1
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Kameda Y. Regulation of circulating thyroid hormone levels by hypothalamic tanycytes and hypophysial pars tuberalis-specific cells and their morphological and gene- and protein-expression changes under different photoperiods. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25555. [PMID: 37938884 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone in the hypothalamus acts as a key determinant of seasonal transitions. Thyroid hormone-levels in the brain are mainly regulated by the hypothalamic tanycytes and pituitary pars tuberalis (PT)-specific cells. TSHβ produced by the PT-specific cells stimulates Dio2 expression and decreases Dio3 expression of the tanycytes. Both tanycytes and PT-specific cells in photosensitive animals exhibit remarkable changes of morphological appearance and expressions of genes and proteins under different photoperiods. Long photoperiods induce increased gene- and protein-expressions and active features. Short photoperiods cause the decreased gene- and protein-expressions and inactive features. In the PT, expressions of TSHβ, common α-subunit of glycoprotein hormones (α-GSU), and MT1 receptor of melatonin receptors and eyes absent 3 change under different photoperiods. Diurnal rhythms of α-GSU mRNA expression are observed in the PT of Djungarian hamsters. Hes1, Nkx2.1, and LIM homeodomain gene 2 (Lhx2) are involved in the differentiation of PT. In the hypothalamic tanycytes, expressions of Dio2, Dio3, vimentin, serine/threonine kinase 33, GPR50, Nestin, Retinoid signaling genes (retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1, cellular retinol binding protein 1, and Stra6), monocarboxylate transporter 8, and neural cell adhesion molecule change under different photoperiods. Rax, Lhx2, Nfia/b/x, and fibroblast growth factor 10 are involved in the differentiation of tanycytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kameda
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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Chen Q, Leshkowitz D, Li H, van Impel A, Schulte-Merker S, Amit I, Rizzoti K, Levkowitz G. Neural plate progenitors give rise to both anterior and posterior pituitary cells. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2652-2665.e6. [PMID: 37683631 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary is the master neuroendocrine gland, which regulates body homeostasis. It consists of the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis harboring hormones producing cells and the posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis, which relays the passage of hormones from the brain to the periphery. It is accepted that the adenohypophysis originates from the oral ectoderm (Rathke's pouch), whereas the neural ectoderm contributes to the neurohypophysis. Single-cell transcriptomics of the zebrafish pituitary showed that cyp26b1-positive astroglial pituicytes of the neurohypophysis and prop1-positive adenohypophyseal progenitors expressed common markers implying lineage relatedness. Genetic tracing identifies that, in contrast to the prevailing dogma, neural plate precursors of zebrafish (her4.3+) and mouse (Sox1+) contribute to both neurohypophyseal and a subset of adenohypophyseal cells. Pituicyte-derived retinoic-acid-degrading enzyme Cyp26b1 fine-tunes differentiation of prop1+ progenitors into hormone-producing cells. These results challenge the notion that adenohypophyseal cells are exclusively derived from non-neural ectoderm and demonstrate that crosstalk between neuro- and adeno-hypophyseal cells affects differentiation of pituitary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Chen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Dena Leshkowitz
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Hanjie Li
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Present address: CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Andreas van Impel
- Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Karine Rizzoti
- Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Gil Levkowitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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3
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Makrygianni EA, Chrousos GP. Neural Progenitor Cells and the Hypothalamus. Cells 2023; 12:1822. [PMID: 37508487 PMCID: PMC10378393 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of self-renewing and differentiating into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In the postnatal/adult brain, NPCs are primarily located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (LVs) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). There is evidence that NPCs are also present in the postnatal/adult hypothalamus, a highly conserved brain region involved in the regulation of core homeostatic processes, such as feeding, metabolism, reproduction, neuroendocrine integration and autonomic output. In the rodent postnatal/adult hypothalamus, NPCs mainly comprise different subtypes of tanycytes lining the wall of the 3rd ventricle. In the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, the neurogenic niche is constituted by tanycytes at the floor of the 3rd ventricle, ependymal cells and ribbon cells (showing a gap-and-ribbon organization similar to that in the SVZ), as well as suprachiasmatic cells. We speculate that in the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, neurogenesis occurs in a highly complex, exquisitely sophisticated neurogenic niche consisting of at least four subniches; this structure has a key role in the regulation of extrahypothalamic neurogenesis, and hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic neural circuits, partly through the release of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia A Makrygianni
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Xiao J, Xie Y, Duan Q, Liu T, Ye R, Duan X, Le Z, Deng N, Liu F. LIM Homeobox 2 Increases Adhesion-Regulating Molecule 1 Transcription to Facilitate the Pathological Progression of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Stimulated Atherosclerotic Cell Models. Int Heart J 2023; 64:750-758. [PMID: 37518356 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.22-669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and endothelial cell apoptosis have been documented to have a role in atherosclerosis (AS) progression. To deepen knowledge in this aspect, our study investigated the effect of LIM homeobox 2 (LHX2) and adhesion-regulating molecule 1 (ADRM1) on EndMT and endothelial cell apoptosis in the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) -stimulated AS cell model.Ox-LDL was utilized to treat human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) for constructing an AS model in vitro, followed by measurement of LHX2 and ADRM1 expressions. Afterward, gain- and loss-of-function assays were performed in HUVECs, followed by detection of cell viability, invasion, migration, and apoptosis and the expression of inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, interleukin (IL) -1β, and IL-6], EndMT-related proteins [CD31, vascular epithelium (VE) -cadherin, vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), Snai1, Snai2, and Twist1], and the apoptotic protein cleaved caspase-3. Interactions between LHX2 and ADRM1 were analyzed with dual-luciferase reporter gene and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays.High levels of LHX2 and ADRM1 were observed in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. In ox-LDL-treated HUVECs, LHX2, or ADRM1 knockdown promoted CD31 and VE-cadherin levels, viability, invasion, and migration and reduced apoptosis and the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, vimentin, α-SMA, Snai1, Snai2, Twist1, and cleaved caspase-3. Mechanistically, LHX2 bound to the ADRM1 promoter to promote ADRM1 transcription. Overexpression of ADRM1 annulled the aforementioned effects of LHX2 knockdown on ox-LDL-induced HUVECs.LHX2 facilitates the pathological progression of ox-LDL-stimulated AS cell models by increasing ADRM1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Xiao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University
| | - Qing Duan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University
| | - Tao Liu
- Medical Big Data Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University
| | - Rong Ye
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University
| | - Xunhong Duan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University
| | - Zhibiao Le
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University
| | - Nan Deng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University
| | - Fengen Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University
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Bando H, Brinkmeier ML, Castinetti F, Fang Q, Lee MS, Saveanu A, Albarel F, Dupuis C, Brue T, Camper SA. Heterozygous variants in SIX3 and POU1F1 cause pituitary hormone deficiency in mouse and man. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 32:367-385. [PMID: 35951005 PMCID: PMC9851746 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypopituitarism is a genetically heterogeneous condition that is part of a spectrum disorder that can include holoprosencephaly. Heterozygous mutations in SIX3 cause variable holoprosencephaly in humans and mice. We identified two children with neonatal hypopituitarism and thin pituitary stalk who were doubly heterozygous for rare, likely deleterious variants in the transcription factors SIX3 and POU1F1. We used genetically engineered mice to understand the disease pathophysiology. Pou1f1 loss-of-function heterozygotes are unaffected; Six3 heterozygotes have pituitary gland dysmorphology and incompletely ossified palate; and the Six3+/-; Pou1f1+/dw double heterozygote mice have a pronounced phenotype, including pituitary growth through the palate. The interaction of Pou1f1 and Six3 in mice supports the possibility of digenic pituitary disease in children. Disruption of Six3 expression in the oral ectoderm completely ablated anterior pituitary development, and deletion of Six3 in the neural ectoderm blocked the development of the pituitary stalk and both anterior and posterior pituitary lobes. Six3 is required in both oral and neural ectodermal tissues for the activation of signaling pathways and transcription factors necessary for pituitary cell fate. These studies clarify the mechanism of SIX3 action in pituitary development and provide support for a digenic basis for hypopituitarism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frederic Castinetti
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’hypophyse HYPO, Marseille, France,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Institut Marseille, Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Marseille, France
| | - Qing Fang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mi-Sun Lee
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexandru Saveanu
