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Bei J, Qiu Y, Cockrell D, Chang Q, Husseinzadeh S, Zhou C, Fang X, Bao X, Jin Y, Gaitas A, Khanipov K, Saito TB, Gong B. Identification of common sequence motifs shared exclusively among selectively packed exosomal pathogenic microRNAs during rickettsial infections. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1937-1948. [PMID: 37334929 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that microRNA (miR)23a and miR30b are selectively sorted into exosomes derived from rickettsia-infected endothelial cells (R-ECExos). Yet, the mechanism remains unknown. Cases of spotted fever rickettsioses have been increasing, and infections with these bacteria cause life-threatening diseases by targeting brain and lung tissues. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to further dissect the molecular mechanism underlying R-ECExos-induced barrier dysfunction of normal recipient microvascular endothelial cells (MECs), depending on their exosomal RNA cargos. Infected ticks transmit the rickettsiae to human hosts following a bite and injections of the bacteria into the skin. In the present study, we demonstrate that treatment with R-ECExos, which were derived from spotted fever group R parkeri infected human dermal MECs, induced disruptions of the paracellular adherens junctional protein VE-cadherin, and breached the paracellular barrier function in recipient pulmonary MECs (PMECs) in an exosomal RNA-dependent manner. We did not detect different levels of miRs in parent dermal MECs following rickettsial infections. However, we demonstrated that the microvasculopathy-relevant miR23a-27a-24 cluster and miR30b are selectively enriched in R-ECExos. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that common sequence motifs are shared exclusively among the exosomal, selectively-enriched miR23a cluster and miR30b at different levels. Taken together, these data warrant further functional identification and characterization of a monopartition, bipartition, or tripartition among ACA, UCA, and CAG motifs that guide recognition of microvasculopathy-relevant miR23a-27a-24 and miR30b, and subsequently results in their selective enrichments in R-ECExos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Bei
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Diane Cockrell
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID-NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sorosh Husseinzadeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatric, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angelo Gaitas
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Tais B Saito
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID-NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Bei J, Miranda-Morales EG, Gan Q, Qiu Y, Husseinzadeh S, Liew JY, Chang Q, Krishnan B, Gaitas A, Yuan S, Felicella M, Qiu WQ, Fang X, Gong B. Circulating exosomes from Alzheimer's disease suppress VE-cadherin expression and induce barrier dysfunction in recipient brain microvascular endothelial cell. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.03.535441. [PMID: 37066187 PMCID: PMC10103966 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.535441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is a component of the progression and pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). BBB dysfunction is primarily caused by reduced or disorganized tight junction or adherens junction proteins of brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC). While there is growing evidence of tight junction disruption in BMECs in AD, the functional role of adherens junctions during BBB dysfunction in AD remains unknown. Exosomes secreted from senescent cells have unique characteristics and contribute to modulating the phenotype of recipient cells. However, it remains unknown if and how these exosomes cause BMEC dysfunction in AD. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the potential roles of AD circulating exosomes and their RNA cargos in brain endothelial dysfunction in AD. Methods We isolated exosomes from sera of five cases of AD compared with age- and sex-matched cognitively normal controls using size-exclusion chromatography technology. We validated the qualities and particle sizes of isolated exosomes with nanoparticle tracking analysis and atomic force microscopy. We measured the biomechanical natures of the endothelial barrier of BMECs, the lateral binding forces between live BMECs, using fluidic force miscopy. We visualized the paracellular expressions of the key adherens junction protein VE-cadherin in BMEC cultures and a 3D BBB model that employs primary human BMECs and pericytes with immunostaining and evaluated them using confocal microscopy. We also examined the VE-cadherin signal in brain tissues from five cases of AD and five age- and sex-matched cognitively normal controls. Results We found that circulating exosomes from AD patients suppress the paracellular expression levels of VE-cadherin and impair the barrier function of recipient BMECs. Immunostaining analysis showed that AD circulating exosomes damage VE-cadherin integrity in a 3D model of microvascular tubule formation. We found that circulating exosomes in AD weaken the BBB depending on the RNA cargos. In parallel, we observed that microvascular VE-cadherin expression is diminished in AD brains compared to normal controls. Conclusion Using in vitro and ex vivo models, our study illustrates that circulating exosomes from AD patients play a significant role in mediating the damage effect on adherens junction of recipient BMEC of the BBB in an exosomal RNA-dependent manner. This suggests a novel mechanism of peripheral senescent exosomes for AD risk.
