and when used in conjunction with existing submicron-size particle analysis techniques, will enable more accurate particle analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Nagatoishi
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan; School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Toshinobu Toyoshima
- No.2 R&D / Bioscience Division, Tosoh Corporation, 2743-1, Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa, 253-1123, Japan
| | - Kotohiro Furukawa
- Life Science Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 2743-1, Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa, 253-1123, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan; School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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4
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Hu Z, Mi W, Ye C, Zhao Y, Cavicchi RE, Hang H, Li H. Global Analysis of Aggregation Profiles of Three Kinds of Immuno-Oncology mAb Drug Products Using Flow Cytometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4768-4775. [PMID: 36862732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurately quantifying the protein particles in both subvisible (1-100 μm) and submicron (≤1 μm) ranges remains a prominent challenge in the development and manufacturing of protein drugs. Due to the limitation of the sensitivity, resolution, or quantification level of various measurement systems, some instruments may not provide count information, while others can only count particles in a limited size range. Moreover, the reported concentrations of protein particles commonly have significant discrepancies owing to different methodological dynamic ranges and the detection efficiency of these analytical tools. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to accurately and comparably quantify protein particles within the desired size range at one time. To develop an efficient protein aggregation measurement method that can span the entire range of interest, we established, in this study, a single particle-sizing/counting method based on our highly sensitive lab-built flow cytometry (FCM) system. The performance of this method was assessed, and its capability of identifying and counting microspheres between 0.2 and 25 μm was demonstrated. It was also used to characterize and quantify both subvisible and submicron particles in three kinds of top-selling immuno-oncology antibody drugs and their lab-produced counterparts. These assessment and measurement results suggest that there may be a role for an enhanced FCM system as an efficient investigative tool for characterizing and learning the molecular aggregation behavior, stability, or safety risk of protein products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishang Hu
- National Institute of Metrology, No. 18, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Mi
- National Institute of Metrology, No. 18, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Drugs, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Drugs, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Richard E Cavicchi
- Bioprocess Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Haiying Hang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Drugs, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- National Institute of Metrology, No. 18, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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5
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Morar-Mitrica S, Pohl T, Theisen D, Boll B, Bechtold-Peters K, Schipflinger R, Beyer B, Zierow S, Kammüller M, Pribil A, Schmelzer B, Boehm S, Goetti M, Serno T. An Intra-Company Analysis of Inherent Particles in Biologicals Shapes the Protein Particle Mitigation Strategy Across Development Stages. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1476-1484. [PMID: 36731778 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To better understand protein aggregation and inherent particle formation in the biologics pipeline at Novartis, a cross-functional team collected and analyzed historical protein particle issues. Inherent particle occurrences from the past 10 years were systematically captured in a protein particle database. Where the root cause was identified, a number of product attributes (such as development stage, process step, or protein format) were trended. Several key themes were revealed: 1) there was a higher propensity for inherent particle formation with non-mAbs than with mAbs; 2) the majority of particles were detected following manufacturing at scale, and were not predicted by the small-scale studies; 3) most issues were related to visible particles, followed by subvisible particles; 4) 50% of the issues were manufacturing related. These learnings became the foundation of a particle mitigation strategy across development and technical transfer, and resulted in a set of preventive actions. Overall, this study provides further insight into a recognized industry challenge and hopes to inspire the biopharmaceutical industry to transparently share their experiences with inherent particles formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Pohl
- Biologics Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Beate Beyer
- Biologics Drug Substance Development, Sandoz, Schaftenau, Austria
| | - Swen Zierow
- Biologics Drug Substance Development, Sandoz, Schaftenau, Austria
| | - Michael Kammüller
- Translational Medicine - Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Pribil
- Global PAT & Statistics MS&T, Novartis, Schaftenau, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schmelzer
- Biologics Analytical Development Statistics and Modeling, Sandoz, Schaftenau, Austria
| | - Stephan Boehm
- Biologics Drug Product Development, Sandoz, Schaftenau, Austria
| | - Micheline Goetti
- Advanced Accelerator Applicator, a Novartis company, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tim Serno