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’hypophyse HYPO, Marseille, France,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Institut Marseille, Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Marseille, France
| | - Frédérique Albarel
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’hypophyse HYPO, Marseille, France,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Institut Marseille, Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Marseille, France
| | - Clémentine Dupuis
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble-Alpes, site Nord, Hôpital Couple Enfants, Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Brue
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’hypophyse HYPO, Marseille, France,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Institut Marseille, Maladies Rares (MarMaRa), Marseille, France
| | - Sally A Camper
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 5704 Medical Science Building II, 1241 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Tel: +1-734-763-0682; Fax: +1-734-763-3784;
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6
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Teng Z, Hao L, Yang R, Song J, Wang Z, Jiao Y, Fang J, Zheng S, Ma Z, Chen X, Liu S, Cheng Y. Key pituitary miRNAs mediate the expression of pig GHRHR splice variants by regulating splice factors. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:208-218. [PMID: 35306020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The growth hormone releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) is well documented in organism growth and its alternative splicing may generate multiple functional GHRHR splice variants (SVs). Our previous study has demonstrated the key pituitary miRNAs (let-7e and miR-328-5p) in pig regulated the expression of GHRHR SVs by directly targeting to them. And according to recent reports, the interplay between miRNA-based silencing of mRNAs and alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs is a crucial post-transcriptional mechanism. In this study, SF3B3 and CPSF4 were firstly excavated as the splice factors that involved in the formation of GHRHR SVs mediated by let-7e and miR-328-5p through the comparation of the expression relations of GHRHR SVs, let-7e/miR-328-5p and SF3B3/CPSF4 in pituitary tissues between Landrace pigs and BaMa pigs, as well as the prediction of the target relations of let-7e/miR-328-5p with SF3B3 and/or CPSF4. SF3B3 and CPSF4 targeted by let-7e and miR-328-5p were further verified by performing dual-luciferase reporter assays and detecting the expression of target transcripts. Then the RT-PCR, RT-qPCR and Western blot assays were used to confirm SF3B3 and CPSF4 were involved in the formation of the GHRHR SVs, and in this process, let-7e and miR-328-5p mediated GHRHR SVs by regulating SF3B3 and CPSF4. Finally, the target site of SF3B3 on pre-GHRHR was on the Exon 12 to Exon14, while CPSF4 acted on the other fragments of the pre-GHRHR, which were explored by dual-luciferase reporter system preliminarily. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to report the miRNAs regulate GHRHR SVs indirectly by splice factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Teng
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Zhaoguo Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Yingying Jiao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Jiayuan Fang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Shuo Zheng
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Ze Ma
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Songcai Liu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Yunyun Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, College of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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7
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Brinkmeier ML, Bando H, Camarano AC, Fujio S, Yoshimoto K, de Souza FS, Camper SA. Rathke's cleft-like cysts arise from Isl1 deletion in murine pituitary progenitors. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4501-4515. [PMID: 32453714 DOI: 10.1172/jci136745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor ISL1 is expressed in pituitary gland stem cells and the thyrotrope and gonadotrope lineages. Pituitary-specific Isl1 deletion causes hypopituitarism with increased stem cell apoptosis, reduced differentiation of thyrotropes and gonadotropes, and reduced body size. Conditional Isl1 deletion causes development of multiple Rathke's cleft-like cysts, with 100% penetrance. Foxa1 and Foxj1 are abnormally expressed in the pituitary gland and associated with a ciliogenic gene-expression program in the cysts. We confirmed expression of FOXA1, FOXJ1, and stem cell markers in human Rathke's cleft cyst tissue, but not craniopharyngiomas, which suggests these transcription factors are useful, pathological markers for diagnosis of Rathke's cleft cysts. These studies support a model whereby expression of ISL1 in pituitary progenitors drives differentiation into thyrotropes and gonadotropes and without it, activation of FOXA1 and FOXJ1 permits development of an oral epithelial cell fate with mucinous cysts. This pituitary-specific Isl1 mouse knockout sheds light on the etiology of Rathke's cleft cysts and the role of ISL1 in normal pituitary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Brinkmeier
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hironori Bando
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Adriana C Camarano
- Institute of Physiology, Molecular Biology, and Neurosciences-IFIBYNE-CONICET, Pabellon IFIBYNE, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Shingo Fujio
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshimoto
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Flávio Sj de Souza
- Institute of Physiology, Molecular Biology, and Neurosciences-IFIBYNE-CONICET, Pabellon IFIBYNE, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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8
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Cheng Y, Chen T, Song J, Qi Q, Wang C, Xi Q, Liu S, Hao L, Zhang Y. miR-709 inhibits GHRP6 induced GH synthesis by targeting PRKCA in pituitary. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 506:110763. [PMID: 32084499 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary growth hormone (GH) plays an essential role in processes of organism growth and metabolism. MicroRNA (miRNA) could also participate in diverse biological processes. However, the role of miRNA in the regulation of pituitary GH during the growth process remains unclear. In this study, we firstly confirmed that the second highly expressed pituitary miRNA (miR-709) significantly inhibited the GH synthesis and suppressed the viability of GH3 cells. The bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase report system were used to ascertain the PRKCA is the direct target gene of miR-709, which is the coding gene of PKCα. Then the transcription and translation levels of Prkca were obvious reduced by the over-expression of miR-709 in GH3 cells, followed by the inhibition of the transcription factor (CREB1) of Gh1 gene and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway or the possible cross-talk signaling pathway (cAMP/PKA signaling pathway) detected by western blot, suggesting that ERK1/2 maybe an important factor involved in the GH3 cell viability mediated by PKCα. At last, GHRP6 increased PKCα and GH expression but reduced miR-709 expression in vitro and vivo assays, and this conclusion was further confirmed by the result of GHRP6 attenuated the inhibition of miR-709 on GH expression. These findings will provide new molecular mechanism on the regulation of pituitary GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jie Song
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qien Qi
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Songcai Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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9
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Abstract
The development of the anterior pituitary gland occurs in distinct sequential developmental steps, leading to the formation of a complex organ containing five different cell types secreting six different hormones. During this process, the temporal and spatial expression of a cascade of signaling molecules and transcription factors plays a crucial role in organ commitment, cell proliferation, patterning, and terminal differentiation. The morphogenesis of the gland and the emergence of distinct cell types from a common primordium are governed by complex regulatory networks involving transcription factors and signaling molecules that may be either intrinsic to the developing pituitary or extrinsic, originating from the ventral diencephalon, the oral ectoderm, and the surrounding mesenchyme. Endocrine cells of the pituitary gland are organized into structural and functional networks that contribute to the coordinated response of endocrine cells to stimuli; these cellular networks are formed during embryonic development and are maintained or may be modified in adulthood, contributing to the plasticity of the gland. Abnormalities in any of the steps of pituitary development may lead to congenital hypopituitarism that includes a spectrum of disorders from isolated to combined hormone deficiencies including syndromic disorders such as septo-optic dysplasia. Over the past decade, the acceleration of next-generation sequencing has allowed for rapid analysis of the patient genome to identify novel mutations and novel candidate genes associated with hypothalmo-pituitary development. Subsequent functional analysis using patient fibroblast cells, and the generation of stem cells derived from patient cells, is fast replacing the need for animal models while providing a more physiologically relevant characterization of novel mutations. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas9 as the method for gene editing is replacing previous laborious and time-consuming gene editing methods that were commonly used, thus yielding knockout cell lines in a fraction of the time. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:389-413, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki S Alatzoglou
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Louise C Gregory
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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10