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Bei J, Qiu Y, Cockrell D, Chang Q, Husseinzadeh S, Zhou C, Gaitas A, Fang X, Jin Y, Khanipov K, Saito TB, Gong B. Identification of common sequence motifs shared exclusively among selectively packed exosomal pathogenic microRNAs during rickettsial infections. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.06.522907. [PMID: 36712112 PMCID: PMC9881928 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.06.522907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that microRNA (miR)23a and miR30b are selectively sorted into rickettsia-infected, endothelial cell-derived exosomes ( R -ECExos). Yet, the mechanism remains unknown. The number of cases of spotted fever rickettsioses has been increasing in recent years, and infections with these bacteria cause life-threatening diseases by targeting brain and lung tissues. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to continue to dissect the molecular mechanism underlying R -ECExos-induced barrier dysfunction of normal recipient microvascular endothelial cells (MECs), depending on their exosomal RNA cargos. Rickettsiae are transmitted to human hosts by the bite of an infected tick into the skin. In the present study we demonstrate that treatment with R -ECExos, which were derived from spotted fever group R parkeri infected human dermal MECs, induced disruptions of the paracellular adherens junctional protein VE-cadherin and breached the paracellular barrier function in recipient pulmonary MECs (PMECs) in an exosomal RNA-dependent manner. Similarly, we did not detect different levels of miRs in parent dermal MECs following rickettsial infections. However, we demonstrated that the microvasculopathy-relevant miR23a-27a-24 cluster and miR30b are selectively enriched in R -ECExos. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that common sequence motifs are shared exclusively among the exosomal, selectively-enriched miR23a cluster and miR30b at different levels. Taken together, these data warrant further functional identification and characterization of a single, bipartition, or tripartition among ACA, UCA, and CAG motifs that guide recognition of microvasculopathy-relevant miR23a-27a-24 and miR30b, and subsequently results in their selective enrichments in R -ECExos.
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Bei J, Miranda-Morales EG, Gan Q, Qiu Y, Husseinzadeh S, Liew JY, Chang Q, Krishnan B, Gaitas A, Yuan S, Felicella M, Qiu WQ, Fang X, Gong B. Circulating Exosomes from Alzheimer's Disease Suppress Vascular Endothelial-Cadherin Expression and Induce Barrier Dysfunction in Recipient Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:869-885. [PMID: 37661885 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is a crucial aspect of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Dysfunction in BBB is primarily caused by impaired tight junction and adherens junction proteins in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). The role of adherens junctions in AD-related BBB dysfunction remains unclear. Exosomes from senescent cells have unique characteristics and contribute to modulating the phenotype of recipient cells. However, it remains unknown if and how these exosomes cause BMEC dysfunction in AD. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the impact of AD circulating exosomes on brain endothelial dysfunction. METHODS Exosomes were isolated from sera of AD patients and age- and sex-matched cognitively normal controls using size-exclusion chromatography. The study measured the biomechanical nature of BMECs' endothelial barrier, the lateral binding forces between live BMECs. Paracellular expressions of the key adherens junction protein vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin were visualized in BMEC cultures and a 3D BBB model using human BMECs and pericytes. VE-cadherin signals were also examined in brain tissues from AD patients and normal controls. RESULTS Circulating exosomes from AD patients reduced VE-cadherin expression levels and impaired barrier function in recipient BMECs. Immunostaining analysis demonstrated that AD exosomes damaged VE-cadherin integrity in a 3D microvascular tubule formation model. The study found that AD exosomes weakened BBB integrity depending on their RNA content. Additionally, diminished microvascular VE-cadherin expression was observed in AD brains compared to controls. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the significant role of circulating exosomes from AD patients in damaging adherens junctions of recipient BMECs, dependent on exosomal RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Bei
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ernesto G Miranda-Morales
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Qini Gan
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sorosh Husseinzadeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jia Yi Liew
