1
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Moll F, Bechtold-Peters K, Friess W. The silicone depletion in combination products induced by biologics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 203:114418. [PMID: 39079589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Silicone oil (SO) migration into the drug product of combination products for biopharmaceuticals during storage is a common challenge. As the inner barrel surface is depleted of SO the extrusion forces can increase compromising the container functionality. In this context we investigated the impact of different formulations on the increase in gliding forces in a spray-on siliconized pre-filled syringe upon storage at 2-8 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C for up to 6 months. We tested the formulation factors such as surfactant type, pH, and ionic strength in the presence of one monoclonal antibody (mAb) as well as compared three mAbs in one formulation. After 1 month at 40 °C, the extrusion forces were significantly increased due to SO detachment dependent on the fill medium. The storage at 40 °C enhanced the SO migration process but it could also be observed at lower storage temperatures. Regarding the formulation factors the tendency for SO migration was predominantly dependent on the presence and type of surfactant. Interestingly, when varying the mAb molecules, one of the proteins showed a rather stabilizing effect on the SO layer resulting into higher container stability. In contrast to the formulation factors, those different stability outcomes could not be explained by interfacial tension (IFT) measurements at the SO interface. Further characterization of the mAb molecules regarding interfacial rheology and conformational stability were not adequately able to explain the observed difference. Solely a hydrophobicity ranking of the molecules correlated to the stability outcome. Further investigations are needed to clarify the role of the protein in the SO detachment process and to understand the cause for the stabilization. However, the study clearly demonstrated that the protein itself plays a critical role in the SO detachment process and underlined the importance to include verum for container stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Moll
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Friess
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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2
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Roy I, Wuchner K, Stahl P, Tran T, Yaragudi N. A comparison of Polysorbates and Alternative Surfactants for Interfacial Stress Protection and Mitigation of Fatty Acid Particle Formation in the Presence of an Esterase. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:2688-2698. [PMID: 39009347 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The hydrolysis of polysorbate surfactants in large molecule drug product formulations caused by residual host cell proteins presents numerous stability concerns for pharmaceuticals. The fatty acids (FA) released by polysorbate hydrolysis can nucleate into particulates or challenge the conformational stability of the proteinaceous active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The loss of intact polysorbate may also leave the Drug Product (DP) vulnerable to interfacial stresses. Polysorbate 20 and 80 are available in several different quality grades (Multi-compendial, Super Refined, Pure Lauric Acid (PLA)/Pure Oleic Acid (POA)). All variations of polysorbate as well as three alternative surfactants: Brij L23, Brij O20 and Poloxamer 188 were compared for their ability to protect against air-water interfacial stresses as well as their risk for developing particulates when in the presence of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (Pseudomonas). Results show a meaningful difference in the timing and morphology of FA particle formation depending on the type of polysorbate used. All grades of polysorbate, while susceptible to hydrolysis, still offered sufficient protection to interfacial stresses, even when hydrolyzed to concentrations as low as 0.005 % (w/v). Alternative surfactants that lack an ester bond were resistant to lipase degradation and showed good protection against shaking stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Roy
- Drug Product Development, BioTherapeutics Development and Supply, Janssen Research & Development, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
| | - Klaus Wuchner
- Analytical Development, BioTherapeutics Development and Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Hochstrasse 201, Schaffhausen 8200, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Stahl
- Drug Product Development, BioTherapeutics Development and Supply, Janssen Research & Development, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Tuan Tran
- Analytical Development, BioTherapeutics Development and Supply, Janssen Research & Development, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Naveen Yaragudi
- Drug Product Development, BioTherapeutics Development and Supply, Janssen Research & Development, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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3
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Lou H, Wu Y, Kuczera K, Schöneich C. Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Heterogeneous Polysorbate 80 Surfactants and their Interactions with Small Molecules and Proteins. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 39208298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Polysorbate 80 (PS80) is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations, and its commercial grades exhibit certain levels of structural heterogeneity. The objective of this study was to apply coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to better understand the effect of PS80 heterogeneity on micelle self-assembly, the loading of hydrophobic small molecules into the micelle core, and the interactions between PS80 and a protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA). Four representative PS80 variants with different head and tail structures were studied. Our simulations found that PS80 structural heterogeneity could affect blank micelle properties such as solvent-accessible surface area, aggregation number, and micelle aspect ratio. It was also found that hydrophobic small molecules such as ethinyl estradiol preferentially partitioned into the PS80 micelle core and PS80 dioleates formed a more hydrophobic core compared to PS80 monooleates. Furthermore, multiple PS80 molecules could bind to BSA, and PS80 heterogeneity profoundly changed the binding ratio as well as the surfactant-protein contact area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Yaqi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Krzysztof Kuczera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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4
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Pepin X, Arora S, Borges L, Cano-Vega M, Carducci T, Chatterjee P, Chen G, Cristofoletti R, Dallmann A, Delvadia P, Dressman J, Fotaki N, Gray E, Heimbach T, Holte Ø, Kijima S, Kotzagiorgis E, Lennernäs H, Lindahl A, Loebenberg R, Mackie C, Malamatari M, McAllister M, Mitra A, Moody R, Mudie D, Musuamba Tshinanu F, Polli JE, Rege B, Ren X, Rullo G, Scherholz M, Song I, Stillhart C, Suarez-Sharp S, Tannergren C, Tsakalozou E, Veerasingham S, Wagner C, Seo P. Parameterization of Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Models: Workshop Summary Report. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3697-3731. [PMID: 38946085 PMCID: PMC11304397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
This Article shares the proceedings from the August 29th, 2023 (day 1) workshop "Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM) Best Practices for Drug Product Quality: Regulatory and Industry Perspectives". The focus of the day was on model parametrization; regulatory authorities from Canada, the USA, Sweden, Belgium, and Norway presented their views on PBBM case studies submitted by industry members of the IQ consortium. The presentations shared key questions raised by regulators during the mock exercise, regarding the PBBM input parameters and their justification. These presentations also shed light on the regulatory assessment processes, content, and format requirements for future PBBM regulatory submissions. In addition, the day 1 breakout presentations and discussions gave the opportunity to share best practices around key questions faced by scientists when parametrizing PBBMs. Key questions included measurement and integration of drug substance solubility for crystalline vs amorphous drugs; impact of excipients on apparent drug solubility/supersaturation; modeling of acid-base reactions at the surface of the dissolving drug; choice of dissolution methods according to the formulation and drug properties with a view to predict the in vivo performance; mechanistic modeling of in vitro product dissolution data to predict in vivo dissolution for various patient populations/species; best practices for characterization of drug precipitation from simple or complex formulations and integration of the data in PBBM; incorporation of drug permeability into PBBM for various routes of uptake and prediction of permeability along the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Pepin
- Regulatory
Affairs, Simulations Plus Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California 93534-7059, United States
| | - Sumit Arora
- Janssen
Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luiza Borges
- ANVISA, SIA Trecho 5́, Guara, Brasília, Federal District 71205-050, Brazil
| | - Mario Cano-Vega
- Drug
Product Technologies, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United
States
| | - Tessa Carducci
- Analytical
Commercialization Technology, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Parnali Chatterjee
- Office
of
Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United
States
| | - Grace Chen
- Takeda
Development Center Americas Inc., 300 Shire Way, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- College
of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Rd., Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - André Dallmann
- Bayer
HealthCare SAS, 59000 Lille, France, on behalf of Bayer
AG, Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Systems Pharmacology
& Medicine, PBPK, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Poonam Delvadia
- Office
of Translational Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP), Center
for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United States
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Gray
- Office
of
Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United
States
