1
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Kiyoshi M, Nakakido M, Rafique A, Tada M, Aoyama M, Terao Y, Nagatoishi S, Shibata H, Ide T, Tsumoto K, Ito Y, Ishii-Watabe A. Specific peptide conjugation to a therapeutic antibody leads to enhanced therapeutic potency and thermal stability by reduced Fc dynamics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16561. [PMID: 37783706 PMCID: PMC10545826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates are powerful tools for combatting a wide array of cancers. Drug conjugation to a therapeutic antibody often alters molecular characteristics, such as hydrophobicity and effector function, resulting in quality deterioration. To develop a drug conjugation methodology that maintains the molecular characteristics of the antibody, we engineered a specific peptide for conjugation to the Fc region. We used trastuzumab and the chelator (DOTA) as model antibody and payload, respectively. Interestingly, peptide/DOTA-conjugated trastuzumab exhibited enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and increased thermal stability. Detailed structural and thermodynamic analysis clarified that the conjugated peptide blocks the Fc dynamics like a "wedge." We revealed that (1) decreased molecular entropy results in enhanced ADCC, and (2) blockade of Fc denaturation results in increased thermal stability. Thus, we believe that our methodology is superior not only for drug conjugation but also as for reinforcing therapeutic antibodies to enhance ADCC and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Abdur Rafique
- Chemistry Program, Department of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michihiko Aoyama
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shibata
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ito
- Chemistry Program, Department of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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Shibata H, Terabe M, Shibano Y, Saitoh S, Takasugi T, Hayashi Y, Okabe S, Yamaguchi Y, Yasukawa H, Suetomo H, Miyanabe K, Ohbayashi N, Akimaru M, Saito S, Ito D, Nakano A, Kojima S, Miyahara Y, Sasaki K, Maruno T, Noda M, Kiyoshi M, Harazono A, Torisu T, Uchiyama S, Ishii-Watabe A. A Collaborative Study on the Classification of Silicone Oil Droplets and Protein Particles Using Flow Imaging Method. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2745-2757. [PMID: 35839866 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we conducted a collaborative study on the classification between silicone oil droplets and protein particles detected using the flow imaging (FI) method toward proposing a standardized classifier/model. We compared four approaches, including a classification filter composed of particle characteristic parameters, principal component analysis, decision tree, and convolutional neural network in the performance of the developed classifier/model. Finally, the points to be considered were summarized for measurement using the FI method, and for establishing the classifier/model using machine learning to differentiate silicone oil droplets and protein particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Shibata
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Terabe
- Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Analytical Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 5-1 Ukima, 5-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8543 Japan
| | - Yuriko Shibano
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Saitoh
- Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Analytical Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 5-1 Ukima, 5-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8543 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takasugi
- Analytical Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Technology, Astellas Pharma. Inc., 5-2-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2698, Japan
| | - Yu Hayashi
- Analytical Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Technology, Astellas Pharma. Inc., 5-2-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2698, Japan
| | - Shinji Okabe
- Research Division, CMC Development Research, Formulation Research Unit, Formulation Development, JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 2-2-9 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2241, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamaguchi
- Research Division, CMC Development Research, Formulation Research Unit, Formulation Development, JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 2-2-9 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2241, Japan
| | - Hidehito Yasukawa
- Research Division, CMC Development Research, Formulation Research Unit, Formulation Development, JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 2-2-9 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2241, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suetomo
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1, Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0013, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Miyanabe
- CMC Regulatory and Analytical R&D., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-1, Sakurai 3-chome, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka, 618-8585, Japan
| | - Naomi Ohbayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Formulation Research Lab., Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., 788 Kayama, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0852, Japan
| | - Michiko Akimaru
- Analytical & Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-12-1, Shinomiya, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 254-0014, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Saito
- Analytical & Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-12-1, Shinomiya, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 254-0014, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Japan Blood Products Organization, 1007-31 Izumisawa, Chitose, Hokkaido, 066-8610, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakano
