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Nagamachi A, Kanai A, Nakamura M, Okuda H, Yokoyama A, Shinriki S, Matsui H, Inaba T. Multiorgan failure with abnormal receptor metabolism in mice mimicking Samd9/9L syndromes. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140147. [PMID: 33373325 DOI: 10.1172/jci140147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant sterile α motif domain containing 9 (Samd9) and Samd9L (Samd9/9L) syndromes are a large subgroup of currently established inherited bone marrow failure syndromes that includes myelodysplasia, infection, growth restriction, adrenal hypoplasia, genital phenotypes, and enteropathy (MIRAGE), ataxia pancytopenia, and familial monosomy 7 syndromes. Samd9/9L genes are located in tandem on chromosome 7 and have been known to be the genes responsible for myeloid malignancies associated with monosomy 7. Additionally, as IFN-inducible genes, Samd9/9L are crucial for protection against viruses. Samd9/9L syndromes are caused by gain-of-function mutations and develop into infantile myelodysplastic syndromes associated with monosomy 7 (MDS/-7) at extraordinarily high frequencies. We generated mice expressing Samd9LD764N, which mimic MIRAGE syndrome, presenting with growth retardation, a short life, bone marrow failure, and multiorgan degeneration. In hematopoietic cells, Samd9LD764N downregulates the endocytosis of transferrin and c-Kit, resulting in a rare cause of anemia and a low bone marrow reconstitutive potential that ultimately causes MDS/-7. In contrast, in nonhematopoietic cells we tested, Samd9LD764N upregulated the endocytosis of EGFR by Ship2 phosphatase translocation to the cytomembrane and activated lysosomes, resulting in the reduced expression of surface receptors and signaling. Thus, Samd9/9L is a downstream regulator of IFN that controls receptor metabolism, with constitutive activation leading to multiorgan dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nagamachi
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akinori Kanai
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Megumi Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okuda
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yokoyama
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan.,National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Shinriki
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsui
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inaba
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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2
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Nakata H, Hashimoto T, Yoshiki A. Quick validation of genetic quality for conditional alleles in mice. Genes Cells 2021; 26:240-245. [PMID: 33540482 PMCID: PMC8247991 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific conditional inactivation technologies using Cre-loxP or Flp-FRT systems are becoming increasingly important for the elucidation of gene function and disease mechanism in vivo. A large number of gene knockout mouse models carrying complex conditional alleles have been generated by global community efforts and made available for biomedical researchers. The structures of conditional alleles in these mice are becoming increasingly complex and sophisticated, and so the validation of the genetic quality of these alleles is likewise becoming a laborious task for individual researchers. To ensure the reproducibility of conditional experiments, the researcher should confirm that loxP or FRT is integrated at the correct positions in the genome prior to start of the experiments. We report the successful design of universal PCR primers specific to loxP and FRT for the quick validation of conditional floxed and Flrted alleles. The primer set consists of forward and reverse primers complimentary to the loxP or FRT sequences with partial modifications at the 5' end containing 6-base restriction endonuclease recognition sites. The universal primer set was tested to detect genomic intervals between a pair of cis-integrated loxP or FRT and was useful for quickly validating various floxed or Flrted alleles in conditional mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatsumi Nakata
- Experimental Animal DivisionRIKEN BioResource Research CenterTsukubaJapan
| | - Tomomi Hashimoto
- Experimental Animal DivisionRIKEN BioResource Research CenterTsukubaJapan
| | - Atsushi Yoshiki
- Experimental Animal DivisionRIKEN BioResource Research CenterTsukubaJapan
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3
