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Nicoletti G, Saler M, Moro U, Faga A. Dysembryogenetic Pathogenesis of Basal Cell Carcinoma: The Evidence to Date. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8452. [PMID: 39126021 PMCID: PMC11312899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is a sort of unique tumour due to its combined peculiar histological features and clinical behaviour, such as the constant binary involvement of the epithelium and the stroma, the virtual absence of metastases and the predilection of specific anatomical sites for both onset and spread. A potential correlation between the onset of BCC and a dysembryogenetic process has long been hypothesised. A selective investigation of PubMed-indexed publications supporting this theory retrieved 64 selected articles published between 1901 and 2024. From our analysis of the literature review, five main research domains on the dysembryogenetic pathogenesis of BCC were identified: (1) The correlation between the topographic distribution of BCC and the macroscopic embryology, (2) the correlation between BCC and the microscopic embryology, (3) the genetic BCC, (4) the correlation between BCC and the hair follicle and (5) the correlation between BCC and the molecular embryology with a specific focus on the Hedgehog signalling pathway. A large amount of data from microscopic and molecular research consistently supports the hypothesis of a dysembryogenetic pathogenesis of BCC. Such evidence is promoting advances in the clinical management of this disease, with innovative targeted molecular therapies on an immune modulating basis being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Nicoletti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Clinical Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Camillo Golgi, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Advanced Technologies for Regenerative Medicine and Inductive Surgery Research Center, University of Pavia, Viale Brambilla, 74, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Surgery Unit, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Pavia, Viale Repubblica, 34, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Integrated Unit of Experimental Surgery, Advanced Microsurgery and Regenerative Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Saler
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Clinical Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Camillo Golgi, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Advanced Technologies for Regenerative Medicine and Inductive Surgery Research Center, University of Pavia, Viale Brambilla, 74, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Integrated Unit of Experimental Surgery, Advanced Microsurgery and Regenerative Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Angela Faga
- Advanced Technologies for Regenerative Medicine and Inductive Surgery Research Center, University of Pavia, Viale Brambilla, 74, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
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2
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Almeida LE, Loyd D, Boettcher D, Kraft O, Zammuto S. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Dentigerous Cysts and Odontogenic Keratocysts Associated with Impacted Third Molars-A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1246. [PMID: 38928661 PMCID: PMC11202764 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14121246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review investigates the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of immunohistochemical markers in dentigerous cysts (DCs) and odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) associated with impacted third molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search strategy was employed across major databases including MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, from the inception of the databases to March 2024. Keywords and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms such as "dentigerous cysts", "odontogenic keratocysts", "immunohistochemistry", "Ki-67", and "p53" were used. The PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed to ensure methodological rigor. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies on humans and animals providing definitive diagnoses or specific signs and symptoms related to DCs and OKCs, with results on protein expression derived from immunohistochemistry, immune antibody, proteomics, or protein expression methods. RESULTS Of the 159 studies initially identified, 138 met the inclusion criteria. Our analysis highlighted significantly higher expressions of Ki-67 (22.1% ± 4.7 vs. 10.5% ± 3.2, p < 0.001), p53 (15.3% ± 3.6 vs. 5.2% ± 1.9, p < 0.001), and Bcl-2 (18.4% ± 3.2 vs. 8.7% ± 2.4, p < 0.001) in OKCs compared to DCs, indicating a higher proliferative index, increased cellular stress, and enhanced anti-apoptotic mechanisms in OKCs. Additionally, PCNA levels were higher in OKCs (25.6% ± 4.5 vs. 12.3% ± 3.1, p < 0.001). Genetic mutations, particularly in the PTCH1 gene, were frequently observed in OKCs, underscoring their aggressive behavior and potential malignancy. CONCLUSIONS The findings emphasize the significant role of immunohistochemical markers in distinguishing between DCs and OKCs, with elevated levels of Ki-67, p53, Bcl-2, and PCNA in OKCs suggesting a higher potential for growth and recurrence. Genetic insights, including PTCH1 mutations, further support the need for personalized treatment approaches. These markers enhance diagnostic accuracy and inform targeted therapeutic strategies, potentially transforming patient management in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Eduardo Almeida
- Surgical Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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3
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Ruangchan C, Ngamphiw C, Krasaesin A, Intarak N, Tongsima S, Kaewgahya M, Kawasaki K, Mahawong P, Paripurana K, Sookawat B, Jatooratthawichot P, Cox TC, Ohazama A, Ketudat Cairns JR, Porntaveetus T, Kantaputra P. Genetic Variants in KCTD1 Are Associated with Isolated Dental Anomalies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5179. [PMID: 38791218 PMCID: PMC11121487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
KCTD1 plays crucial roles in regulating both the SHH and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways, which are essential for tooth development. The objective of this study was to investigate if genetic variants in KCTD1 might also be associated with isolated dental anomalies. We clinically and radiographically investigated 362 patients affected with isolated dental anomalies. Whole exome sequencing identified two unrelated families with rare (p.Arg241Gln) or novel (p.Pro243Ser) variants in KCTD1. The variants segregated with the dental anomalies in all nine patients from the two families. Clinical findings of the patients included taurodontism, unseparated roots, long roots, tooth agenesis, a supernumerary tooth, torus palatinus, and torus mandibularis. The role of Kctd1 in root development is supported by our immunohistochemical study showing high expression of Kctd1 in Hertwig epithelial root sheath. The KCTD1 variants in our patients are the first variants found to be located in the C-terminal domain, which might disrupt protein-protein interactions and/or SUMOylation and subsequently result in aberrant WNT-SHH-BMP signaling and isolated dental anomalies. Functional studies on the p.Arg241Gln variant are consistent with an impact on β-catenin levels and canonical WNT signaling. This is the first report of the association of KCTD1 variants and isolated dental anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cholaporn Ruangchan
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.R.); (M.K.)
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chumpol Ngamphiw
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (C.N.); (S.T.)
| | - Annop Krasaesin
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.K.); (N.I.)
| | - Narin Intarak
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.K.); (N.I.)
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (C.N.); (S.T.)
| | - Massupa Kaewgahya
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.R.); (M.K.)
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2180, Japan; (K.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Phitsanu Mahawong
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Kullaya Paripurana
- Dental Department, Suanphueng Hospital, Ratchaburi 70180, Thailand; (K.P.); (B.S.)
| | - Bussaneeya Sookawat
- Dental Department, Suanphueng Hospital, Ratchaburi 70180, Thailand; (K.P.); (B.S.)
| | - Peeranat Jatooratthawichot
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (P.J.); (J.R.K.C.)
| | - Timothy C. Cox
- Departments of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA;
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2180, Japan; (K.K.); (A.O.)
| | - James R. Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (P.J.); (J.R.K.C.)
| | - Thantrira Porntaveetus
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Precision Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.K.); (N.I.)
| | - Piranit Kantaputra
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.R.); (M.K.)