- Japan Blood Products Organization, 1007-31 Izumisawa, Chitose, Hokkaido, 066-8610, Japan
| | - Shota Kojima
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 342 Gensuke, Fujieda, Shizuoka, 426-8640, Japan
| | - Yuya Miyahara
- CMC Modality Technology Laboratories, Production Technology & Supply Chain Management Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 7473-2, Onoda, Sanyoonoda-shi, Yamaguchi, 756-0054 Japan
| | - Kenji Sasaki
- CMC Modality Technology Laboratories, Production Technology & Supply Chain Management Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 7473-2, Onoda, Sanyoonoda-shi, Yamaguchi, 756-0054 Japan
| | | | - Masanori Noda
- U-Medico Inc., 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akira Harazono
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Torisu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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3
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Kosuge H, Nagatoishi S, Kiyoshi M, Ishii-Watabe A, Terao Y, Ide T, Tsumoto K. Biophysical Characterization of the Contribution of the Fab Region to the IgG-FcγRIIIa Interaction. Biochemistry 2022; 62:262-269. [PMID: 35605982 PMCID: PMC9850916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The cell-surface receptor FcγRIIIa is crucial to the efficacy of therapeutic antibodies as well as the immune response. The interaction of the Fc region of IgG molecules with FcγRIIIa has been characterized, but until recently, it was thought that the Fab regions were not involved in the interaction. To evaluate the influence of the Fab regions in a biophysical context, we carried out surface plasmon resonance analyses using recombinant FcγRIIIa ligands. A van't Hoff analysis revealed that compared to the interaction of the papain-digested Fc fragment with FcγRIIIa, the interaction of commercially available, full-length rituximab with FcγRIIIa had a more favorable binding enthalpy, a less favorable binding entropy, and a slower off rate. Similar results were obtained from analyses of IgG1 molecules and an IgG1-Fc fragment produced by Expi293 cells. For further validation, we also prepared a maltose-binding protein-linked IgG1-Fc fragment (MBP-Fc). The binding enthalpy of MBP-Fc was nearly equal to that of the IgG1-Fc fragment for the interaction with FcγRIIIa, indicating that such alternatives to the Fab domains as MBP do not positively contribute to the IgG-FcγRIIIa interactions. Our investigation strongly suggests that the Fab region directly interacts with FcγRIIIa, resulting in an increase in the binding enthalpy and a decrease in the dissociation rate, at the expense of favorable binding entropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kosuge
- School
of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The
Institute of Medical Science, The University
of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan,Center
for Drug Design Research, National Institutes
of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki
City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan,
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- Division
of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division
of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Terao
- Tosoh
Corporation, 2743-1, Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Ide
- Tosoh
Corporation, 2743-1, Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- School
of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan,The
Institute of Medical Science, The University
of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan,Center
for Drug Design Research, National Institutes
of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki
City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan,
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4
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Shibata H, Harazono A, Kiyoshi M, Ishii-Watabe A. Quantitative Evaluation of Insoluble Particulate Matters in Therapeutic Protein Injections Using Light Obscuration and Flow Imaging Methods. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:648-654. [PMID: 34619153 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Flow imaging (FI) has emerged as a powerful tool to evaluate insoluble particles derived from protein aggregates as an orthogonal method to light obscuration (LO). However, few reports directly compare the FI and LO method in the size and number of protein particles in commercially available therapeutic protein injections. In this study, we measured the number of insoluble particles in several therapeutic protein injections using both FI and LO, and characterized these particles to compare the analytical performance of the methods. The particle counts measured using FI were much higher than those measured using LO, and the difference depended on the products or features of particles. Some products contained a large number of transparent and elongated particles, which could escape detection using LO. Our results also suggested that the LO method underestimates the size and number of silicone oil droplets in prefilled syringe products compared to the FI method. The count of particles ≥10 μm in size in one product measured using FI exceeded the criteria (6000 counts per container) defined in the compendial particulate matter test using the LO method. Thus precaution should be taken when setting the acceptance criteria of specification tests using the FI method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Shibata
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Akira Harazono
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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5
