1
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Kawasumi-Kita A, Lee SW, Ohtsuka D, Niimi K, Asakura Y, Kitajima K, Sakane Y, Tamura K, Ochi H, Suzuki KIT, Morishita Y. hoxc12/c13 as key regulators for rebooting the developmental program in Xenopus limb regeneration. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3340. [PMID: 38649703 PMCID: PMC11035627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
During organ regeneration, after the initial responses to injury, gene expression patterns similar to those in normal development are reestablished during subsequent morphogenesis phases. This supports the idea that regeneration recapitulates development and predicts the existence of genes that reboot the developmental program after the initial responses. However, such rebooting mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we explore core rebooting factors that operate during Xenopus limb regeneration. Transcriptomic analysis of larval limb blastema reveals that hoxc12/c13 show the highest regeneration specificity in expression. Knocking out each of them through genome editing inhibits cell proliferation and expression of a group of genes that are essential for development, resulting in autopod regeneration failure, while limb development and initial blastema formation are not affected. Furthermore, the induction of hoxc12/c13 expression partially restores froglet regenerative capacity which is normally very limited compared to larval regeneration. Thus, we demonstrate the existence of genes that have a profound impact alone on rebooting of the developmental program in a regeneration-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Kawasumi-Kita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Sang-Woo Lee
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ohtsuka
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kaori Niimi
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Asakura
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kitajima
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuto Sakane
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Haruki Ochi
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi T Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
- Emerging Model Organisms Facility, Trans-scale Biology Center, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Morishita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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2
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Raymond MJ, McCusker CD. Making a new limb out of old cells: exploring endogenous cell reprogramming and its role during limb regeneration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C505-C512. [PMID: 38105753 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00233.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming is characterized by the induced dedifferentiation of mature cells into a more plastic and potent state. This process can occur through artificial reprogramming manipulations in the laboratory such as nuclear reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation, and endogenously in vivo during amphibian limb regeneration. In amphibians such as the Mexican axolotl, a regeneration permissive environment is formed by nerve-dependent signaling in the wounded limb tissue. When exposed to these signals, limb connective tissue cells dedifferentiate into a limb progenitor-like state. This state allows the cells to acquire new pattern information, a property called positional plasticity. Here, we review our current understanding of endogenous reprogramming and why it is important for successful regeneration. We will also explore how naturally induced dedifferentiation and plasticity were leveraged to study how the missing pattern is established in the regenerating limb tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Raymond
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Catherine D McCusker
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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3
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Wang G, Wang Y, Lyu Y, He H, Liuyang S, Wang J, Sun S, Cheng L, Fu Y, Zhu J, Zhong X, Yang Z, Chen Q, Li C, Guan J, Deng H. Chemical-induced epigenome resetting for regeneration program activation in human cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112547. [PMID: 37224020 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotent stem cells by small molecules through an intermediate stage with a regeneration signature, but how this regeneration state is induced remains largely unknown. Here, through integrated single-cell analysis of transcriptome, we demonstrate that the pathway of human chemical reprogramming with regeneration state is distinct from that of transcription-factor-mediated reprogramming. Time-course construction of chromatin landscapes unveils hierarchical histone modification remodeling underlying the regeneration program, which involved sequential enhancer recommissioning and mirrored the reversal process of regeneration potential lost in organisms as they mature. In addition, LEF1 is identified as a key upstream regulator for regeneration gene program activation. Furthermore, we reveal that regeneration program activation requires sequential enhancer silencing of somatic and proinflammatory programs. Altogether, chemical reprogramming resets the epigenome through reversal of the loss of natural regeneration, representing a distinct concept for cellular reprogramming and advancing the development of regenerative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences and MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanglu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences and MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, The Center for Biomed-X Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Lyu
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics, Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanjing He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences and MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shijia Liuyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences and MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences and MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shicheng Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences and MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences and MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences and MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences and MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxing Zhong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences and MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihan Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences and MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qijing Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences and MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics, Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jingyang Guan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongkui Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences and MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.
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4
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Jia X, Lin W, Wang W. Regulation of chromatin organization during animal regeneration. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:19. [PMID: 37259007 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-023-00162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Activation of regeneration upon tissue damages requires the activation of many developmental genes responsible for cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and tissue patterning. Ample evidence revealed that the regulation of chromatin organization functions as a crucial mechanism for establishing and maintaining cellular identity through precise control of gene transcription. The alteration of chromatin organization can lead to changes in chromatin accessibility and/or enhancer-promoter interactions. Like embryogenesis, each stage of tissue regeneration is accompanied by dynamic changes of chromatin organization in regeneration-responsive cells. In the past decade, many studies have been conducted to investigate the contribution of chromatin organization during regeneration in various tissues, organs, and organisms. A collection of chromatin regulators were demonstrated to play critical roles in regeneration. In this review, we will summarize the progress in the understanding of chromatin organization during regeneration in different research organisms and discuss potential common mechanisms responsible for the activation of regeneration response program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Jia
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weifeng Lin
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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5
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Tada R, Higashidate T, Amano T, Ishikawa S, Yokoyama C, Kobari S, Nara S, Ishida K, Kawaguchi A, Ochi H, Ogino H, Yakushiji-Kaminatsui N, Sakamoto J, Kamei Y, Tamura K, Yokoyama H. The shh limb enhancer is activated in patterned limb regeneration but not in hypomorphic limb regeneration in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 2023:S0012-1606(23)00093-3. [PMID: 37247832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Xenopus young tadpoles regenerate a limb with the anteroposterior (AP) pattern, but metamorphosed froglets regenerate a hypomorphic limb after amputation. The key gene for AP patterning, shh, is expressed in a regenerating limb of the tadpole but not in that of the froglet. Genomic DNA in the shh limb-specific enhancer, MFCS1 (ZRS), is hypermethylated in froglets but hypomethylated in tadpoles: shh expression may be controlled by epigenetic regulation of MFCS1. Is MFCS1 specifically activated for regenerating the AP-patterned limb? We generated transgenic Xenopus laevis lines that visualize the MFCS1 enhancer activity with a GFP reporter. The transgenic tadpoles showed GFP expression in hoxd13-and shh-expressing domains of developing and regenerating limbs, whereas the froglets showed no GFP expression in the regenerating limbs despite having hoxd13 expression. Genome sequence analysis and co-transfection assays using cultured cells revealed that Hoxd13 can activate Xenopus MFCS1. These results suggest that MFCS1 activation correlates with regeneration of AP-patterned limbs and that re-activation of epigenetically inactivated MFCS1 would be crucial to confer the ability to non-regenerative animals for regenerating a properly patterned limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reimi Tada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Takuya Higashidate
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takanori Amano
- Next Generation Human Disease Model Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Shoma Ishikawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Chifuyu Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Suzu Kobari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Saki Nara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Koshiro Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Akane Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Haruki Ochi
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hajime Ogino
- Amphibian Research Center / Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagami-yama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Nayuta Yakushiji-Kaminatsui
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Joe Sakamoto
- Laboratory for Biothermology, National Institute for Basic, Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan; Biophotonics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Higashiyama Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Laboratory for Biothermology, National Institute for Basic, Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology in the School of Life Science of the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan.