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Iwaya C, Suzuki A, Iwata J. Loss of Sc5d results in micrognathia due to a failure in osteoblast differentiation. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00395-8. [PMID: 38086515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in genes related to cholesterol metabolism, or maternal diet and health status, affect craniofacial bone formation. However, the precise role of intracellular cholesterol metabolism in craniofacial bone development remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine how cholesterol metabolism aberrations affect craniofacial bone development. METHODS Mice with a deficiency in Sc5d, which encodes an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis, were analyzed with histology, micro computed tomography (microCT), and cellular and molecular biological methods. RESULTS Sc5d null mice exhibited mandible hypoplasia resulting from defects in osteoblast differentiation. The activation of the hedgehog and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways, which induce expression of osteogenic genes Col1a1 and Spp1, was compromised in the mandible of Sc5d null mice due to a failure in the formation of the primary cilium, a cell surface structure that senses extracellular cues. Treatments with an inducer of hedgehog or WNT/β-catenin signaling or with simvastatin, a drug that restores abnormal cholesterol production, partially rescued the defects in osteoblast differentiation seen in Sc5d mutant cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that loss of Sc5d results in mandibular hypoplasia through defective primary cilia-mediated hedgehog and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Iwaya
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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5
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Xu J, Iyyanar PPR, Lan Y, Jiang R. Sonic hedgehog signaling in craniofacial development. Differentiation 2023; 133:60-76. [PMID: 37481904 PMCID: PMC10529669 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in SHH and several other genes encoding components of the Hedgehog signaling pathway have been associated with holoprosencephaly syndromes, with craniofacial anomalies ranging in severity from cyclopia to facial cleft to midfacial and mandibular hypoplasia. Studies in animal models have revealed that SHH signaling plays crucial roles at multiple stages of craniofacial morphogenesis, from cranial neural crest cell survival to growth and patterning of the facial primordia to organogenesis of the palate, mandible, tongue, tooth, and taste bud formation and homeostasis. This article provides a summary of the major findings in studies of the roles of SHH signaling in craniofacial development, with emphasis on recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating the SHH signaling pathway activity and those involving SHH signaling in the formation and patterning of craniofacial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Xu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Paul P R Iyyanar
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Yu Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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6
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Roht L, Hyldebrandt HK, Stormorken AT, Nordgarden H, Sijmons RH, Bos DK, Riegert-Johnson D, Mantia-Macklin S, Ilves P, Muru K, Wojcik MH, Kahre T, Õunap K. AXIN2-related oligodontia-colorectal cancer syndrome with cleft palate as a possible new feature. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023:e2157. [PMID: 36860143 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variants in AXIN2 have been associated with tooth agenesis, colon polyps, and colon cancer. Given the rare nature of this phenotype, we set out to collect additional genotypic and phenotypic information. METHODS Data were collected via a structured questionnaire. Sequencing was performed in these patients mostly due to diagnostic purpose. A little more than half of the AXIN2 variant carriers were identified by NGS; other six were family members. RESULTS Here, we report 13 individuals with a heterozygous AXIN2 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant who have a variable expression of oligodontia-colorectal cancer syndrome (OMIM 608615) or oligodontia-cancer predisposition syndrome (ORPHA 300576). Three individuals from one family also had cleft palate, which might represent a new clinical feature of AXIN2 phenotype, also given the fact that AXIN2 polymorphisms have been found in association with oral clefting in population studies. AXIN2 has already been added to multigene cancer panel tests; further research should be conducted to determine whether it should be added to cleft lip/palate multigene panels. CONCLUSION More clarity about oligodontia-colorectal cancer syndrome, about the variable expression, and associated cancer risks is needed to improve clinical management and to establish guidelines for surveillance. We collected information about the surveillance that was advised, which might support clinical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Roht
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genetic and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Hilde Nordgarden
- Norwegian National Resource Centre for Oral Health in Rare Diagnosis, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf H Sijmons
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis K Bos
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sarah Mantia-Macklin
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Pilvi Ilves
- Department of Radiology, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kai Muru
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genetic and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Monica H Wojcik
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts, Cambridge, USA.,Divisions of Genetics and Genomics and Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tiina Kahre
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genetic and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genetic and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Zhang H, Gong X, Xu X, Wang X, Sun Y. Tooth number abnormality: from bench to bedside. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:5. [PMID: 36604408 PMCID: PMC9816303 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth number abnormality is one of the most common dental developmental diseases, which includes both tooth agenesis and supernumerary teeth. Tooth development is regulated by numerous developmental signals, such as the well-known Wnt, BMP, FGF, Shh and Eda pathways, which mediate the ongoing complex interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme. Abnormal expression of these crutial signalling during this process may eventually lead to the development of anomalies in tooth number; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this review, we summarized the major process of tooth development, the latest progress of mechanism studies and newly reported clinical investigations of tooth number abnormality. In addition, potential treatment approaches for tooth number abnormality based on developmental biology are also discussed. This review not only provides a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of tooth number abnormality in clinical practice but also facilitates the translation of basic research to the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyan Gong
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Xu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- grid.64939.310000 0000 9999 1211Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China.
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Guo Y, Wu D, Xu Q, Chen W. Inhibition of smoothened receptor by vismodegib leads to micrognathia during embryogenesis. Differentiation 2022; 125:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Guo T, Han X, He J, Feng J, Jing J, Janečková E, Lei J, Ho TV, Xu J, Chai Y. KDM6B interacts with TFDP1 to activate P53 signalling in regulating mouse palatogenesis. eLife 2022; 11:74595. [PMID: 35212626 PMCID: PMC9007587 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation plays extensive roles in diseases and development. Disruption of epigenetic regulation not only increases the risk of cancer, but can also cause various developmental defects. However, the question of how epigenetic changes lead to tissue-specific responses during neural crest fate determination and differentiation remains understudied. Using palatogenesis as a model, we reveal the functional significance of Kdm6b, an H3K27me3 demethylase, in regulating mouse embryonic development. Our study shows that Kdm6b plays an essential role in cranial neural crest development, and loss of Kdm6b disturbs P53 pathway-mediated activity, leading to complete cleft palate along with cell proliferation and differentiation defects in mice. Furthermore, activity of H3K27me3 on the promoter of Trp53 is antagonistically controlled by Kdm6b, and Ezh2 in cranial neural crest cells. More importantly, without Kdm6b, the transcription factor TFDP1, which normally binds to the promoter of Trp53, cannot activate Trp53 expression in palatal mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, the function of Kdm6b in activating Trp53 in these cells cannot be compensated for by the closely related histone demethylase Kdm6a. Collectively, our results highlight the important role of the epigenetic regulator KDM6B and how it specifically interacts with TFDP1 to achieve its functional specificity in regulating Trp53 expression, and further provide mechanistic insights into the epigenetic regulatory network during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Guo
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Xia Han
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jinzhi He
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Junjun Jing
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Eva Janečková
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jie Lei
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Thach-Vu Ho
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
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10
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Buhl M, Kloskowski T, Jundzill A, Szeliski K, Rasmus M, Dąbrowski P, Siedlecka N, Drewa T, Pokrywczynska M. Increased Expression of p63 Protein and Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Molecule in Buccal Epithelial Holoclones. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:1037-1048. [PMID: 34486385 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Construction of many tissues and organs de novo requires the use of external epithelial cell sources. In the present study, we optimized the isolation, expansion, and characterization of porcine oral epithelial cells from buccal tissue (Buccal Epithelial Cells, BECs). Additionally, we tested whether key markers [cytokeratin 14 (ck14), p63 protein, and sonic hedgehog molecule (shh)] expression profiles are correlated with three buccal epithelial clone types. Two digestion methods of BECs isolation [Method 1, M1 (collagenase IV/dispase and accutase) and Method 2, M2 (collagenase IV/dispase and trypsin/EDTA)] were compared. Cells obtained by more effective method were further cultured to the third passage and analyzed. Holoclone-, meroclone-, and paraclone-like colonies were identified based on BEC morphology. Immunofluorescent staining was performed to compare selected markers for the indicated buccal clone types. Comparative analysis demonstrated the advantage of isolation using M1 over M2. Cells from the third passage exhibited average 92.73% ± 2.27% presence of ck14. Real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed expression of tested genes [cytokeratin 8 (ck8), ck14, integrin β1, and p63]. The highest level of ck14, shh and p63, was observed for holoclones. The comparable ck14 expression was observed in the mero- and paraclones. Meroclones expressed significantly lower levels of shh compared with paraclones. The weakest p63 expression was observed in the paraclone-like cells. It was demonstrated that holoclones are the richest in shh (+) and p63 (+) stem cells and these cells should appear to be a promising alternative for obtaining epithelial cells for tissue engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Buhl
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kloskowski
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Jundzill
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Esthetic Surgery, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Kamil Szeliski
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Rasmus
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Dąbrowski
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Siedlecka
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Drewa
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Pokrywczynska
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell and Tissue Bank, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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11
