The PtoTCP20-miR396d-PtoGRF15 module regulates secondary vascular development in Populus

MicroRNA257 promotes secondary growth in hybrid poplar

Populus, a significant fast-growing tree species with global afforestation and energy potential, holds considerable economic value. The abundant production of secondary xylem by trees, which serves as a vital resource for industrial purposes and human sustenance, necessitates the orchestration of various regulatory mechanisms, encompassing transcriptional regulators and microRNAs (miRNAs). Nevertheless, the investigation of microRNA-mediated regulation of poplar secondary growth remains limited. In this study, we successfully isolated a novel microRNA (Pag-miR257) from 84 K poplar and subsequently integrated it into the 35 S overexpression vector. The overexpression of Pag-miR257 resulted in notable increases in plant height, stem diameter, and fresh weight. Additionally, the overexpression of Pag-miR257 demonstrated a significant enhancement in net photosynthetic rate. The findings from the examination of cell wall autofluorescence indicated a substantial increase in both xylem area and the number of vessels in poplar plants overexpressing Pag-miR257. Furthermore, the cell wall of the Pag-miR257 overexpressing plants exhibited thickening as observed through transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) analysis and phloroglucinol-HCl staining revealed an elevation in lignin content in Pag-miR257 overexpressing poplar plants. The findings of this study suggest that microRNA257 may play a role in the control of secondary growth in poplar stems, thereby potentially enhancing the development of wood engineering techniques for improved material and energy production.

The miR6445-NAC029 module regulates drought tolerance by regulating the expression of glutathione S-transferase U23 and reactive oxygen species scavenging in Populus

MicroRNAs are essential in plant development and stress resistance, but their specific roles in drought stress require further investigation. Here, we have uncovered that a Populus-specific microRNAs (miRNA), miR6445, targeting NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) family genes, is involved in regulating drought tolerance of poplar. The expression level of miR6445 was significantly upregulated under drought stress; concomitantly, seven targeted NAC genes showed significant downregulation. Silencing the expression of miR6445 by short tandem target mimic technology significantly decreased the drought tolerance in poplar. Furthermore, 5' RACE experiments confirmed that miR6445 directly targeted NAC029. The overexpression lines of PtrNAC029 (OE-NAC029) showed increased sensitivity to drought compared with knockout lines (Crispr-NAC029), consistent with the drought-sensitive phenotype observed in miR6445-silenced strains. PtrNAC029 was further verified to directly bind to the promoters of glutathione S-transferase U23 (GSTU23) and inhibit its expression. Both Crispr-NAC029 and PtrGSTU23 overexpressing plants showed higher levels of PtrGSTU23 transcript and GST activity while accumulating less reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, poplars overexpressing GSTU23 demonstrated enhanced drought tolerance. Taken together, our research reveals the crucial role of the miR6445-NAC029-GSTU23 module in enhancing poplar drought tolerance by regulating ROS homeostasis. This finding provides new molecular targets for improving the drought resistance of trees.

Growth-regulating factor 15-mediated vascular cambium differentiation positively regulates wood formation in hybrid poplar (Populus alba × P. glandulosa)

Introduction

Hybrid poplars are industrial trees in China. An understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying wood formation in hybrid poplars is necessary for molecular breeding. Although the division and differentiation of vascular cambial cells is important for secondary growth and wood formation, the regulation of this process is largely unclear.

Methods

In this study, mPagGRF15 OE and PagGRF15-SRDX transgenic poplars were generated to investigate the function of PagGRF15. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR were conducted to analyze genome-wide gene expression, while ChIP‒seq and ChIP-PCR were used to identified the downstream genes regulated by PagGRF15.

Results and discussion

We report that PagGRF15 from hybrid poplar (Populus alba × P. glandulosa), a growth-regulating factor, plays a critical role in the regulation of vascular cambium activity. PagGRF15 was expressed predominantly in the cambial zone of vascular tissue. Overexpression of mPagGRF15 (the mutated version of GRF15 in the miR396 target sequence) in Populus led to decreased plant height and internode number. Further stem cross sections showed that the mPagGRF15 OE plants exhibited significant changes in vascular pattern with an increase in xylem and a reduction in phloem. In addition, cambium cell files were decreased in the mPagGRF15 OE plants. However, dominant suppression of the downstream genes of PagGRF15 using PagGRF15-SRDX showed an opposite phenotype. Based on the RNA-seq and ChIP-seq results, combining qRT-PCR and ChIP-PCR analysis, candidate genes, such as WOX4b, PXY and GID1.3, were obtained and found to be mainly involved in cambial activity and xylem differentiation. Accordingly, we speculated that PagGRF15 functions as a positive regulator mediating xylem differentiation by repressing the expression of the WOX4a and PXY genes to set the pace of cambial activity. In contrast, PagGRF15 mediated the GA signaling pathway by upregulating GID1.3 expression to stimulate xylem differentiation. This study provides valuable information for further studies on vascular cambium differentiation mechanisms and genetic improvement of the specific gravity of wood in hybrid poplars.