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Mariniello K, Ruiz-Babot G, McGaugh EC, Nicholson JG, Gualtieri A, Gaston-Massuet C, Nostro MC, Guasti L. Stem Cells, Self-Renewal, and Lineage Commitment in the Endocrine System. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:772. [PMID: 31781041 PMCID: PMC6856655 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocrine system coordinates a wide array of body functions mainly through secretion of hormones and their actions on target tissues. Over the last decades, a collective effort between developmental biologists, geneticists, and stem cell biologists has generated a wealth of knowledge related to the contribution of stem/progenitor cells to both organogenesis and self-renewal of endocrine organs. This review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the role of tissue stem cells in the development and self-renewal of endocrine organs. Pathways governing crucial steps in both development and stemness maintenance, and that are known to be frequently altered in a wide array of endocrine disorders, including cancer, are also described. Crucially, this plethora of information is being channeled into the development of potential new cell-based treatment modalities for endocrine-related illnesses, some of which have made it through clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Mariniello
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Ruiz-Babot
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Emily C. McGaugh
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James G. Nicholson
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angelica Gualtieri
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cristina Nostro
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Fletcher PA, Smiljanic K, Maso Prévide R, Iben JR, Li T, Rokic MB, Sherman A, Coon SL, Stojilkovic SS. Cell Type- and Sex-Dependent Transcriptome Profiles of Rat Anterior Pituitary Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:623. [PMID: 31620083 PMCID: PMC6760010 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physiology and pathology of an organ composed of a variety of cell populations depends critically on genome-wide information on each cell type. Here, we report single-cell transcriptome profiling of over 6,800 freshly dispersed anterior pituitary cells from postpubertal male and female rats. Six pituitary-specific cell types were identified based on known marker genes and characterized: folliculostellate cells and hormone-producing corticotrophs, gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, somatotrophs, and lactotrophs. Also identified were endothelial and blood cells from the pituitary capillary network. The expression of numerous developmental and neuroendocrine marker genes in both folliculostellate and hormone-producing cells supports that they have a common origin. For several genes, the validity of transcriptome analysis was confirmed by qRT-PCR and single cell immunocytochemistry. Folliculostellate cells exhibit impressive transcriptome diversity, indicating their major roles in production of endogenous ligands and detoxification enzymes, and organization of extracellular matrix. Transcriptome profiles of hormone-producing cells also indicate contributions toward those functions, while also clearly demonstrating their endocrine function. This survey highlights many novel genetic markers contributing to pituitary cell type identity, sexual dimorphism, and function, and points to relationships between hormone-producing and folliculostellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Fletcher
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kosara Smiljanic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rafael Maso Prévide
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - James R. Iben
- Molecular Genomics Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tianwei Li
- Molecular Genomics Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Milos B. Rokic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Arthur Sherman
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Steven L. Coon
- Molecular Genomics Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stanko S. Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Fu T, Pearson C, Towers M, Placzek M. Development of the basal hypothalamus through anisotropic growth. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12727. [PMID: 31050853 PMCID: PMC6563594 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adult hypothalamus is subdivided into distinct domains: pre-optic, anterior, tuberal and mammillary. Each domain harbours an array of neurones that act together to regulate homeostasis. The embryonic origins and the development of hypothalamic neurones, however, remain enigmatic. Here, we summarise recent studies in model organisms that challenge current views of hypothalamic development, which traditionally have attempted to map adult domains to correspondingly located embryonic domains. Instead, new studies indicate that hypothalamic neurones arise from progenitor cells that undergo anisotropic growth, expanding to a greater extent than other progenitors, and grow in different dimensions. We describe in particular how a multipotent Shh/ Fgf10-expressing progenitor population gives rise to progenitors throughout the basal hypothalamus that grow anisotropically and sequentially: first, a subset displaced rostrally give rise to anterior-ventral/tuberal neuronal progenitors; then a subset displaced caudally give rise to mammillary neuronal progenitors; and, finally, a subset(s) displaced ventrally give rise to tuberal infundibular glial progenitors. As this occurs, stable populations of Shh+ive and Fgf10+ive progenitors form. We describe current understanding of the mechanisms that induce Shh+ive /Fgf10+ive progenitors and begin to direct their differentiation to anterior-ventral/tuberal neuronal progenitors, mammillary neuronal progenitors and tuberal infundibular progenitors. Taken together, these studies suggest a new model for hypothalamic development that we term the "anisotropic growth model". We discuss the implications of the model for understanding the origins of adult hypothalamic neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Fu
- Department of Biomedical ScienceBateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Caroline Pearson
- Department of Biomedical ScienceBateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Matthew Towers
- Department of Biomedical ScienceBateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Marysia Placzek
- Department of Biomedical ScienceBateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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13
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Montenegro YHA, de Queiroga Nascimento D, de Assis TO, Santos-Lopes SSD. The epigenetics of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in fetal development. Ann Hum Genet 2019; 83:195-213. [PMID: 30843189 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is an important hormonal mechanism of the human body and is extremely programmable during embryonic and fetal development. Analyzing its development in this period is the key to understanding in fact how vulnerabilities of congenital diseases occur and any other changes in the phenotypic and histophysiological aspects of the fetus. The environment in which the mother is exposed during the gestational period can influence this axis. Knowing this, our objective was to analyze in recent research the possible impact of epigenetic programming on the HPA axis and its consequences for fetal development. This review brought together articles from two databases: ScienceDirect and PUBMED researched based on key words such as "epigenetics, HPA axis, cardiovascular disease, and circulatory problems" where it demonstrated full relevance in experimental and scientific settings. A total of 101 articles were selected following the criteria established by the researchers. Thus, it was possible to verify that the development of the HPA axis is directly related to changes that occur in the cardiovascular system, to the cerebral growth and other systems depending on the influence that it receives in the period of fetal formation.
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14
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Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are specialised neuroepithelial structures found in the midline of the brain, grouped around the third and fourth ventricles. They mediate the communication between the brain and the periphery by performing sensory and secretory roles, facilitated by increased vascularisation and the absence of a blood-brain barrier. Surprisingly little is known about the origins of the CVOs (both developmental and evolutionary), but their functional and organisational similarities raise the question of the extent of their relationship. Here, I review our current knowledge of the embryonic development of the seven major CVOs (area postrema, median eminence, neurohypophysis, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, pineal organ, subcommissural organ, subfornical organ) in embryos of different vertebrate species. Although there are conspicuous similarities between subsets of CVOs, no unifying feature characteristic of their development has been identified. Cross-species comparisons suggest that CVOs also display a high degree of evolutionary flexibility. Thus, the term 'CVO' is merely a functional definition, and features shared by multiple CVOs may be the result of homoplasy rather than ontogenetic or phylogenetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kiecker
- Department of Developmental NeurobiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
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15
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Abstract
A hundred years after Lhx2 ortholog apterous was identified as a critical regulator of wing development in Drosophila, LIM-HD gene family members have proved to be versatile and powerful components of the molecular machinery that executes the blueprint of embryogenesis across vertebrate and invertebrate species. Here, we focus on the spatio-temporally varied functions of LIM-homeodomain transcription factor LHX2 in the developing mouse forebrain. Right from its earliest known role in telencephalic and eye field patterning, to the control of the neuron-glia cell fate switch, and the regulation of axon pathfinding and dendritic arborization in late embryonic stages, LHX2 has been identified as a fundamental, temporally dynamic, always necessary, and often sufficient factor in a range of critical developmental phenomena. While Lhx2 mutant phenotypes have been characterized in detail in multiple brain structures, only recently have we advanced in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which this factor acts. Common themes emerge from how this multifunctional molecule controls a range of developmental steps in distinct forebrain structures. Examining these shared features, and noting unique aspects of LHX2 function is likely to inform our understanding of how a single factor can bring about a diversity of effects and play central and critical roles across systems and stages. The parallels in LHX2 and APTEROUS functions, and the protein complexes they participate in, offer insights into evolutionary strategies that conserve tool kits and deploy them to play new, yet familiar roles in species separated by hundreds of millions of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Ju Chou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shubha Tole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India.