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Phattarataratip E, Panitkul T, Khodkaew W, Anupuntanun P, Jaroonvechatam J, Pitarangsikul S. Expression of SOX2 and OCT4 in odontogenic cysts and tumors. Head Face Med 2021; 17:29. [PMID: 34261507 PMCID: PMC8278639 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-021-00283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant expression of stem cell markers has been observed in several types of neoplasms. This trait attributes to the acquired stem-like property of tumor cells and can impact patient prognosis. The objective of this study was to comparatively analyze the expression and significance of SOX2 and OCT4 in various types of odontogenic cysts and tumors. Methods Fifty-five cases of odontogenic cysts and tumors, including 15 ameloblastomas (AM), 5 adenomatoid odontogenic tumors (AOT), 5 ameloblastic fibromas (AF), 5 calcifying odontogenic cysts (COC), 10 dentigerous cysts (DC) and 15 odontogenic keratocysts (OKC) were investigated for the expression of SOX2 and OCT4 immunohistochemically. Results Most OKCs (86.7 %) and all AFs expressed SOX2 in more than 50 % of epithelial cells. Its immunoreactivity was moderate-to-strong in all epithelial cell types in both lesions. In contrast, SOX2 expression was undetectable in AOTs and limited to the ameloblast-like cells in a minority of AM and COC cases. Most DCs showed positive staining in less than 25 % of cystic epithelium. Significantly greater SOX2 expression was noted in OKC compared with DC or AM, and in AF compared with COC or AOT. OCT4 rarely expressed in odontogenic lesions with the immunoreactivity being mild and present exclusively in OKCs. Conclusions SOX2 is differentially expressed in odontogenic cysts and tumors. This could be related to their diverse cells of origin or stages of histogenesis. The overexpression of SOX2 and OCT4 in OKC indicates the acquired stem-like property. Future studies should investigate whether the overexpression of OCT4 and SOX2 contributes to the aggressive behaviors of the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekarat Phattarataratip
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Tarit Panitkul
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watunyoo Khodkaew
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattarapong Anupuntanun
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jirapat Jaroonvechatam
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirawit Pitarangsikul
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
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12
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Mogollón I, Moustakas-Verho JE, Niittykoski M, Ahtiainen L. The initiation knot is a signaling center required for molar tooth development. Development 2021; 148:261701. [PMID: 33914869 PMCID: PMC8126415 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Signaling centers, or organizers, regulate many aspects of embryonic morphogenesis. In the mammalian molar tooth, reiterative signaling in specialized centers called enamel knots (EKs) determines tooth patterning. Preceding the primary EK, transient epithelial thickening appears, the significance of which remains debated. Using tissue confocal fluorescence imaging with laser ablation experiments, we show that this transient thickening is an earlier signaling center, the molar initiation knot (IK), that is required for the progression of tooth development. IK cell dynamics demonstrate the hallmarks of a signaling center: cell cycle exit, condensation and eventual silencing through apoptosis. IK initiation and maturation are defined by the juxtaposition of cells with high Wnt activity to Shh-expressing non-proliferating cells, the combination of which drives the growth of the tooth bud, leading to the formation of the primary EK as an independent cell cluster. Overall, the whole development of the tooth, from initiation to patterning, is driven by the iterative use of signaling centers. Summary: During tooth morphogenesis, transient thickening of the epithelium in the diastema anterior to the first developing molar is an early signaling center, the molar initiation knot (IK), which is required for the progression of mammalian molar tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Mogollón
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jacqueline E Moustakas-Verho
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Organismal & Evolutionary Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Minna Niittykoski
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Laura Ahtiainen
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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13
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Chen J, Tang W, Lin C, Hong Y, Mao C, Lai Y, Liao C, Lin M, Chen W. Defining the critical period of hedgehog pathway inhibitor-induced cranial base dysplasia in mice. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:527-541. [PMID: 33165989 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hedgehog signaling pathway is critical for developmental patterning of the limb, craniofacial and axial skeleton. Disruption of this pathway in mice leads to a series of structural malformations, but the exact role and critical period of the Hh pathway in the early development of the cranial base have been rarely described. RESULTS Embryos exposed to vismodegib from E7.5, E9.5, and E10.5 had a higher percentage of cranial base fenestra. The peak incidence of hypoplasia in sphenoid winglets and severe craniosynostosis in cranial base synchondroses was observed when vismodegib was administered between E9.5 and E10.5. Cranial base craniosynostosis results from accelerating terminal differentiation of chondrocytes and premature osteogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We define the critical periods for the induction of cranial base deformity by vismodegib administration at a meticulous temporal resolution. Our findings suggest that the Hh pathway may play a vital role in the early development of the cranial base. This research also establishes a novel and easy-to-establish mouse model of synostosis in the cranial base using a commercially available pathway-selective inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wenbing Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Central Hospital of Guangdong Nongken, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengquan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuhang Hong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chuanqing Mao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yongzhen Lai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Caiyu Liao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Minkui Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Weihui Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Biological Materials Engineering and Technology Center of Stomatology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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14
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Research Progress of Hair Cell Protection Mechanism. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8850447. [PMID: 33133179 PMCID: PMC7568815 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8850447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
How to prevent and treat hearing-related diseases through the protection of hair cells (HCs) is the focus in the field of hearing in recent years. Hearing loss caused by dysfunction or loss of HCs is the main cause of hearing diseases. Therefore, clarifying the related mechanisms of HC development, apoptosis, protection, and regeneration is the main goal of current hearing research. This review introduces the latest research on mechanism of HC protection and regeneration.
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15
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Reynolds K, Zhang S, Sun B, Garland M, Ji Y, Zhou CJ. Genetics and signaling mechanisms of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1588-1634. [PMID: 32666711 PMCID: PMC7883771 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development involves several complex tissue movements including several fusion processes to form the frontonasal and maxillary structures, including the upper lip and palate. Each of these movements are controlled by many different factors that are tightly regulated by several integral morphogenetic signaling pathways. Subject to both genetic and environmental influences, interruption at nearly any stage can disrupt lip, nasal, or palate fusion and result in a cleft. Here, we discuss many of the genetic risk factors that may contribute to the presentation of orofacial clefts in patients, and several of the key signaling pathways and underlying cellular mechanisms that control lip and palate formation, as identified primarily through investigating equivalent processes in animal models, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Michael Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Chengji J. Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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16
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Yu W, Sun Z, Sweat Y, Sweat M, Venugopalan SR, Eliason S, Cao H, Paine ML, Amendt BA. Pitx2-Sox2-Lef1 interactions specify progenitor oral/dental epithelial cell signaling centers. Development 2020; 147:dev186023. [PMID: 32439755 PMCID: PMC7286298 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial signaling centers control epithelial invagination and organ development, but how these centers are specified remains unclear. We report that Pitx2 (the first transcriptional marker for tooth development) controls the embryonic formation and patterning of epithelial signaling centers during incisor development. We demonstrate using Krt14Cre /Pitx2flox/flox (Pitx2cKO ) and Rosa26CreERT/Pitx2flox/flox mice that loss of Pitx2 delays epithelial invagination, and decreases progenitor cell proliferation and dental epithelium cell differentiation. Developmentally, Pitx2 regulates formation of the Sox2+ labial cervical loop (LaCL) stem cell niche in concert with two signaling centers: the initiation knot and enamel knot. The loss of Pitx2 disrupted the patterning of these two signaling centers, resulting in tooth arrest at E14.5. Mechanistically, Pitx2 transcriptional activity and DNA binding is inhibited by Sox2, and this interaction controls gene expression in specific Sox2 and Pitx2 co-expression progenitor cell domains. We demonstrate new transcriptional mechanisms regulating signaling centers by Pitx2, Sox2, Lef1 and Irx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Zhao Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yan Sweat
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mason Sweat
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Steven Eliason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Huojun Cao
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael L Paine
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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17
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Hosoya A, Shalehin N, Takebe H, Shimo T, Irie K. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling and Tooth Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051587. [PMID: 32111038 PMCID: PMC7084732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted protein with important roles in mammalian embryogenesis. During tooth development, Shh is primarily expressed in the dental epithelium, from initiation to the root formation stages. A number of studies have analyzed the function of Shh signaling at different stages of tooth development and have revealed that Shh signaling regulates the formation of various tooth components, including enamel, dentin, cementum, and other soft tissues. In addition, dental mesenchymal cells positive for Gli1, a downstream transcription factor of Shh signaling, have been found to have stem cell properties, including multipotency and the ability to self-renew. Indeed, Gli1-positive cells in mature teeth appear to contribute to the regeneration of dental pulp and periodontal tissues. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances related to the role of Shh signaling in tooth development, as well as the contribution of this pathway to tooth homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hosoya
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (N.S.); (H.T.); (K.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-133-23-1938; Fax: +81-133-23-1236
| | - Nazmus Shalehin
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (N.S.); (H.T.); (K.I.)
| | - Hiroaki Takebe
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (N.S.); (H.T.); (K.I.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimo
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery for Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan;
| | - Kazuharu Irie
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (N.S.); (H.T.); (K.I.)
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18
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Disruption of Dhcr7 and Insig1/2 in cholesterol metabolism causes defects in bone formation and homeostasis through primary cilium formation. Bone Res 2020; 8:1. [PMID: 31934493 PMCID: PMC6946666 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human linkage studies suggest that craniofacial deformities result from either genetic mutations related to cholesterol metabolism or high-cholesterol maternal diets. However, little is known about the precise roles of intracellular cholesterol metabolism in the development of craniofacial bones, the majority of which are formed through intramembranous ossification. Here, we show that an altered cholesterol metabolic status results in abnormal osteogenesis through dysregulation of primary cilium formation during bone formation. We found that cholesterol metabolic aberrations, induced through disruption of either Dhcr7 (which encodes an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis) or Insig1 and Insig2 (which provide a negative feedback mechanism for cholesterol biosynthesis), result in osteoblast differentiation abnormalities. Notably, the primary cilia responsible for sensing extracellular cues were altered in number and length through dysregulated ciliary vesicle fusion in Dhcr7 and Insig1/2 mutant osteoblasts. As a consequence, WNT/β-catenin and hedgehog signaling activities were altered through dysregulated primary cilium formation. Strikingly, the normalization of defective cholesterol metabolism by simvastatin, a drug used in the treatment of cholesterol metabolic aberrations, rescued the abnormalities in both ciliogenesis and osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our results indicate that proper intracellular cholesterol status is crucial for primary cilium formation during skull formation and homeostasis.