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Phung B, Cieśla M, Sanna A, Guzzi N, Beneventi G, Cao Thi Ngoc P, Lauss M, Cabrita R, Cordero E, Bosch A, Rosengren F, Häkkinen J, Griewank K, Paschen A, Harbst K, Olsson H, Ingvar C, Carneiro A, Tsao H, Schadendorf D, Pietras K, Bellodi C, Jönsson G. The X-Linked DDX3X RNA Helicase Dictates Translation Reprogramming and Metastasis in Melanoma. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3573-3586.e7. [PMID: 31216476 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-linked DDX3X gene encodes an ATP-dependent DEAD-box RNA helicase frequently altered in various human cancers, including melanomas. Despite its important roles in translation and splicing, how DDX3X dysfunction specifically rewires gene expression in melanoma remains completely unknown. Here, we uncover a DDX3X-driven post-transcriptional program that dictates melanoma phenotype and poor disease prognosis. Through an unbiased analysis of translating ribosomes, we identified the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, MITF, as a key DDX3X translational target that directs a proliferative-to-metastatic phenotypic switch in melanoma cells. Mechanistically, DDX3X controls MITF mRNA translation via an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) embedded within the 5' UTR. Through this exquisite translation-based regulatory mechanism, DDX3X steers MITF protein levels dictating melanoma metastatic potential in vivo and response to targeted therapy. Together, these findings unravel a post-transcriptional layer of gene regulation that may provide a unique therapeutic vulnerability in aggressive male melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Phung
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maciej Cieśla
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Adriana Sanna
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicola Guzzi
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giulia Beneventi
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Phuong Cao Thi Ngoc
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lauss
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rita Cabrita
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eugenia Cordero
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ana Bosch
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida Rosengren
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jari Häkkinen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Klaus Griewank
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annette Paschen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katja Harbst
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ana Carneiro
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Oncology and Hematology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hensin Tsao
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kristian Pietras
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cristian Bellodi
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Goyama S, Schibler J, Mulloy JC. Alternative translation initiation generates the N-terminal truncated form of RUNX1 that retains hematopoietic activity. Exp Hematol 2019; 72:27-35. [PMID: 30690039 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor RUNX1 plays a crucial role in hematopoiesis and its activity is tightly regulated at both the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. However, translational control of RUNX1 expression has not been fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that RUNX1b mRNA is translated from two alternative initiation sites, Met-1 and Met-25, giving full-length RUNX1b and a shorter protein lacking the first 24 amino acids (RUNX1ΔN24). Presence/absence of strong Kozak consensus sequences around Met-1 determines which initiation site is mainly used in RUNX1b cDNA. Selective disruption of either Met-1 or Met-25 abrogates expression of the corresponding protein while facilitating the production of another protein. The RUNX1b cDNA containing 65bp natural promoter sequences mainly produces full-length RUNX1b in human cord blood cells, but disruption of Met-1 in this cDNA also induced translation from Met-25. Consistent with these data, disruption of endogenous RUNX1b around Met-1 using CRISPR/Cas9 induced selective expression of RUNX1ΔΝ24 in several leukemia cell lines. RUNX1ΔN24 protein is more stable than full-length RUNX1b and retains hematopoietic activity. We also found that FLAG-tagged full-length RUNX1 showed altered activity, indicating the influence of N-terminal FLAG-tag on RUNX1 function. The alternative translation initiation of RUNX1b may participate in fine tuning RUNX1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Goyama
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Janet Schibler
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - James C Mulloy
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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Moore KS, von Lindern M. RNA Binding Proteins and Regulation of mRNA Translation in Erythropoiesis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:910. [PMID: 30087616 PMCID: PMC6066521 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of gene expression in erythropoiesis has to respond to signals that may emerge from intracellular processes or environmental factors. Control of mRNA translation allows for relatively rapid modulation of protein synthesis from the existing transcriptome. For instance, the protein synthesis rate needs to be reduced when reactive oxygen species or unfolded proteins accumulate in the cells, but also when iron supply is low or when growth factors are lacking in the environment. In addition, regulation of mRNA translation can be important as an additional layer of control on top of gene transcription, in which RNA binding proteins (RBPs) can modify translation