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16
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Rizzoti K, Lovell-Badge R. Pivotal role of median eminence tanycytes for hypothalamic function and neurogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:7-13. [PMID: 27530416 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Along with the sub-ventricular zone of the forebrain lateral ventricles and the sub-granular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus, the hypothalamus has recently emerged as a third gliogenic and neurogenic niche in the central nervous system. The hypothalamus is the main regulator of body homeostasis because it centralizes peripheral information to regulate crucial physiological functions through the pituitary gland and the autonomic nervous system. Its ability to sense signals originating outside the brain relies on its exposure to blood-born molecules through the median eminence, which is localized outside the blood brain barrier. Within the hypothalamus, a population of specialized radial glial cells, the tanycytes, control exposure to blood-born signals by acting both as sensors and regulators of the hypothalamic input and output. In addition, lineage-tracing experiments have recently revealed that tanycytes represent a population of hypothalamic stem cells, defining them as a pivotal cell type within the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic neurogenesis has moreover been shown to have an important role in feeding control and energy metabolism, which challenges previous knowledge and offers new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Rizzoti
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
| | - Robin Lovell-Badge
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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17
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Aujla PK, Bogdanovic V, Naratadam GT, Raetzman LT. Persistent expression of activated notch in the developing hypothalamus affects survival of pituitary progenitors and alters pituitary structure. Dev Dyn 2016; 244:921-34. [PMID: 25907274 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the pituitary gland develops, signals from the hypothalamus are necessary for pituitary induction and expansion. Little is known about the control of cues that regulate early signaling between the two structures. Ligands and receptors of the Notch signaling pathway are found in both the hypothalamus and Rathke's pouch. The downstream Notch effector gene Hes1 is required for proper pituitary formation; however, these effects could be due to the action of Hes1 in the hypothalamus, Rathke's pouch, or both. To determine the contribution of hypothalamic Notch signaling to pituitary organogenesis, we used mice with loss and gain of Notch function within the developing hypothalamus. RESULTS We demonstrate that loss of Notch signaling by conditional deletion of Rbpj in the hypothalamus does not affect expression of Hes1 within the posterior hypothalamus or expression of Hes5. In contrast, expression of activated Notch within the hypothalamus results in ectopic Hes5 expression and increased Hes1 expression, which is sufficient to disrupt pituitary development and postnatal expansion. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results indicate that Rbpj-dependent Notch signaling within the developing hypothalamus is not necessary for pituitary development, but persistent Notch signaling and ectopic Hes5 expression in hypothalamic progenitors affects pituitary induction and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paven K Aujla
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Vedran Bogdanovic
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - George T Naratadam
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Lori T Raetzman
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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18
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Abstract
The neuroendocrine hypothalamus is composed of the tuberal and anterodorsal hypothalamus, together with the median eminence/neurohypophysis. It centrally governs wide-ranging physiological processes, including homeostasis of energy balance, circadian rhythms and stress responses, as well as growth and reproductive behaviours. Homeostasis is maintained by integrating sensory inputs and effecting responses via autonomic, endocrine and behavioural outputs, over diverse time-scales and throughout the lifecourse of an individual. Here, we summarize studies that begin to reveal how different territories and cell types within the neuroendocrine hypothalamus are assembled in an integrated manner to enable function, thus supporting the organism's ability to survive and thrive. We discuss how signaling pathways and transcription factors dictate the appearance and regionalization of the hypothalamic primordium, the maintenance of progenitor cells, and their specification and differentiation into neurons. We comment on recent studies that harness such programmes for the directed differentiation of human ES/iPS cells. We summarize how developmental plasticity is maintained even into adulthood and how integration between the hypothalamus and peripheral body is established in the median eminence and neurohypophysis. Analysis of model organisms, including mouse, chick and zebrafish, provides a picture of how complex, yet elegantly coordinated, developmental programmes build glial and neuronal cells around the third ventricle of the brain. Such conserved processes enable the hypothalamus to mediate its function as a central integrating and response-control mediator for the homeostatic processes that are critical to life. Early indications suggest that deregulation of these events may underlie multifaceted pathological conditions and dysfunctional physiology in humans, such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Burbridge
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Stewart
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Marysia Placzek
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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19
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Yoshida S, Kato T, Nishimura N, Kanno N, Chen M, Ueharu H, Nishihara H, Kato Y. Transcription of follicle-stimulating hormone subunit genes is modulated by porcine LIM homeobox transcription factors, LHX2 and LHX3. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:241-8. [PMID: 26853788 PMCID: PMC4919287 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The LIM-homeobox transcription factors LHX2 and LHX3s (LHX3a and LHX3b) are thought to be involved in
regulating the pituitary glycoprotein hormone subunit genes Cga and Fshβ.
These two factors show considerable differences in their amino acid sequences for DNA binding and
protein-protein interactions and in their vital function in pituitary development. Hence, we compared the DNA
binding properties and transcriptional activities of Cga and Fshβ between
LHX2 and LHX3s. A gel mobility shift assay for approximately 1.1 kb upstream of Cga and 2.0
kb upstream of Fshβ varied in binding profiles between LHX2 and LHX3s. DNase I footprinting
revealed DNA binding sites in 8 regions of the Cga promoter for LHX2 and LHX3s with small
differences in the binding range and strength. In the Fshβ promoter, 14 binding sites were
identified for LHX2 and LHX3, respectively. There were alternative binding sites to either gene in addition to
similar differences observed in the Cga promoter. The transcriptional activities of LHX2 and
LHX3s according to a reporter assay showed cell-type dependent activity with repression in the pituitary
gonadotrope lineage LβT2 cells and stimulation in Chinese hamster ovary lineage CHO cells. Reactivity of LHX2
and LHX3s was observed in all regions, and differences were observed in the 5'-upstream region of
Fshβ. However, immunohistochemistry showed that LHX2 resides in a small number of
gonadotropes in contrast to LHX3. Thus, LHX3 mainly controls Cga and Fshβ
expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishu Yoshida
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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20
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Goto M, Hojo M, Ando M, Kita A, Kitagawa M, Ohtsuka T, Kageyama R, Miyamoto S. Hes1 and Hes5 are required for differentiation of pituicytes and formation of the neurohypophysis in pituitary development. Brain Res 2015; 1625:206-17. [PMID: 26348989 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gland is a critical endocrine organ regulating diverse physiological functions, including homeostasis, metabolism, reproduction, and growth. It is composed of two distinct entities: the adenohypophysis, including the anterior and intermediate lobes, and the neurohypophysis known as the posterior lobe. The neurohypophysis is composed of pituicytes (glial cells) and axons projected from hypothalamic neurons. The adenohypophysis derives from Rathke's pouch, whereas the neurohypophysis derives from the infundibulum, an evagination of the ventral diencephalon. Molecular mechanisms of adenohypophysis development are much better understood, but little is known about mechanisms that regulate neurohypophysis development. Hes genes, known as Notch effectors, play a crucial role in specifying cellular fates during the development of various tissues and organs. Here, we report that the ventral diencephalon fails to evaginate resulting in complete loss of the posterior pituitary lobe in Hes1(-/-); Hes5(+/-) mutant embryos. In these mutant mice, progenitor cells are differentiated into neurons at the expense of pituicytes in the ventral diencephalon. In the developing neurohypophysis, the proliferative zone is located at the base of the infundibulum. Thus, Hes1 and Hes5 modulate not only maintenance of progenitor cells but also pituicyte versus neuron fate specification during neurohypophysis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Goto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masato Hojo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Shiga Medical Center for Adults, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga 524-8524, Japan.