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6
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Mahapatra C, Naik P, Swain SK, Mohapatra PP. Unravelling the limb regeneration mechanisms of Polypedates maculatus, a sub-tropical frog, by transcriptomics. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:122. [PMID: 36927452 PMCID: PMC10022135 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regeneration studies help to understand the strategies that replace a lost or damaged organ and provide insights into approaches followed in regenerative medicine and engineering. Amphibians regenerate their limbs effortlessly and are indispensable models to study limb regeneration. Xenopus and axolotl are the key models for studying limb regeneration but recent studies on non-model amphibians have revealed species specific differences in regeneration mechanisms. RESULTS The present study describes the de novo transcriptome of intact limbs and three-day post-amputation blastemas of tadpoles and froglets of the Asian tree frog Polypedates maculatus, a non-model amphibian species commonly found in India. Differential gene expression analysis between early tadpole and froglet limb blastemas discovered species-specific novel regulators of limb regeneration. The present study reports upregulation of proteoglycans, such as epiphycan, chondroadherin, hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1, collagens 2,5,6, 9 and 11, several tumour suppressors and methyltransferases in the P. maculatus tadpole blastemas. Differential gene expression analysis between tadpole and froglet limbs revealed that in addition to the expression of larval-specific haemoglobin and glycoproteins, an upregulation of cysteine and serine protease inhibitors and downregulation of serine proteases, antioxidants, collagenases and inflammatory genes in the tadpole limbs were essential for creating an environment that would support regeneration. Dermal myeloid cells were GAG+, EPYC+, INMT+, LEF1+ and SALL4+ and seemed to migrate from the unamputated regions of the tadpole limb to the blastema. On the other hand, the myeloid cells of the froglet limb blastemas were few and probably contributed to sustained inflammation resulting in healing. CONCLUSIONS Studies on non-model amphibians give insights into alternate tactics for limb regeneration which can help devise a plethora of methods in regenerative medicine and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuckoo Mahapatra
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Odisha, 757003, India.
| | - Pranati Naik
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Odisha, 757003, India
| | - Sumanta Kumar Swain
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Odisha, 757003, India
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7
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Yang L, Chen Y, Liu H, Liu Y, Yuan F, Li Q, Lin G. Evi5 is required for Xenopus limb and tail regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1027666. [PMID: 36605717 PMCID: PMC9809974 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1027666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians such as salamanders and the African clawed frog Xenopus are great models for regeneration studies because they can fully regenerate their lost organs. While axolotl can regenerate damaged organs throughout its lifetime, Xenopus has a limited regeneration capacity after metamorphosis. The ecotropic viral integrative factor 5 (Evi5) is of great interest because its expression is highly upregulated in the limb blastema of axolotls, but remains unchanged in the fibroblastema of post-metamorphic frogs. Yet, its role in regeneration-competent contexts in Xenopus has not been fully analyzed. Here we show that Evi5 is upregulated in Xenopus tadpoles after limb and tail amputation, as in axolotls. Down-regulation of Evi5 with morpholino antisense oligos (Mo) impairs limb development and limb blastema formation in Xenopus tadpoles. Mechanistically, we show that Evi5 knockdown significantly reduces proliferation of limb blastema cells and causes apoptosis, blocking the formation of regeneration blastema. RNA-sequencing analysis reveals that in addition to reduced PDGFα and TGFβ signaling pathways that are required for regeneration, evi5 Mo downregulates lysine demethylases Kdm6b and Kdm7a. And knockdown of Kdm6b or Kdm7a causes defective limb regeneration. Evi5 knockdown also impedes tail regeneration in Xenopus tadpoles and axolotl larvae, suggesting a conserved function of Evi5 in appendage regeneration. Thus, our results demonstrate that Evi5 plays a critical role in appendage regeneration in amphibians.
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8
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Harris RE. Regeneration enhancers: a field in development. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1548-C1554. [PMID: 36252130 PMCID: PMC9829460 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00403.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability to regenerate tissues and organs following damage is not equally distributed across metazoans, and even highly related species can vary considerably in their regenerative capacity. Studies of animals with high regenerative potential have shown that factors expressed during normal development are often reactivated upon damage and required for successful regeneration. As such, regenerative potential may not be dictated by the presence or absence of the necessary genes, but whether such genes are appropriately activated following injury. The identification of damage-responsive enhancers that regulate regenerative gene expression in multiple species and tissues provides possible mechanistic insight into this phenomenon. Enhancers that are reused from developmental programs, and those that are potentially unique to regeneration, have been characterized individually and at a genome-wide scale. A better understanding of the regulatory events that, direct and in some cases limit, regenerative capacity is an important step in developing new methods to manipulate and augment regeneration, particularly in tissues that do not have this ability, including those of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E. Harris
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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9
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Koyano-Nakagawa N, Gong W, Das S, Theisen JWM, Swanholm TB, Van Ly D, Dsouza N, Singh BN, Kawakami H, Young S, Chen KQ, Kawakami Y, Garry DJ. Etv2 regulates enhancer chromatin status to initiate Shh expression in the limb bud. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4221. [PMID: 35864091 PMCID: PMC9304341 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is essential for limb development, and the mechanisms that govern the propagation and maintenance of its expression has been well studied; however, the mechanisms that govern the initiation of Shh expression are incomplete. Here we report that ETV2 initiates Shh expression by changing the chromatin status of the developmental limb enhancer, ZRS. Etv2 expression precedes Shh in limb buds, and Etv2 inactivation prevents the opening of limb chromatin, including the ZRS, resulting in an absence of Shh expression. Etv2 overexpression in limb buds causes nucleosomal displacement at the ZRS, ectopic Shh expression, and polydactyly. Areas of nucleosome displacement coincide with ETS binding site clusters. ETV2 also functions as a transcriptional activator of ZRS and is antagonized by ETV4/5 repressors. Known human polydactyl mutations introduce novel ETV2 binding sites in the ZRS, suggesting that ETV2 dosage regulates ZRS activation. These studies identify ETV2 as a pioneer transcription factor (TF) regulating the onset of Shh expression, having both a chromatin regulatory role and a transcriptional activation role. The embryonic limb bud is known to be patterned by a Shh morphogen gradient, though how Shh expression is activated remains less clear. Here the authors show that Etv2 acts as a pioneer transcription factor to mediate accessibility of the ZRS enhancer and initiate Shh expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Koyano-Nakagawa
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Hamre, Schumann, Mueller & Larson, P.C., Minneapolis, MN, 55402, USA.,Mitchell Hamline School of Law, St. Paul, MN, 55105, USA
| | - Wuming Gong
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Satyabrata Das
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Joshua W M Theisen
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Tran B Swanholm
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Daniel Van Ly
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nikita Dsouza
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Bhairab N Singh
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hiroko Kawakami
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Samantha Young
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Katherine Q Chen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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10
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Aztekin C, Storer MA. To regenerate or not to regenerate: Vertebrate model organisms of regeneration-competency and -incompetency. Wound Repair Regen 2022; 30:623-635. [PMID: 35192230 PMCID: PMC7613846 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Why only certain species can regenerate their appendages (e.g. tails and limbs) remains one of the biggest mysteries of nature. Unlike anuran tadpoles and salamanders, humans and other mammals cannot regenerate their limbs, but can only regrow lost digit tips under specific circumstances. Numerous hypotheses have been postulated to explain regeneration-incompetency in mammals. By studying model organisms that show varying regenerative abilities, we now have more opportunities to uncover what contributes to regeneration-incompetency and functionally test which perturbations restore appendage regrowth. Particularly, Xenopus laevis tail and limb, and mouse digit tip model systems exhibit naturally occurring variations in regenerative capacities. Here, we discuss major hypotheses that are suggested to contribute to regeneration-incompetency, and how species with varying regenerative abilities reflect on these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Aztekin
- School of Life SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)Lausanne
| | - Mekayla A. Storer
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience and Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridge
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11
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Khyeam S, Lee S, Huang GN. Genetic, Epigenetic, and Post-Transcriptional Basis of Divergent Tissue Regenerative Capacities Among Vertebrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2. [PMID: 34423307 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.10042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration is widespread across the animal kingdom but varies vastly across phylogeny and even ontogeny. Adult mammalian regeneration in most organs and appendages is limited, while vertebrates such as zebrafish and salamanders are able to regenerate various organs and body parts. Here, we focus on the regeneration of appendages, spinal cord, and heart - organs and body parts that are highly regenerative among fish and amphibian species but limited in adult mammals. We then describe potential genetic, epigenetic, and post-transcriptional similarities among these different forms of regeneration across vertebrates and discuss several theories for diminished regenerative capacity throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheamin Khyeam
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sukjun Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Guo N Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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12