- Biologics Drug Product Development, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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DeRose PC, Benkstein KD, Elsheikh EB, Gaigalas AK, Lehman SE, Ripple DC, Tian L, Vreeland WN, Welch EJ, York AW, Zhang YZ, Wang L. Number Concentration Measurements of Polystyrene Submicrometer Particles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3118. [PMID: 36144906 PMCID: PMC9501160 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The number of techniques to measure number concentrations and size distributions of submicrometer particles has recently increased. Submicrometer particle standards are needed to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of these techniques. The number concentrations of fluorescently labeled polystyrene submicrometer sphere suspensions with nominal 100 nm, 200 nm and 500 nm diameters were measured using seven different techniques. Diameter values were also measured where possible. The diameter values were found to agree within 20%, but the number concentration values differed by as much as a factor of two. Accuracy and reproducibility related with the different techniques are discussed with the goal of using number concentration standards for instrument calibration. Three of the techniques were used to determine SI-traceable number concentration values, and the three independent values were averaged to give consensus values. This consensus approach is proposed as a protocol for certifying SI-traceable number concentration standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. DeRose
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Kurt D. Benkstein
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Elzafir B. Elsheikh
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Adolfas K. Gaigalas
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Sean E. Lehman
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Dean C. Ripple
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Linhua Tian
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Wyatt N. Vreeland
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Eric J. Welch
- Protein and Cell Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eugene, OR 97402, USA
| | - Adam W. York
- Protein and Cell Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eugene, OR 97402, USA
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- Protein and Cell Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eugene, OR 97402, USA
| | - Lili Wang
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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7
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Benkstein KD, Balakrishnan G, Bhirde A, Chalus P, Das TK, Do N, Duewer DL, Filonov N, Cheong FC, Garidel P, Gill NS, Grabarek AD, Grier DG, Hadley J, Hollingsworth AD, Howard WW, Jarzębski M, Jiskoot W, Kar SR, Kestens V, Khasa H, Kim YJ, Koulov A, Matter A, Philips LA, Probst C, Ramaye Y, Randolph TW, Ripple DC, Romeijn S, Saggu M, Schleinzer F, Snell JR, Tatarkiewicz JK, Wright HA, Yang DT. An Interlaboratory Comparison on the Characterization of a Sub-micrometer Polydisperse Particle Dispersion. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:699-709. [PMID: 34808214 PMCID: PMC9912188 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of polydisperse protein aggregates and particles in biotherapeutics remains a challenge, especially for particles with diameters of ≈ 1 µm and below (sub-micrometer). This paper describes an interlaboratory comparison with the goal of assessing the measurement variability for the characterization of a sub-micrometer polydisperse particle dispersion composed of five sub-populations of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and silica beads. The study included 20 participating laboratories from industry, academia, and government, and a variety of state-of-the-art particle-counting instruments. The received datasets were organized by instrument class to enable comparison of intralaboratory and interlaboratory performance. The main findings included high variability between datasets from different laboratories, with coefficients of variation from 13 % to 189 %. Intralaboratory variability was, on average, 37 % of the interlaboratory variability for an instrument class and particle sub-population. Drop-offs at either end of the size range and poor agreement on maximum counts of particle sub-populations were noted. The mean distributions from an instrument class, however, showed the size-coverage range for that class. The study shows that a polydisperse sample can be used to assess performance capabilities of an instrument set-up (including hardware, software, and user settings) and provides guidance for the development of polydisperse reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt D Benkstein
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Gurusamy Balakrishnan
- Analytical Development and Attribute Science, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ashwinkumar Bhirde
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Pascal Chalus
- Lonza AG, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstrasse 60G, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tapan K Das
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Ngoc Do
- Spectradyne LLC, 23875 Madison St Suite A, Torrance CA 90505, USA
| | - David L Duewer
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Nazar Filonov
- AlphaNanoTech, Morrisville, NC 27709, USA; Particle Metrix, Inc., Mebane, NC 27302, USA
| | | | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Nicole S Gill
- Yokogawa Fluid Imaging Technologies, Inc. Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Adam D Grabarek
- Coriolis Pharma, Fraunhoferstrasse 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - David G Grier
- Department of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Judith Hadley
- Malvern Pananalytical, 117 Flanders Road Westborough, MA 01581, USA
| | - Andrew D Hollingsworth
- Department of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Wesley W Howard
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA
| | - Maciej Jarzębski
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sambit R Kar