| | - Mitsushige Ando
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Aya Kita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohtsuka
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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21
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Abstract
Significant progress has been made recently in unravelling the embryonic events leading to pituitary morphogenesis, both in vivo and in vitro. This includes dissection of the molecular mechanisms controlling patterning of the ventral diencephalon that regulate formation of the pituitary anlagen or Rathke's pouch. There is also a better characterisation of processes that underlie maintenance of pituitary progenitors, specification of endocrine lineages and the three-dimensional organisation of newly differentiated endocrine cells. Furthermore, a population of adult pituitary stem cells (SCs), originating from embryonic progenitors, have been described and shown to have not only regenerative potential, but also the capacity to induce tumour formation. Finally, the successful recapitulation in vitro of embryonic events leading to generation of endocrine cells from embryonic SCs, and their subsequent transplantation, represents exciting advances towards the use of regenerative medicine to treat endocrine deficits. In this review, an up-to-date description of pituitary morphogenesis will be provided and discussed with particular reference to pituitary SC studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Rizzoti
- Division of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental GeneticsMRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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22
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Hofer SC, Ralvenius WT, Gachet MS, Fritschy JM, Zeilhofer HU, Gertsch J. Localization and production of peptide endocannabinoids in the rodent CNS and adrenal medulla. Neuropharmacology 2015; 98:78-89. [PMID: 25839900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) comprises the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and their endogenous arachidonic acid-derived agonists 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and anandamide, which play important neuromodulatory roles. Recently, a novel class of negative allosteric CB1 receptor peptide ligands, hemopressin-like peptides derived from alpha hemoglobin, has been described, with yet unknown origin and function in the CNS. Using monoclonal antibodies we now identified the localization of RVD-hemopressin (pepcan-12) and N-terminally extended peptide endocannabinoids (pepcans) in the CNS and determined their neuronal origin. Immunohistochemical analyses in rodents revealed distinctive and specific staining in major groups of noradrenergic neurons, including the locus coeruleus (LC), A1, A5 and A7 neurons, which appear to be major sites of production/release in the CNS. No staining was detected in dopaminergic neurons. Peptidergic axons were seen throughout the brain (notably hippocampus and cerebral cortex) and spinal cord, indicative of anterograde axonal transport of pepcans. Intriguingly, the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla were also strongly stained for pepcans. We found specific co-expression of pepcans with galanin, both in the LC and adrenal gland. Using LC-MS/MS, pepcan-12 was only detected in non-perfused brain (∼ 40 pmol/g), suggesting that in the CNS it is secreted and present in extracellular compartments. In adrenal glands, significantly more pepcan-12 (400-700 pmol/g) was measured in both non-perfused and perfused tissues. Thus, chromaffin cells may be a major production site of pepcan-12 found in blood. These data uncover important areas of peptide endocannabinoid occurrence with exclusive noradrenergic immunohistochemical staining, opening new doors to investigate their potential physiological function in the ECS. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Fluorescent Tools in Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie C Hofer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - William T Ralvenius
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Salomé Gachet
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Fritschy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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23
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The LIM homeodomain factor Lhx2 is required for hypothalamic tanycyte specification and differentiation. J Neurosci 2015; 34:16809-20. [PMID: 25505333 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1711-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic tanycytes, a radial glial-like ependymal cell population that expresses numerous genes selectively enriched in embryonic hypothalamic progenitors and adult neural stem cells, have recently been observed to serve as a source of adult-born neurons in the mammalian brain. The genetic mechanisms that regulate the specification and maintenance of tanycyte identity are unknown, but are critical for understanding how these cells can act as adult neural progenitor cells. We observe that LIM (Lin-11, Isl-1, Mec-3)-homeodomain gene Lhx2 is selectively expressed in hypothalamic progenitor cells and tanycytes. To test the function of Lhx2 in tanycyte development, we used an intersectional genetic strategy to conditionally delete Lhx2 in posteroventral hypothalamic neuroepithelium, both embryonically and postnatally. We observed that tanycyte development was severely disrupted when Lhx2 function was ablated during embryonic development. Lhx2-deficient tanycytes lost expression of tanycyte-specific genes, such as Rax, while also displaying ectopic expression of genes specific to cuboid ependymal cells, such as Rarres2. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that mutant tanycytes exhibited a hybrid identity, retaining radial morphology while becoming multiciliated. In contrast, postnatal loss of function of Lhx2 resulted only in loss of expression of tanycyte-specific genes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we further showed that Lhx2 directly regulated expression of Rax, an essential homeodomain factor for tanycyte development. This study identifies Lhx2 as a key intrinsic regulator of tanycyte differentiation, sustaining Rax-dependent activation of tanycyte-specific genes while also inhibiting expression of ependymal cell-specific genes. These findings provide key insights into the transcriptional regulatory network specifying this still poorly characterized cell type.
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Geng R, Wang L, Wang X, Chen Y. Cyclic expression of Lhx2 is involved in secondary hair follicle development in cashmere goat. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 16:31-5. [PMID: 25128627 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lhx2, a member of LIM homeobox transcription factors, plays a key role in normal tissue development. However, the molecular mechanism of Lhx2 gene in the regulation of the secondary hair follicle cycling in cashmere goat remains largely unknown. In the present study, the Lhx2 gene was cloned and characterized in cashmere goat. The cloned cDNA of Lhx2 was 1233 bp in length, encoding for proteins of 406 amino acids which contained all functionally important domains conserved among vertebrate Lhx2 gene. Tissue distribution analysis showed that Lhx2 mRNA was highly expressed in the skin and low expressed in all other tissues. Immunohistochemical localization revealed that Lhx2 was expressed in secondary hair follicles. Analysis of expression profiles of Lhx2 mRNA during different development stages in secondary hair follicles showed that the highest expression was observed at the anagen stage, while the lowest expression was detected at the telogen stage. The expression tendency during the development stages was that it increased from telogen to anagen, decreased from anagen to catagen, and decreased from catagen to telogen. The expression pattern of Lhx2 protein and mRNA was similar. The mRNA and protein expression of Lhx2 were consistent throughout the development cycle in secondary hair follicles. These findings provided a better understanding of the function of Lhx2 and suggested that the cyclic expression of Lhx2 might play important roles during secondary hair follicle development in cashmere goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqing Geng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Lanping Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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25
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Folgueras AR, Guo X, Pasolli HA, Stokes N, Polak L, Zheng D, Fuchs E. Architectural niche organization by LHX2 is linked to hair follicle stem cell function. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 13:314-27. [PMID: 24012369 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In adult skin, self-renewing, undifferentiated hair follicle stem cells (HF-SCs) reside within a specialized niche, where they spend prolonged times as a single layer of polarized, quiescent epithelial cells. When sufficient activating signals accumulate, HF-SCs become mobilized to fuel tissue regeneration and hair growth. Here, we show that architectural organization of the HF-SC niche by transcription factor LHX2 plays a critical role in HF-SC behavior. Using genome-wide chromatin and transcriptional profiling of HF-SCs in vivo, we show that LHX2 directly transactivates genes that orchestrate cytoskeletal dynamics and adhesion. Conditional ablation of LHX2 results in gross cellular disorganization and HF-SC polarization within the niche. LHX2 loss leads to a failure to maintain HF-SC quiescence and hair anchoring, as well as progressive transformation of the niche into a sebaceous gland. These findings suggest that niche organization underlies the requirement for LHX2 in hair follicle structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Folgueras
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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26