of a set of transcripts to the cell’s actual protein requirement. The 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions of mRNA (5′UTR, 3′UTR) contain binding sites for general and sequence specific translation factors. They also contain secondary structures that may hamper scanning of the 5′UTR by translation complexes or may help to recruit translation factors. In addition, the term 5′UTR is not fully correct because many transcripts contain small open reading frames in their 5′UTR that are translated and contribute to regulation of mRNA translation. It is becoming increasingly clear that the transcriptome only partly predicts the proteome. The aim of this review is (i) to summarize how the availability of general translation initiation factors can selectively regulate transcripts because the 5′UTR contains secondary structures or short translated sequences, (ii) to discuss mechanisms that control the length of the mRNA poly(A) tail in relation to mRNA translation, and (iii) to give examples of sequence specific RBPs and their targets. We focused on transcripts and RBPs required for erythropoiesis. Whereas differentiation of erythroblasts to erythrocytes is orchestrated by erythroid transcription factors, the production of erythrocytes needs to respond to the availability of growth factors and nutrients, particularly the availability of iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kat S Moore
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marieke von Lindern
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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6
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Vaklavas C, Zinn KR, Samuel SL, Meng Z, Grizzle WE, Choi H, Blume SW. Translational control of the undifferentiated phenotype in ER‑positive breast tumor cells: Cytoplasmic localization of ERα and impact of IRES inhibition. Oncol Rep 2018; 39:2482-2498. [PMID: 29620220 PMCID: PMC5983923 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a series of potential biomarkers relevant to mechanisms of protein synthesis, we observed that estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast tumor cells exist in two distinct yet interconvertible phenotypic states (of roughly equal proportion) which differ in the degree of differentiation and use of IRES-mediated translation. Nascently translated IGF1R in the cytoplasm positively correlated with IRES activity and the undifferentiated phenotype, while epitope accessibility of RACK1, an integral component of the 40S ribosomal subunit, aligned with the more differentiated IRES-off state. When deprived of soluble growth factors, the entire tumor cell population shifted to the undifferentiated phenotype in which IRES-mediated translation was active, facilitating survival under these adverse microenvironmental conditions. However, if IRES-mediated translation was inhibited, the cells instead were forced to transition uniformly to the more differentiated state. Notably, cytoplasmic localization of estrogen receptor α (ERα/ESR1) precisely mirrored the pattern observed with nascent IGF1R, correlating with the undifferentiated IRES-active phenotype. Inhibition of IRES-mediated translation resulted in both a shift in ERα to the nucleus (consistent with differentiation) and a marked decrease in ERα abundance (consistent with the inhibition of ERα synthesis via its IRES). Although breast tumor cells tolerated forced differentiation without extensive loss of their viability, their reproductive capacity was severely compromised. In addition, CDK1 was decreased, connexin 43 eliminated and Myc translation altered as a consequence of IRES inhibition. Isolated or low-density ER-positive breast tumor cells were particularly vulnerable to IRES inhibition, losing the ability to generate viable cohesive colonies, or undergoing massive cell death. Collectively, these results provide further evidence for the integral relationship between IRES-mediated translation and the undifferentiated phenotype and demonstrate how therapeutic manipulation of this specialized mode of protein synthesis may be used to limit the phenotypic plasticity and incapacitate or eliminate these otherwise highly resilient breast tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Vaklavas
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kurt R Zinn
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sharon L Samuel
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Zheng Meng
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - William E Grizzle
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hyoungsoo Choi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Scott W Blume
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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7
