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Different regulation of limb development by p63 transcript variants. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174122. [PMID: 28333962 PMCID: PMC5363923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The apical ectodermal ridge (AER), located at the distal end of each limb bud, is a key signaling center which controls outgrowth and patterning of the proximal-distal axis of the limb through secretion of various molecules. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), particularly Fgf8 and Fgf4, are representative molecules produced by AER cells, and essential to maintain the AER and cell proliferation in the underlying mesenchyme, meanwhile Jag2-Notch pathway negatively regulates the AER and limb development. p63, a transcription factor of the p53 family, is expressed in the AER and indispensable for limb formation. However, the underlying mechanisms and specific roles of p63 variants are unknown. Here, we quantified the expression of p63 variants in mouse limbs from embryonic day (E) 10.5 to E12.5, and found that ΔNp63γ was strongly expressed in limbs at all stages, while TAp63γ expression was rapidly increased in the later stages. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of limb bud cells from reporter mouse embryos at E11.5 revealed that all variants were abundantly expressed in AER cells, and their expression was very low in mesenchymal cells. We then generated AER-specific p63 knockout mice by mating mice with a null and a flox allele of p63, and Msx2-Cre mice (Msx2-Cre;p63Δ/fl). Msx2-Cre;p63Δ/fl neonates showed limb malformation that was more obvious in distal elements. Expression of various AER-related genes was decreased in Msx2-Cre;p63Δ/fl limb buds and embryoid bodies formed by p63-knockdown induced pluripotent stem cells. Promoter analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated Fgf8 and Fgf4 as transcriptional targets of ΔNp63γ, and Jag2 as that of TAp63γ. Furthermore, TAp63γ overexpression exacerbated the phenotype of Msx2-Cre;p63Δ/fl mice. These data indicate that ΔNp63 and TAp63 control limb development through transcriptional regulation of different target molecules with different roles in the AER. Our findings contribute to further understanding of the molecular network of limb development.
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Kodaka Y, Tanaka K, Kitajima K, Tanegashima K, Matsuda R, Hara T. LIM homeobox transcription factor Lhx2 inhibits skeletal muscle differentiation in part via transcriptional activation of Msx1 and Msx2. Exp Cell Res 2014; 331:309-19. [PMID: 25460335 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LIM homeobox transcription factor Lhx2 is known to be an important regulator of neuronal development, homeostasis of hair follicle stem cells, and self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells; however, its function in skeletal muscle development is poorly understood. In this study, we found that overexpression of Lhx2 completely inhibits the myotube-forming capacity of C2C12 cells and primary myoblasts. The muscle dedifferentiation factors Msx1 and Msx2 were strongly induced by the Lhx2 overexpression. Short interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Lhx2 in the developing limb buds of mouse embryos resulted in a reduction in Msx1 and Msx2 mRNA levels, suggesting that they are downstream target genes of Lhx2. We found two Lhx2 consensus-binding sites in the -2097 to -1189 genomic region of Msx1 and two additional sites in the -536 to +73 genomic region of Msx2. These sequences were shown by luciferase reporter assay to be essential for Lhx2-mediated transcriptional activation. Moreover, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that Lhx2 is present in chromatin DNA complexes bound to the enhancer regions of the Msx1 and Msx2 genes. These data demonstrate that Msx1 and Msx2 are direct transcriptional targets of Lhx2. In addition, overexpression of Lhx2 significantly enhanced the mRNA levels of bone morphogenetic protein 4 and transforming growth factor beta family genes. We propose that Lhx2 is involved in the early stage of skeletal muscle development by inducing multiple differentiation inhibitory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Kodaka
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0041, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Tanaka
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kenji Kitajima
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tanegashima
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Matsuda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0041, Japan
| | - Takahiko Hara
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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Yanagisawa M, Suzuki N, Mitsui N, Koyama Y, Otsuka K, Shimizu N. Compressive force stimulates the expression of osteogenesis-related transcription factors in ROS 17/2.8 cells. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:214-9. [PMID: 18054892 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine how compressive force affects the expression of osteogenesis-related transcription factors in osteoblasts. DESIGN Cells of ROS 17/2.8, a typical osteoblastic cell line, were cultured with or without continuous compressive force (0.5-2.0 g/cm(2)). Expression of mRNA encoding the osteogenesis-related transcription factors Runx2, Osterix, Msx2, Dlx5 and AJ18 was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein expression of these transcription factors was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS A compressive force of 1.0 g/cm(2) significantly increased mRNA and protein expression of Runx2, Osterix, Msx2 and Dlx5, which are critical for osteoblast differentiation. In contrast, mRNA and protein expression of AJ18, which downregulates osteoblast differentiation, were decreased with 1.0 g/cm(2) of compressive force. CONCLUSIONS A compressive force of 1.0 g/cm(2), which was considered optimal for bone formation under the present experimental conditions, stimulates osteoblastic differentiation via the modulation of osteogenesis-related transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Yanagisawa