| | - Tycho Heimbach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Øyvind Holte
- Norwegian Medical Products Agency, Oslo 0213, Norway
| | - Shinichi Kijima
- Office
of New Drug V, Pharmaceuticals and Medical
Devices Agency (PMDA), Tokyo 100-0013, Japan
| | - Evangelos Kotzagiorgis
- European Medicines Agency (EMA), Domenico Scarlattilaan 6, Amsterdam 1083 HS, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Translational
Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 05, Sweden
| | | | - Raimar Loebenberg
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmontonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Claire Mackie
- Janssen
Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Maria Malamatari
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, 10 S Colonnade, London SW1W 9SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark McAllister
- Global
Biopharmaceutics, Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Amitava Mitra
- Clinical
Pharmacology, Kura Oncology Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Rebecca Moody
- Office
of
Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United
States
| | - Deanna Mudie
- Global
Research and Development, Small Molecules, Lonza, 63045 NE Corporate
Pl., Bend, Oregon 97701, United States
| | - Flora Musuamba Tshinanu
- Belgian Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products, Galileelaan 5/03, Brussel 1210, Belgium
| | - James E. Polli
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Bhagwant Rege
- Office
of
Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
(CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United
States
| | - Xiaojun Ren
- PK
Sciences/Translational Medicine, BioMedical Research, Novartis, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Gregory Rullo
- Regulatory
CMC, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Megerle Scherholz
- Pharmaceutical
Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ivy Song
- Takeda
Development Center Americas Inc., 300 Shire Way, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical
R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Suarez-Sharp
- Regulatory
Affairs, Simulations Plus Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California 93534-7059, United States
| | - Christer Tannergren
- Biopharmaceutics
Science, New Modalities & Parenteral Product Development, Pharmaceutical
Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 50, Sweden
| | - Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Division
of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards,
Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United
States
| | - Shereeni Veerasingham
- Pharmaceutical
Drugs Directorate (PDD), Health Canada, 1600 Scott St., Ottawa K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Christian Wagner
- Global
Drug Product Development, Global CMC Development, the Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt D-64293, Germany
| | - Paul Seo
- Office
of Translational Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP), Center
for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United States
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5
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Šprager E, Möller J, Lin Y, Reisinger V, Bratkovič T, Lunder M, Vašl J, Krajnc A. Identification of Acyl-Protein Thioesterase-1 as a Polysorbate-Degrading Host Cell Protein in a Monoclonal Antibody Formulation Using Activity-Based Protein Profiling. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:2128-2139. [PMID: 38772451 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Polysorbate (PS) degradation in monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations poses a significant challenge in the biopharmaceutical industry. PS maintains protein stability during drug product's shelf life but is vulnerable to breakdown by low-abundance residual host cell proteins (HCPs), particularly hydrolytic enzymes such as lipases and esterases. In this study, we used activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) coupled with mass spectrometry to identify acyl-protein thioesterase-1 (APT-1) as a polysorbate-degrading HCP in one case of mAb formulation with stability problems. We validated the role of APT1 by matching the polysorbate degradation fingerprint in the mAb formulation with that of a recombinant APT1 protein. Furthermore, we found an agreement between APT1 levels and PS degradation rates in the mAb formulation, and we successfully halted PS degradation using APT1-specific inhibitors ML348 and ML211. APT1 was found to co-purify with a specific mAb via hitchhiking mechanism. Our work provides a streamlined approach to identifying critical HCPs in PS degradation, supporting quality-by-design principles in pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Šprager
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Novartis Technical Research & Development, Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Novartis Pharmaceutical Manufacturing LLC, Slovenia
| | - Jens Möller
- Novartis Technical Research & Development, Analytical Characterization, Novartis Pharmaceutical Manufacturing GmbH, Kundl, Austria
| | - Yuhsien Lin
- Novartis Technical Research & Development, Analytical Characterization, Novartis Pharmaceutical Manufacturing GmbH, Kundl, Austria
| | - Veronika Reisinger
- Novartis Technical Research & Development, Analytical Characterization, Novartis Pharmaceutical Manufacturing GmbH, Kundl, Austria
| | - Tomaž Bratkovič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Lunder
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožica Vašl
- Novartis Technical Research & Development, Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Novartis Pharmaceutical Manufacturing LLC, Slovenia
| | - Aleksander Krajnc
- Novartis Technical Research & Development, Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Novartis Pharmaceutical Manufacturing LLC, Slovenia.
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6
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Casalini T, Treacher K, Grant I, Marucci M. In Vitro Release from Polymeric Core/Shell Nanoparticles through the Lens of Multiscale Modeling. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2684-2698. [PMID: 38687999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The large number of studies involving nanoparticles for cancer therapy is due to their peculiar features: they protect loaded active molecules while extending circulation time and can extravasate from the blood flow to the tumor to deliver drugs directly in the target area. Mathematical modeling can provide a preliminary in silico exploration of design space to optimize an experimental activity that often relies on a trial-and-error approach. However, because of the characteristic size of these vectors (10-1000 nm), numerous phenomena of interest occur at different time and length scales, making a single modeling technique insufficient to fully characterize the system of interest. In this work we employed a multiscale modeling approach, which bridges the phenomena of interest across different scales, to study the in vitro release from polymeric core/shell nanoparticles for cancer therapy loaded with an active compound assembled as a hydrophobic ion pair. The "computational microscope" provided by molecular dynamics simulations was used to track drug molecules through the release process at an atomic scale. The outcomes suggested that the drug is mainly partitioned in the polymer and released as hydrophobic ion pair rather than a free molecule, and that the hydrophobic ion pair is preferentially partitioned in Tween 20 micelles in the release media. A model at macroscale, aimed at describing the release rate and elucidating the release mechanism, was developed according to the results from molecular simulations and validated against experimental data. The outcomes provided insights that are challenging to be obtained experimentally and which supported the development and validation of a release model at macroscale. Overall, the adopted multiscale approach corroborated the experimental findings and provided significant insights into the mechanisms of release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Casalini
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 11115 - 98499, Sweden
| | - Kevin Treacher
- New Modalities and Parenterals Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations & IT, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Grant
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Mariagrazia Marucci
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 11115 - 98499, Sweden
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7
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Spinozzi F, Moretti P, Perinelli DR, Corucci G, Piergiovanni P, Amenitsch H, Sancini GA, Franzese G, Blasi P. Small-angle X-ray scattering unveils the internal structure of lipid nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 662:446-459. [PMID: 38364470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles own a remarkable potential in nanomedicine, only partially disclosed. While the clinical use of liposomes and cationic lipid-nucleic acid complexes is well-established, liquid lipid nanoparticles (nanoemulsions), solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers have even greater possibilities. However, they face obstacles in being used in clinics due to a lack of understanding about the molecular mechanisms controlling their drug loading and release, interactions with the biological environment (such as the protein corona), and shelf-life stability. To create effective drug delivery carriers and successfully translate bench research to clinical settings, it is crucial to have a thorough understanding of the internal structure of lipid nanoparticles. Through synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering experiments, we determined the spatial distribution and internal structure of the nanoparticles' lipid, surfactant, and the bound water in them. The nanoparticles themselves have a barrel-like shape that consists of coplanar lipid platelets (specifically cetyl palmitate) that are covered by loosely spaced polysorbate 80 surfactant molecules, whose polar heads retain a large amount of bound water. To reduce the interface cost of bound water with unbound water without stacking, the platelets collapse onto each other. This internal structure challenges the classical core-shell model typically used to describe solid lipid nanoparticles and could play a significant role in drug loading and release, biological fluid interaction, and nanoparticle stability, making our findings valuable for the rational design of lipid-based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Spinozzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy.