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Nakamura H, Kiyoshi M, Anraku M, Hashii N, Oda-Ueda N, Ueda T, Ohkuri T. Glycosylation decreases aggregation and immunogenicity of adalimumab Fab secreted from Pichia pastoris. J Biochem 2021; 169:435-443. [PMID: 33107910 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoengineering of therapeutic proteins has been applied to improve the clinical efficacy of several therapeutics. Here, we examined the effect of glycosylation on the properties of the Fab of the therapeutic antibody, adalimumab. An N-glycosylation site was introduced at position 178 of the H chain constant region of adalimumab Fab through site-directed mutagenesis (H:L178N Fab), and the H:L178N Fab was produced in Pichia pastoris. Expressed mutant Fab contained long and short glycan chains (L-glyco Fab and S-glyco Fab, respectively). Under the condition of aggregation of Fab upon pH shift-induced stress, both of L-glyco Fab and S-glyco Fab were less prone to aggregation, with L-glyco Fab suppressing aggregation more effectively than the S-glyco Fab. Moreover, the comparison of the antigenicity of glycosylated and wild-type Fabs in mice revealed that glycosylation resulted in the suppression of antigenicity. Analysis of the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the Fab, L-glyco Fab and S-glyco Fab indicated that the half-lives of glycosylated Fabs in the rats were shorter than that of wild-type Fab, with L-glyco Fab having a shorter half-life than S-glyco Fab. Thus, we demonstrated that the glycan chain influences Fab aggregation and immunogenicity, and glycosylation reduces the elimination half-life in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Makoto Anraku
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hashii
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Naoko Oda-Ueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ueda
- Department of Protein Structure, Function and Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ohkuri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
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6
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Kiyoshi M, Tatematsu KI, Tada M, Sezutsu H, Shibata H, Ishii-Watabe A. Structural insight and stability of TNFR-Fc fusion protein (Etanercept) produced by using transgenic silkworms. J Biochem 2021; 169:25-33. [PMID: 32766842 PMCID: PMC7868081 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins expressed using transgenic animals have been of great interest for several years. Especially, transgenic silkworm has been studied intensively because of its ease in handling, low-cost, high-yield and unique glycosylation patterns. However, the physicochemical property of the therapeutic protein expressed in transgenic silkworm remains elusive. Here, we constructed an expression system for the TNFR-Fc fusion protein (Etanercept) using transgenic silkworm. The TNFR-Fc fusion protein was employed to N-glycan analysis, which revealed an increased amount of afucosylated protein. Evidence from surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that the TNFR-Fc fusion protein exhibit increased binding affinity for Fcγ receptor IIIa and FcRn compared to the commercial Etanercept, emphasizing the profit of expression system using transgenic silkworm. We have further discussed the comparison of higher order structure, thermal stability and aggregation of the TNFR-Fc fusion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tatematsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shibata
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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7
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Kiyoshi M, Tada M, Shibata H, Aoyama M, Ishii-Watabe A. Characterization of Aggregated Antibody-Silicone Oil Complexes: From Perspectives of Morphology, 3D Image, and Fcγ Receptor Activation. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1189-1196. [PMID: 33069712 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pre-filled syringes (PFS) have been in widespread use as an administration device for therapeutic antibodies in recent decades. Generally, the inner barrel and syringe of PFS are coated with silicone oil (SO) for lubrication. Multiple studies have focused on the fact that the SO adsorbs denatured antibody molecules, and induces antibody aggregation. Aggregated antibodies are recognized as a potential risk for evoking immunogenic responses in patients. The characteristics of the aggregated antibody-SO complexes, including their concentration, population, shape, three-dimensional (3D) image, and Fcγ Receptors (FcγRs) activation have been obscurely acknowledged so far. In the present work, we prepared aggregated antibody-SO complexes by agitation and analyzed using multifaceted techniques such as flow imaging, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and cell-based assays for FcγRs activation. The results emphasized that the SO accelerates the increase in sub-visible particles and antibody aggregation. The confocal fluorescence microscopy analysis revealed the high-resolution 3D images of aggregated antibody-SO complexes. The FcγRs reporter cell assay clarified that the pre-mixed and agitated Ab + SO have higher FcγRs activation capability compared to the agitated Ab. Overall, this study advances the view that SO has an effect to increase the risk of agitation-induced aggregated antibody particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shibata
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Michihiko Aoyama
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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8