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Balaji Krishnan
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Angelo Gaitas
- The Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Subo Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle Felicella
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Zhou C, Bei J, Qiu Y, Chang Q, Nyong E, Vasilakis N, Yang J, Krishnan B, Khanipov K, Jin Y, Fang X, Gaitas A, Gong B. Exosomally Targeting microRNA23a Ameliorates Microvascular Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction Following Rickettsial Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904679. [PMID: 35812423 PMCID: PMC9260018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spotted fever group rickettsioses caused by Rickettsia (R) are devastating human infections, which mainly target microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) and can induce lethal EC barrier dysfunction in the brain and lungs. Our previous evidence reveals that exosomes (Exos) derived from rickettsial-infected ECs, namely R-ECExos, can induce disruption of the tight junctional (TJ) protein ZO-1 and barrier dysfunction of human normal recipient brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Given that we have observed that microRNA23a (miR23a), a negative regulator of endothelial ZO-1 mRNA, is selectively sorted into R-ECExos, the aim of the present study was to characterize the potential functional role of exosomal miR23a delivered by R-ECExos in normal recipient BMECs. We demonstrated that EC-derived Exos (ECExos) have the capacity to deliver oligonucleotide RNAs to normal recipient BMECs in an RNase-abundant environment. miR23a in ECExos impairs normal recipient BMEC barrier function, directly targeting TJ protein ZO-1 mRNAs. In separate studies using a traditional in vitro model and a novel single living-cell biomechanical assay, our group demonstrated that miR23a anti-sense oligonucleotide-enriched ECExos ameliorate R-ECExo-provoked recipient BMEC dysfunction in association with stabilization of ZO-1 in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that Exo-based therapy could potentially prove to be a promising strategy to improve vascular barrier function during bacterial infection and concomitant inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jiani Bei
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Emmanuel Nyong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Population Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Center for Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- The Center of Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Balaji Krishnan
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiang Fang
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Angelo Gaitas
- The Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Center for Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- The Center of Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Stelzl A, Grabarek A, Schneid S, Jiskoot W, Menzen T, Winter G. Comparison of submicron particle counting methods with a heat stressed monoclonal antibody: Effect of electrolytes and implications on sample preparation. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1992-1999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Particles in Biopharmaceutical Formulations, Part 2: An Update on Analytical Techniques and Applications for Therapeutic Proteins, Viruses, Vaccines and Cells. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:933-950. [PMID: 34919969 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Particles in biopharmaceutical formulations remain a hot topic in drug product development. With new product classes emerging it is crucial to discriminate particulate active pharmaceutical ingredients from particulate impurities. Technical improvements, new analytical developments and emerging tools (e.g., machine learning tools) increase the amount of information generated for particles. For a proper interpretation and judgment of the generated data a thorough understanding of the measurement principle, suitable application fields and potential limitations and pitfalls is required. Our review provides a comprehensive overview of novel particle analysis techniques emerging in the last decade for particulate impurities in therapeutic protein formulations (protein-related, excipient-related and primary packaging material-related), as well as particulate biopharmaceutical formulations (virus particles, virus-like particles, lipid nanoparticles and cell-based medicinal products). In addition, we review the literature on applications, describe specific analytical approaches and illustrate advantages and drawbacks of currently available techniques for particulate biopharmaceutical formulations.
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