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Fibroblast dedifferentiation as a determinant of successful regeneration. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1541-1551.e6. [PMID: 34004152 PMCID: PMC8140481 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Limb regeneration, while observed lifelong in salamanders, is restricted in post-metamorphic Xenopus laevis frogs. Whether this loss is due to systemic factors or an intrinsic incapability of cells to form competent stem cells has been unclear. Here, we use genetic fate mapping to establish that connective tissue (CT) cells form the post-metamorphic frog blastema, as in the case of axolotls. Using heterochronic transplantation into the limb bud and single-cell transcriptomic profiling, we show that axolotl CT cells dedifferentiate and integrate to form lineages, including cartilage. In contrast, frog blastema CT cells do not fully re-express the limb bud progenitor program, even when transplanted into the limb bud. Correspondingly, transplanted cells contribute to extraskeletal CT, but not to the developing cartilage. Furthermore, using single-cell RNA-seq analysis we find that embryonic and adult frog cartilage differentiation programs are molecularly distinct. This work defines intrinsic restrictions in CT dedifferentiation as a limitation in adult regeneration. Fibroblast-derived Prrx1+ cells are the main constituent of a frog limb blastema Frog fibroblasts only undergo partial dedifferentiation due to intrinsic limitations Adult chondrogenesis is distinct from the embryonic program
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13
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Zhou H, Ma Z, Wang Z, Yan S, Wang D, Shen J. Hedgehog signaling regulates regenerative patterning and growth in Harmonia axyridis leg. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2185-2197. [PMID: 32909120 PMCID: PMC11071721 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Appendage regeneration has been widely studied in many species. Compared to other animal models, Harmonia axyridis has the advantage of a short life cycle, is easily reared, has strong regeneration capacity and contains systemic RNAi, making it a model organism for research on appendage regeneration. Here, we performed transcriptome analysis, followed by gene functional assays to reveal the molecular mechanism of H. axyridis leg regenerative growth process. Signaling pathways including Decapentaplegic (Dpp), Wingless (Wg), Ds/Ft/Hippo, Notch, Egfr, and Hedgehog (Hh) were all upregulated during the leg regenerative patterning and growth. Among these, Hh and its auxiliary receptor Lrp2 were required for the proper patterning and growth of the regenerative leg. The targets of canonical Hh signaling were required for the regenerative growth which contributes to the leg length, but were not essential for the pattern formation of the regenerative leg. dpp, wg and leg developmental-related genes including rn, dac and Dll were all regulated by hh and lrp2 and may play an essential role in the regenerative patterning of the leg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongzheng Ma
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqi Wang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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14
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Suzuki N, Ochi H. Regeneration enhancers: A clue to reactivation of developmental genes. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:343-354. [PMID: 32096563 PMCID: PMC7383998 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During tissue and organ regeneration, cells initially detect damage and then alter nuclear transcription in favor of tissue/organ reconstruction. Until recently, studies of tissue regeneration have focused on the identification of relevant genes. These studies show that many developmental genes are reused during regeneration. Concurrently, comparative genomics studies have shown that the total number of genes does not vastly differ among vertebrate taxa. Moreover, functional analyses of developmental genes using various knockout/knockdown techniques demonstrated that the functions of these genes are conserved among vertebrates. Despite these data, the ability to regenerate damaged body parts varies widely between animals. Thus, it is important to determine how regenerative transcriptional programs are triggered and why animals with low regenerative potential fail to express developmental genes after injury. Recently, we discovered relevant enhancers and named them regeneration signal-response enhancers (RSREs) after identifying their activation mechanisms in a Xenopus laevis transgenic system. In this review, we summarize recent studies of injury/regeneration-associated enhancers and then discuss their mechanisms of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanoka Suzuki
- Amphibian Research CenterHiroshima UniversityHigashi‐HiroshimaJapan
| | - Haruki Ochi
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science ResearchFaculty of MedicineYamagata UniversityYamagataJapan
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15
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Lee HJ, Hou Y, Chen Y, Dailey ZZ, Riddihough A, Jang HS, Wang T, Johnson SL. Regenerating zebrafish fin epigenome is characterized by stable lineage-specific DNA methylation and dynamic chromatin accessibility. Genome Biol 2020; 21:52. [PMID: 32106888 PMCID: PMC7047409 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-1948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zebrafish can faithfully regenerate injured fins through the formation of a blastema, a mass of proliferative cells that can grow and develop into the lost body part. After amputation, various cell types contribute to blastema formation, where each cell type retains fate restriction and exclusively contributes to regeneration of its own lineage. Epigenetic changes that are associated with lineage restriction during regeneration remain underexplored. RESULTS We produce epigenome maps, including DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility, as well as transcriptomes, of osteoblasts and other cells in uninjured and regenerating fins. This effort reveals regeneration as a process of highly dynamic and orchestrated transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility changes, coupled with stably maintained lineage-specific DNA methylation. The epigenetic signatures also reveal many novel regeneration-specific enhancers, which are experimentally validated. Regulatory networks important for regeneration are constructed through integrative analysis of the epigenome map, and a knockout of a predicted upstream regulator disrupts normal regeneration, validating our prediction. CONCLUSION Our study shows that lineage-specific DNA methylation signatures are stably maintained during regeneration, and regeneration enhancers are preset as hypomethylated before injury. In contrast, chromatin accessibility is dynamically changed during regeneration. Many enhancers driving regeneration gene expression as well as upstream regulators of regeneration are identified and validated through integrative epigenome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joo Lee
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Yiran Hou
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Zea Z Dailey
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Aiyana Riddihough
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hyo Sik Jang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA.
| | - Stephen L Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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16
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Kulebyakin KY, Nimiritsky PP, Makarevich PI. Growth Factors in Regeneration and Regenerative Medicine: "the Cure and the Cause". Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:384. [PMID: 32733378 PMCID: PMC7358447 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential rapid advance of regenerative medicine was obstructed by findings that stimulation of human body regeneration is a much tougher mission than expected after the first cultures of stem and progenitor cells were established. In this mini review, we focus on the ambiguous role of growth factors in regeneration, discuss their evolutionary importance, and highlight them as the "cure and the cause" for successful or failed attempts to drive human body regeneration. We draw the reader's attention to evolutionary changes that occurred in growth factors and their receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and how they established and shaped response to injury in metazoans. Discussing the well-known pleiotropy of growth factors, we propose an evolutionary rationale for their functioning in this specific way and focus on growth factors and RTKs as an amazing system that defines the multicellular nature of animals and highlight their participation in regeneration. We pinpoint potential bottlenecks in their application for human tissue regeneration and show their role in fibrosis/regeneration balance. This communication invites the reader to re-evaluate the functions of growth factors as keepers of natively existing communications between elements of tissue, which makes them a fundamental component of a successful regenerative strategy. Finally, we draw attention to the epigenetic landscape that may facilitate or block regeneration and give a brief insight into how it may define the outcome of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Yu. Kulebyakin
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter P. Nimiritsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel I. Makarevich
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Pavel I. Makarevich
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17
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Zwi SF, Choron C, Zheng D, Nguyen D, Zhang Y, Roshal C, Kikuchi K, Hesselson D. Pharmacological Enhancement of Regeneration-Dependent Regulatory T Cell Recruitment in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205189. [PMID: 31635133 PMCID: PMC6834363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative capacity varies greatly between species. Mammals are limited in their ability to regenerate damaged cells, tissues and organs compared to organisms with robust regenerative responses, such as zebrafish. The regeneration of zebrafish tissues including the heart, spinal cord and retina requires foxp3a+ zebrafish regulatory T cells (zTregs). However, it remains unclear whether the muted regenerative responses in mammals are due to impaired recruitment and/or function of homologous mammalian regulatory T cell (Treg) populations. Here, we explore the possibility of enhancing zTreg recruitment with pharmacological interventions using the well-characterized zebrafish tail amputation model to establish a high-throughput screening platform. Injury-infiltrating zTregs were transgenically labelled to enable rapid quantification in live animals. We screened the NIH Clinical Collection (727 small molecules) for modulators of zTreg recruitment to the regenerating tissue at three days post-injury. We discovered that the dopamine agonist pramipexole, a drug currently approved for treating Parkinson’s Disease, specifically enhanced zTreg recruitment after injury. The dopamine antagonist SCH-23390 blocked pramipexole activity, suggesting that peripheral dopaminergic signaling may regulate zTreg recruitment. Similar pharmacological approaches for enhancing mammalian Treg recruitment may be an important step in developing novel strategies for tissue regeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie F. Zwi
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (S.F.Z.); (C.C.); (D.N.); (Y.Z.); (C.R.)
| | - Clarisse Choron
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (S.F.Z.); (C.C.); (D.N.); (Y.Z.); (C.R.)
| | - Dawei Zheng
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia;
| | - David Nguyen
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (S.F.Z.); (C.C.); (D.N.); (Y.Z.); (C.R.)