| | - Paolo Moretti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Corucci
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France; École Doctorale de Physique, Université Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Héres, France; Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo Piergiovanni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Giancarlo Franzese
- Secció de Física Estadística i Interdisciplinària, Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, & Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Paolo Blasi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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8
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Carle S, Evers DH, Hagelskamp E, Garidel P, Buske J. All-in-one stability indicating polysorbate 20 degradation root-cause analytics via UPLC-QDa. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123955. [PMID: 38128165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PS) are the most frequently used surfactants to stabilize biologicals. Ironically, these excellent stabilizing non-ionic surfactants have inherent structural properties, which lead to instabilities of their own. Such PS degradation can be triggered by multiple root-causes, like chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis or oxidative degradation. This can on the one hand reduce the concentration of surface-active PS and on the other hand lead to the formation of unfavorable degradants, like poorly soluble free fatty acids (FFA), which may phase separate and form visible FFA particles. Due to the potential criticality of PS degradation in biopharmaceutical formulations, various analytics have been established in recent years not only to monitor the PS content but also to evaluate specific PS markers and crucial degradants. However, in most cases sample preparations and several analytical assays have to be conducted to obtain a comprehensive picture of potential PS degradation root-causes. Here we show a novel approach for PS degradation UPLC-QDa based root-cause analytics, which utilizes previously established analytics for (i) most relevant polysorbate 20 (PS20) esters, (ii) PS20 free fatty acids and (iii) a newly developed method for the evaluation of PS20 specific oxidation markers. Thereby, this triad of analytical methods uses the same sample preparation and detector, which reduces the overall necessary effort, time investment and sample volume. Furthermore, the innovative PS20 oxidation marker method allows to quantify specific concentrations of the determined markers by external calibration and possible perception of oxidative degradation processes prior to relevant losses of PS20 esters, which could serve as an early indication during formulation development. The applicability of this method set was verified using several PS20 containing stress samples, which cover the most relevant root-causes, including acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, enzyme mediated hydrolysis, oxidative AAPH stress and Fe2+/H2O2 mediated degradation as well as autoxidation via long-term storage at elevated temperatures. Overall, this analytical setup has shown to deliver in-depth data about PS20 degradation, which can be used to narrow down the causative stress without the necessity of fundamentally different methods. Therefore, it can be seen as all-in-one solution during sometimes troublesome development of biopharmaceutical formulations, that supports the elucidation of the PS degradation mechanism(s) and thus establish mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Carle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
| | - Dirk-H Evers
- RaDes GmbH, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
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9
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Glücklich N, Carle S, Diederichs T, Buske J, Mäder K, Garidel P. How enzymatic hydrolysis of polysorbate 20 influences colloidal protein stability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 191:106597. [PMID: 37770006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PS) are esters of ethoxylated sorbitol anhydrides of different composition and are widely used surfactants in biologics. PSs are applied to increase protein stability and concomitant shelf-life via shielding against e.g., interfacial stresses. Due to the presence of specific lipolytic host cell protein (HCP) contaminations in the drug substance, PSs can be degraded via enzymatic hydrolysis. Surfactant hydrolysis leads to the formation of degradants, such as free fatty acids that might form fatty acid particles. In addition, PS degradation may reduce surfactant functionality and thus reduce the protection of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Although enzymatic degradation was observed and reported in the last years, less is known about the relationship between certain polysorbate degradation patterns and the increase of mechanical and interfacial stress towards the API. In this study, the impact of specifically hydrolyzed polysorbate 20 (PS20) towards the stabilization of two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) during accelerated shaking stress conditions was investigated. The results show that a specific enzymatic degradation pattern of PS20 can influence the colloidal stability of biopharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, the kinetics of the appearance of visual phenomena, opalescence, and particle formation depended on the polysorbate degradation fingerprint as induced via the presence of surrogate enzymes. The current case study shows the importance of focusing on specific polysorbate ester fractions to understand the overall colloidal protein stabilizing effect. The performed study gives first insight into the functional properties of PS and helps to evaluate the impact of PS degradation in the formulation development of biopharmaceuticals in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Glücklich
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Stefan Carle
- Innovation Unit, PDB, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Tim Diederichs
- Innovation Unit, PDB, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Innovation Unit, PDB, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Innovation Unit, PDB, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany.