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Nieke S, Yasmin N, Kakugawa K, Yokomizo T, Muroi S, Taniuchi I. Unique N-terminal sequences in two Runx1 isoforms are dispensable for Runx1 function. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:14. [PMID: 29047338 PMCID: PMC5648507 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background The Runt-related transcription factors (Runx) are a family of evolutionarily conserved transcriptional regulators that play multiple roles in the developmental control of various cell types. Among the three mammalian Runx proteins, Runx1 is essential for definitive hematopoiesis and its dysfunction leads to human leukemogenesis. There are two promoters, distal (P1) and proximal (P2), in the Runx1 gene, which produce two Runx1 isoforms with distinct N-terminal amino acid sequences, P1-Runx1 and P2-Runx1. However, it remains unclear whether P2-Runx specific N-terminal sequence have any specific function for Runx1 protein. Results To address the function of the P2-Runx1 isoform, we established novel mutant mouse models in which the translational initiation AUG (+1) codon for P2-Runx1 isoform was modulated. We found that a truncated P2-Runx1 isoform is translated from a downstream non-canonical AUG codon. Importantly, the truncated P2-Runx1 isoform is sufficient to support primary hematopoiesis, even in the absence of the P1-Runx1 isoform. Furthermore, the truncated P2-Runx1 isoform was able to restore defect in basophil development caused by loss of the P1-Runx1 isoform. The truncated P2-Runx1 isoform was more stable than the canonical P2-Runx1 isoform. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the N-terminal sequences specific for P2-Runx1 are dispensable for Runx1 function, and likely serve as a de-stabilization module to regulate Runx1 production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12861-017-0156-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Nieke
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS). 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,Abteilung Immunologie, Interfakultaeres Institute fuer Zellbiologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nighat Yasmin
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS). 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,Faculty of Life Sciences (Microbiology), University of Central Punjab, 1 - Khayaban-e-Jinnah Road, Johar Town, Pakistan
| | - Kiyokazu Kakugawa
- Laboratory for Immune Crosstalk, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomomasa Yokomizo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, #12-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Sawako Muroi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS). 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS). 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
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Lam JD, Oh DJ, Wong LL, Amarnani D, Park-Windhol C, Sanchez AV, Cardona-Velez J, McGuone D, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Eliott D, Bielenberg DR, van Zyl T, Shen L, Gai X, D'Amore PA, Kim LA, Arboleda-Velasquez JF. Identification of RUNX1 as a Mediator of Aberrant Retinal Angiogenesis. Diabetes 2017; 66:1950-1956. [PMID: 28400392 PMCID: PMC5482092 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a common cause of blindness in the developed world's working adult population and affects those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We identified Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) as a gene upregulated in CD31+ vascular endothelial cells obtained from human PDR fibrovascular membranes (FVMs) via transcriptomic analysis. In vitro studies using human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) showed increased RUNX1 RNA and protein expression in response to high glucose, whereas RUNX1 inhibition reduced HRMEC migration, proliferation, and tube formation. Immunohistochemical staining for RUNX1 showed reactivity in vessels of patient-derived FVMs and angiogenic tufts in the retina of mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy, suggesting that RUNX1 upregulation is a hallmark of aberrant retinal angiogenesis. Inhibition of RUNX1 activity with the Ro5-3335 small molecule resulted in a significant reduction of neovascular tufts in oxygen-induced retinopathy, supporting the feasibility of targeting RUNX1 in aberrant retinal angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel J Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lindsay L Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dhanesh Amarnani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cindy Park-Windhol
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Angie V Sanchez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jonathan Cardona-Velez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Declan McGuone
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Dean Eliott
- Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Diane R Bielenberg
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tave van Zyl
- Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lishuang Shen
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Xiaowu Gai
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Patricia A D'Amore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Leo A Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph F Arboleda-Velasquez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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10