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19
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Okuhara S, Birjandi AA, Adel Al-Lami H, Sagai T, Amano T, Shiroishi T, Xavier GM, Liu KJ, Cobourne MT, Iseki S. Temporospatial sonic hedgehog signalling is essential for neural crest-dependent patterning of the intrinsic tongue musculature. Development 2019; 146:146/21/dev180075. [PMID: 31719045 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The tongue is a highly specialised muscular organ with a complex anatomy required for normal function. We have utilised multiple genetic approaches to investigate local temporospatial requirements for sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling during tongue development. Mice lacking a Shh cis-enhancer, MFCS4 (ShhMFCS4/-), with reduced SHH in dorsal tongue epithelium have perturbed lingual septum tendon formation and disrupted intrinsic muscle patterning, with these defects reproduced following global Shh deletion from E10.5 in pCag-CreERTM; Shhflox/flox embryos. SHH responsiveness was diminished in local cranial neural crest cell (CNCC) populations in both mutants, with SHH targeting these cells through the primary cilium. CNCC-specific deletion of orofaciodigital syndrome 1 (Ofd1), which encodes a ciliary protein, in Wnt1-Cre; Ofdfl/Y mice led to a complete loss of normal myotube arrangement and hypoglossia. In contrast, mesoderm-specific deletion of Ofd1 in Mesp1-Cre; Ofdfl/Y embryos resulted in normal intrinsic muscle arrangement. Collectively, these findings suggest key temporospatial requirements for local SHH signalling in tongue development (specifically, lingual tendon differentiation and intrinsic muscle patterning through signalling to CNCCs) and provide further mechanistic insight into the tongue anomalies seen in patients with disrupted hedgehog signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Okuhara
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Dental and Medical Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Anahid A Birjandi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Hadeel Adel Al-Lami
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tomoko Sagai
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takanori Amano
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Shiroishi
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Guilherme M Xavier
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Karen J Liu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sachiko Iseki
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Dental and Medical Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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20
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Kitamura A, Kawasaki M, Kawasaki K, Meguro F, Yamada A, Nagai T, Kodama Y, Trakanant S, Sharpe PT, Maeda T, Takagi R, Ohazama A. Ift88 is involved in mandibular development. J Anat 2019; 236:317-324. [PMID: 31657471 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mandible is a crucial organ in both clinical and biological fields due to the high frequency of congenital anomalies and the significant morphological changes during evolution. Primary cilia play a critical role in many biological processes, including the determination of left/right axis patterning, the regulation of signaling pathways, and the formation of bone and cartilage. Perturbations in the function of primary cilia are known to cause a wide spectrum of human diseases: the ciliopathies. Craniofacial dysmorphologies, including mandibular deformity, are often seen in patients with ciliopathies. Mandibular development is characterized by chondrogenesis and osteogenesis; however, the role of primary cilia in mandibular development is not fully understood. To address this question, we generated mice with mesenchymal deletions of the ciliary protein, Ift88 (Ift88fl/fl ;Wnt1Cre). Ift88fl/fl ;Wnt1Cre mice showed ectopic mandibular bone formation, whereas Ift88 mutant mandible was slightly shortened. Meckel's cartilage was modestly expanded in Ift88fl/fl ;Wnt1Cre mice. The downregulation of Hh signaling was found in most of the mesenchyme of Ift88 mutant mandible. However, mice with a mesenchymal deletion of an essential molecule for Hh signaling activity, Smo (Smofl/fl ;Wnt1Cre), showed only ectopic mandibular formation, whereas Smo mutant mandible was significantly shortened. Ift88 is thus involved in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during mandibular development, partially through regulating Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kitamura
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Maiko Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumiya Meguro
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akane Yamada
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagai
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kodama
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Supaluk Trakanant
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Orthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ritsuo Takagi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
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21
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Orlova E, Carlson JC, Lee MK, Feingold E, McNeil DW, Crout RJ, Weyant RJ, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR. Pilot GWAS of caries in African-Americans shows genetic heterogeneity. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:215. [PMID: 31533690 PMCID: PMC6751797 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries is the most common chronic disease in the US and disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minorities. Caries is heritable, and though genetic heterogeneity exists between ancestries for a substantial portion of loci associated with complex disease, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of caries specifically in African Americans has not been performed previously. METHODS We performed exploratory GWAS of dental caries in 109 African American adults (age > 18) and 96 children (age 3-12) from the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA1 cohort). Caries phenotypes (DMFS, DMFT, dft, and dfs indices) assessed by dental exams were tested for association with 5 million genotyped or imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), separately in the two age groups. The GWAS was performed using linear regression with adjustment for age, sex, and two principal components of ancestry. A maximum of 1 million adaptive permutations were run to determine empirical significance. RESULTS No loci met the threshold for genome-wide significance, though some of the strongest signals were near genes previously implicated in caries such as antimicrobial peptide DEFB1 (rs2515501; p = 4.54 × 10- 6) and TUFT1 (rs11805632; p = 5.15 × 10- 6). Effect estimates of lead SNPs at suggestive loci were compared between African Americans and Caucasians (adults N = 918; children N = 983). Significant (p < 5 × 10- 8) genetic heterogeneity for caries risk was found between racial groups for 50% of the suggestive loci in children, and 12-18% of the suggestive loci in adults. CONCLUSIONS The genetic heterogeneity results suggest that there may be differences in the contributions of genetic variants to caries across racial groups, and highlight the critical need for the inclusion of minorities in subsequent and larger genetic studies of caries in order to meet the goals of precision medicine and to reduce oral health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Orlova
- Department of Human Genetics, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - J C Carlson
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - M K Lee
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Dept. of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Dept. of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D W McNeil
- Departments of Psychology, & Dental Practice and Rural Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - R J Crout
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - R J Weyant
- Department of Dental Public Health and Information Management, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - M L Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, Pittsburgh, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Dept. of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Pittsburgh, USA.
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Dept. of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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22
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Abramyan J. Hedgehog Signaling and Embryonic Craniofacial Disorders. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:E9. [PMID: 31022843 PMCID: PMC6631594 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its initial discovery in a Drosophila mutagenesis screen, the Hedgehog pathway has been revealed to be instrumental in the proper development of the vertebrate face. Vertebrates possess three hedgehog paralogs: Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and Desert hedgehog (Dhh). Of the three, Shh has the broadest range of functions both in the face and elsewhere in the embryo, while Ihh and Dhh play more limited roles. The Hedgehog pathway is instrumental from the period of prechordal plate formation early in the embryo, until the fusion of the lip and secondary palate, which complete the major patterning events of the face. Disruption of Hedgehog signaling results in an array of developmental disorders in the face, ranging from minor alterations in the distance between the eyes to more serious conditions such as severe clefting of the lip and palate. Despite its critical role, Hedgehog signaling seems to be disrupted through a number of mechanisms that may either be direct, as in mutation of a downstream target of the Hedgehog ligand, or indirect, such as mutation in a ciliary protein that is otherwise seemingly unrelated to the Hedgehog pathway. A number of teratogens such as alcohol, statins and steroidal alkaloids also disrupt key aspects of Hedgehog signal transduction, leading to developmental defects that are similar, if not identical, to those of Hedgehog pathway mutations. The aim of this review is to highlight the variety of roles that Hedgehog signaling plays in developmental disorders of the vertebrate face.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Abramyan
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA.
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23
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Defining a critical period in calvarial development for Hedgehog pathway antagonist-induced frontal bone dysplasia in mice. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:3. [PMID: 30783111 PMCID: PMC6381108 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway is essential for cellular proliferation and differentiation during embryonic development. Gain and loss of function of Hh signalling are known to result in an array of craniofacial malformations. To determine the critical period for Hh pathway antagonist-induced frontal bone hypoplasia, we examined patterns of dysmorphology caused by Hh signalling inhibition. Pregnant mice received a single oral administration of Hh signalling inhibitor GDC-0449 at 100 mg•kg−1 or 150 mg•kg−1 body weight at preselected time points between embryonic days (E)8.5 and 12.5. The optimal teratogenic concentration of GDC-0449 was determined to be 150 mg•kg−1. Exposure between E9.5 and E10.5 induced frontal bone dysplasia, micrognathia and limb defects, with administration at E10.5 producing the most pronounced effects. This model showed decreased ossification of the frontal bone with downregulation of Hh signalling. The osteoid thickness of the frontal bone was significantly reduced. The amount of neural crest-derived frontal bone primordium was reduced after GDC-0449 exposure owing to a decreased rate of cell proliferation and increased cell death. During embryonic development, the Hedgehog signalling pathway regulates the migration, proliferation and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells in the early frontal bone. The Hedgehog signalling pathway transmits information to embryonic cells for their proper cell differentiation, and increased or reduced function of that signalling results in various craniofacial malformations. A team headed by Weihui Chen at Fujian Medical University in China investigated the patterns of abnormalities caused by inhibition of Hedgehog signalling in pregnant mice at preselected embryonic time points. The team was able to identify the critical period for sensitivity to GDC-0449, a potent Hedgehog signalling inhibitor. The authors believe that their mouse model can be effective in further investigating the mechanisms of craniofacial malformations and will have a profound impact on identifying candidate human disease genes and associated environmental factors.