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10
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Kozuch B, Weber J, Buske J, Mäder K, Garidel P, Diederichs T. Comparative Stability Study of Polysorbate 20 and Polysorbate 80 Related to Oxidative Degradation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2332. [PMID: 37765302 PMCID: PMC10537708 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The surfactants polysorbate 20 (PS20) and polysorbate 80 (PS80) are utilized to stabilize protein drugs. However, concerns have been raised regarding the degradation of PSs in biologics and the potential impact on product quality. Oxidation has been identified as a prevalent degradation mechanism under pharmaceutically relevant conditions. So far, a systematic stability comparison of both PSs under pharmaceutically relevant conditions has not been conducted and little is known about the dependence of oxidation on PS concentration. Here, we conducted a comparative stability study to investigate (i) the different oxidative degradation propensities between PS20 and PS80 and (ii) the impact of PS concentration on oxidative degradation. PS20 and PS80 in concentrations ranging from 0.1 mg⋅mL-1 to raw material were stored at 5, 25, and 40 °C for 48 weeks in acetate buffer pH 5.5 and water, respectively. We observed a temperature-dependent oxidative degradation of the PSs with strong (40 °C), moderate (25 °C), and weak/no degradation (5 °C). Especially at elevated temperatures such as 40 °C, fast oxidative PS degradation processes were detected. In this case study, a stronger degradation and earlier onset of oxidation was observed for PS80 in comparison to PS20, detected via the fluorescence micelle assay. Additionally, degradation was found to be strongly dependent on PS concentration, with significantly less oxidative processes at higher PS concentrations. Iron impurities, oxygen in the vial headspaces, and the pH values of the formulations were identified as the main contributing factors to accelerate PS oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedykt Kozuch
- PDB-TIP, Innovation Unit, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Johanna Weber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- PDB-TIP, Innovation Unit, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- PDB-TIP, Innovation Unit, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Tim Diederichs
- PDB-TIP, Innovation Unit, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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11
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Zhang M, Liu Y, Zuo X, Qian S, Pingali SV, Gillilan RE, Huang Q, Zhang D. pH-Dependent Solution Micellar Structure of Amphoteric Polypeptoid Block Copolymers with Positionally Controlled Ionizable Sites. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:3700-3715. [PMID: 37478325 PMCID: PMC10428163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
While solution micellization of ionic block copolymers (BCP) with randomly distributed ionization sites along the hydrophilic segments has been extensively studied, the roles of positionally controlled ionization sites along the BCP chains in their micellization and resulting micellar structure remain comparatively less understood. Herein, three amphoteric polypeptoid block copolymers carrying two oppositely charged ionizable sites, with one fixed at the hydrophobic terminus and the other varyingly positioned along the hydrophilic segment, have been synthesized by sequential ring-opening polymerization method. The presence of the ionizable site at the hydrophobic segment terminus is expected to promote polymer association toward equilibrium micellar structures in an aqueous solution. The concurrent presence of oppositely charged ionizable sites on the polymer chains allows the polymer association to be electrostatically modulated in a broad pH range (ca. 2-12). Micellization of the amphoteric polypeptoid BCP in dilute aqueous solution and the resulting micellar structure at different solution pHs was investigated by a combination of scattering and microscopic methods. Negative-stain transmission-electron microscopy (TEM), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analyses revealed the dominant presence of core-shell-type spherical micelles and occasional rod-like micelles with liquid crystalline (LC) domains in the micellar core. The micellar structures (e.g., aggregation number, radius of gyration, chain packing in the micelle) were found to be dependent on the solution pH and the position of the ionizable site along the chain. This study has highlighted the potential of controlling the position of ionizable sites along the BCP polymer to modulate the electrostatic and LC interactions, thus tailoring the micellar structure at different solution pH values in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Yun Liu
- Center
for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Xiaobing Zuo
- X-ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shuo Qian
- Neutron
Scattering Division and Second Target Station, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Sai Venkatesh Pingali
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Richard E. Gillilan
- MacCHESS
(Macromolecular Diffraction Facility at CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Qingqiu Huang
- MacCHESS
(Macromolecular Diffraction Facility at CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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12
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Ehrit J, Gräwert TW, Göddeke H, Konarev PV, Svergun DI, Nagel N. Small-angle x-ray scattering investigation of the integration of free fatty acids in polysorbate 20 micelles. Biophys J 2023; 122:3078-3088. [PMID: 37340636 PMCID: PMC10432221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical quality attribute for liquid formulations is the absence of visible particles. Such particles may form upon polysorbate hydrolysis resulting in release of free fatty acids into solution followed by precipitation. Strategies to avoid this effect are of major interest for the pharmaceutical industry. In this context, we investigated the structural organization of polysorbate micelles alone and upon addition of the fatty acid myristic acid (MA) by small-angle x-ray scattering. Two complementary approaches using a model of polydisperse core-shell ellipsoidal micelles and an ensemble of quasiatomistic micelle structures gave consistent results well describing the experimental data. The small-angle x-ray scattering data reveal polydisperse mixtures of ellipsoidal micelles containing about 22-35 molecules per micelle. The addition of MA at concentrations up to 100 μg/mL reveals only marginal effects on the scattering data. At the same time, addition of high amounts of MA (>500 μg/mL) increases the average sizes of the micelles indicating that MA penetrates into the surfactant micelles. These results together with molecular modeling shed light on the polysorbate contribution to fatty acid solubilization preventing or delaying fatty acid particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Ehrit
- Analytical Research and Development, NBE Analytical R&D, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Tobias W Gräwert
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Göddeke
- Computational Drug Discovery, Small Molecule Therapeutics & Platform Technologies, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Petr V Konarev
- A. V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Сrystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Norbert Nagel
- Analytical Research and Development, Global Technical Centers, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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13
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Diedrich C, Zittlau IC, Khalil NM, Leontowich AFG, Freitas RAD, Badea I, Mainardes RM. Optimized Chitosan-Based Nanoemulsion Improves Luteolin Release. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1592. [PMID: 37376041 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Luteolin (LUT) is a flavonoid found in several edible and medicinal plants. It is recognized for its biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antitumor effects. However, the limited water solubility of LUT leads to poor absorption after oral administration. Nanoencapsulation may improve the solubility of LUT. Nanoemulsions (NE) were selected for the encapsulation of LUT due to their biodegradability, stability, and ability to control drug release. In this work, chitosan (Ch)-based NE was developed to encapsulate luteolin (NECh-LUT). A 23 factorial design was built to obtain a formulation with optimized amounts of oil, water, and surfactants. NECh-LUT showed a mean diameter of 67.5 nm, polydispersity index 0.174, zeta potential of +12.8 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 85.49%. Transmission electron microscopy revealed spherical shape and rheological analysis verified the Newtonian behavior of NECh-LUT. SAXS technique confirmed the bimodal characteristic of NECh-LUT, while stability analysis confirmed NECh-LUT stability when stored at room temperature for up to 30 days. Finally, in vitro release studies showed LUT controlled release up to 72 h, indicating the promising potential of NECh-LUT to be used as novel therapeutic option to treat several disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Diedrich
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-167, Brazil
| | - Isabella C Zittlau
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-167, Brazil
| | - Najeh M Khalil
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-167, Brazil
| | | | - Rilton A de Freitas
- Biopol, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Ildiko Badea
- Drug Design and Discovery Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Rubiana M Mainardes
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-167, Brazil