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Vikram Kestens
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Harshit Khasa
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA
| | - Yoen Joo Kim
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, USA
| | - Atanas Koulov
- Lonza AG, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstrasse 60G, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Matter
- Lonza AG, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstrasse 60G, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Yannic Ramaye
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Dean C Ripple
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Stefan Romeijn
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Miguel Saggu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Franziska Schleinzer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Jared R Snell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | | | | | - Dennis T Yang
- Biopharmaceutical Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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8
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Cavicchi RE, Philips LA, Cheong FC, Ruffner DB, Kasimbeg P, Vreeland W. Distribution of Average Aggregate Density from Stir-stressed NISTmAb Protein. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1614-1624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Bou-Assaf GM, Budyak IL, Brenowitz M, Day ES, Hayes D, Hill J, Majumdar R, Ringhieri P, Schuck P, Lin JC. Best Practices for Aggregate Quantitation of Antibody Therapeutics by Sedimentation Velocity Analytical Ultracentrifugation. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2121-2133. [PMID: 34986360 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a critical analytical tool supporting the development and manufacture of protein therapeutics. AUC is routinely used as an assay orthogonal to size exclusion chromatography for aggregate quantitation. This article distills the experimental and analysis procedures used by the authors for sedimentation velocity AUC into a series of best-practices considerations. The goal of this distillation is to help harmonize aggregate quantitation approaches across the biopharmaceutical industry. We review key considerations for sample and instrument suitability, experimental design, and data analysis best practices and conversely, highlight potential pitfalls to accurate aggregate analysis. Our goal is to provide experienced users benchmarks against which they can standardize their analyses and to provide guidance for new AUC analysts that will aid them to become proficient in this fundamental technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan L Budyak
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Michael Brenowitz
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Eric S Day
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech a Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - David Hayes
- IntlSoSci, 23 Washington St., Gorham, NH 03581
| | - John Hill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Ranajoy Majumdar
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Paola Ringhieri
- Analytical Development Biotech Department, Merck Serono S.p.a, Guidonia, RM, Italy; an affiliate of Merck KGaA
| | - Peter Schuck
- Laboratory of Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jasper C Lin
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech a Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080.
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10
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Das TK, Chou DK, Jiskoot W, Arosio P. Nucleation in protein aggregation in biotherapeutic development: a look into the heart of the event. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:951-959. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Stelzl A, Grabarek A, Schneid S, Jiskoot W, Menzen T, Winter G. Comparison of submicron particle counting methods with a heat stressed monoclonal antibody: Effect of electrolytes and implications on sample preparation. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1992-1999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Narhi LO, Chou DK, Christian TR, Gibson S, Jagannathan B, Jiskoot W, Jordan S, Sreedhara A, Waxman L, Das TK. Stress Factors in Primary Packaging, Transportation and Handling of Protein Drug Products and Their Impact on Product Quality. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:887-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Particles in Biopharmaceutical Formulations, Part 2: An Update on Analytical Techniques and Applications for Therapeutic Proteins, Viruses, Vaccines and Cells. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:933-950. [PMID: 34919969 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Particles in biopharmaceutical formulations remain a hot topic in drug product development. With new product classes emerging it is crucial to discriminate particulate active pharmaceutical ingredients from particulate impurities. Technical improvements, new analytical developments and emerging tools (e.g., machine learning tools) increase the amount of information generated for particles. For a proper interpretation and judgment of the generated data a thorough understanding of the measurement principle, suitable application fields and potential limitations and pitfalls is required. Our review provides a comprehensive overview of novel particle analysis techniques emerging in the last decade for particulate impurities in therapeutic protein formulations (protein-related, excipient-related and primary packaging material-related), as well as particulate biopharmaceutical formulations (virus particles, virus-like particles, lipid nanoparticles and cell-based medicinal products). In addition, we review the literature on applications, describe specific analytical approaches and illustrate advantages and drawbacks of currently available techniques for particulate biopharmaceutical formulations.