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Vaklavas C, Meng Z, Choi H, Grizzle WE, Zinn KR, Blume SW. Small molecule inhibitors of IRES-mediated translation. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:1471-85. [PMID: 26177060 PMCID: PMC4846101 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1071729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Many genes controlling cell proliferation and survival (those most important to cancer biology) are now known to be regulated specifically at the translational (RNA to protein) level. The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) provides a mechanism by which the translational efficiency of an individual or group of mRNAs can be regulated independently of the global controls on general protein synthesis. IRES-mediated translation has been implicated as a significant contributor to the malignant phenotype and chemoresistance, however there has been no effective means by which to interfere with this specialized mode of protein synthesis. A cell-based empirical high-throughput screen was performed in attempt to identify compounds capable of selectively inhibiting translation mediated through the IGF1R IRES. Results obtained using the bicistronic reporter system demonstrate selective inhibition of second cistron translation (IRES-dependent). The lead compound and its structural analogs completely block de novo IGF1R protein synthesis in genetically-unmodified cells, confirming activity against the endogenous IRES. Spectrum of activity extends beyond IGF1R to include the c-myc IRES. The small molecule IRES inhibitor differentially modulates synthesis of the oncogenic (p64) and growth-inhibitory (p67) isoforms of Myc, suggesting that the IRES controls not only translational efficiency, but also choice of initiation codon. Sustained IRES inhibition has profound, detrimental effects on human tumor cells, inducing massive (>99%) cell death and complete loss of clonogenic survival in models of triple-negative breast cancer. The results begin to reveal new insights into the inherent complexity of gene-specific translational regulation, and the importance of IRES-mediated translation to tumor cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Vaklavas
- a Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham ; Birmingham , AL USA.,b Department of Medicine , Division of Hematology / Oncology; University of Alabama at Birmingham ; Birmingham , AL USA
| | - Zheng Meng
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics; University of Alabama at Birmingham ; Birmingham , AL USA.,d Current address: Analytical Development Department; Novavax Inc. ; Gaithersburg , MD USA
| | - Hyoungsoo Choi
- a Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham ; Birmingham , AL USA.,b Department of Medicine , Division of Hematology / Oncology; University of Alabama at Birmingham ; Birmingham , AL USA.,e Current address: Department of Pediatrics; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Gyeonggi-do , Korea
| | - William E Grizzle
- a Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham ; Birmingham , AL USA.,f Department of Pathology; University of Alabama at Birmingham ; Birmingham , AL USA
| | - Kurt R Zinn
- a Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham ; Birmingham , AL USA.,b Department of Medicine , Division of Hematology / Oncology; University of Alabama at Birmingham ; Birmingham , AL USA.,f Department of Pathology; University of Alabama at Birmingham ; Birmingham , AL USA
| | - Scott W Blume
- a Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham ; Birmingham , AL USA.,b Department of Medicine , Division of Hematology / Oncology; University of Alabama at Birmingham ; Birmingham , AL USA.,c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics; University of Alabama at Birmingham ; Birmingham , AL USA
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11
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Runx1 contributes to neurofibromatosis type 1 neurofibroma formation. Oncogene 2015; 35:1468-74. [PMID: 26073082 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) patients are predisposed to neurofibromas but the driver(s) that contribute to neurofibroma formation are not fully understood. By cross comparison of microarray gene lists on human neurofibroma-initiating cells and developed neurofibroma Schwann cells (SCs) we identified RUNX1 overexpression in human neurofibroma initiation cells, suggesting RUNX1 might relate to neurofibroma formation. Immunostaining confirmed RUNX1 protein overexpression in human plexiform neurofibromas. Runx1 overexpression was confirmed in mouse Schwann cell progenitors (SCPs) and mouse neurofibromas at the messenger RNA and protein levels. Genetic inhibition of Runx1 expression by small hairpin RNA or pharmacological inhibition of Runx1 function by a Runx1/Cbfβ interaction inhibitor, Ro5-3335, decreased mouse neurofibroma sphere number in vitro. Targeted genetic deletion of Runx1 in SCs and SCPs delayed mouse neurofibroma formation in vivo. Mechanistically, loss of Nf1 increased embryonic day 12.5 Runx1(+)/Blbp(+) progenitors that enable tumor formation. These results suggest that Runx1 has an important role in Nf1 neurofibroma initiation, and inhibition of RUNX1 function might provide a novel potential therapeutic treatment strategy for neurofibroma patients.