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14
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Farcet JB, Karbiener M, Zelger L, Kindermann J, Kreil TR. Detergent-Mediated Virus Inactivation in Biotechnological Matrices: More than Just CMC. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097920. [PMID: 37175626 PMCID: PMC10177830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, the ability of detergents to solubilize biological membranes has been utilized in biotechnological manufacturing to disrupt the lipid envelope of potentially contaminating viruses and thus enhance the safety margins of plasma- and cell-derived drugs. This ability has been linked to detergent micelles, which are formed if the concentration of detergent molecules exceeds the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Traditionally, the CMC of detergents is determined in deionized water (ddH2O), i.e., a situation considerably different from the actual situation of biotechnological manufacturing. This study compared, for five distinct detergents, the CMC in ddH2O side-by-side with two biopharmaceutical process intermediates relevant to plasma-derived (Immunoglobulin) and cell-derived (monoclonal antibody) products, respectively. Depending on the matrix, the CMC of detergents changed by a factor of up to ~4-fold. Further, the CMC in biotechnological matrices did not correlate with antiviral potency, as Triton X-100 (TX-100) and similar detergents had comparatively higher CMCs than polysorbate-based detergents, which are known to be less potent in terms of virus inactivation. Finally, it was demonstrated that TX-100 and similar detergents also have virus-inactivating properties if applied below the CMC. Thus, the presence of detergent micelles might not be an absolute prerequisite for the disruption of virus envelopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Farcet
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baxalta Innovations GmbH, Now Part of the Takeda Group of Companies, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Karbiener
- Global Pathogen Safety, Takeda Manufacturing Austria AG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leonhard Zelger
- Global Pathogen Safety, Takeda Manufacturing Austria AG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Kindermann
- Global Pathogen Safety, Takeda Manufacturing Austria AG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R Kreil
- Global Pathogen Safety, Takeda Manufacturing Austria AG, 1221 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Diederichs T, Mittag JJ, Humphrey J, Voss S, Carle S, Buske J, Garidel P. Existence of a superior polysorbate fraction in respect to protein stabilization and particle formation? Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122660. [PMID: 36740078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Biologicals including monoclonal antibodies are the current flagships in pharmaceutical industry. However, they are exposed to a multitude of destabilization conditions like for instance hydrophobic interfaces, leading to reduced biological activity. Polysorbates are commonly applied to effectively stabilize these active pharmaceutical ingredients against colloidal stress. Nevertheless, chemical instability of polysorbate via hydrolysis or oxidation results in degradation products that might form particles via phase separation. Polysorbates are mixtures of hundreds of individual components, and recently purer quality grades with reduced variations in the fatty acid composition are available. As the protective function of polysorbate itself is not completely understood, even less is known about its individual components, raising the question of the existence of a superior polysorbate species in respect to protein stabilization or degradation susceptibility. Here, we evaluated the protective function of four main fractions of polysorbate 20 (PS20) in agitation studies with monoclonal antibodies, followed by particle analysis as well as protein and polysorbate content determination. The commercially-available inherent mixtures PS20 high purity and PS20 all-laurate, as well as the fraction isosorbide-POE-monolaurate showed superior protection against mechanical-induced stress (visual inspection and turbidity) at the air-water interface in comparison to sole sorbitan-POE-monolaurate, -dilaurate, and -trilaurate. Fractions composed mainly of higher-order esters like sorbitan-POE-dilaurate and sorbitan-POE-trilaurate indicated high turbidities as indication for subvisible and small particles accompanied by a reduced protein monomer content after agitation. For the isosorbide-POE-monolaurates as well as for the inherent polysorbate mixtures no obvious differences in protein content and protein aggregation (SEC) were observed, reflecting the observations from visual appearance. However, absolute polysorbate concentrations vary drastically between different species in the actual formulations. As there are still open questions in respect to protein specificity or regarding mixtures versus individual components of PS20, further studies must be performed, to gain a better understanding of a "generalized" stabilizing effect of polysorbates on monoclonal antibodies. The knowledge of the characteristics of individual polysorbate species can have the potential to pave the way to superior detergents in respect to protein stabilization and/or degradation susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Diederichs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
| | - Judith J Mittag
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - James Humphrey
- Croda Europe Ltd, Cowick Hall, DN14 9AA, Snaith, United Kingdom
| | - Söhnke Voss
- Croda Europe Ltd, Cowick Hall, DN14 9AA, Snaith, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Carle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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16
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Characterization of Recombinantly-Expressed Hydrolytic Enzymes from Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells: Identification of Host Cell Proteins that Degrade Polysorbate. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1351-1363. [PMID: 36646283 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of polysorbate in drug products is a major challenge for the biopharmaceutical industry. Polysorbate hydrolysis caused by host cell proteins (HCPs) co-purified during bioprocessing can reduce the protective effects of the surfactant for the active pharmaceutical ingredient and cause the accumulation of low-solubility degradation products over the long-term storage. The identities of such HCPs are elusive due to their extremely low concentrations after the efficient purification processes of most biopharmaceuticals. In this work, 20 enzymes-selected for their known or putative hydrolytic activity and potential to degrade polysorbate-were recombinantly expressed, purified, and characterized via orthogonal methods. First, these recombinant HCPs were assessed for hydrolytic activity against a fluorogenic esterase substrate in a recently-developed, high-throughput assay. Second, these HCPs were screened for hydrolytic activity against polysorbate in a representative mAb formulation. Third, HCPs that displayed hydrolytic activities in the first two assays were subjected to more detailed characterization of their enzyme kinetics against polysorbates. Finally, these HCPs were evaluated for substrate specificity towards different sub-species of polysorbates. This work provides critical new insights for targeted LC-MS/MS approaches for identification of relevant polysorbate-degrading enzymes and supports improvements to remove such HCPs, including knockouts or targeted removal during purification.
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17
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Mittag JJ, Trutschel ML, Kruschwitz H, Mäder K, Buske J, Garidel P. Characterization of radicals in polysorbate 80 using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and spin trapping. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100123. [PMID: 35795322 PMCID: PMC9251573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysorbates are an important class of nonionic surfactants that are widely used to stabilize biopharmaceuticals. The degradation of polysorbate 20 and 80 and the related particle formation in biologics are heavily discussed in the pharmaceutical community. Although a lot of experimental effort was spent in the detailed study of potential degradation pathways, the underlying mechanisms are only sparsely understood. Besides enzymatic hydrolysis, another proposed mechanism is associated with radical-induced (auto)oxidation of polysorbates. To characterize the types and the origin of the involved radicals and their propagation in bulk material as well as in diluted polysorbate 80 solutions, we applied electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using a spin trapping approach. The prerequisite for a meaningful experiment using spin traps is an understanding of the trapping rate, which is an interplay of (i) the presence of the spin trap at the scene of action, (ii) the specific reactivity of the selected spin trap with a certain radical as well as (iii) the stability of the formed spin adducts (a slow decay rate). We discuss whether and to which extent these criteria are fulfilled regarding the identification of different radical classes that might be involved in polysorbate oxidative degradation processes. The ratio of different radicals for different scenarios was determined for various polysorbate 80 quality grades in bulk material and in aqueous solution, showing differences in the ratio of present radicals. Possible correlations between the radical content and product parameters such as the quality grade, the manufacturing date, the manufacturer, the initial peroxide content according to the certificate of analysis of polysorbate 80 are discussed.