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24
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Mukhopadhyay P, Smolenkova I, Warner D, Pisano MM, Greene RM. Spatio-Temporal Expression and Functional Analysis of miR-206 in Developing Orofacial Tissue. Microrna 2019; 8:43-60. [PMID: 30068287 DOI: 10.2174/2211536607666180801094528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of the mammalian palate is dependent on precise, spatiotemporal expression of a panoply of genes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), the largest family of noncoding RNAs, function as crucial modulators of cell and tissue differentiation, regulating expression of key downstream genes. OBSERVATIONS Our laboratory has previously identified several developmentally regulated miRNAs, including miR-206, during critical stages of palatal morphogenesis. The current study reports spatiotemporal distribution of miR-206 during development of the murine secondary palate (gestational days 12.5-14.5). RESULT AND CONCLUSION Potential cellular functions and downstream gene targets of miR-206 were investigated using functional assays and expression profiling, respectively. Functional analyses highlighted potential roles of miR-206 in governing TGFß- and Wnt signaling in mesenchymal cells of the developing secondary palate. In addition, altered expression of miR-206 within developing palatal tissue of TGFß3-/- fetuses reinforced the premise that crosstalk between this miRNA and TGFß3 is crucial for secondary palate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Irina Smolenkova
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Dennis Warner
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Michele M Pisano
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Robert M Greene
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
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25
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Kawasaki M, Kawasaki K, Meguro F, Yamada A, Ishikawa R, Porntaveetus T, Blackburn J, Otsuka-Tanaka Y, Saito N, Ota MS, Sharpe PT, Kessler JA, Herz J, Cobourne MT, Maeda T, Ohazama A. Lrp4/Wise regulates palatal rugae development through Turing-type reaction-diffusion mechanisms. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204126. [PMID: 30235284 PMCID: PMC6147471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodic patterning of iterative structures is diverse across the animal kingdom. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of these structure helps to elucidate the process of organogenesis. Turing-type reaction-diffusion mechanisms have been shown to play a critical role in regulating periodic patterning in organogenesis. Palatal rugae are periodically patterned ridges situated on the hard palate of mammals. We have previously shown that the palatal rugae develop by a Turing-type reaction-diffusion mechanism, which is reliant upon Shh (as an inhibitor) and Fgf (as an activator) signaling for appropriate organization of these structures. The disturbance of Shh and Fgf signaling lead to disorganized palatal rugae. However, the mechanism itself is not fully understood. Here we found that Lrp4 (transmembrane protein) was expressed in a complementary pattern to Wise (a secreted BMP antagonist and Wnt modulator) expression in palatal rugae development, representing Lrp4 expression in developing rugae and Wise in the inter-rugal epithelium. Highly disorganized palatal rugae was observed in both Wise and Lrp4 mutant mice, and these mutants also showed the downregulation of Shh signaling, which was accompanied with upregulation of Fgf signaling. Wise and Lrp4 are thus likely to control palatal rugae development by regulating reaction-diffusion mechanisms through Shh and Fgf signaling. We also found that Bmp and Wnt signaling were partially involved in this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Department of Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumiya Meguro
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akane Yamada
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Ishikawa
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Thantrira Porntaveetus
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Blackburn
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yoko Otsuka-Tanaka
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masato S. Ota
- Laboratory of Food Biological Science, Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women’s University, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Paul T. Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Martyn T. Cobourne
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Department of Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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26
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Cavodeassi F, Creuzet S, Etchevers HC. The hedgehog pathway and ocular developmental anomalies. Hum Genet 2018; 138:917-936. [PMID: 30073412 PMCID: PMC6710239 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in effectors of the hedgehog signaling pathway are responsible for a wide variety of ocular developmental anomalies. These range from massive malformations of the brain and ocular primordia, not always compatible with postnatal life, to subtle but damaging functional effects on specific eye components. This review will concentrate on the effects and effectors of the major vertebrate hedgehog ligand for eye and brain formation, Sonic hedgehog (SHH), in tissues that constitute the eye directly and also in those tissues that exert indirect influence on eye formation. After a brief overview of human eye development, the many roles of the SHH signaling pathway during both early and later morphogenetic processes in the brain and then eye and periocular primordia will be evoked. Some of the unique molecular biology of this pathway in vertebrates, particularly ciliary signal transduction, will also be broached within this developmental cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Cavodeassi
- Institute for Medical and Biomedical Education, St. George´s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Sophie Creuzet
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Heather C Etchevers
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
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27
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Hammond NL, Brookes KJ, Dixon MJ. Ectopic Hedgehog Signaling Causes Cleft Palate and Defective Osteogenesis. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1485-1493. [PMID: 29975848 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518785336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is a common birth defect that frequently occurs in human congenital malformations caused by mutations in components of the Sonic Hedgehog (S HH) signaling cascade. Shh is expressed in dynamic, spatiotemporal domains within epithelial rugae and plays a key role in driving epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that are central to development of the secondary palate. However, the gene regulatory networks downstream of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling are incompletely characterized. Here, we show that ectopic Hh signaling in the palatal mesenchyme disrupts oral-nasal patterning of the neural crest cell-derived ectomesenchyme of the palatal shelves, leading to defective palatine bone formation and fully penetrant cleft palate. We show that a series of Fox transcription factors, including the novel direct target Foxl1, function downstream of Hh signaling in the secondary palate. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Wnt/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists, in particular Sostdc1, are positively regulated by Hh signaling, concomitant with downregulation of key regulators of osteogenesis and BMP signaling effectors. Our data demonstrate that ectopic Hh-Smo signaling downregulates Wnt/BMP pathways, at least in part by upregulating Sostdc1, resulting in cleft palate and defective osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Hammond
- 1 Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - K J Brookes
- 1 Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,2 Current address: Human Genetics, Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - M J Dixon
- 1 Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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28
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Weng M, Chen Z, Xiao Q, Li R, Chen Z. A review of FGF signaling in palate development. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:240-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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29
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Pesonen M, Nevalainen J, Potter S, Datta S, Datta S. A Combined PLS and Negative Binomial Regression Model for Inferring Association Networks from Next-Generation Sequencing Count Data. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 15:760-773. [PMID: 28186904 PMCID: PMC5547023 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2017.2665495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge of genomics data is to detect interactions displaying functional associations from large-scale observations. In this study, a new cPLS-algorithm combining partial least squares approach with negative binomial regression is suggested to reconstruct a genomic association network for high-dimensional next-generation sequencing count data. The suggested approach is applicable to the raw counts data, without requiring any further pre-processing steps. In the settings investigated, the cPLS-algorithm outperformed the two widely used comparative methods, graphical lasso, and weighted correlation network analysis. In addition, cPLS is able to estimate the full network for thousands of genes without major computational load. Finally, we demonstrate that cPLS is capable of finding biologically meaningful associations by analyzing an example data set from a previously published study to examine the molecular anatomy of the craniofacial development.