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Kuzmanov A, Hopfer U, Marti P, Meyer-Schaller N, Yilmaz M, Christofori G. LIM-homeobox gene 2 promotes tumor growth and metastasis by inducing autocrine and paracrine PDGF-B signaling. Mol Oncol 2013; 8:401-16. [PMID: 24423492 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process during embryonic development and the progression of epithelial tumors to metastatic cancers. Gene expression profiling has uncovered the transcription factor LIM homeobox gene 2 (Lhx2) with up-regulated expression during TGFβ-induced EMT in normal and cancerous breast epithelial cells. Loss and gain of function experiments in transgenic mouse models of breast cancer and of insulinoma in vivo and in breast cancer cells in vitro indicate that Lhx2 plays a critical role in primary tumor growth and metastasis. Notably, the transgenic expression of Lhx2 during breast carcinogenesis promotes vessel maturation, primary tumor growth, tumor cell intravasation and metastasis by directly inducing the expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B in tumor cells and by indirectly increasing the expression of PDGF receptor-β (PDGFRβ) on tumor cells and pericytes. Pharmacological inhibition of PDGF-B/PDGFRβ signaling reduces vessel functionality and tumor growth and Lhx2-induced cell migration and cell invasion. The data indicate a dual role of Lhx2 during EMT and tumor progression: by inducing the expression of PDGF-B, Lhx2 provokes an autocrine PDGF-B/PDGFRβ loop required for cell migration, invasion and metastatic dissemination and paracrine PDGF-B/PDGFRβ signaling to support blood vessel functionality and, thus, primary tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Kuzmanov
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Hopfer
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Marti
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mahmut Yilmaz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Christofori
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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Gordon PJ, Yun S, Clark AM, Monuki ES, Murtaugh LC, Levine EM. Lhx2 balances progenitor maintenance with neurogenic output and promotes competence state progression in the developing retina. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12197-207. [PMID: 23884928 PMCID: PMC3721834 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1494-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The LIM-Homeodomain transcription factor Lhx2 is an essential organizer of early eye development and is subsequently expressed in retinal progenitor cells (RPCs). To determine its requirement in RPCs, we performed a temporal series of conditional inactivations in mice with the early RPC driver Pax6 α-Cre and the tamoxifen-inducible Hes1(CreERT2) driver. Deletion of Lhx2 caused a significant reduction of the progenitor population and a corresponding increase in neurogenesis. Precursor fate choice correlated with the time of inactivation; early and late inactivation led to the overproduction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and rod photoreceptors, respectively. In each case, however, the overproduction was selective, occurring at the expense of other cell types and indicating a role for Lhx2 in generating cell type diversity. RPCs that persisted in the absence of Lhx2 continued to generate RGC precursors beyond their normal production window, suggesting that Lhx2 facilitates a transition in competence state. These results identify Lhx2 as a key regulator of RPC properties that contribute to the ordered production of multiple cell types during retinal tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Gordon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, and
| | - Sanghee Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center
| | - Anna M. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center
| | - Edwin S. Monuki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - L. Charles Murtaugh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, and
| | - Edward M. Levine
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
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Asuthkar S, Stepanova V, Lebedeva T, Holterman AL, Estes N, Cines DB, Rao JS, Gondi CS. Multifunctional roles of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in cancer stemness and chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:2620-32. [PMID: 23864708 PMCID: PMC3756915 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-04-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is almost always lethal. One of the underlying reasons for this lethality is believed to be the presence of cancer stem cells (CSC), which impart chemoresistance and promote recurrence, but the mechanisms responsible are unclear. Recently the poor prognosis of PDAC has been correlated with increased expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). In the present study we examine the role of uPA in the generation of PDAC CSC. We observe a subset of cells identifiable as a side population (SP) when sorted by flow cytometry of MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells that possess the properties of CSC. A large fraction of these SP cells are CD44 and CD24 positive, are gemcitabine resistant, possess sphere-forming ability, and exhibit increased tumorigenicity, known characteristics of cancer stemness. Increased tumorigenicity and gemcitabine resistance decrease after suppression of uPA. We observe that uPA interacts directly with transcription factors LIM homeobox-2 (Lhx2), homeobox transcription factor A5 (HOXA5), and Hey to possibly promote cancer stemness. uPA regulates Lhx2 expression by suppressing expression of miR-124 and p53 expression by repressing its promoter by inactivating HOXA5. These results demonstrate that regulation of gene transcription by uPA contributes to cancer stemness and clinical lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Asuthkar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
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Trowe MO, Zhao L, Weiss AC, Christoffels V, Epstein DJ, Kispert A. Inhibition of Sox2-dependent activation of Shh in the ventral diencephalon by Tbx3 is required for formation of the neurohypophysis. Development 2013; 140:2299-309. [PMID: 23674600 DOI: 10.1242/dev.094524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tbx2 and Tbx3 are two highly related members of the T-box transcription factor gene family that regulate patterning and differentiation of a number of tissue rudiments in the mouse. Both genes are partially co-expressed in the ventral diencephalon and the infundibulum; however, a functional requirement in murine pituitary development has not been reported. Here, we show by genetic lineage tracing that Tbx2(+) cells constitute the precursor population of the neurohypophysis. However, Tbx2 is dispensable for neurohypophysis development as revealed by normal formation of this organ in Tbx2-deficient mice. By contrast, loss of Tbx3 from the ventral diencephalon results in a failure to establish the Tbx2(+) domain in this region, and a lack of evagination of the infundibulum and formation of the neurohypophysis. Rathke's pouch is severely hypoplastic, exhibits defects in dorsoventral patterning, and degenerates after E12.5. In Tbx3-deficient embryos, the ventral diencephalon is hyperproliferative and displays an abnormal cellular architecture, probably resulting from a failure to repress transcription of Shh. We further show that Tbx3 and Tbx2 repress Shh by sequestering the SRY box-containing transcription factor Sox2 away from a Shh forebrain enhancer (SBE2), thus preventing its activation. These data suggest that Tbx3 is required in the ventral diencephalon to establish a Shh(-) domain to allow formation of the infundibulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark-Oliver Trowe
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Prince KL, Colvin SC, Park S, Lai X, Witzmann FA, Rhodes SJ. Developmental analysis and influence of genetic background on the Lhx3 W227ter mouse model of combined pituitary hormone deficiency disease. Endocrinology 2013; 154:738-48. [PMID: 23288907 PMCID: PMC3548188 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) diseases result in severe outcomes for patients including short stature, developmental delays, and reproductive deficiencies. Little is known about their etiology, especially the developmental profiles and the influences of genetic background on disease progression. Animal models for CPHD provide valuable tools to investigate disease mechanisms and inform diagnostic and treatment protocols. Here we examined hormone production during pituitary development and the influence of genetic background on phenotypic severity in the Lhx3(W227ter/W227ter) mouse model. Lhx3(W227ter/W227ter) embryos have deficiencies of ACTH, α-glycoprotein subunit, GH, PRL, TSHβ, and LHβ during prenatal development. Furthermore, mutant mice have significant reduction in the critical pituitary transcriptional activator-1 (PIT1). Through breeding, the Lhx3(W227ter/W227ter) genotype was placed onto the 129/Sv and C57BL/6 backgrounds. Intriguingly, the genetic background significantly affected viability: whereas Lhx3(W227ter/W227ter) animals were found in the expected frequencies in C57BL/6, homozygous animals were not viable in the 129/Sv genetic environment. The hormone marker and PIT1 reductions observed in Lhx3(W227ter/W227ter) mice on a mixed background were also seen in the separate strains but in some cases were more severe in 129/Sv. To further characterize the molecular changes in diseased mice, we conducted a quantitative proteomic analysis of pituitary proteins. This showed significantly lower levels of PRL, pro-opiomelanocortin (ACTH), and α-glycoprotein subunit proteins in Lhx3(W227ter/W227ter) mice. Together, these data show that hormone deficiency disease is apparent in early prenatal stages in this CPHD model system. Furthermore, as is noted in human disease, genetic background significantly impacts the phenotypic outcome of these monogenic endocrine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Prince
- Departments of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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31