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Kosuge H, Nagatoishi S, Kiyoshi M, Ishii-Watabe A, Tanaka T, Terao Y, Oe S, Ide T, Tsumoto K. Highly sensitive HPLC analysis and biophysical characterization of N-glycans of IgG-Fc domain in comparison between CHO and 293 cells using FcγRIIIa ligand. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3016. [PMID: 32390308 PMCID: PMC7757244 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Quality control of monoclonal antibodies is challenging due in part to the diversity of post‐translational modifications present. The regulation of the N‐glycans of IgG‐Fc domain is one of the key factors to maintain the safety and efficacy of antibody drugs. The FcγRIIIa affinity column is an attractive tool for the precise analysis of the N‐glycans in IgG‐Fc domain. We used the mutant FcγRIIIa, which is produced in Escherichia coli and is therefore not glycosylated, as an affinity reagent to analyze the N‐glycans of monoclonal antibodies expressed in Expi293 and ExpiCHO cells. The monoclonal antibodies expressed in these cells showed very different chromatograms, because of differences in terminal galactose residues on the IgG‐Fc domains. We also carried out kinetic and thermodynamic analyses to understand the interaction between monoclonal antibodies and the mutant FcγRIIIa. Expi293 cell‐derived monoclonal antibodies had higher affinity for the mutant FcγRIIIa than those derived from ExpiCHO cells, due to slower off rates and lower binding entropy loss. Collectively, our results suggest that the FcγRIIIa column can be used to analyze the glycosylation of antibodies rapidly and specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kosuge
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Seigo Oe
- Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Ishii-Watabe A, Shibata H, Suetomo H, Ikeda Y, Telikepalli S, Kiyoshi M, Hayashi Y, Muto T, Tanaka Y, Ueda S, Iwura T, Saitoh S, Aoyama M, Harazono A, Hyuga M, Goda Y, Torisu T, Uchiyama S. Recent Achievements and Current Interests in Research on the Characterization and Quality Control of Biopharmaceuticals in Japan. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1652-1661. [PMID: 31927040 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As reported in the previous commentary (Ishii-Watabe et al., J Pharm Sci 2017), the Japanese biopharmaceutical research group is promoting collaborative multilaboratory studies to evaluate and standardize new methodologies for biopharmaceutical characterization and quality control. We have conducted the studies and held 2 annual meetings in 2018 and 2019. At the 2018 meeting, Dr. Rukman DeSilva of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Dr. Srivalli Telikepalli of the National Institute of Standards and Technology participated as guest speakers. At the 2019 meeting, we invited Prof. John Carpenter of the University of Colorado, Prof. Gerhard Winter and Prof. Wolfgang Friess of Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, and Dr. Tim Menzen of Coriolis Pharma Research, as guest commentators. In both meetings, the main research topic was strategies for the characterization and control of protein aggregates/subvisible particles in drug products. Specifically, the use of the light obscuration method for insoluble particulate matter testing with reduced injection volumes, and a comparison of analytical performance between flow imaging and light obscuration were discussed. Other topics addressed included host cell protein analysis, bioassay, and quality control strategies. In this commentary, the recent achievements of the research group, meeting discussions, and future perspectives are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Shibata
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suetomo
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1, Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0013, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ikeda
- Quality Development Department, Chugai Pharma Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 5-5-1, Ukima, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8543, Japan
| | | | - Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yu Hayashi
- Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 5-2-3, Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2698, Japan
| | - Takashi Muto
- Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 5-2-3, Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2698, Japan
| | - Yukako Tanaka
- Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 5-2-3, Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2698, Japan
| | - Satomi Ueda
- Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 5-2-3, Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2698, Japan
| | - Takafumi Iwura
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1, Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0013, Japan
| | - Satoshi Saitoh
- Quality Development Department, Chugai Pharma Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 5-5-1, Ukima, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8543, Japan
| | - Michihiko Aoyama
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akira Harazono
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Masashi Hyuga
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Torisu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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10
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Aoyama M, Hashii N, Tsukimura W, Osumi K, Harazono A, Tada M, Kiyoshi M, Matsuda A, Ishii-Watabe A. Effects of terminal galactose residues in mannose α1-6 arm of Fc-glycan on the effector functions of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2019; 11:826-836. [PMID: 30990348 PMCID: PMC6601563 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1608143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical crystallizable fragment (Fc) glycans attached to the CH2 domain in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are core-fucosylated and asialo-biantennary complex-type glycans, e.g., G2F (full galactosylation), G1aF (terminal galactosylation on the Man α1-6 arm), G1bF (terminal galactosylation on the Man α1-3 arm), and G0F (non-galactosylation). Terminal galactose (Gal) residues of Fc-glycans are known to influence effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), but the impact of the G1F isomers (G1aF and G1bF) on the effector functions has not been reported. Here, we prepared four types of glycoengineered anti-CD20 mAbs bearing homogeneous G2F, G1aF, G1bF, or G0F (G2F mAb, G1aF mAb, G1bF mAb, or G0F mAb, respectively), and evaluated their biological activities. Interestingly, G1aF mAb showed higher C1q- and FcγR-binding activities, CDC activity, and FcγR-activation property than G1bF mAb. The activities of G1aF mAb and G1bF mAb were at the same level as G2F mAb and G0F mAb, respectively. Hydrogen–deuterium exchange/mass spectrometry analysis of dynamic structures of mAbs revealed the greater involvement of the terminal Gal residue on the Man α1-6 arm in the structural stability of the CH2 domain. Considering that mAbs interact with FcγR and C1q via their hinge proximal region in the CH2 domain, the structural stabilization of the CH2 domain by the terminal Gal residue on the Man α1-6 arm of Fc-glycans may be important for the effector functions of mAbs. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the impact of G1F isomers on the effector functions and dynamic structure of mAbs. Abbreviations: ABC, ammonium bicarbonate solution; ACN, acetonitrile; ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; C1q, complement component 1q; CDC, complement-dependent cytotoxicity; CQA, critical quality attribute; Endo, endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase; FA, formic acid; Fc, crystallizable fragment; FcγR, Fcγ receptors; Fuc, fucose; Gal, galactose; GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine; GST, glutathione S-transferase; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HDX, hydrogen–deuterium exchange; HILIC, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography; HLB-SPE, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance–solid-phase extraction; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; mAb, monoclonal antibody; Man, mannose; MS, mass spectrometry; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; SGP, hen egg yolk sialylglycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Aoyama
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Noritaka Hashii
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | | | | | - Akira Harazono
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | | | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- a Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
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11
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Kiyoshi M, Tsumoto K, Ishii-Watabe A, Caaveiro JMM. Glycosylation of IgG-Fc: a molecular perspective. Int Immunol 2018; 29:311-317. [PMID: 28655198 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies of the IgG class carry a pair of oligosaccharides (N-glycans) in the Fc region. The importance of the N-glycan is clearly demonstrated by its profound effect in the physicochemical and biological properties of antibodies. The term 'glycoengineering' has been coined to describe contemporary strategies to improve the performance of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies on the basis of modifications in the structure and composition of the N-glycan. These methodologies have resulted in the approval and commercialization of a new generation of antibodies with improved therapeutic efficacy. So far, these advances have been driven by herculean efforts in a process of trial-and-error. The collective work of researchers in this field is progressively revealing the molecular basis of N-glycans for the function of antibodies. This knowledge will ultimately be conducive to the application of rational approaches for the successful manipulation of antibodies using glycoengineering strategies. Herein, we review advances in our understanding of the role of the N-glycan in the structural and dynamic integrity, and biological activity, of antibodies. Since the N-glycan has a multifaceted effect in antibodies, in this review we have emphasized the importance of integrating various techniques that address this problem from multiple points of view. In particular, the combination of X-ray crystallography with nuclear magnetic resonance, molecular dynamics simulations and biophysical approaches based on thermodynamic principles, has emerged as a powerful combination that is deepened our understanding of this unique system with critical implications for human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic Optimization, Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Jose M M Caaveiro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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12
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Egashira Y, Nagatoishi S, Kiyoshi M, Ishii-Watabe A, Tsumoto K. Characterization of glycoengineered anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies produced by using a silkworm–baculovirus expression system. J Biochem 2018; 163:481-488. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Egashira
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Protein Development Center, Sysmex Corporation, Sayama, Saitama 350-1332, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. M. Caaveiro
- Department of Bioengineering; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- Department of Bioengineering; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals; National Institute of Health Sciences; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering; School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
- Institute of Medical Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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14