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (S.F.Z.); (C.C.); (D.N.); (Y.Z.); (C.R.)
| | - Camilla Roshal
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (S.F.Z.); (C.C.); (D.N.); (Y.Z.); (C.R.)
| | - Kazu Kikuchi
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia;
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (D.H.)
| | - Daniel Hesselson
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; (S.F.Z.); (C.C.); (D.N.); (Y.Z.); (C.R.)
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (D.H.)
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18
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Cox BD, Yun MH, Poss KD. Can laboratory model systems instruct human limb regeneration? Development 2019; 146:146/20/dev181016. [PMID: 31578190 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration has fascinated scientists since well before the 20th century revolutions in genetics and molecular biology. The field of regenerative biology has grown steadily over the past decade, incorporating advances in imaging, genomics and genome editing to identify key cell types and molecules involved across many model organisms. Yet for many or most tissues, it can be difficult to predict when and how findings from these studies will advance regenerative medicine. Establishing technologies to stimulate regrowth of a lost or amputated limb with a patterned replicate, as salamanders do routinely, is one of the most challenging directives of tissue regeneration research. Here, we speculate upon what research avenues the field must explore to move closer to this capstone achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Cox
- Regeneration Next, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maximina H Yun
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany .,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Regeneration Next, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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19
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Sass P, Sosnowski P, Podolak-Popinigis J, Górnikiewicz B, Kamińska J, Deptuła M, Nowicka E, Wardowska A, Ruczyński J, Rekowski P, Rogujski P, Filipowicz N, Mieczkowska A, Peszyńska-Sularz G, Janus Ł, Skowron P, Czupryn A, Mucha P, Piotrowski A, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Pikuła M, Sachadyn P. Epigenetic inhibitor zebularine activates ear pinna wound closure in the mouse. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:317-329. [PMID: 31303499 PMCID: PMC6710911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies on regenerative medicine focus on cell-based therapies and transplantations. Small-molecule therapeutics, though proved effective in different medical conditions, have not been extensively investigated in regenerative research. It is known that healing potential decreases with development and developmental changes are driven by epigenetic mechanisms, which suggests epigenetic repression of regenerative capacity. METHODS We applied zebularine, a nucleoside inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases, to stimulate the regenerative response in a model of ear pinna injury in mice. FINDINGS We observed the regeneration of complex tissue that was manifested as improved ear hole repair in mice that received intraperitoneal injections of zebularine. Six weeks after injury, the mean hole area decreased by 83.2 ± 9.4% in zebularine-treated and by 43.6 ± 15.4% in control mice (p < 10-30). Combined delivery of zebularine and retinoic acid potentiated and accelerated this effect, resulting in complete ear hole closure within three weeks after injury. We found a decrease in DNA methylation and transcriptional activation of neurodevelopmental and pluripotency genes in the regenerating tissues. INTERPRETATION This study is the first to demonstrate an effective induction of complex tissue regeneration in adult mammals using zebularine. We showed that the synergistic action of an epigenetic drug (zebularine) and a transcriptional activator (retinoic acid) could be effectively utilized to induce the regenerative response, thus delineating a novel pharmacological strategy for regeneration. The strategy was effective in the model of ear pinna regeneration in mice, but zebularine acts on different cell types, therefore, a similar approach can be tested in other tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Sass
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biotechnology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Sosnowski
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biotechnology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Bartosz Górnikiewicz
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biotechnology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kamińska
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biotechnology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Milena Deptuła
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Nowicka
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Wardowska
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Ruczyński
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Rekowski
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Rogujski
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Filipowicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | - Alina Mieczkowska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | - Grażyna Peszyńska-Sularz
- Tri-City Academic Laboratory Animal Centre, Research and Services Centre, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Skowron
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Artur Czupryn
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Mucha
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Michał Pikuła
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paweł Sachadyn
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biotechnology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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20
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Chromatin dynamics underlying the precise regeneration of a vertebrate limb - Epigenetic regulation and cellular memory. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 97:16-25. [PMID: 30991117 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing, tissue regeneration, and organ regrowth are all regeneration phenomena observed in vertebrates after an injury. However, the ability to regenerate differs greatly among species. Mammals can undergo wound healing and tissue regeneration, but cannot regenerate an organ; for example, they cannot regrow an amputated limb. In contrast, amphibians and fish have much higher capabilities for organ-level regeneration. In addition to medical studies and those in conventional mammalian models such as mice, studies in amphibians and fish have revealed essential factors for and mechanisms of regeneration, including the regrowth of a limb, tail, or fin. However, the molecular nature of the cellular memory needed to precisely generate a new appendage from an amputation site is not fully understood. Recent reports have indicated that organ regeneration is closely related to epigenetic regulation. For example, the methylation status of genomic DNA is related to the expression of regeneration-related genes, and histone-modification enzymes are required to control the chromatin dynamics for regeneration. A proposed mechanism of cellular memory involving an inheritable system of epigenetic modification led us to hypothesize that epigenetic regulation forms the basis for cellular memory in organ regeneration. Here we summarize the current understanding of the role of epigenetic regulation in organ regeneration and discuss the relationship between organ regeneration and epigenetic memory.
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21
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Voss SR, Ponomareva LV, Dwaraka VB, Pardue KE, Baddar NWAH, Rodgers AK, Woodcock MR, Qiu Q, Crowner A, Blichmann D, Khatri S, Thorson JS. HDAC Regulates Transcription at the Outset of Axolotl Tail Regeneration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6751. [PMID: 31043677 PMCID: PMC6494824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration is associated with complex changes in gene expression and post-translational modifications of proteins, including transcription factors and histones that comprise chromatin. We tested 172 compounds designed to target epigenetic mechanisms in an axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) embryo tail regeneration assay. A relatively large number of compounds (N = 55) inhibited tail regeneration, including 18 histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). In particular, romidepsin, an FDA-approved anticancer drug, potently inhibited tail regeneration when embryos were treated continuously for 7 days. Additional experiments revealed that romidepsin acted within a very narrow, post-injury window. Romidepsin treatment for only 1-minute post amputation inhibited regeneration through the first 7 days, however after this time, regeneration commenced with variable outgrowth of tailfin tissue and abnormal patterning. Microarray analysis showed that romidepsin altered early, transcriptional responses at 3 and 6-hour post-amputation, especially targeting genes that are implicated in tumor cell death, as well as genes that function in the regulation of transcription, cell differentiation, cell proliferation, pattern specification, and tissue morphogenesis. Our results show that HDAC activity is required at the time of tail amputation to regulate the initial transcriptional response to injury and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Randal Voss
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
| | - Larissa V Ponomareva
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Varun B Dwaraka
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Kaitlin E Pardue
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Nour W Al Haj Baddar
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - A Katherine Rodgers
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - M Ryan Woodcock
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.,Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, NH, 03431, USA
| | - Qingchao Qiu
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Anne Crowner
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Dana Blichmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Shivam Khatri
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Jon S Thorson
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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22
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Identification and sequencing of the gene encoding DNA methyltransferase 3 (DNMT3) from sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:3791-3800. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Kakebeen AD, Wills AE. More Than Just a Bandage: Closing the Gap Between Injury and Appendage Regeneration. Front Physiol 2019; 10:81. [PMID: 30800076 PMCID: PMC6376490 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The remarkable regenerative capabilities of amphibians have captured the attention of biologists for centuries. The frogs Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis undergo temporally restricted regenerative healing of appendage amputations and spinal cord truncations, injuries that are both devastating and relatively common in human patients. Rapidly expanding technological innovations have led to a resurgence of interest in defining the factors that enable regenerative healing, and in coupling these factors to human therapeutic interventions. It is well-established that early embryonic signaling pathways are critical for growth and patterning of new tissue during regeneration. A growing body of research now indicates that early physiological injury responses are also required to initiate a regenerative program, and that these differ in regenerative and non-regenerative contexts. Here we review recent insights into the biophysical, biochemical, and epigenetic processes that underlie regenerative healing in amphibians, focusing particularly on tail and limb regeneration in Xenopus. We also discuss the more elusive potential mechanisms that link wounding to tissue growth and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke D Kakebeen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrea E Wills
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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24