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Key Words
- 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide, DMPO
- DMPO
- EPR
- Oxidation
- Peroxide
- Polysorbate
- Radical
- Spin trap
- alkoxyl radical, RO•
- alkyl radical, R•
- all-oleate, AO
- certificate of analysis, CoA
- china grade, CG
- electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR
- fatty acid, FA
- high purity, HP
- hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
- hydroperoxide, ROOH
- hydroxyl radical, HO•
- peroxyl radical, ROO•
- polyoxyethylene, POE
- polysorbate, PS
- reactive oxygen species, ROS
- super-refined, SR
- superoxide, O2•−
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith J. Mittag
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Trutschel
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Helen Kruschwitz
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB-TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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18
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Akter R, Anis-Ul-Haque KM, Mottalib MA, Kumar D, Joy MTR, Rana S, Hoque MA, Almutairi TM, Mohammed AAA, Iqbal A. Influences of short-chain alcohols, urea and temperature on aggregation behaviour of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and antidiabetic drug mixture. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2148584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roksanur Akter
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - K. M. Anis-Ul-Haque
- Department of Chemistry, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdul Mottalib
- Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Laboratory for Chemical Computation and Modeling, Institute for Computational Science and Artificial Intelligence, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Md. Tuhinur R. Joy
- Department of Chemistry, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Shahed Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Anamul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Amjad Iqbal
- Department of Advanced Materials & Technologies, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
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19
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Wuchner K, Yi L, Chery C, Nikels F, Junge F, Crotts G, Rinaldi G, Starkey JA, Bechtold-Peters K, Shuman M, Leiss M, Jahn M, Garidel P, de Ruiter R, Richer SM, Cao S, Peuker S, Huille S, Wang T, Brun VL. Industry Perspective on the Use and Characterization of Polysorbates for Biopharmaceutical Products Part 2: Survey Report on Control Strategy Preparing for the Future. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2955-2967. [PMID: 36002077 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate (PS) 20 and 80 are the main surfactants used to stabilize biopharmaceutical products. Industry practices on various aspects of PS based on a confidential survey and following discussions by 16 globally acting major biotechnology companies is presented in two publications. Part 1 summarizes the current practice and use of PS during manufacture in addition to aspects like current understanding of the (in)stability of PS, the routine QC testing and control of PS, and selected regulatory aspects of PS.1 The current part 2 of the survey focusses on understanding, monitoring, prediction, and mitigation of PS degradation pathways in order to propose an effective control strategy. The results of the survey and extensive cross-company discussions are put into relation with currently available scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wuchner
- Janssen R&D, DPDS BTDS Analytical Development, Hochstr. 201, 8200 Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
| | - Linda Yi
- Analytical Development, Biogen, Morrisville, NC 27709, USA
| | - Cyrille Chery
- UCB, Analytical Development Sciences for Biologicals, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Felix Nikels
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Friederike Junge
- Analytical Research and Development, NBE Analytical R&D, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH& Co. KG, Knollstraße, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - George Crotts
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Gianluca Rinaldi
- Merck Serono SpA, Guidonia Montecelio, Italy, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jason A Starkey
- Pfizer, Inc. Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development 875 W. Chesterfield Parkway, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | | | - Melissa Shuman
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Michael Leiss
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, 82377, Germany
| | - Michael Jahn
- Lonza AG, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstr. 60G, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Rien de Ruiter
- Byondis B.V., Downstream Processing, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah M Richer
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Shawn Cao
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Sebastian Peuker
- Bayer AG, Product Supply, Analytical Development and Clinical QC for Biotech Products, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 217-233, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sylvain Huille
- Sanofi R&D, Biologics Drug Products Development,13 quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur Seine, France
| | - Tingting Wang
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Virginie Le Brun
- Lonza AG, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstr. 60G, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Lauser KT, Rueter AL, Calabrese MA. Polysorbate identity and quantity dictate the extensional flow properties of protein‐excipient solutions. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen T. Lauser
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Amy L. Rueter
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Michelle A. Calabrese
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
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21
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Unusual solubilization capacity of hydrophobic drug olanzapine in polysorbate micelles for improved sustained drug release. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Microdialysis and nanofiltration allow to distinguish molecularly dissolved from colloid- associated drug concentrations during biomimetic dissolution testing of supersaturating formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 174:106166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Gilbert PH, Zhang Z, Qian KK, Allen DP, Ford R, Wagner NJ, Liu Y. Aggregation Kinetics of Polysorbate 80/ m-Cresol Solutions: A Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Study. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:862-875. [PMID: 35138864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate 80 (PS80), a nonionic surfactant used in pharmaceutical formulation, is known to be incompatible with m-cresol, an antimicrobial agent for multi-dose injectable formulations. This incompatibility results in increased turbidity caused by micelle aggregation progressing over weeks or longer, where storage temperature, ionic strength, and component concentration influence the aggregation kinetics. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) analysis of PS80/m-cresol solutions over a pharmaceutically relevant concentration range of each component reveals the cause of aggregation, the coalescence mechanism, and aggregate structure. PS80 solutions containing m-cresol concentrations below ≈2.0 mg/mL and above ≈4.5 mg/mL are kinetically stable and do not aggregate over a 50 h period. At 5 mg/mL of m-cresol, the mixture forms a kinetically stable microemulsion phase, despite being well below the aqueous solubility limit of m-cresol. Solutions containing intermediate m-cresol concentrations (2.0-4.5 mg/mL) are unstable, resulting in aggregation, coalescence, and eventual phase separation. In unstable solutions, two stages of aggregate growth (nucleation and power-law growth) are observed at m-cresol concentrations at or below ≈3.6 mg/mL. At higher m-cresol concentrations, aggregates experience a third stage of exponential growth. A single kinetic model is developed to explain the stages of aggregate growth observed in both kinetic mechanisms. This work establishes the phase diagram of PS80/m-cresol solution stability and identifies component concentrations necessary for producing stable formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Gilbert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Zhenhuan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Ken K Qian
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States
| | - David P Allen
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States
| | - Rachel Ford
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Norman J Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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24
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Guerrero-Hernández L, Meléndez-Ortiz HI, Cortez-Mazatan GY, Vaillant-Sánchez S, Peralta-Rodríguez RD. Gemini and Bicephalous Surfactants: A Review on Their Synthesis, Micelle Formation, and Uses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1798. [PMID: 35163721 PMCID: PMC8836724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of surfactants in polymerization reactions is particularly important, mainly in emulsion polymerizations. Further, micelles from biocompatible surfactants find use in pharmaceutical dosage forms. This paper reviews recent developments in the synthesis of novel gemini and bicephalous surfactants, micelle formation, and their applications in polymer and nanoparticle synthesis, oil recovery, catalysis, corrosion, protein binding, and biomedical area, particularly in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluvia Guerrero-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna No. 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (L.G.-H.); (G.Y.C.-M.); (S.V.-S.)
| | - Héctor Iván Meléndez-Ortiz
- CONACyT—Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna No. 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico
| | - Gladis Y. Cortez-Mazatan
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna No. 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (L.G.-H.); (G.Y.C.-M.); (S.V.-S.)
| | - Sandra Vaillant-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna No. 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (L.G.-H.); (G.Y.C.-M.); (S.V.-S.)
| | - René D. Peralta-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna No. 140, Col. San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (L.G.-H.); (G.Y.C.-M.); (S.V.-S.)