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Winchell CJ, Jacobs DK. Expression of the Lhx genes apterous and lim1 in an errant polychaete: implications for bilaterian appendage evolution, neural development, and muscle diversification. EvoDevo 2013; 4:4. [PMID: 23369627 PMCID: PMC3579752 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Arthropod and vertebrate appendages appear to have evolved via parallel co-option of a plesiomorphic gene regulatory network. Our previous work implies that annelids evolved unrelated appendage-forming mechanisms; we therefore found no support for homology of parapodia and arthropodia at the level of the whole appendage. We expand on that study here by asking whether expression of the LIM homeobox (Lhx) genes apterous and lim1 in the annelid Neanthes arenaceodentata supports homology of the dorsal branches as well as the proximodistal axes of parapodia and arthropodia. In addition, we explore whether the neural expression of apterous and lim1 in Neanthes supports the putative ancestral function of the Lhx gene family in regulating the differentiation and maintenance of neuronal subtypes. RESULTS Both genes exhibit continuous expression in specific portions of the developing central nervous system, from hatching to at least the 13-chaetiger stage. For example, nerve cord expression occurs in segmentally iterated patterns consisting of diffuse sets of many lim1-positive cells and comparatively fewer, clustered pairs of apterous-positive cells. Additionally, continuous apterous expression is observed in presumed neurosecretory ganglia of the posterior brain, while lim1 is continuously expressed in stomatogastric ganglia of the anterior brain. apterous is also expressed in the jaw sacs, dorsal parapodial muscles, and a presumed pair of cephalic sensory organs, whereas lim1 is expressed in multiple pharyngeal ganglia, the segmental peripheral nervous system, neuropodial chaetal sac muscles, and parapodial ligules. CONCLUSIONS The early and persistent nervous system expression of apterous and lim1 in Neanthes juveniles supports conservation of Lhx function in bilaterian neural differentiation and maintenance. Our results also suggest that diversification of parapodial muscle precursors involves a complementary LIM code similar to those generating distinct neuronal identities in fly and mouse nerve cords. Expression of apterous and lim1 in discrete components of developing parapodia is intriguing but does not map to comparable expression of these genes in developing arthropod appendages. Thus, annelid and arthropod appendage development apparently evolved, in part, via distinct co-option of the neuronal regulatory architecture. These divergent patterns of apterous and lim1 activity seemingly reflect de novo origins of parapodia and arthropodia, although we discuss alternative hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Winchell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
- Present address: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 515 LSA #3200, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - David K Jacobs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
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Davis SW, Ellsworth BS, Peréz Millan MI, Gergics P, Schade V, Foyouzi N, Brinkmeier ML, Mortensen AH, Camper SA. Pituitary gland development and disease: from stem cell to hormone production. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 106:1-47. [PMID: 24290346 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of pituitary development have become better understood in the past two decades. The signaling pathways regulating pituitary growth and shape have emerged, and the balancing interactions between the pathways are now appreciated. Markers for multipotent progenitor cells are being identified, and signature transcription factors have been discovered for most hormone-producing cell types. We now realize that pulsatile hormone secretion involves a 3D integration of cellular networks. About a dozen genes are known to cause pituitary hypoplasia when mutated due to their essential roles in pituitary development. Similarly, a few genes are known that predispose to familial endocrine neoplasia, and several genes mutated in sporadic pituitary adenomas are documented. In the next decade, we anticipate gleaning a deeper appreciation of these processes at the molecular level, insight into the development of the hypophyseal portal blood system, and evolution of better therapeutics for congenital and acquired hormone deficiencies and for common craniopharyngiomas and pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon W Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Park KS, Kim KK, Kim KE. Histone modification-mediated Lhx2 gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:718-24. [PMID: 23036195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lhx2, a member of LIM homeobox transcription factors, plays a key role in central nervous system (CNS) and embryonic tissue development. However, molecular mechanism of Lhx2 gene regulation remains largely unknown. Here, we identified and characterized a regulatory region of Lhx2 gene which mediates responses to two different signals such as inhibition of HDAC3 and stimulation by E2F1. In particular, the promoter region of -229 to -126 was responsible not only for basal expression but also for a inhibitor of histone deacetylase, trichostatin A (TSA)-mediated activation of Lhx2 gene. Intriguingly, transcription factor E2F1 also activates Lhx2 gene via direct binding to the same -229 to -126 region. Based on these observations, we could have demonstrated that E2F1 is necessary for TSA-mediated activation of Lhx2 gene and acetylation of histone 3 is involved in this event. This study provides evidence that the histone modification and E2F1 binding are integral parts of the mechanism for Lhx2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Key Sun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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35
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Honda S, Kozako T, Shimeno H, Soeda S, Harada N. LIM-homeodomain transcription factor, Lhx2, is involved in transcriptional control of brain-specific promoter/exon 1f of the mouse aromatase gene. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:1367-74. [PMID: 22734700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurosteroidal oestrogen has been proposed to play important roles in a variety of reproductive behaviours. Aromatase, a key enzyme in oestrogen synthesis, is localised in neural nuclei of specific brain regions and is developmentally regulated, with a transient expression peak at the perinatal period. The brain-specific promoter of the aromatase gene was analysed aiming to determine the transcriptional control mechanisms that could help explain the spatiotemporal expression. We previously reported that a 202-bp sequence, which is upstream from the transcriptional initiation site, is essential for the basal transcriptional activity. The 202-bp upstream region of brain-specific exon 1 comprises at least three types of cis-acting elements: aro-AI (Arom-Aα), aro-AII (Arom-Aβ) and aro-B (Arom-B). To identify the binding proteins for the cis-acting elements, a yeast one-hybrid screen was performed with these cis-element sequences using a mouse foetal cDNA library. Lhx2, a LIM-homeodomain protein, was identified as one of the aro-B binding proteins. The identification was further confirmed using the gel shift assay, which demonstrated binding competition of nuclear proteins to the aro-B element with a typical Lhx2-binding element. In addition, a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay with an anti-Lhx2 antibody demonstrated that Lhx2 bound to the aro-B site in vivo. A reporter assay of the brain-specific promoter demonstrated increased Lhx2-dependent promoter activity. Furthermore, the time-dependent increase in aromatase mRNA in primary cultured foetal neurones was suppressed by an small-interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Lhx2 expression. These results show that Lhx2 is involved in the transcriptional regulation of aromatase in the rodent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Honda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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36
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Pérez C, Dastot-Le Moal F, Collot N, Legendre M, Abadie I, Bertrand AM, Amselem S, Sobrier ML. Screening of LHX2 in patients presenting growth retardation with posterior pituitary and ocular abnormalities. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167:85-91. [PMID: 22535646 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, pituitary hormone deficiency may be part of a syndrome including extra-pituitary defects like ocular abnormalities. Very few genes have been linked to this particular phenotype. In the mouse, Lhx2, which encodes a member of the LIM (Lin-11, Isl-1, and Mec-3) class of homeodomain proteins, was shown to be expressed during early development in the posterior pituitary, eye, and liver, and its expression persists in adulthood in the central nervous system Lhx2(-/-) mice display absence of posterior pituitary and intermediate lobes, malformation of the anterior lobe, anophthalmia, and they die from anemia. METHODS We tested the implication of the LHX2 gene in patients presenting pituitary hormone deficiency associated with ectopic or nonvisible posterior pituitary and developmental ocular defects. A cohort of 59 patients, including two familial cases, was studied. Direct sequencing of the LHX2 coding sequence and intron/exon boundaries was performed. LHX2 transcriptional activity on several pituitary promoters (AGSU, PRL, POU1F1, and TSHB) was tested in vitro. RESULTS Six heterozygous sequence variations were identified, among which two are novel missense changes (p.Ala203Thr and p.Val333Met). In vitro, LHX2 activates transcription of TSHB, PRL, and POU1F1 promoters in the HEK293 cell line. A synergistic action of POU1F1 and LHX2 was also shown on these promoters. The two missense variations were tested and no significant difference was observed, leading to the conclusion that they are not deleterious. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that if LHX2 is involved in pituitary hormone deficiency associated with posterior pituitary and ocular defects, it would be a rare cause of this disease condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Pérez
- Inserm U.933, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France
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Pearson CA, Ohyama K, Manning L, Aghamohammadzadeh S, Sang H, Placzek M. FGF-dependent midline-derived progenitor cells in hypothalamic infundibular development. Development 2011; 138:2613-24. [PMID: 21610037 DOI: 10.1242/dev.062794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The infundibulum links the nervous and endocrine systems, serving as a crucial integrating centre for body homeostasis. Here we describe that the chick infundibulum derives from two subsets of anterior ventral midline cells. One set remains at the ventral midline and forms the posterior-ventral infundibulum. A second set migrates laterally, forming a collar around the midline. We show that collar cells are composed of Fgf3(+) SOX3(+) proliferating progenitors, the induction of which is SHH dependent, but the maintenance of which requires FGF signalling. Collar cells proliferate late into embryogenesis, can generate neurospheres that passage extensively, and differentiate to distinct fates, including hypothalamic neuronal fates and Fgf10(+) anterior-dorsal infundibular cells. Together, our study shows that a subset of anterior floor plate-like cells gives rise to Fgf3(+) SOX3(+) progenitor cells, demonstrates a dual origin of infundibular cells and reveals a crucial role for FGF signalling in governing extended infundibular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Alayne Pearson