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Ward RD, Davis SW, Cho M, Esposito C, Lyons RH, Cheng JF, Rubin EM, Rhodes SJ, Raetzman LT, Smith TPL, Camper SA. Comparative genomics reveals functional transcriptional control sequences in the Prop1 gene. Mamm Genome 2007; 18:521-37. [PMID: 17557180 PMCID: PMC1998882 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-007-9008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in PROP1 are a common genetic cause of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD). We used a comparative genomics approach to predict the transcriptional regulatory domains of Prop1 and tested them in cell culture and mice. A BAC transgene containing Prop1 completely rescues the Prop1 mutant phenotype, demonstrating that the regulatory elements necessary for proper PROP1 transcription are contained within the BAC. We generated DNA sequences from the PROP1 genes in lemur, pig, and five different primate species. Comparison of these with available human and mouse PROP1 sequences identified three putative regulatory sequences that are highly conserved. These are located in the PROP1 promoter proximal region, within the first intron of PROP1, and downstream of PROP1. Each of the conserved elements elicited orientation-specific enhancer activity in the context of the Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase minimal promoter in both heterologous and pituitary-derived cells lines. The intronic element is sufficient to confer dorsal expansion of the pituitary expression domain of a transgene, suggesting that this element is important for the normal spatial expression of endogenous Prop1 during pituitary development. This study illustrates the usefulness of a comparative genomics approach in the identification of regulatory elements that may be the site of mutations responsible for some cases of MPHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Ward
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
- Present Address: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas USA
| | - Shannon W. Davis
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | - MinChul Cho
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | - Constance Esposito
- DNA Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | - Robert H. Lyons
- DNA Sequencing Core Facility, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | - Jan-Fang Cheng
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, U.S. Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Edward M. Rubin
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, U.S. Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Simon J. Rhodes
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Lori T. Raetzman
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
- Present Address: Department Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois USA
| | - Timothy P. L. Smith
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS), Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Sally A. Camper
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
- 4909 Buhl Bldg., 1241 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0618 USA
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Diamond E, Amen M, Hu Q, Espinoza HM, Amendt BA. Functional interactions between Dlx2 and lymphoid enhancer factor regulate Msx2. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:5951-65. [PMID: 17068080 PMCID: PMC1635299 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dlx2, Lymphoid Enhancer Factor (Lef-1) and Msx2 transcription factors are required for several developmental processes. To understand the control of gene expression by these factors, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays identified Msx2 as a downstream target of Dlx2 and Lef-1. Dlx2 activates the Msx2 promoter in several cell lines and binds DNA as a monomer and dimer. A Lef-1 beta-catenin-dependent isoform minimally activates the Msx2 promoter and a Lef-1 beta-catenin-independent isoform is inactive, however co-expression of Dlx2 and both Lef-1 isoforms synergistically activate the Msx2 promoter. Co-immunoprecipitation and protein pull-down experiments demonstrate Lef-1 physically interacts with Dlx2. Deletion analyses of the Lef-1 protein reveal specific regions required for synergism with Dlx2. The Lef-1 beta-catenin binding domain (betaDB) is not required for its interaction with Dlx2. Msx2 can auto-regulate its promoter and repress Dlx2 activation. Msx2 repression of Dlx2 activation is dose-specific and both bind a common DNA-binding element. These transcriptional mechanisms correlate with the temporal and spatial expression of these factors and may provide a mechanism for the control of several developmental processes. We demonstrate new transcriptional activities for Dlx2, Msx2 and Lef-1 through protein interactions and identification of downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brad A. Amendt
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 713 677 7402; Fax: +1 713 677 7784;
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Pueyo JI, Couso JP. Parallels between the proximal-distal development of vertebrate and arthropod appendages: homology without an ancestor? Curr Opin Genet Dev 2005; 15:439-46. [PMID: 15979300 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary studies suggest that the limbs of vertebrates and the appendages of arthropods do not share a common origin. However, recent genetic studies show new similarities in their developmental programmes. These similarities might be caused by the independent recruitment of homologous genes for similar functions or by the conservation of an ancestral proximal-distal development programme. This basic programme might have arisen in an ancestral outgrowth and been independently co-opted in vertebrate and arthropod appendages. It has subsequently diverged in both phyla to fine-pattern the limb and to control phylum-specific cellular events. We suggest that although vertebrate limbs and arthropod appendages are not strictly homologous structures they retain remnants of a common ancestral developmental programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ignacio Pueyo
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
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Ogi H, Suzuki K, Ogino Y, Kamimura M, Miyado M, Ying X, Zhang Z, Shinohara M, Chen Y, Yamada G. Ventral abdominal wall dysmorphogenesis of Msx1/Msx2 double-mutant mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 284:424-30. [PMID: 15803476 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Msx1 and Msx2 genes encode the homeodomain transcription factors. Several gene knockout mice and expression studies suggest that they possess functionally redundant roles in embryogenesis. In this study, we revealed that Msx1 and Msx2 were expressed during ventral body wall formation in an overlapping manner. Msx1/Msx2 double-mutant mice displayed embryonic abdominal wall defects with disorganized muscle layers and connective tissues. These findings indicate that Msx1 and Msx2 play roles in concert during embryonic ventral abdominal wall formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenao Ogi
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Ryoo HM, Yoon WJ. Role of Transcription Factors in Bone and Vascular Mineralization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.3803/jkes.2005.20.6.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mo Ryoo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Won-Joon Yoon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
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