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Atkinson PJ, Kim GS, Cheng AG. Direct cellular reprogramming and inner ear regeneration. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:129-139. [PMID: 30584811 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1564035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sound is integral to communication and connects us to the world through speech and music. Cochlear hair cells are essential for converting sounds into neural impulses. However, these cells are highly susceptible to damage from an array of factors, resulting in degeneration and ultimately irreversible hearing loss in humans. Since the discovery of hair cell regeneration in birds, there have been tremendous efforts to identify therapies that could promote hair cell regeneration in mammals. AREAS COVERED Here, we will review recent studies describing spontaneous hair cell regeneration and direct cellular reprograming as well as other factors that mediate mammalian hair cell regeneration. EXPERT OPINION Numerous combinatorial approaches have successfully reprogrammed non-sensory supporting cells to form hair cells, albeit with limited efficacy and maturation. Studies on epigenetic regulation and transcriptional network of hair cell progenitors may accelerate discovery of more promising reprogramming regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Atkinson
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Grace S Kim
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Alan G Cheng
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
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25
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Yang C, Zhang Y, Song Y, Lu X, Gao H. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of the regenerative and non-regenerative tissues in sika deer (Cervus nippon). Gene 2018; 676:249-255. [PMID: 30016669 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Deer antlers, the secondary organs of deer, are a unique model to study regeneration of organ/tissue in mammals. Pedicle periosteum (PP) is the key tissue type for antler regeneration. Based on our previous study, the DNA methylation was found to be the basic molecular mechanism underlying the antler regeneration. In this study, we compare the genome-wide DNA methylation level in regenerative tissues (the potentiated PP of antler, muscle, heart and liver) and non-regenerative tissue (the dormant PP) of deer by the fluorescence-labeled methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (F-MSAP) method. Our results showed that DNA methylation level was significantly lower in the regenerative tissues compared to the non-regenerative tissue (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 26 T-DMRs which displayed different methylated status in regenerative and non-regenerative tissues were identified by the MSAP method, and were further confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Taken together, our data suggest that DNA methylation, an important epigenetic regulation mechanism, may play an important role in the mammalian tissue/organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yanyan Song
- No. 2 Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Changchun, PR China
| | - Hang Gao
- No. 1 Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.
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26
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Taghiyar L, Hosseini S, Safari F, Bagheri F, Fani N, Stoddart MJ, Alini M, Eslaminejad MB. New insight into functional limb regeneration: A to Z approaches. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1925-1943. [PMID: 30011424 DOI: 10.1002/term.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Limb/digit amputation is a common event in humans caused by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. Although the loss of a digit is not lethal, it affects quality of life and imposes high costs on amputees. In recent years, the increasing interest in limb regeneration has led to enhanced scientific knowledge. However, the limited ability to develop functional limb regeneration in the clinical setting suggests that a challenging issue remains in limb regeneration. Recently, the emergence of regenerative engineering is a promising field to address this challenge and close the gap between science and clinical applications. Cell signalling and molecular mechanisms involved in the limb regeneration process have been extensively studied; however, there is still insufficient data on cell therapy and tissue engineering for limb regeneration. In this review, we intend to focus on therapeutic approaches for limb regeneration that are closely related to gene, immune, and stem cell therapies, as well as tissue engineering approaches that take into consideration the peculiar developmental properties of the limbs. In addition, we attempt to identify the challenges of these strategies for limb regeneration studies in terms of clinical settings and as a road map to accomplish the goal of functional human limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Taghiyar
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bagheri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nesa Fani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Zhang M, Yang L, Yuan F, Chen Y, Lin G. Dicer inactivation stimulates limb regeneration ability in Xenopus laevis. Wound Repair Regen 2018; 26:46-53. [PMID: 29453851 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ontogenetic decline of regeneration capacity in the anuran amphibian Xenopus makes it an excellent model for regeneration studies. However, the cause of the regeneration ability decline is not fully understood. MicroRNAs regulate animal development and have been indicated in various regeneration situations. However, little is known about the role of microRNAs during limb regeneration in Xenopus. This study investigates the effect of Dicer, an enzyme responsible for microRNA maturation, on limb development and regeneration in Xenopus. Dicer is expressed in the developing Xenopus limbs and is up-regulated after limb amputation during both regeneration-competent and regeneration-deficient stages of tadpole development. Inactivation of Dicer in early (NF stage 53) tadpole limb buds leads to shorter tibulare/fibulare formation but does not affect limb regeneration. However, in late-stage, regeneration-deficient tadpole limbs (NF stage 57), Dicer inactivation restores the regeneration blastema and stimulates limb regeneration. Thus, our results demonstrated that Xenopus limb regeneration can be stimulated by the inactivation of Dicer in nonregenerating tadpoles, indicating that microRNAs present in late-stage tadpole limbs may be involved in the ontogenetic decline of limb regeneration in Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yuan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Gufa Lin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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28
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McLaughlin KA, Levin M. Bioelectric signaling in regeneration: Mechanisms of ionic controls of growth and form. Dev Biol 2018; 433:177-189. [PMID: 29291972 PMCID: PMC5753428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control pattern formation is critical for the both the embryonic development of complex structures as well as for the regeneration/repair of damaged or missing tissues and organs. In addition to chemical gradients and gene regulatory networks, endogenous ion flows are key regulators of cell behavior. Not only do bioelectric cues provide information needed for the initial development of structures, they also enable the robust restoration of normal pattern after injury. In order to expand our basic understanding of morphogenetic processes responsible for the repair of complex anatomy, we need to identify the roles of endogenous voltage gradients, ion flows, and electric fields. In complement to the current focus on molecular genetics, decoding the information transduced by bioelectric cues enhances our knowledge of the dynamic control of growth and pattern formation. Recent advances in science and technology place us in an exciting time to elucidate the interplay between molecular-genetic inputs and important biophysical cues that direct the creation of tissues and organs. Moving forward, these new insights enable additional approaches to direct cell behavior and may result in profound advances in augmentation of regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A McLaughlin
- Allen Discovery Center, Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4700, Medford, MA 02155, United States.
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center, Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4700, Medford, MA 02155, United States
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29
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Mitogawa K, Makanae A, Satoh A. Hyperinnervation improves Xenopus laevis limb regeneration. Dev Biol 2018; 433:276-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Sommese L, Zullo A, Schiano C, Mancini FP, Napoli C. Possible Muscle Repair in the Human Cardiovascular System. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:170-191. [PMID: 28058671 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative potential of tissues and organs could promote survival, extended lifespan and healthy life in multicellular organisms. Niches of adult stemness are widely distributed and lead to the anatomical and functional regeneration of the damaged organ. Conversely, muscular regeneration in mammals, and humans in particular, is very limited and not a single piece of muscle can fully regrow after a severe injury. Therefore, muscle repair after myocardial infarction is still a chimera. Recently, it has been recognized that epigenetics could play a role in tissue regrowth since it guarantees the maintenance of cellular identity in differentiated cells and, therefore, the stability of organs and tissues. The removal of these locks can shift a specific cell identity back to the stem-like one. Given the gradual loss of tissue renewal potential in the course of evolution, in the last few years many different attempts to retrieve such potential by means of cell therapy approaches have been performed in experimental models. Here we review pathways and mechanisms involved in the in vivo repair of cardiovascular muscle tissues in humans. Moreover, we address the ongoing research on mammalian cardiac muscle repair based on adult stem cell transplantation and pro-regenerative factor delivery. This latter issue, involving genetic manipulations of adult cells, paves the way for developing possible therapeutic strategies in the field of cardiovascular muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sommese
- Department of Internal and Specialty Medicine, U.O.C. Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Alberto Zullo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.,CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, s.c.ar.l, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francesco P Mancini
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Department of Internal and Specialty Medicine, U.O.C. Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.,IRCCS Foundation SDN, Naples, Italy
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31
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Stocum DL. Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2017; 4:159-200. [PMID: 29299322 PMCID: PMC5743758 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the historical and current state of our knowledge about urodele limb regeneration. Topics discussed are (1) blastema formation by the proteolytic histolysis of limb tissues to release resident stem cells and mononucleate cells that undergo dedifferentiation, cell cycle entry and accumulation under the apical epidermal cap. (2) The origin, phenotypic memory, and positional memory of blastema cells. (3) The role played by macrophages in the early events of regeneration. (4) The role of neural and AEC factors and interaction between blastema cells in mitosis and distalization. (5) Models of pattern formation based on the results of axial reversal experiments, experiments on the regeneration of half and double half limbs, and experiments using retinoic acid to alter positional identity of blastema cells. (6) Possible mechanisms of distalization during normal and intercalary regeneration. (7) Is pattern formation is a self-organizing property of the blastema or dictated by chemical signals from adjacent tissues? (8) What is the future for regenerating a human limb?