Trees need closure too: Wound-induced secondary vascular tissue regeneration

Trees play a pivotal role in terrestrial ecosystems as well as being an important natural resource. These attributes are primarily associated with the capacity of trees to continuously produce woody tissue from the vascular cambium, a ring of stem cells located just beneath the bark. Long-lived trees are exposed to a myriad of biological and environmental stresses that may result in wounding, leading to a loss of bark and the underlying vascular cambium. This affects both wood formation and the quality of timber arising from the tree. In addition, the exposed wound site is a potential entry point for pathogens that cause disease. In response to wounding, trees have the capacity to regenerate lost or damaged tissues at this site. Investigating gene expression changes associated with different stages of wound healing reveals complex and dynamic changes in the activity of transcription factors, signalling pathways and hormone responses. In this review we summarise these data and discuss how they relate to our current understanding of vascular cambium formation and xylem differentiation during secondary growth. Based on this analysis, a model for wound healing that provides the conceptual foundations for future studies aimed at understanding this intriguing process is proposed.

Gibberellin promotes cambium reestablishment during secondary vascular tissue regeneration after girdling in an auxin-dependent manner in Populus

Secondary vascular tissue (SVT) development and regeneration are regulated by phytohormones. In this study, we used an in vitro SVT regeneration system to demonstrate that gibberellin (GA) treatment significantly promotes auxin-induced cambium reestablishment. Altering GA content by overexpressing or knocking down ent-kaurene synthase (KS) affected secondary growth and SVT regeneration in poplar. The poplar DELLA gene GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE (PtoGAI) is expressed in a specific pattern during secondary growth and cambium regeneration after girdling. Overexpression of PtoGAI disrupted poplar growth and inhibited cambium regeneration, and the inhibition of cambium regeneration could be partially restored by GA application. Further analysis of the PtaDR5:GUS transgenic plants, the localization of PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1) and the expression of auxin-related genes found that an additional GA treatment could enhance the auxin response as well as the expression of PIN1, which mediates auxin transport during SVT regeneration. Taken together, these findings suggest that GA promotes cambium regeneration by stimulating auxin signal transduction.

Transcriptome and miRNAs Profiles Reveal Regulatory Network and Key Regulators of Secondary Xylem Formation in "84K" Poplar

Secondary xylem produced by stem secondary growth is the main source of tree biomass and possesses great economic and ecological value in papermaking, construction, biofuels, and the global carbon cycle. The secondary xylem formation is a complex developmental process, and the underlying regulatory networks and potential mechanisms are still under exploration. In this study, using hybrid poplar (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa clone 84K) as a model system, we first ascertained three representative stages of stem secondary growth and then investigated the regulatory network of secondary xylem formation by joint analysis of transcriptome and miRNAs. Notably, 7507 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 55 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified from stage 1 without initiating secondary growth to stage 2 with just initiating secondary growth, which was much more than those identified from stage 2 to stage 3 with obvious secondary growth. DEGs encoding transcription factors and lignin biosynthetic enzymes and those associated with plant hormones were found to participate in the secondary xylem formation. MiRNA-target analysis revealed that a total of 85 DEMs were predicted to have 2948 putative targets. Among them, PagmiR396d-PagGRFs, PagmiR395c-PagGA2ox1/PagLHW/PagSULTR2/PagPolyubiquitin 1, PagmiR482d-PagLAC4, PagmiR167e-PagbHLH62, and PagmiR167f/g/h-PagbHLH110 modules were involved in the regulating cambial activity and its differentiation into secondary xylem, cell expansion, secondary cell wall deposition, and programmed cell death. Our results give new insights into the regulatory network and mechanism of secondary xylem formation.

Plant in situ tissue regeneration: dynamics, mechanisms and implications for forestry research

Plants possess remarkable developmental plasticity and regenerative ability to reshape themselves in response to external stimulations. After localised injuries, they can initiate cellular reprogramming at the wound sites to repair or regrow structures that could substitute the functionality of the damaged or lost parts. This way of regeneration in plants is called plant in situ tissue regeneration. Upon wounding like excision, incision or girdling, the original tissue patterns are completely or partially destroyed, the remanent tissues could perceive the wounding signals and thereby initiate cell de-differentiation, trans-differentiation or re-differentiation to reconstruct the lost or damaged tissues. In this review, we summarize the regenerative dynamics and regulatory mechanisms during the major in situ tissue regeneration processes in plants, including secondary vascular tissue (SVT) regeneration after girdling, apex regeneration after excision and tissue reunion after incision. In addition, we compare the features of SVT regeneration, the most relevant system for forestry, with other plant in situ tissue regeneration systems. We further discuss the unsolved issues and the potential applications of plant in situ regeneration for forestry research, aiming to provide new insights for the study of woody plant development.