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25
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Doshi N, Ritchie K, Shobha T, Giddings J, Gregoritza K, Taing R, Rumbelow S, Chu J, Tomlinson A, Kannan A, Saggu M, Cai SK, Nicoulin V, Liu W, Russell S, Luis L, Yadav S. Evaluating a Modified High Purity Polysorbate 20 Designed to Reduce the Risk of Free Fatty Acid Particle Formation. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1563-1583. [PMID: 34495486 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate a modified high purity polysorbate 20 (RO HP PS20)-with lower levels of stearate, palmitate and myristate esters than the non-modified HP PS20-as a surfactant in biopharmaceutical drug products (DP). RO HP PS20 was designed to provide functional equivalence as a surfactant while delaying the onset of free fatty acid (FFA) particle formation upon hydrolytic degradation relative to HP PS20. METHODS Analytical characterization of RO HP PS20 raw material included fatty acid ester (FAE) distribution, higher order ester (HOE) fraction, FFA levels and trace metals. Functional assessments included 1) vial and intravenous bag agitation; 2) oxidation via a placebo and methionine surrogate study; and 3) hydrolytic PS20 degradation studies to evaluate FFA particle formation with and without metal nucleation. RESULTS Interfacial protection and oxidation propensity were comparable between the two polysorbates. Upon hydrolytic degradation, FFA particle onset was delayed in RO HP PS20. The delay was more pronounced when HOEs of PS20 were preferentially degraded. Furthermore, the hydrolytic degradants of RO HP PS20 formed fewer particles in the presence of spiked aluminum. CONCLUSION This work highlights the criticality of having tighter control on long chain FAE levels of PS20 to reduce the occurrence of FFA particle formation upon hydrolytic degradation and lower the variability in its onset. By simultaneously meeting compendial PS20 specifications while narrowing the allowable range for each FAE and shifting its composition towards the shorter carbon chain species, RO HP PS20 provides a promising alternative to HP PS20 for biopharmaceutical DPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Doshi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
| | - Kyle Ritchie
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Tamanna Shobha
- Pharmaceutical Technical Innovation, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jamie Giddings
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Kathrin Gregoritza
- Pharma Technical Development Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4054, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosalynn Taing
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Stephen Rumbelow
- Croda Inc, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Bldg. 2, Plainsboro, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Jeff Chu
- Analytical Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Anthony Tomlinson
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Aadithya Kannan
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Miguel Saggu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Si Kai Cai
- Pharma Technical Development Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4054, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victor Nicoulin
- Pharma Technical Development Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4054, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Steve Russell
- Analytical Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Lin Luis
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Pharmaceutical Technical Innovation, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
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26
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Yang RS, Bush DR, DeGraan-Weber N, Barbacci D, Zhang LK, Letarte S, Richardson D. Advancing Structure Characterization of PS-80 by Charge-Reduced Mass Spectrometry and Software-Assisted Composition Analysis. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:314-322. [PMID: 34487745 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The commercially available Polysorbate 80 (PS-80) is a highly heterogeneous product. It is a complex and structurally diverse mixture consisting of polymeric species containing polyoxyethylenes (POEs), fatty acid esters, with/or without a carbohydrate core. The core is primarily sorbitan, with some isosorbide and sorbitol. Depending on the sources of fatty acids and the degrees of esterification, multiple combinations of fatty acid esters are commonly observed. A number of POE intermediates, such as polyoxyethylene glycols, POE-sorbitans, POE-isosorbides, and an array of fatty acid esters from these intermediates remain in the raw material as well. The complex composition of PS-80 is difficult to control and poses a significant characterization challenge for its use in the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we present a novel solution for PS-80 characterization using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with charge-reduction high resolution mass spectrometry. Post column co-infusion of triethylamine focused the signal into mainly singly charged molecular ions and reduced the extent of in-source fragmentation, resulting in a simpler ion map and enhanced measurement of PS-80 species. The data processing workflow is designed to programmatically identify PS-80 component classes and reduce the burden of manually analyzing complex MS data. The 2-dimensional graphical representation of the data helps visualize these features. Together, these innovative methodologies enabled us to analyze components in PS-80 with unprecedented detail and shall be a useful tool to study formulation and stability of pharmaceutical preparations. The power of this approach was demonstrated by comparing the composition of PS-80 obtained from different vendors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Sheng Yang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States.
| | | | | | - Damon Barbacci
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Li-Kang Zhang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Simon Letarte
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Douglas Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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27
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Knoch H, Ulbrich MH, Mittag JJ, Buske J, Garidel P, Heerklotz H. Complex Micellization Behavior of the Polysorbates Tween 20 and Tween 80. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3147-3157. [PMID: 34251210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PSs, Tweens) are widely used surfactant products consisting of a sorbitan ring connecting up to four ethylene oxide (EO) chains of variable lengths, one or more of which are esterified with fatty acids of variable lengths and saturation degrees. Pharmaceutical applications include the stabilization of biologicals in solutions and the solubilization of poorly water soluble, active ingredients. This study characterizes the complex association behavior of compendial PSs PS20 and PS80, which is fundamentally different from that of single-component surfactants. To this end, a series of demicellization experiments of isothermal titration calorimetry with different PS concentrations are evaluated. Their experiment-dependent heats of titration are converted into a common function of the state of a sample, the micellar enthalpy Qm(c). These functions demonstrate that initial micelles are already present at the lowest concentrations investigated, 2 μM for PS20 and 10 μM for PS80. Initial micelles consist primarily of the surfactant species with the lowest individual critical micelle concentration (cmc). With increasing concentration, the other PS species gradually enter these micelles in the sequence of increasing individual cmc's and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. Concentration ranges with pronounced slopes of Qm(c) can be tentatively assigned to the uptake of the major components of the PS products. Micellization and the variation of the micelle properties progress up to at least 10 mM PS. That means the published cmc values or ranges of PS20 and PS80 may be related to certain, major components being incorporated into and forming specific micelles but must not be interpreted in terms of an absence of micelles below and constant properties, e.g., the surface activity, of the micelles above these ranges. The micellization enthalpy curves differ quite substantially between PS20 and PS80 and, in a subtler fashion, between individual quality grades such as high purity, pure lauric acid/pure oleic acid, super-refined, and China grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Knoch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Maximilian H Ulbrich
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Judith J Mittag
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riß, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Heiko Heerklotz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, M5S Toronto, Canada
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28