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Stocum
- Department of BiologyIndiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis723 W. Michigan StIndianapolisIN 46202USA
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32
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Wang C, Shan S, Wang C, Wang J, Li J, Hu G, Dai K, Li Q, Zhang X. Mechanical stimulation promote the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells through epigenetic regulation of Sonic Hedgehog. Exp Cell Res 2017; 352:346-356. [PMID: 28215635 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical unloading leads to bone loss and disuse osteoporosis partly due to impaired osteoblastogenesis of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that cyclic mechanical stretch (CMS) promotes osteoblastogenesis of BMSCs both in vivo and in vitro. Besides, we found that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway was activated in this process. Inhibition of which by either knockdown of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) or treating BMSCs with Hh inhibitors attenuated the osteogenic effect of CMS on BMSCs, suggesting that Hh signaling pathway acts as an endogenous mediator of mechanical stimuli on BMSCs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Shh expression level was regulated by DNA methylation mechanism. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that DNA methyltransferase 3b (Dnmt3b) binds to Shh gene promoter, leading to DNA hypermethylation in mechanical unloading BMSCs. However, mechanical stimulation down-regulates the protein level of Dnmt3b, results in DNA demethylation and Shh expression. More importantly, we found that inhibition of Dnmt3b partly rescued bone loss in HU mice by mechanical unloading. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that mechanical stimulation regulates osteoblastic genes expression via direct regulation of Dnmt3b, and the therapeutic inhibition of Dnmt3b may be an efficient strategy for enhancing bone formation under mechanical unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuandong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Shengzhou Shan
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of cell biology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Guoli Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kerong Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China.
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33
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Tickle C, Towers M. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Limb Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:14. [PMID: 28293554 PMCID: PMC5328949 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the secreted protein Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in the polarizing region (or zone of polarizing activity), a small group of mesenchyme cells at the posterior margin of the vertebrate limb bud. Detailed analyses have revealed that Shh has the properties of the long sought after polarizing region morphogen that specifies positional values across the antero-posterior axis (e.g., thumb to little finger axis) of the limb. Shh has also been shown to control the width of the limb bud by stimulating mesenchyme cell proliferation and by regulating the antero-posterior length of the apical ectodermal ridge, the signaling region required for limb bud outgrowth and the laying down of structures along the proximo-distal axis (e.g., shoulder to digits axis) of the limb. It has been shown that Shh signaling can specify antero-posterior positional values in limb buds in both a concentration- (paracrine) and time-dependent (autocrine) fashion. Currently there are several models for how Shh specifies positional values over time in the limb buds of chick and mouse embryos and how this is integrated with growth. Extensive work has elucidated downstream transcriptional targets of Shh signaling. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how antero-posterior positional values are encoded and then interpreted to give the particular structure appropriate to that position, for example, the type of digit. A distant cis-regulatory enhancer controls limb-bud-specific expression of Shh and the discovery of increasing numbers of interacting transcription factors indicate complex spatiotemporal regulation. Altered Shh signaling is implicated in clinical conditions with congenital limb defects and in the evolution of the morphological diversity of vertebrate limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryll Tickle
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBath, UK,*Correspondence: Cheryll Tickle
| | - Matthew Towers
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Bateson Centre, University of SheffieldWestern Bank, Sheffield, UK,Matthew Towers
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Abstract
The limb is a commonly used model system for developmental biology. Given the need for precise control of complex signalling pathways to achieve proper patterning, the limb is also becoming a model system for gene regulation studies. Recent developments in genomic technologies have enabled the genome-wide identification of regulatory elements that control limb development, yielding insights into the determination of limb morphology and forelimb versus hindlimb identity. The modulation of regulatory interactions - for example, through the modification of regulatory sequences or chromatin architecture - can lead to morphological evolution, acquired regeneration capacity or limb malformations in diverse species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Petit
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,University of Lille, CHU Lille, EA 7364-RADEME, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Karen E Sears
- School of Integrative Biology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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35
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Vargas AO, Krabichler Q, Guerrero-Bosagna C. An Epigenetic Perspective on the Midwife Toad Experiments of Paul Kammerer (1880-1926). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 328:179-192. [PMID: 27781385 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paul Kammerer was the most outstanding neo-Lamarckian experimentalist of the early 20th century. He reported spectacular results in the midwife toad, including crosses of environmentally modified toads with normal toads, where acquired traits were inherited in Mendelian fashion. Accusations of fraud generated a great scandal, ending with Kammerer's suicide. Controversy reignited in the 1970s, when journalist Arthur Koestler argued against these accusations. Since then, others have argued that Kammerer's results, even if real, were not groundbreaking and could be explained by somatic plasticity, inadvertent selection, or conventional genetics. More recently, epigenetics has uncovered mechanisms by which inheritance can respond directly to environmental change, inviting a reanalysis of Kammerer's descriptions. Previous arguments for mere somatic plasticity have ignored the description of experiments showing heritable germ line modification. Alleged inadvertent selection associated with egg mortality can be discarded, since mortality decreased in a single generation, upon repeated exposures. The challenging implications did not escape the attention of Kammerer's noted contemporary, William Bateson, but he reacted with disbelief, thus encouraging fraud accusations. Nowadays, formerly puzzling phenomena can be explained by epigenetic mechanisms. Importantly, Kammerer described parent-of-origin effects, an effect of parental sex on dominance. Epigenetic mechanisms underlie these effects in genomic imprinting and experiments of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. In the early 20th century, researchers had no reason to link them with the inheritance of acquired traits. Thus, the parent-of-origin effects in Kammerer's experiments specifically suggest authenticity. Ultimate proof should come from renewed experimentation. To encourage further research, we present a model of possible epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Vargas
- Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras, Ñuñoa, Santiago
| | - Quirin Krabichler
- Chair of Zoology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Bosagna
- Avian Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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36
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Yang C, Lu X, Sun H, Chu WH, Li C. Analysis of Genomewide DNA Methylation Reveals Differences in DNA Methylation Levels between Dormant and Naturally as well as Artificially Potentiated Pedicle Periosteum of Sika Deer (Cervus nippon). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 326:375-383. [PMID: 27554771 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Deer antlers are the only mammalian appendages that can fully regenerate each year from the permanent bony protuberances of the frontal bones, called pedicles. Pedicle periosteum (PP) is the key tissue for antler regeneration and the source of antler stem cells. The distal one third of the PP has acquired the ability to regenerate antlers and is termed the potentiated PP (PPP), whereas the proximal two thirds of the PP requires further interactions within its niche to launch antler regeneration and is termed the dormant PP (DPP). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the process of potentiation from the DPP to the PPP are unknown. In this study, we used the fluorescence-labeled methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism method to assess the levels of DNA methylation in both cells and tissues of the PPP and the DPP. The results showed that the levels of DNA methylation were significantly lower in the PPP compared to the DPP (P < 0.05). Therefore, DNA demethylation may be involved in the process of this potentiation. This involvement was further confirmed by functional testing by artificially creating a potentiated PP (aPPP) from DPP tissue. Moreover, we identified 15 methylated fragments by the methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism method that are either unique to the PPP or the DPP, which were further confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Taken together, our data suggest that DNA demethylation is involved in the process of PP potentiation, which is a prerequisite step for the initiation of antler regeneration. These findings provide the first experimental evidence to link epigenetic regulation and mammalian appendage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,State key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,State key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Sun
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,State key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Hui Chu
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,State key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Li
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China. .,State key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