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Chen WL, Luo DF, Gao C, Ding Y, Wang SY. The consensus sequence of FAMLF alternative splice variants is overexpressed in undifferentiated hematopoietic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:603-9. [PMID: 26083996 PMCID: PMC4512098 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The familial acute myeloid leukemia related factor gene (FAMLF) was previously identified from a familial AML subtractive cDNA library and shown to undergo alternative splicing. This study used real-time quantitative PCR to investigate the expression of the FAMLF alternative-splicing transcript consensus sequence (FAMLF-CS) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 119 patients with de novo acute leukemia (AL) and 104 healthy controls, as well as in CD34+ cells from 12 AL patients and 10 healthy donors. A 429-bp fragment from a novel splicing variant of FAMLF was obtained, and a 363-bp consensus sequence was targeted to quantify total FAMLF expression. Kruskal-Wallis, Nemenyi, Spearman's correlation, and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to analyze the data. FAMLF-CS expression in PBMCs from AL patients and CD34+ cells from AL patients and controls was significantly higher than in control PBMCs (P < 0.0001). Moreover, FAMLF-CS expression in PBMCs from the AML group was positively correlated with red blood cell count (rs =0.317, P=0.006), hemoglobin levels (rs = 0.210, P = 0.049), and percentage of peripheral blood blasts (rs = 0.256, P = 0.027), but inversely correlated with hemoglobin levels in the control group (rs = -0.391, P < 0.0001). AML patients with high CD34+ expression showed significantly higher FAMLF-CS expression than those with low CD34+ expression (P = 0.041). Our results showed that FAMLF is highly expressed in both normal and malignant immature hematopoietic cells, but that expression is lower in normal mature PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Chen
- Union Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - D F Luo
- Union Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - C Gao
- Union Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Y Ding
- Union Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - S Y Wang
- Union Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Mizutani S, Yoshida T, Zhao X, Nimer SD, Taniwaki M, Okuda T. Loss of RUNX1/AML1 arginine-methylation impairs peripheral T cell homeostasis. Br J Haematol 2015; 170:859-73. [PMID: 26010396 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
RUNX1 (previously termed AML1) is a frequent target of human leukaemia-associated gene aberrations, and it encodes the DNA-binding subunit of the Core-Binding Factor transcription factor complex. RUNX1 expression is essential for the initiation of definitive haematopoiesis, for steady-state thrombopoiesis, and for normal lymphocytes development. Recent studies revealed that protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1), which accounts for the majority of the type I PRMT activity in cells, methylates two arginine residues in RUNX1 (R206 and R210), and these modifications inhibit corepressor-binding to RUNX1 thereby enhancing its transcriptional activity. In order to elucidate the biological significance of these methylations, we established novel knock-in mouse lines with non-methylable, double arginine-to-lysine (RTAMR-to-KTAMK) mutations in RUNX1. Homozygous Runx1(KTAMK) (/) (KTAMK) mice are born alive and appear normal during adulthood. However, Runx1(KTAMK) (/) (KTAMK) mice showed a reduction in CD3(+) T lymphoid cells and a decrease in CD4(+) T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs, in comparison to their wild-type littermates, leading to a reduction in the CD4(+) to CD8(+) T-cell ratio. These findings suggest that arginine-methylation of RUNX1 in the RTAMR-motif is dispensable for the development of definitive haematopoiesis and for steady-state platelet production, however this modification affects the role of RUNX1 in the maintenance of the peripheral CD4(+) T-cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Mizutani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.,Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen D Nimer
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Masafumi Taniwaki
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Okuda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
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Lu B, Sun X, Chen Y, Jin Q, Liang Q, Liu S, Li Y, Zhou Y, Li W, Huang Z. Novel function of PITH domain-containing 1 as an activator of internal ribosomal entry site to enhance RUNX1 expression and promote megakaryocyte differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:821-32. [PMID: 25134913 PMCID: PMC11113685 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Altered gene expression coincides with leukemia development and may affect distinct features of leukemic cells. PITHD1 was significantly downregulated in leukemia and upregulated upon PMA induction in K562 cells undergoing megakaryocyte differentiation. We aimed to study the function of PITHD1 in megakaryocyte differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS K562 cells and fetal liver cells were used for either overexpression or downregulation of PITHD1 by retroviral or lentiviral transduction. FACS was used to detect the expression of CD41 and CD42 to measure megakaryocyte differentiation in these cells. Western blot and quantitative RT-PCR were used to measure gene expression. Dual luciferase assay was used to detect promoter or internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) activity. RESULTS Ectopic expression of PITHD1 promoted megakaryocyte differentiation and increased RUNX1 expression while PITHD1 knockdown showed an opposite phenotype. Furthermore, PITHD1 efficiently induced endogenous RUNX1 expression and restored megakaryocyte differentiation suppressed by a dominant negative form of RUNX1. PITHD1 regulated RUNX1 expression at least through two distinct mechanisms: increasing transcription activity of proximal promoter and enhancing translation activity of an IRES element in exon 3. Finally, we confirmed the function of PITHD1 in regulating RUNX1 expression and megakaryopoiesis in mouse fetal liver cells. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE PITHD1 was a novel activator of IRES and enhanced RUNX1 expression that subsequently promoted megakaryocyte differentiation. Our findings shed light on understanding the mechanisms underlying megakaryopoiesis or leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueqin Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Liang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Shangqin Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Yamu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Zan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei People’s Republic of China
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Nagamachi A, Nakata Y, Ueda T, Yamasaki N, Ebihara Y, Tsuji K, Honda ZI, Takubo K, Suda T, Oda H, Inaba T, Honda H. Acquired deficiency of A20 results in rapid apoptosis, systemic inflammation, and abnormal hematopoietic stem cell function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87425. [PMID: 24498102 PMCID: PMC3909109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A20 is a negative regulator of NF-κB, and mutational loss of A20 expression is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and B-cell lymphomas. To clarify the role of A20 in adult hematopoiesis, we generated conditional A20 knockout mice (A20flox/flox) and crossed them with Mx–1Cre (MxCre+) and ERT2Cre (ERT2Cre+) transgenic mice in which Cre is inducibly activated by endogenous interferon and exogenous tamoxifen, respectively. A20flox/flox MxCre+ (A20Mx) mice spontaneously exhibited myeloid proliferation, B cell apoptosis, and anemia with overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Bone marrow transplantation demonstrated that these changes were caused by hematopoietic cells. NF-κB was constitutively activated in A20Mx hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which caused enhanced cell cycle entry and impaired repopulating ability. Tamoxifen stimulation of A20flox/flox ERT2Cre+ (A20ERT2) mice induced fulminant apoptosis and subsequent myeloproliferation, lymphocytopenia, and progressive anemia with excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as observed in A20Mx mice. These results demonstrate that A20 plays essential roles in the homeostasis of adult hematopoiesis by preventing apoptosis and inflammation. Our findings provide insights into the mechanism underlying A20 dysfunction and human diseases in which A20 expression is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nagamachi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nakata
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ueda
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Norimasa Yamasaki
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ebihara
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohichiro Tsuji
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zen-ichiro Honda
- Health Care Center and Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Institute of Environmental Science for Human Life, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Suda
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Oda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inaba
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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Nagamachi A, Matsui H, Asou H, Ozaki Y, Aki D, Kanai A, Takubo K, Suda T, Nakamura T, Wolff L, Honda H, Inaba T. Haploinsufficiency of SAMD9L, an endosome fusion facilitator, causes myeloid malignancies in mice mimicking human diseases with monosomy 7. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:305-17. [PMID: 24029230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Monosomy 7 and interstitial deletion of 7q (-7/7q-) are well-recognized nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities frequently found among patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) and myeloid leukemias. We previously identified candidate myeloid tumor suppressor genes (SAMD9, SAMD9-like = SAMD9L, and Miki) in the 7q21.3 subband. We established SAMD9L-deficient mice and found that SAMD9L(+/-) mice as well as SAMD9L(-/-) mice develop myeloid diseases resembling human diseases associated with -7/7q-. SAMD9L-deficient hematopoietic stem cells showed enhanced colony formation potential and in vivo reconstitution ability. SAMD9L localizes in early endosomes. SAMD9L-deficient cells showed delays in homotypic endosome fusion, resulting in persistence of ligand-bound cytokine receptors. These findings suggest that haploinsufficiency of SAMD9L and/or SAMD9 gene(s) contributes to myeloid transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nagamachi
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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