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30
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Seo H, Amano T, Seki R, Sagai T, Kim J, Cho SW, Shiroishi T. Upstream Enhancer Elements of Shh Regulate Oral and Dental Patterning. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1055-1063. [PMID: 29481312 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518758642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog ( Shh) is important in pattern formation during development. Shh transcription is modulated by a long-range regulatory mechanism containing a number of enhancers, which are spread over nearly 850 kb in the mouse genome. Shh enhancers in the nervous system have been found between intron and 430 kb upstream of Shh. Enhancers in the oral cavity, pharynx, lung, gut, and limbs have been discovered between 610 kb and 850 kb upstream of Shh. However, the intergenic region ranging from 430 to 610 kb upstream of Shh remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we found a novel long-range enhancer located 558 kb upstream of Shh. The enhancer showed in vivo activity in oral cavity and whiskers. A targeted deletion from the novel enhancer to mammal reptile conserved sequence 1 (MRCS1), which is a known enhancer of Shh in oral cavity, resulted in supernumerary molar formation, confirming the essential role of this intergenic region for Shh transcription in teeth. Furthermore, we clarified the binding of Lef1/Tcfs to the new enhancer and MRCS1, suggesting that Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates Shh signaling in the oral cavity via these enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Seo
- 1 Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,3 Current address: Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - T Amano
- 4 Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - R Seki
- 4 Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - T Sagai
- 4 Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - J Kim
- 1 Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S W Cho
- 1 Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - T Shiroishi
- 4 Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
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31
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Xavier GM, Seppala M, Papageorgiou SN, Fan CM, Cobourne MT. Genetic interactions between the hedgehog co-receptors Gas1 and Boc regulate cell proliferation during murine palatogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:79233-79246. [PMID: 27811357 PMCID: PMC5346710 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal regulation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling has been described in a variety of human cancers and developmental anomalies, which highlights the essential role of this signaling molecule in cell cycle regulation and embryonic development. Gas1 and Boc are membrane co-receptors for Shh, which demonstrate overlapping domains of expression in the early face. This study aims to investigate potential interactions between these co-receptors during formation of the secondary palate. Mice with targeted mutation in Gas1 and Boc were used to generate Gas1; Boc compound mutants. The expression of key Hedgehog signaling family members was examined in detail during palatogenesis via radioactive in situ hybridization. Morphometric analysis involved computational quantification of BrdU-labeling and cell packing; whilst TUNEL staining was used to assay cell death. Ablation of Boc in a Gas1 mutant background leads to reduced Shh activity in the palatal shelves and an increase in the penetrance and severity of cleft palate, associated with failed elevation, increased proliferation and reduced cell death. Our findings suggest a dual requirement for Boc and Gas1 during early development of the palate, mediating cell cycle regulation during growth and subsequent fusion of the palatal shelves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Xavier
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Maisa Seppala
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Spyridon N Papageorgiou
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Bonn, 53111, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Oral Technology, School of Dentistry, University of Bonn, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chen-Ming Fan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK
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32
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Montagna E, Lopes OS. Molecular basis of basal cell carcinoma. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 92:517-520. [PMID: 28954101 PMCID: PMC5595599 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20176544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer, presenting low mortality but high
morbidity, and it has as risk factor exposure to sunlight, especially UVB
spectrum. The most important constitutional risk factors for basal cell
carcinoma development are clear phototypes (I and II, Fitzpatrick
classification), family history of basal cell carcinoma (30-60%), freckles in
childhood, eyes and light hair. The environmental risk factor better established
is exposure to ultraviolet radiation. However, different solar exposure
scenarios probably are independent risk factors for certain clinical and
histological types, topographies and prognosis of this tumor, and focus of
controversy among researchers. Studies confirm that changes in cellular genes
Hedgehog signaling pathway are associated with the development of basal cell
carcinoma. The cellular Hedgehog signaling pathway is activated in
organogenesis, but is altered in various types of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Montagna
- Postgraduate, Research and Innovation Center, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (FMABC) - Santo André (SP), Brazil
| | - Otávio Sérgio Lopes
- Research Center of the Clínica Dermatológica Santa Catarina - João Pessoa (PB), Brazil.,Departament of Dermatology of Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo (FCMSCSP) - São Paulo (SP), Brazil
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33
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Cell fate specification in the lingual epithelium is controlled by antagonistic activities of Sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006914. [PMID: 28715412 PMCID: PMC5536368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between signaling pathways is a central question in the study of organogenesis. Using the developing murine tongue as a model, we uncovered unknown relationships between Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and retinoic acid (RA) signaling. Genetic loss of SHH signaling leads to enhanced RA activity subsequent to loss of SHH-dependent expression of Cyp26a1 and Cyp26c1. This causes a cell identity switch, prompting the epithelium of the tongue to form heterotopic minor salivary glands and to overproduce oversized taste buds. At developmental stages during which Wnt10b expression normally ceases and Shh becomes confined to taste bud cells, loss of SHH inputs causes the lingual epithelium to undergo an ectopic and anachronic expression of Shh and Wnt10b in the basal layer, specifying de novo taste placode induction. Surprisingly, in the absence of SHH signaling, lingual epithelial cells adopted a Merkel cell fate, but this was not caused by enhanced RA signaling. We show that RA promotes, whereas SHH, acting strictly within the lingual epithelium, inhibits taste placode and lingual gland formation by thwarting RA activity. These findings reveal key functions for SHH and RA in cell fate specification in the lingual epithelium and aid in deciphering the molecular mechanisms that assign cell identity. Knowledge of the biological mechanisms controlling cell fate specification is of paramount importance for cell-based therapies. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and retinoic acid (RA) pathways play key roles in development and disease. The role of SHH during in vivo tongue development is a subject of great interest, and whether RA signaling has any function in the developing tongue is unknown. The tongue is covered by a mucosa made of lingual epithelium and lingual mesenchyme. Various structures, including mechanosensory filiform papillae, gustatory papillae harboring taste buds, and minor salivary glands, arise from the epithelium, but how these entities are specified remains unclear. Here we show that in the mesenchyme SHH signaling drives growth and morphogenesis, whereas in the epithelium, SHH controls patterning and cell fate specification. We demonstrate that SHH inhibits taste placode and lingual gland formation by antagonizing RA inputs. We also show that loss of SHH signaling elicits Merkel cell formation in the lingual epithelium, a tissue normally bereft of Merkel cells. This is at odds with the hairy epidermis where Merkel cell specification has been shown to be SHH-dependent. Our study establishes SHH and RA as key players in the control of cell identity within the lingual epithelium.
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Chen J, Jacox LA, Saldanha F, Sive H. Mouth development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6. [PMID: 28514120 PMCID: PMC5574021 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A mouth is present in all animals, and comprises an opening from the outside into the oral cavity and the beginnings of the digestive tract to allow eating. This review focuses on the earliest steps in mouth formation. In the first half, we conclude that the mouth arose once during evolution. In all animals, the mouth forms from ectoderm and endoderm. A direct association of oral ectoderm and digestive endoderm is present even in triploblastic animals, and in chordates, this region is known as the extreme anterior domain (EAD). Further support for a single origin of the mouth is a conserved set of genes that form a 'mouth gene program' including foxA and otx2. In the second half of this review, we discuss steps involved in vertebrate mouth formation, using the frog Xenopus as a model. The vertebrate mouth derives from oral ectoderm from the anterior neural ridge, pharyngeal endoderm and cranial neural crest (NC). Vertebrates form a mouth by breaking through the body covering in a precise sequence including specification of EAD ectoderm and endoderm as well as NC, formation of a 'pre-mouth array,' basement membrane dissolution, stomodeum formation, and buccopharyngeal membrane perforation. In Xenopus, the EAD is also a craniofacial organizer that guides NC, while reciprocally, the NC signals to the EAD to elicit its morphogenesis into a pre-mouth array. Human mouth anomalies are prevalent and are affected by genetic and environmental factors, with understanding guided in part by use of animal models. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e275. doi: 10.1002/wdev.275 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Chen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura A Jacox
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Hazel Sive
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Contemporary surgical management of hypodontia. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 55:454-460. [PMID: 28410841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypodontia is the term most commonly applied to the condition in which teeth congenitally fail to develop. Such cases differ from teeth that have been lost early or that have failed to erupt, although their initial presentation may be similar and therefore not recognised. The range of missing teeth and their physical and psychological results is large, and the difference in complexity in the management of a patient with isolated hypodontia compared with one with oligodontia or anodontia together with skeletal and orthognathic discrepancies should not be underestimated. Surgical interventions primarily involve augmentation of bone before placement of an implant, but may include techniques such as distraction osteogenesis and orthognathic surgery. These patients are best managed by a multidisciplinary team, and in this review our aim has been to describe the role of oral and maxillofacial surgeons within it.
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Determinants of orofacial clefting I: Effects of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine on cellular processes and gene expression during development of the first branchial arch. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 67:85-99. [PMID: 27915011 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identify gene targets and cellular events mediating the teratogenic action(s) of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AzaD), an inhibitor of DNA methylation, on secondary palate development. Exposure of pregnant mice (on gestation day (GD) 9.5) to AzaD for 12h resulted in the complete penetrance of cleft palate (CP) in fetuses. Analysis of cells of the embryonic first branchial arch (1-BA), in fetuses exposed to AzaD, revealed: 1) significant alteration in expression of genes encoding several morphogenetic factors, cell cycle inhibitors and regulators of apoptosis; 2) a decrease in cell proliferation; and, 3) an increase in apoptosis. Pyrosequencing of selected genes, displaying pronounced differential expression in AzaD-exposed 1-BAs, failed to reveal significant alterations in CpG methylation levels in their putative promoters or gene bodies. CpG methylation analysis suggested that the effects of AzaD on gene expression were likely indirect.