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Podolak-Popinigis J, Ronowicz A, Dmochowska M, Jakubiak A, Sachadyn P. The methylome and transcriptome of fetal skin: implications for scarless healing. Epigenomics 2016; 8:1331-1345. [PMID: 27510554 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Fetal skin is known to heal without scarring. In mice, the phenomenon is observed until the 16-17 day of gestation - the day of transition from scarless to normal healing. The study aims to identify key methylome and transcriptome changes following the transition. MATERIALS & METHODS Methylome and transcriptome profiles were analyzed in murine dorsal skin using microarray approach. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The genes associated with inflammatory response and hyaluronate degradation showed increased DNA methylation before the transition, while those involved in embryonic morphogenesis, neuron differentiation and synapse functions did so after. A number of the methylome alterations were retained until adulthood and correlated with gene expression, while the functional associations imply that scarless healing depends on epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Podolak-Popinigis
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology & Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Biology & Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Tri-City Academic Laboratory Animal Centre - Research & Services Centre, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Ronowicz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology & Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Biology & Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Tri-City Academic Laboratory Animal Centre - Research & Services Centre, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monika Dmochowska
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology & Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Biology & Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Tri-City Academic Laboratory Animal Centre - Research & Services Centre, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jakubiak
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology & Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Biology & Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Tri-City Academic Laboratory Animal Centre - Research & Services Centre, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Sachadyn
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology & Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Biology & Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Tri-City Academic Laboratory Animal Centre - Research & Services Centre, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Saxena S, Purushothaman S, Meghah V, Bhatti B, Poruri A, Meena Lakshmi MG, Sarath Babu N, Narasimha Murthy CL, Mandal KK, Kumar A, Idris MM. Role of annexin gene and its regulation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:551-9. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Saxena
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB); Hyderabad India
| | | | | | - Bhawna Bhatti
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB); Hyderabad India
| | - Akhila Poruri
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB); Hyderabad India
| | | | | | | | - Komal K. Mandal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB); Hyderabad India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB); Hyderabad India
| | - Mohammed M. Idris
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB); Hyderabad India
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Nakamura R, Koshiba-Takeuchi K, Tsuchiya M, Kojima M, Miyazawa A, Ito K, Ogawa H, Takeuchi JK. Expression analysis of Baf60c during heart regeneration in axolotls and neonatal mice. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:367-82. [PMID: 27125315 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Some organisms, such as zebrafish, urodele amphibians, and newborn mice, have a capacity for heart regeneration following injury. However, adult mammals fail to regenerate their hearts. To know why newborn mice can regenerate their hearts, we focused on epigenetic factors, which are involved in cell differentiation in many tissues. Baf60c (BRG1/BRM-associated factor 60c), a component of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes, has an essential role for cardiomyocyte differentiation at the early heart development. To address the function of Baf60c in postnatal heart homeostasis and regeneration, we examined the detailed expression/localization patterns of Baf60c in both mice and axolotls. In the mouse heart development, Baf60c was highly expressed in the entire heart at the early stages, but gradually downregulated at the postnatal stages. During heart regeneration in neonatal mice and axolotls, Baf60c expression was strongly upregulated after resection. Interestingly, the timing of Baf60c upregulation after resection was consistent with the temporal dynamics of cardiomyocyte proliferation. Moreover, knockdown of Baf60c downregulated proliferation of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. These data suggested that Baf60c plays an important role in cardiomyocyte proliferation in heart development and regeneration. This is the first study indicating that Baf60c contributes to the heart regeneration in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kazuko Koshiba-Takeuchi
- Division of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Megumi Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mizuyo Kojima
- Division of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Asuka Miyazawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kohei Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hidesato Ogawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, 651-2492, Japan
| | - Jun K Takeuchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
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Suzuki M, Takagi C, Miura S, Sakane Y, Suzuki M, Sakuma T, Sakamoto N, Endo T, Kamei Y, Sato Y, Kimura H, Yamamoto T, Ueno N, Suzuki KIT. In vivo tracking of histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation in Xenopus laevis during tail regeneration. Genes Cells 2016; 21:358-69. [PMID: 26914410 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis tadpoles can completely regenerate their appendages, such as tail and limbs, and therefore provide a unique model to decipher the molecular mechanisms of organ regeneration in vertebrates. Epigenetic modifications are likely to be involved in this remarkable regeneration capacity, but they remain largely unknown. To examine the involvement of histone modification during organ regeneration, we generated transgenic X. laevis ubiquitously expressing a fluorescent modification-specific intracellular antibody (Mintbody) that is able to track histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) in vivo through nuclear enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fluorescence. In embryos ubiquitously expressing H3K9ac-Mintbody, robust fluorescence was observed in the nuclei of somites. Interestingly, H3K9ac-Mintbody signals predominantly accumulated in nuclei of regenerating notochord at 24 h postamputation following activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, apocynin (APO), an inhibitor of ROS production, attenuated H3K9ac-Mintbody signals in regenerating notochord. Our results suggest that ROS production is involved in acetylation of H3K9 in regenerating notochord at the onset of tail regeneration. We also show this transgenic Xenopus to be a useful tool to investigate epigenetic modification, not only in organogenesis but also in organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Suzuki
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chiyo Takagi
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinichirou Miura
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki, Nissin, 470-0195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuto Sakane
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 445-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoaki Sakamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki, Nissin, 470-0195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 445-8585, Aichi, Japan.,Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 445-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi T Suzuki
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
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Tsutsumi R, Yamada S, Agata K. Functional joint regeneration is achieved using reintegration mechanism in Xenopus laevis. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2016; 3:26-38. [PMID: 27499877 PMCID: PMC4857750 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A functional joint requires integration of multiple tissues: the apposing skeletal elements should form an interlocking structure, and muscles should insert into skeletal tissues via tendons across the joint. Whereas newts can regenerate functional joints after amputation, Xenopus laevis regenerates a cartilaginous rod without joints, a "spike." Previously we reported that the reintegration mechanism between the remaining and regenerated tissues has a significant effect on regenerating joint morphogenesis during elbow joint regeneration in newt. Based on this insight into the importance of reintegration, we amputated frogs' limbs at the elbow joint and found that frogs could regenerate a functional elbow joint between the remaining tissues and regenerated spike. During regeneration, the regenerating cartilage was partially connected to the remaining articular cartilage to reform the interlocking structure of the elbow joint at the proximal end of the spike. Furthermore, the muscles of the remaining part inserted into the regenerated spike cartilage via tendons. This study might open up an avenue for analyzing molecular and cellular mechanisms of joint regeneration using Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Tsutsumi
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan; Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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Yan M, Wang X, Deng J, Wang L, Cui Z, Deng J, Shi Z. DNA methylation and cerebellar development, the regulation of Notch and Shh pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2015.1126651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Epigenetics and Shared Molecular Processes in the Regeneration of Complex Structures. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:6947395. [PMID: 26681954 PMCID: PMC4670690 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6947395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regenerate complex structures is broadly represented in both plant and animal kingdoms. Although regenerative abilities vary significantly amongst metazoans, cumulative studies have identified cellular events that are broadly observed during regenerative events. For example, structural damage is recognized and wound healing initiated upon injury, which is followed by programmed cell death in the vicinity of damaged tissue and a burst in proliferation of progenitor cells. Sustained proliferation and localization of progenitor cells to site of injury give rise to an assembly of differentiating cells known as the regeneration blastema, which fosters the development of new tissue. Finally, preexisting tissue rearranges and integrates with newly differentiated cells to restore proportionality and function. While heterogeneity exists in the basic processes displayed during regenerative events in different species—most notably the cellular source contributing to formation of new tissue—activation of conserved molecular pathways is imperative for proper regulation of cells during regeneration. Perhaps the most fundamental of such molecular processes entails chromatin rearrangements, which prime large changes in gene expression required for differentiation and/or dedifferentiation of progenitor cells. This review provides an overview of known contributions to regenerative processes by noncoding RNAs and chromatin-modifying enzymes involved in epigenetic regulation.