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Ludwig M, Geisler R, Prévost S, von Klitzing R. Shape and Structure Formation of Mixed Nonionic-Anionic Surfactant Micelles. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144136. [PMID: 34299413 PMCID: PMC8307929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous solutions of a nonionic surfactant (either Tween20 or BrijL23) and an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) are investigated, using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). SANS spectra are analysed by using a core-shell model to describe the form factor of self-assembled surfactant micelles; the intermicellar interactions are modelled by using a hard-sphere Percus–Yevick (HS-PY) or a rescaled mean spherical approximation (RMSA) structure factor. Choosing these specific nonionic surfactants allows for comparison of the effect of branched (Tween20) and linear (BrijL23) surfactant headgroups, both constituted of poly-ethylene oxide (PEO) groups. The nonionic–anionic surfactant mixtures are studied at various concentrations up to highly concentrated samples (ϕ ≲ 0.45) and various mixing ratios, from pure nonionic to pure anionic surfactant solutions. The scattering data reveal the formation of mixed micelles already at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration of SDS. At higher volume fractions, excluded volume effects dominate the intermicellar structuring, even for charged micelles. In consequence, at high volume fractions, the intermicellar structuring is the same for charged and uncharged micelles. At all mixing ratios, almost spherical mixed micelles form. This offers the opportunity to create a system of colloidal particles with a variable surface charge. This excludes only roughly equimolar mixing ratios (X≈ 0.4–0.6) at which the micelles significantly increase in size and ellipticity due to specific sulfate–EO interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ludwig
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (M.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Ramsia Geisler
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (M.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- Large Scale Structures Group, DS/LSS, Institut Laue-Langevin, CEDEX 9, 38042 Grenoble, France;
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (M.L.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence:
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29
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Gilbert PH, Zhang Z, Qian KK, Allen DP, Wagner NJ, Liu Y. Preservative Induced Polysorbate 80 Micelle Aggregation. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2395-2404. [PMID: 33387597 PMCID: PMC11165925 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) studies of a model pharmaceutical formulation reveal how formulation stability depends on the compatibility of individual components. Solutions of two common protein formulation excipients, polysorbate 80 (PS80), a nonionic surfactant that prevents aggregation, and m-cresol, an antimicrobial agent for multi-dose injectable formulations, are investigated. The addition of m-cresol to PS80 solutions leads to solution turbidity and irreversibly alters PS80 micelle morphology. This slow preservative-induced destabilization of PS80 micelles progresses over days or even weeks, which highlights the essential role that aggregation kinetics plays in preservative-surfactant interactions. The temperature-dependence of PS80 micelle growth kinetics is quantified by SANS in the presence of m-cresol. Aggregation is a two-step process, where initial formation of small aggregates is followed by a period of monotonic power-law growth, providing evidence for the mechanism. Total aggregate mass stays constant after initial aggregate formation, and addition of a pH-regulating citrate buffer dramatically accelerates aggregation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Gilbert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716; NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Zhenhuan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716; NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Ken K Qian
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225.
| | | | - Norman J Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716.
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716; NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.
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30
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Li CY, Ma Y, Ma L, Zhi XL, Peng GP. Improving the clarity and sensitization of polysorbate 80 by ultrasonic-assisted ultrafiltration technology. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 159:105719. [PMID: 33465475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The safety problem of injections caused by clarity has lately become a widely shared concern. Due to the synthesis process, polysorbate 80 had a wide molecular weight distribution, which is also related to the clinical anaphylaxis. In this paper, ultrasonic-assisted ultrafiltration (UAU) technology was firstly applied to regulate colloidal structure and remove macromolecules from polysorbate 80 to improve injection clarity. In the separation process, ultrafiltration molecular weight cut off (MWCO), ultrasonic power and polysorbate 80 concentraion were selected as variables to adjust the separation efficiency. The ultrasonic frequency and power were provided by KQ-700DE ultrasonic system, based on the data analysis by response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal UAU parameters were as follows: ultrafiltration MWCO of 50,000, ultrasonic power of 900 W and polysorbate 80 concentration of 15.00 mg/mL. The experimental transmittance of polysorbate 80 was 87.6% and the qualification rate of clarity was 94.5%, which solved the separation contradiction among yield, clarity and safety. As an innovation in colloidal separation fields, UAU had a vast range of prospects for making use in pharmaceutical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun-Yu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yun Ma
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Taizhou City, Taizhou 225300, PR China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xing-Lei Zhi
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Guo-Ping Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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31
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Abedin J, Mahbub S, Rahman MM, Hoque A, Kumar D, Khan JM, El-Sherbeeny AM. Interaction of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide with bovine serum albumin in different compositions: Effect of temperatures and electrolytes/urea. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Impact of Silicone Oil on Free Fatty Acid Particle Formation due to Polysorbate 20 Degradation. Pharm Res 2020; 37:216. [PMID: 33029664 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polysorbate 20 (PS20), a commonly used surfactant in biopharmaceutical formulations, can undergo hydrolytic degradation resulting in free fatty acids (FFAs) that precipitate to form particles. This work investigates the ability for silicone oil (si-oil) coated on the interior walls of prefilled syringes (PFSs) to act as a sink for FFAs and potentially delay FFA particle formation. METHODS Myristic acid distribution coefficient was measured in a two-phase system containing si-oil and formulation buffer at a range of aqueous conditions. An empirical model was built from these data to predict distribution coefficient based on aqueous conditions. To verify the model, PS20 was degraded using model lipases side-by-side in glass vials and PFSs while monitoring sub-visible particles. RESULTS The empirical model demonstrates that the partitioning of myristic acid into si-oil is maximized at low pH and low PS20 concentration. The model predicts that the presence of si-oil at levels typical in PFSs provides at most an 8.5% increase in the total carrying capacity for myristic acid compared to a non-coated glass vial. The time to onset of FFA particles was equivalent between degradations performed in two PFS models coated with differing levels of silicone oil and in non-coated glass vials. CONCLUSION Herein, we demonstrate that FFAs partition from aqueous solution into si-oil. However, the extent of the partitioning effect is not large enough to delay PS20-related FFA particle formation at typical formulation conditions (pH 5.0-7.5, 0.01% - 0.1% w/v PS20) filled in typical PFSs (<1.0 mg si-oil/mL aqueous fill).
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Doshi N, Martin J, Tomlinson A. Improving Prediction of Free Fatty Acid Particle Formation in Biopharmaceutical Drug Products: Incorporating Ester Distribution during Polysorbate 20 Degradation. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4354-4363. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Doshi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joelle Martin
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Anthony Tomlinson
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Garidel P, Blech M, Buske J, Blume A. Surface Tension and Self-association Properties of Aqueous Polysorbate 20 HP and 80 HP Solutions: Insights into Protein Stabilisation Mechanisms. J Pharm Innov 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-020-09488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tomlinson A, Zarraga IE, Demeule B. Characterization of Polysorbate Ester Fractions and Implications in Protein Drug Product Stability. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2345-2353. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tomlinson
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Isidro E. Zarraga
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Barthélemy Demeule
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
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