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Tooth agenesis and orofacial clefting: genetic brothers in arms? Hum Genet 2016; 135:1299-1327. [PMID: 27699475 PMCID: PMC5065589 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tooth agenesis and orofacial clefts represent the most common developmental anomalies and their co-occurrence is often reported in patients as well in animal models. The aim of the present systematic review is to thoroughly investigate the current literature (PubMed, EMBASE) to identify the genes and genomic loci contributing to syndromic or non-syndromic co-occurrence of tooth agenesis and orofacial clefts, to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying their dual involvement in the development of teeth and facial primordia. Altogether, 84 articles including phenotype and genotype description provided 9 genomic loci and 26 gene candidates underlying the co-occurrence of the two congenital defects: MSX1, PAX9, IRF6, TP63, KMT2D, KDM6A, SATB2, TBX22, TGFα, TGFβ3, TGFβR1, TGFβR2, FGF8, FGFR1, KISS1R, WNT3, WNT5A, CDH1, CHD7, AXIN2, TWIST1, BCOR, OFD1, PTCH1, PITX2, and PVRL1. The molecular pathways, cellular functions, tissue-specific expression and disease association were investigated using publicly accessible databases (EntrezGene, UniProt, OMIM). The Gene Ontology terms of the biological processes mediated by the candidate genes were used to cluster them using the GOTermMapper (Lewis-Sigler Institute, Princeton University), speculating on six super-clusters: (a) anatomical development, (b) cell division, growth and motility, (c) cell metabolism and catabolism, (d) cell transport, (e) cell structure organization and (f) organ/system-specific processes. This review aims to increase the knowledge on the mechanisms underlying the co-occurrence of tooth agenesis and orofacial clefts, to pave the way for improving targeted (prenatal) molecular diagnosis and finally to reflect on therapeutic or ultimately preventive strategies for these disabling conditions in the future.
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Xavier GM, Seppala M, Barrell W, Birjandi AA, Geoghegan F, Cobourne MT. Hedgehog receptor function during craniofacial development. Dev Biol 2016; 415:198-215. [PMID: 26875496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signalling pathway plays a fundamental role in orchestrating normal craniofacial development in vertebrates. In particular, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is produced in three key domains during the early formation of the head; neuroectoderm of the ventral forebrain, facial ectoderm and the pharyngeal endoderm; with signal transduction evident in both ectodermal and mesenchymal tissue compartments. Shh signalling from the prechordal plate and ventral midline of the diencephalon is required for appropriate division of the eyefield and forebrain, with mutation in a number of pathway components associated with Holoprosencephaly, a clinically heterogeneous developmental defect characterized by a failure of the early forebrain vesicle to divide into distinct halves. In addition, signalling from the pharyngeal endoderm and facial ectoderm plays an essential role during development of the face, influencing cranial neural crest cells that migrate into the early facial processes. In recent years, the complexity of Shh signalling has been highlighted by the identification of multiple novel proteins that are involved in regulating both the release and reception of this protein. Here, we review the contributions of Shh signalling during early craniofacial development, focusing on Hedgehog receptor function and describing the consequences of disruption for inherited anomalies of this region in both mouse models and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Xavier
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Maisa Seppala
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - William Barrell
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Anahid A Birjandi
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Finn Geoghegan
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK; Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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A multicentric association study between 39 genes and nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate in a Brazilian population. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016; 44:16-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Suzuki A, Sangani DR, Ansari A, Iwata J. Molecular mechanisms of midfacial developmental defects. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:276-93. [PMID: 26562615 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphogenesis of midfacial processes requires the coordination of a variety of cellular functions of both mesenchymal and epithelial cells to develop complex structures. Any failure or delay in midfacial development as well as any abnormal fusion of the medial and lateral nasal and maxillary prominences will result in developmental defects in the midface with a varying degree of severity, including cleft, hypoplasia, and midline expansion. Despite the advances in human genome sequencing technology, the causes of nearly 70% of all birth defects, which include midfacial development defects, remain unknown. Recent studies in animal models have highlighted the importance of specific signaling cascades and genetic-environmental interactions in the development of the midfacial region. This review will summarize the current understanding of the morphogenetic processes and molecular mechanisms underlying midfacial birth defects based on mouse models with midfacial developmental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Dhruvee R Sangani
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Afreen Ansari
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
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41
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The Roles of Hedgehog Signaling in Upper Lip Formation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:901041. [PMID: 26425560 PMCID: PMC4573885 DOI: 10.1155/2015/901041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development consists of a highly complex sequence of the orchestrated growth and fusion of facial processes. It is also known that craniofacial abnormalities can be detected in 1/3 of all patients with congenital diseases. Within the various craniofacial abnormalities, orofacial clefting is one of the most common phenotypic outcomes associated with retarded facial growth or fusion. Cleft lip is one of the representative and frequently encountered conditions in the spectrum of orofacial clefting. Despite various mechanisms or signaling pathways that have been proposed to be the cause of cleft lip, a detailed mechanism that bridges individual signaling pathways to the cleft lip is still elusive. Shh signaling is indispensable for normal embryonic development, and disruption can result in a wide spectrum of craniofacial disorders, including cleft lip. This review focuses on the current knowledge about the mechanisms of facial development and the etiology of cleft lip that are related to Shh signaling.
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Cortés CR, Metzis V, Wicking C. Unmasking the ciliopathies: craniofacial defects and the primary cilium. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:637-53. [PMID: 26173831 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the primary cilium has emerged as a pivotal sensory organelle that acts as a major signaling hub for a number of developmental signaling pathways. In that time, a vast number of proteins involved in trafficking and signaling have been linked to ciliary assembly and/or function, demonstrating the importance of this organelle during embryonic development. Given the central role of the primary cilium in regulating developmental signaling, it is not surprising that its dysfunction results in widespread defects in the embryo, leading to an expanding class of human congenital disorders known as ciliopathies. These disorders are individually rare and phenotypically variable, but together they affect virtually every vertebrate organ system. Features of ciliopathies that are often overlooked, but which are being reported with increasing frequency, are craniofacial abnormalities, ranging from subtle midline defects to full-blown orofacial clefting. The challenge moving forward is to understand the primary mechanism of disease given the link between the primary cilium and a number of developmental signaling pathways (such as hedgehog, platelet-derived growth factor, and WNT signaling) that are essential for craniofacial development. Here, we provide an overview of the diversity of craniofacial abnormalities present in the ciliopathy spectrum, and reveal those defects in common across multiple disorders. Further, we discuss the molecular defects and potential signaling perturbations underlying these anomalies. This provides insight into the mechanisms leading to ciliopathy phenotypes more generally and highlights the prevalence of widespread dysmorphologies resulting from cilia dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio R Cortés
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vicki Metzis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carol Wicking
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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43
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Abramyan J, Thivichon-Prince B, Richman JM. Diversity in primary palate ontogeny of amniotes revealed with 3D imaging. J Anat 2015; 226:420-33. [PMID: 25904546 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The amniote primary palate encompasses the upper lip and the nasal cavities. During embryonic development, the primary palate forms from the fusion of the maxillary, medial nasal and lateral nasal prominences. In mammals, as the primary palate fuses, the nasal and oral cavities become completely separated. Subsequently, the tissue demarcating the future internal nares (choanae) thins and becomes the bucconasal membrane, which eventually ruptures and allows for the essential connection of the oral and nasal cavities to form. In reptiles (including birds), the other major amniote group, primary palate ontogeny is poorly studied with respect to prominence fusion, especially the formation of a bucconasal membrane. Using 3D optical projection tomography, we found that the prominences that initiate primary palate formation are similar between mammals and crocodilians but distinct from turtles and lizards, which are in turn similar to each other. Chickens are distinct from all non-avian lineages and instead resemble human embryos in this aspect. The majority of reptiles maintain a communication between the oral and nasal cavities via the choanae during primary palate formation. However, crocodiles appear to have a transient separation between the oral and nasal cavities. Furthermore, the three lizard species examined here, exhibit temporary closure of their external nares via fusion of the lateral nasal prominences with the frontonasal mass, subsequently reopening them just before hatching. The mechanism of the persistent choanal opening was examined in chicken embryos. The mesenchyme posterior/dorsal to the choana had a significant decline in proliferation index, whereas the mesenchyme of the facial processes remained high. This differential proliferation allows the choana to form a channel between the oral and nasal cavities as the facial prominences grow and fuse around it. Our data show that primary palate ontogeny has been modified extensively to support the array of morphological diversity that has evolved among amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Abramyan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Beatrice Thivichon-Prince
- Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joy Marion Richman
- Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Kurosaka H, Trainor PA, Leroux-Berger M, Iulianella A. Cranial nerve development requires co-ordinated Shh and canonical Wnt signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120821. [PMID: 25799573 PMCID: PMC4370424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranial nerves govern sensory and motor information exchange between the brain and tissues of the head and neck. The cranial nerves are derived from two specialized populations of cells, cranial neural crest cells and ectodermal placode cells. Defects in either cell type can result in cranial nerve developmental defects. Although several signaling pathways are known to regulate cranial nerve formation our understanding of how intercellular signaling between neural crest cells and placode cells is coordinated during cranial ganglia morphogenesis is poorly understood. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling is one key pathway that regulates multiple aspects of craniofacial development, but whether it co-ordinates cranial neural crest cell and placodal cell interactions during cranial ganglia formation remains unclear. In this study we examined a new Patched1 (Ptch1) loss-of-function mouse mutant and characterized the role of Ptch1 in regulating Shh signaling during cranial ganglia development. Ptch1Wig/ Wig mutants exhibit elevated Shh signaling in concert with disorganization of the trigeminal and facial nerves. Importantly, we discovered that enhanced Shh signaling suppressed canonical Wnt signaling in the cranial nerve region. This critically affected the survival and migration of cranial neural crest cells and the development of placodal cells as well as the integration between neural crest and placodes. Collectively, our findings highlight a novel and critical role for Shh signaling in cranial nerve development via the cross regulation of canonical Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kurosaka
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Paul A. Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AI); (PAT)
| | - Margot Leroux-Berger
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
- University Pierre and Marie Curie—Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- * E-mail: (AI); (PAT)
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Heikinheimo K, Kurppa KJ, Laiho A, Peltonen S, Berdal A, Bouattour A, Ruhin B, Catón J, Thesleff I, Leivo I, Morgan PR. Early dental epithelial transcription factors distinguish ameloblastoma from keratocystic odontogenic tumor. J Dent Res 2015; 94:101-11. [PMID: 25398365 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514556815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to characterize the molecular relationship between ameloblastoma and keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) by means of a genome-wide expression analysis. Total RNA from 27 fresh tumor samples of 15 solid/multicystic intraosseous ameloblastomas and 12 sporadic KCOTs was hybridized on Affymetrix whole genome arrays. Hierarchical clustering separated ameloblastomas and KCOTs into 2 distinct groups. The gene set enrichment analysis based on 303 dental genes showed a similar separation of ameloblastomas and KCOTs. Early dental epithelial markers PITX2, MSX2, DLX2, RUNX1, and ISL1 were differentially overexpressed in ameloblastoma, indicating its dental identity. Also, PTHLH, a hormone involved in tooth eruption and invasive growth, was one of the most differentially upregulated genes in ameloblastoma. The most differentially overexpressed genes in KCOT were squamous epithelial differentiation markers SPRR1A, KRTDAP, and KRT4, as well as DSG1, a component of desmosomal cell-cell junctions. Additonally, the epithelial stem cell marker SOX2 was significantly upregulated in KCOT when compared with ameloblastoma. Taken together, the gene expression profile of ameloblastoma reflects differentiation from dental lamina toward the cap/bell stage of tooth development, as indicated by dental epithelium-specific transcription factors. In contrast, gene expression of KCOT indicates differentiation toward keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Heikinheimo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - K J Kurppa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, Turku, Finland
| | - A Laiho
- Microarray and Sequencing Centre, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - S Peltonen
- Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - A Berdal
- Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, INSERM UMRS 872, Cordeliers Biomedical Institute, Paris 7 University, Paris, France
| | - A Bouattour
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, André Grégoire Hospital, Paris, France
| | - B Ruhin
- Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, INSERM UMRS 872, Cordeliers Biomedical Institute, Paris 7 University, Paris, France Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Paris, France
| | - J Catón
- Head and Neck/Oral Pathology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - I Thesleff
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - I Leivo
- Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - P R Morgan
- Head and Neck/Oral Pathology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
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7q11.23 dosage-dependent dysregulation in human pluripotent stem cells affects transcriptional programs in disease-relevant lineages. Nat Genet 2014; 47:132-41. [PMID: 25501393 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell reprogramming promises to make characterization of the impact of human genetic variation on health and disease experimentally tractable by enabling the bridging of genotypes to phenotypes in developmentally relevant human cell lineages. Here we apply this paradigm to two disorders caused by symmetrical copy number variations of 7q11.23, which display a striking combination of shared and symmetrically opposite phenotypes--Williams-Beuren syndrome and 7q-microduplication syndrome. Through analysis of transgene-free patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and their differentiated derivatives, we find that 7q11.23 dosage imbalance disrupts transcriptional circuits in disease-relevant pathways beginning in the pluripotent state. These alterations are then selectively amplified upon differentiation of the pluripotent cells into disease-relevant lineages. A considerable proportion of this transcriptional dysregulation is specifically caused by dosage imbalances in GTF2I, which encodes a key transcription factor at 7q11.23 that is associated with the LSD1 repressive chromatin complex and silences its dosage-sensitive targets.
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47
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Firulli BA, Fuchs RK, Vincentz JW, Clouthier DE, Firulli AB. Hand1 phosphoregulation within the distal arch neural crest is essential for craniofacial morphogenesis. Development 2014; 141:3050-61. [PMID: 25053435 DOI: 10.1242/dev.107680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study we examine the consequences of altering Hand1 phosphoregulation in the developing neural crest cells (NCCs) of mice. Whereas Hand1 deletion in NCCs reveals a nonessential role for Hand1 in craniofacial development and embryonic survival, altering Hand1 phosphoregulation, and consequently Hand1 dimerization affinities, in NCCs results in severe mid-facial clefting and neonatal death. Hand1 phosphorylation mutants exhibit a non-cell-autonomous increase in pharyngeal arch cell death accompanied by alterations in Fgf8 and Shh pathway expression. Together, our data indicate that the extreme distal pharyngeal arch expression domain of Hand1 defines a novel bHLH-dependent activity, and that disruption of established Hand1 dimer phosphoregulation within this domain disrupts normal craniofacial patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Firulli
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Departments of Anatomy and Medical, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, 1044 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
| | - Robyn K Fuchs
- Department of Physical Therapy and the Center for Translational Musculoskeletal Research, School of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joshua W Vincentz
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Departments of Anatomy and Medical, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, 1044 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
| | - David E Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Rm. 11-109, MS 8120, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Departments of Anatomy and Medical, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, 1044 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
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48
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Genetics of cleft lip and/or cleft palate: Association with other common anomalies. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:381-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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49
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Seppala M, Xavier GM, Fan CM, Cobourne MT. Boc modifies the spectrum of holoprosencephaly in the absence of Gas1 function. Biol Open 2014; 3:728-40. [PMID: 25063195 PMCID: PMC4133726 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20147989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly is a heterogeneous developmental malformation of the central nervous system characterized by impaired forebrain cleavage, midline facial anomalies and wide phenotypic variation. Indeed, microforms represent the mildest manifestation, associated with facial anomalies but an intact central nervous system. In many cases, perturbations in sonic hedgehog signaling are responsible for holoprosencephaly. Here, we have elucidated the contribution of Gas1 and an additional hedgehog co-receptor, Boc during early development of the craniofacial midline, by generating single and compound mutant mice. Significantly, we find Boc has an essential role in the etiology of a unique form of lobar holoprosencephaly that only occurs in conjunction with combined loss of Gas1. Whilst Gas1(-/-) mice have microform holoprosencephaly characterized by a single median maxillary central incisor, cleft palate and pituitary anomalies, Boc(-/-) mice have a normal facial midline. However, Gas1(-/-); Boc(-/-) mutants have lobar holoprosencephaly associated with clefting of the lip, palate and tongue, secondary to reduced sonic hedgehog transduction in the central nervous system and face. Moreover, maxillary incisor development is severely disrupted in these mice, arresting prior to cellular differentiation as a result of apoptosis in the odontogenic epithelium. Thus, Boc and Gas1 retain an essential function in these tooth germs, independent of their role in midline development of the central nervous system and face. Collectively, this phenotype demonstrates both redundancy and individual requirements for Gas1 and Boc during sonic hedgehog transduction in the craniofacial midline and suggests BOC as a potential digenic locus for lobar holoprosencephaly in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa Seppala
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Guilherme M Xavier
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Chen-Ming Fan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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50
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Kurosaka H, Iulianella A, Williams T, Trainor PA. Disrupting hedgehog and WNT signaling interactions promotes cleft lip pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1660-71. [PMID: 24590292 DOI: 10.1172/jci72688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip, which results from impaired facial process growth and fusion, is one of the most common craniofacial birth defects. Many genes are known to be involved in the etiology of this disorder; however, our understanding of cleft lip pathogenesis remains incomplete. In the present study, we uncovered a role for sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling during lip fusion. Mice carrying compound mutations in hedgehog acyltransferase (Hhat) and patched1 (Ptch1) exhibited perturbations in the SHH gradient during frontonasal development, which led to hypoplastic nasal process outgrowth, epithelial seam persistence, and cleft lip. Further investigation revealed that enhanced SHH signaling restricts canonical WNT signaling in the lambdoidal region by promoting expression of genes encoding WNT inhibitors. Moreover, reduction of canonical WNT signaling perturbed p63/interferon regulatory factor 6 (p63/IRF6) signaling, resulting in increased proliferation and decreased cell death, which was followed by persistence of the epithelial seam and cleft lip. Consistent with our results, mutations in genes that disrupt SHH and WNT signaling have been identified in both mice and humans with cleft lip. Collectively, our data illustrate that altered SHH signaling contributes to the etiology and pathogenesis of cleft lip through antagonistic interactions with other gene regulatory networks, including the canonical WNT and p63/IRF6 signaling pathways.
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