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Podolak-Popinigis J, Górnikiewicz B, Ronowicz A, Sachadyn P. Transcriptome profiling reveals distinctive traits of retinol metabolism and neonatal parallels in the MRL/MpJ mouse. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:926. [PMID: 26572684 PMCID: PMC4647819 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The MRL/MpJ mouse is a laboratory inbred strain known for regenerative abilities which are manifested by scarless closure of ear pinna punch holes. Enhanced healing responses have been reported in other organs. A remarkable feature of the strain is that the adult MRL/MpJ mouse retains several embryonic biochemical characteristics, including increased expression of stem cell markers. Results We explored the transcriptome of the MRL/MpJ mouse in the heart, liver, spleen, bone marrow and ears. We used two reference strains, thus increasing the chances to discover the genes responsible for the exceptional properties of the regenerative strain. We revealed several distinctive characteristics of gene expression patterns in the MRL/MpJ mouse, including the repression of immune response genes, the up-regulation of those associated with retinol metabolism and PPAR signalling, as well as differences in expression of the genes engaged in wounding response. Another crucial finding is that the gene expression patterns in the adult MRL/MpJ mouse and murine neonates share a number of parallels, which are also related to immune and wounding response, PPAR pathway, and retinol metabolism. Conclusions Our results indicate the significance of retinol signalling and neonatal transcriptomic relics as the distinguishing features of the MRL/MpJ mouse. The possibility that retinoids could act as key regulatory molecules in this regeneration model brings important implications for regenerative medicine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2075-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Podolak-Popinigis
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Górnikiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Ronowicz
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Sachadyn
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Epigenetic modification maintains intrinsic limb-cell identity in Xenopus limb bud regeneration. Dev Biol 2015; 406:271-82. [PMID: 26282893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many amphibians can regenerate limbs, even in adulthood. If a limb is amputated, the stump generates a blastema that makes a complete, new limb in a process similar to developmental morphogenesis. The blastema is thought to inherit its limb-patterning properties from cells in the stump, and it retains the information despite changes in morphology, gene expression, and differentiation states required by limb regeneration. We hypothesized that these cellular properties are maintained as epigenetic memory through histone modifications. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed genome-wide histone modifications in Xenopus limb bud regeneration. The trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) is closely related to an open chromatin structure that allows transcription factors access to genes, whereas the trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) is related to a closed chromatin state that blocks the access of transcription factors. We compared these two modification profiles by high-throughput sequencing of samples prepared from the intact limb bud and the regenerative blastema by chromatin immunoprecipitation. For many developmental genes, histone modifications at the transcription start site were the same in the limb bud and the blastema, were stable during regeneration, and corresponded well to limb properties. These results support our hypothesis that histone modifications function as a heritable cellular memory to maintain limb cell properties, despite dynamic changes in gene expression during limb bud regeneration in Xenopus.
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Hedgehog Signaling during Appendage Development and Regeneration. Genes (Basel) 2015; 6:417-35. [PMID: 26110318 PMCID: PMC4488672 DOI: 10.3390/genes6020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory networks that govern embryonic development have been well defined. While a common hypothesis supports the notion that the embryonic regulatory cascades are reexpressed following injury and tissue regeneration, the mechanistic regulatory pathways that mediate the regenerative response in higher organisms remain undefined. Relative to mammals, lower vertebrates, including zebrafish and newts, have a tremendous regenerative capacity to repair and regenerate a number of organs including: appendages, retina, heart, jaw and nervous system. Elucidation of the pathways that govern regeneration in these lower organisms may provide cues that will enhance the capacity for the regeneration of mammalian organs. Signaling pathways, such as the hedgehog pathway, have been shown to play critical functions during development and during regeneration in lower organisms. These signaling pathways have been shown to modulate multiple processes including cellular origin, positional identity and cellular maturation. The present review will focus on the cellular and molecular regulation of the hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway and its interaction with other signaling factors during appendage development and regeneration.
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Hayashi S, Yokoyama H, Tamura K. Roles of Hippo signaling pathway in size control of organ regeneration. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:341-51. [PMID: 25867864 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Animals have an intrinsic regeneration ability for injured tissues and organs. Species that have high regeneration ability such as newts can regenerate an organ with exactly the same size and shape as those of the original one. It has been unclear how a regenerating organ grows and ceases growth at an appropriate size. Organ size control in regeneration is seen in various organs of various species that have high regeneration ability. In animal species that do not have sufficient regeneration ability, a wound heals (the injury is closed, but lost parts are not regenerated), but an organ cannot be restored to its original size. On the other hand, perturbation of regeneration sometimes results in oversized or extra structures. In this sense, organ size control plays essential roles in proper regeneration. In this article, we introduce the concept of size control in organ regeneration regulated by the Hippo signaling pathway. We focused on the transcriptional regulator Yap, which shuttles between the nuclei and cytoplasm to exert a regulatory function in a context-dependent manner. The Yap-mediated Hippo pathway is thought to sense cell density, extracellular matrix (ECM) contact and cell position and to regulate gene expression for control of organ size. This mechanism can reasonably explain size control of organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hayashi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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Tsutsumi R, Inoue T, Yamada S, Agata K. Reintegration of the regenerated and the remaining tissues during joint regeneration in the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:26-36. [PMID: 27499865 PMCID: PMC4895332 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Urodele amphibians, such as newts, can regenerate a functional limb, including joints, after amputation at any level along the proximal−distal axis of the limb. The blastema can regenerate the limb morphology largely independently of the stump after proximal−distal identity has been established, but the remaining and regenerated tissues must be structurally reintegrated (matched in size and shape). Here we used newt joint regeneration as a model to investigate reintegration, because a functionally interlocking joint requires structural integration between its opposing skeletal elements. After forelimbs were amputated at the elbow joint, the joint was regenerated between the remaining and regenerated skeletal elements. The regenerated cartilage was thick around the amputated joint to make a reciprocally interlocking joint structure with the remaining bone. Furthermore, during regeneration, the extracellular matrix of the remaining tissues was lost, suggesting that the remaining tissues might contribute to the morphogenesis of regenerating cartilage. Our results showed that the area of the regenerated cartilage matched the area of the apposed remaining cartilage, thus contributing to formation of a functional structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Tsutsumi
- Department of Biophysics Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Biophysics Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan; Congenital Anomaly Research Center Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Biophysics Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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Hamada Y, Bando T, Nakamura T, Ishimaru Y, Mito T, Noji S, Tomioka K, Ohuchi H. Regenerated leg segment patterns are regulated epigenetically by histone H3K27 methylation in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Development 2015; 142:2916-27. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.122598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hemimetabolous insects such as the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus regenerate lost tissue parts using blastemal cells, which is a population of dedifferentiated-proliferating cells. The gene expression of several epigenetic factors is upregulated in the blastema compared with the expression in differentiated tissue, suggesting that epigenetic changes in gene expression may control the differentiation status of blastema cells during regeneration. To clarify the molecular basis of epigenetic regulation during regeneration, we focused on the function of the Gryllus Enhancer of zeste (Gb’E(z)) and Ubiquitously-transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat gene on the X chromosome (Gb’Utx) homologues that regulate the methylation and demethylation on histone H3 27th lysine residue (H3K27), respectively. Methylated histone H3K27 in the regenerating leg was diminished by Gb’E(z)RNAi and was increased by Gb’UtxRNAi. Regenerated Gb’E(z)RNAi cricket legs exhibited extra leg segment formation between the tibia and tarsus, and regenerated Gb’UtxRNAi cricket legs showed leg joint formation defects in the tarsus. In the Gb’E(z)RNAi-regenerating leg, the Gb’dac expression domain expanded in the tarsus. In contrast, in the Gb’UtxRNAi-regenerating leg, Gb’Egfr expression in the middle of the tarsus was diminished. These results suggest that regulation of the histone H3K27 methylation state is involved in the repatterning process during leg regeneration among cricket species via the epigenetic regulation of leg patterning gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Hamada
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Bando
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Taro Nakamura
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8506, Japan
- Present address; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University,16 Divinity Avenue, BioLabs 4111, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yoshiyasu Ishimaru
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Taro Mito
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Sumihare Noji
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 2-1 Minami-Jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima city, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Kenji Tomioka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hideyo Ohuchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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