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Kiyoshi M, Caaveiro JMM, Miura E, Nagatoishi S, Nakakido M, Soga S, Shirai H, Kawabata S, Tsumoto K. Affinity improvement of a therapeutic antibody by structure-based computational design: generation of electrostatic interactions in the transition state stabilizes the antibody-antigen complex. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87099. [PMID: 24475232 PMCID: PMC3903617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimization of antibodies is a desirable goal towards the development of better therapeutic strategies. The antibody 11K2 was previously developed as a therapeutic tool for inflammatory diseases, and displays very high affinity (4.6 pM) for its antigen the chemokine MCP-1 (monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1). We have employed a virtual library of mutations of 11K2 to identify antibody variants of potentially higher affinity, and to establish benchmarks in the engineering of a mature therapeutic antibody. The most promising candidates identified in the virtual screening were examined by surface plasmon resonance to validate the computational predictions, and to characterize their binding affinity and key thermodynamic properties in detail. Only mutations in the light-chain of the antibody are effective at enhancing its affinity for the antigen in vitro, suggesting that the interaction surface of the heavy-chain (dominated by the hot-spot residue Phe101) is not amenable to optimization. The single-mutation with the highest affinity is L-N31R (4.6-fold higher affinity than wild-type antibody). Importantly, all the single-mutations showing increase affinity incorporate a charged residue (Arg, Asp, or Glu). The characterization of the relevant thermodynamic parameters clarifies the energetic mechanism. Essentially, the formation of new electrostatic interactions early in the binding reaction coordinate (transition state or earlier) benefits the durability of the antibody-antigen complex. The combination of in silico calculations and thermodynamic analysis is an effective strategy to improve the affinity of a matured therapeutic antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kiyoshi
- Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jose M. M. Caaveiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Miura
- Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Soga
- Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shirai
- Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawabata
- Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Matsunaga R, Abe R, Ishii D, Watanabe SI, Kiyoshi M, Nöcker B, Tsuchiya M, Tsumoto K. Bidirectional binding property of high glycine-tyrosine keratin-associated protein contributes to the mechanical strength and shape of hair. J Struct Biol 2013; 183:484-494. [PMID: 23791804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since their first finding in wool 50years ago, keratin-associated proteins (KAPs), which are classified into three groups; high sulfur (HS) KAPs, ultra high sulfur (UHS) KAPs, and high glycine-tyrosine (HGT) KAPs, have been the target of curiosity for scientists due to their characteristic amino acid sequences. While HS and UHS KAPs are known to function in disulfide bond crosslinking, the function of HGT KAPs remains unknown. To clarify the function as well as the binding partners of HGT KAPs, we prepared KAP8.1 and other KAP family proteins, the trichocyte intermediate filament proteins (IFP) K85 and K35, the head domain of K85, and the C subdomain of desmoplakin C-terminus (DPCT-C) and investigated the interactions between them in vitro. Western blot analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) indicate that KAP8.1 binds to the head domain of K85, which is helically aligned around the axis of the intermediate filament (IF). From these results and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of bundled filament complex in vitro, we propose that the helical arrangement of IFs found in the orthocortex, which is uniquely distributed on the convex fiber side of the hair, is regulated by KAP8.1. Structure-dependent binding of DPCT-C to trichocyte IFP was confirmed by Western blotting, ITC, and circular dichroism. Moreover, DPCT-C also binds to some HGT KAPs. It is probable that such bidirectional binding property of HGT KAPs contribute to the mechanical robustness of hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsunaga
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ryota Abe
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ishii
- Beauty Research, R&D, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Watanabe
- Beauty Research, R&D, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Bernd Nöcker
- Beauty Research, R&D, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan
| | - Masaru Tsuchiya
- Beauty Research, R&D, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan.
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Abstract
The DCA (Drug Control Authority), Malaysia implemented the phase 3 registration of traditional medicines on 1 January 1992 with special emphasis on the quality, efficacy and safety (including the presence of heavy metals) in all pharmaceutical dosage forms of traditional medicinal preparations. As such, a total of 100 traditional medicinal preparations, containing Smilax myosotiflora, in various pharmaceutical dosage forms, which were bought in the Malaysian market, were analysed for lead content using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed that 15% of the products analysed possessed 10.23-23.05 ppm of lead, and therefore, do not comply with the quality requirement for traditional medicines in Malaysia. The quality requirement for traditional medicines in Malaysia is that they should not exceed 10 ppm of lead. Out of these 15 products, five products exhibited 10.23-23.05 ppm of lead, in fact they have already been registered with the DCA Malaysia. However, the rest of the products, which possessed 12.24-20.72 ppm of lead, have still not been registered with the DCA Malaysia. Although this study successfully showed that only 85% of the products complied with the quality requirement for traditional medicines in Malaysia pertaining to lead, they cannot, however, be assumed to be safe from lead contamination because of batch-to-batch inconsistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Ang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang.
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