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Prince KL, Walvoord EC, Rhodes SJ. The role of homeodomain transcription factors in heritable pituitary disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011; 7:727-37. [PMID: 21788968 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate developmental and physiological processes, including growth, the stress response, metabolic status, reproduction and lactation. During embryogenesis, cellular determination and differentiation events establish specialized hormone-secreting cell types within the anterior pituitary gland. These developmental decisions are mediated in part by the actions of a cascade of transcription factors, many of which belong to the homeodomain class of DNA-binding proteins. The discovery of some of these regulatory proteins has facilitated genetic analyses of patients with hormone deficiencies. The findings of these studies reveal that congenital defects-ranging from isolated hormone deficiencies to combined pituitary hormone deficiency syndromes-are sometimes associated with mutations in the genes encoding pituitary-acting developmental transcription factors. The phenotypes of affected individuals and animal models have together provided useful insights into the biology of these transcription factors and have suggested new hypotheses for testing in the basic science laboratory. Here, we summarize the gene regulatory pathways that control anterior pituitary development, with emphasis on the role of the homeodomain transcription factors in normal pituitary organogenesis and heritable pituitary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Prince
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Medical Science Room 362A, 635 North Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA
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Lee AP, Brenner S, Venkatesh B. Mouse transgenesis identifies conserved functional enhancers and cis-regulatory motif in the vertebrate LIM homeobox gene Lhx2 locus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20088. [PMID: 21629789 PMCID: PMC3100342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate Lhx2 is a member of the LIM homeobox family of transcription factors. It is essential for the normal development of the forebrain, eye, olfactory system and liver as well for the differentiation of lymphoid cells. However, despite the highly restricted spatio-temporal expression pattern of Lhx2, nothing is known about its transcriptional regulation. In mammals and chicken, Crb2, Dennd1a and Lhx2 constitute a conserved linkage block, while the intervening Dennd1a is lost in the fugu Lhx2 locus. To identify functional enhancers of Lhx2, we predicted conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) in the human, mouse and fugu Crb2-Lhx2 loci and assayed their function in transgenic mouse at E11.5. Four of the eight CNE constructs tested functioned as tissue-specific enhancers in specific regions of the central nervous system and the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), recapitulating partial and overlapping expression patterns of Lhx2 and Crb2 genes. There was considerable overlap in the expression domains of the CNEs, which suggests that the CNEs are either redundant enhancers or regulating different genes in the locus. Using a large set of CNEs (810 CNEs) associated with transcription factor-encoding genes that express predominantly in the central nervous system, we predicted four over-represented 8-mer motifs that are likely to be associated with expression in the central nervous system. Mutation of one of them in a CNE that drove reporter expression in the neural tube and DRG abolished expression in both domains indicating that this motif is essential for expression in these domains. The failure of the four functional enhancers to recapitulate the complete expression pattern of Lhx2 at E11.5 indicates that there must be other Lhx2 enhancers that are either located outside the region investigated or divergent in mammals and fishes. Other approaches such as sequence comparison between multiple mammals are required to identify and characterize such enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison P. Lee
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology,
A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore,
Singapore
| | - Sydney Brenner
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology,
A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore,
Singapore
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology,
A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore,
Singapore
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McCabe MJ, Alatzoglou KS, Dattani MT. Septo-optic dysplasia and other midline defects: the role of transcription factors: HESX1 and beyond. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 25:115-24. [PMID: 21396578 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a highly heterogeneous condition comprising variable phenotypes including midline and forebrain abnormalities, optic nerve and pituitary hypoplasia. Most instances of SOD are sporadic and several aetiologies including drug and alcohol abuse have been suggested to account for the pathogenesis of the condition. However, a number of familial cases have been described with an increasing number of mutations in developmental transcription factors including HESX1, SOX2, SOX3 and OTX2 being implicated in its aetiology. These factors are essential for normal forebrain/pituitary development, and disruptions to these genes could account for the features observed in SOD and other midline disorders. The variable phenotypes observed within the condition are most likely due to the varying contributions of genetic and environmental factors. This review will discuss the current knowledge about SOD. Further study of these and other novel factors may shed light on the complex aetiology of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark James McCabe
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK.
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Davis SW, Mortensen AH, Camper SA. Birthdating studies reshape models for pituitary gland cell specification. Dev Biol 2011; 352:215-27. [PMID: 21262217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate and anterior lobes of the pituitary gland are derived from an invagination of oral ectoderm that forms Rathke's pouch. During gestation proliferating cells are enriched around the pouch lumen, and they appear to delaminate as they exit the cell cycle and differentiate. During late mouse gestation and the postnatal period, anterior lobe progenitors re-enter the cell cycle and expand the populations of specialized, hormone-producing cells. At birth, all cell types are present, and their localization appears stratified based on cell type. We conducted a birth dating study of Rathke's pouch derivatives to determine whether the location of specialized cells at birth is correlated with the timing of cell cycle exit. We find that all of the anterior lobe cell types initiate differentiation concurrently with a peak between e11.5 and e13.5. Differentiation of intermediate lobe melanotropes is delayed relative to anterior lobe cell types. We discovered that specialized cell types are not grouped together based on birth date and are dispersed throughout the anterior lobe. Thus, the apparent stratification of specialized cells at birth is not correlated with cell cycle exit. Thus, the currently popular model of cell specification, dependent upon timing of extrinsic, directional gradients of signaling molecules, needs revision. We propose that signals intrinsic to Rathke's pouch are necessary for cell specification between e11.5 and e13.5 and that cell-cell communication likely plays an important role in regulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon W Davis
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 4909 Buhl Building, 1241 East Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA.
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Tsai PS, Brooks LR, Rochester JR, Kavanaugh SI, Chung WCJ. Fibroblast growth factor signaling in the developing neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Front Neuroendocrinol 2011; 32:95-107. [PMID: 21129392 PMCID: PMC3050526 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is pivotal to the formation of numerous central regions. Increasing evidence suggests FGF signaling also directs the development of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus, a collection of neuroendocrine neurons originating primarily within the nose and the ventricular zone of the diencephalon. This review outlines evidence for a role of FGF signaling in the prenatal and postnatal development of several hypothalamic neuroendocrine systems. The emphasis is placed on the nasally derived gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, which depend on neurotrophic cues from FGF signaling throughout the neurons' lifetime. Although less is known about neuroendocrine neurons derived from the diencephalon, recent studies suggest they also exhibit variable levels of dependence on FGF signaling. Overall, FGF signaling provides a broad spectrum of cues that ranges from genesis, cell survival/death, migration, morphological changes, to hormone synthesis in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Abnormal FGF signaling will deleteriously impact multiple hypothalamic neuroendocrine systems, resulting in the disruption of diverse physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-San Tsai
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA.
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Abstract
Vertebrate eyes begin as a small patch of cells at the most anterior end of the early brain called the eye field. If these cells are removed from an amphibian embryo, the eyes do not form. If the eye field is transplanted to another location on the embryo or cultured in a dish, it forms eyes. These simple cut and paste experiments were performed at the beginning of the last century and helped to define the embryonic origin of the vertebrate eye. The genes necessary for eye field specification and eventual eye formation, by contrast, have only recently been identified. These genes and the molecular mechanisms regulating the initial formation of the Xenopus laevis eye field are the subjects of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Zuber
- Center for Vision Research, SUNY Eye Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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