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Shibata H, Harazono A, Kiyoshi M, Ishii-Watabe A. Quantitative Evaluation of Insoluble Particulate Matters in Therapeutic Protein Injections Using Light Obscuration and Flow Imaging Methods. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:648-654. [PMID: 34619153 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Flow imaging (FI) has emerged as a powerful tool to evaluate insoluble particles derived from protein aggregates as an orthogonal method to light obscuration (LO). However, few reports directly compare the FI and LO method in the size and number of protein particles in commercially available therapeutic protein injections. In this study, we measured the number of insoluble particles in several therapeutic protein injections using both FI and LO, and characterized these particles to compare the analytical performance of the methods. The particle counts measured using FI were much higher than those measured using LO, and the difference depended on the products or features of particles. Some products contained a large number of transparent and elongated particles, which could escape detection using LO. Our results also suggested that the LO method underestimates the size and number of silicone oil droplets in prefilled syringe products compared to the FI method. The count of particles ≥10 μm in size in one product measured using FI exceeded the criteria (6000 counts per container) defined in the compendial particulate matter test using the LO method. Thus precaution should be taken when setting the acceptance criteria of specification tests using the FI method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Shibata
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Akira Harazono
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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Plate Reader-Based Analytical Method for the Size Distribution of Submicron-Sized Protein Aggregates Using Three-Dimensional Homodyne Light Detection. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3803-3810. [PMID: 34425131 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of aggregates is essential in biopharmaceutical development. Although submicron-sized aggregates are considered to have a potential immunogenicity risk, analytical techniques are limited. In this study, we present a new analytical technique using three-dimensional homodyne light detection (3D-HLD). In this system, submicron-sized particles are quantified by combining the reflected light detection of each particle by high-speed 3D scan and then enhancing the amplitude of the reflected light using HLD. The particle concentrations and size distributions of human tetanus immune globulin (TIG) aggregates generated by stirring were measured using 3D-HLD. Both concentrations and distributions were comparable to those obtained via resonant mass measurement (RMM), a technique commonly used for submicron-sized particle measurement. Aiming at feasibility assessment of 3D-HLD for the high-through-put formulation development, 30 formulations of TIG and rituximab under agitation stress were analyzed by 3D-HLD. The results showed that 3D-HLD can automatically and simultaneously assess the aggregate concentrations and size distributions of at least 90 samples. This study demonstrates that 3D-HLD can be used for submicron-sized aggregate analysis as an orthogonal method to RMM and also as a screening tool during formulation development.
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Application of Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing for the Quantification of Submicron Particles in Pharmaceutical Monoclonal Antibody Preparations. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3541-3545. [PMID: 34303672 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS, qNano Gold, IZON Ltd.) was investigated as a method to quantify submicron particles (SMPs) between 0.1 and 1 µm in solutions of biopharmaceuticals. To reduce sample dilution, a spiking-in approach was used to add the appropriate amount of electrolytes required for the measurement. For correct particle quantification, an electrolyte concentration of at least 50 mM sodium chloride was needed. Intra- and inter-nanopore variability were below 5% for size and below 10% for concentration measurements when analyzing polystyrene standard beads. Submicron particle counts in a stir stressed IgG1 monoclonal antibody formulation resulted in a non-symmetrical, almost bell-shaped size distribution with a maximum at 250 nm when using a NP300 nanopore (IZON Ltd.). It was shown that particle counts are heavily underestimated below 250 nm, and therefore it is recommended to quantify particle counts by TRPS in samples with heterogeneous particle size distributions (e.g., biopharmaceuticals) only starting from the maximum of the histogram towards the upper limit of detection.
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Krause N, Kuhn S, Frotscher E, Nikels F, Hawe A, Garidel P, Menzen T. Oil-Immersion Flow Imaging Microscopy for Quantification and Morphological Characterization of Submicron Particles in Biopharmaceuticals. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:13. [PMID: 33398482 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Flow imaging microscopy (FIM) is widely used to analyze subvisible particles starting from 2 μm in biopharmaceuticals. Recently, an oil-immersion FIM system emerged, the FlowCam Nano, designed to enable the characterization of particle sizes even below 2 μm. The aim of our study was to evaluate oil-immersion FIM (by using FlowCam Nano) in comparison to microfluidic resistive pulse sensing and resonant mass measurement for sizing and counting of particles in the submicron range. Polystyrene beads, a heat-stressed monoclonal antibody formulation and a silicone oil emulsion, were measured to assess the performance on biopharmaceutical relevant samples, as well as the ability to distinguish particle types based on instrument-derived morphological parameters. The determination of particle sizes and morphologies suffers from inaccuracies due to a low image contrast of small particles and light-scattering effects. The ill-defined measured volume impairs an accurate concentration determination. Nevertheless, FlowCam Nano in its current design complements the limited toolbox of submicron particle analysis of biopharmaceuticals by providing particle images in a size range that was previously not accessible with commercial FIM instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Krause
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kuhn
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Erik Frotscher
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Felix Nikels
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Andrea Hawe
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Tim Menzen
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
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