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Tolue Ghasaban F, Taghehchian N, Zangouei AS, Keivany MR, Moghbeli M. MicroRNA-135b mainly functions as an oncogene during tumor progression. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 262:155547. [PMID: 39151250 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Late diagnosis is considered one of the main reasons of high mortality rate among cancer patients that results in therapeutic failure and tumor relapse. Therefore, it is needed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms associated with tumor progression to introduce efficient markers for the early tumor detection among cancer patients. The remarkable stability of microRNAs (miRNAs) in body fluids makes them potential candidates to use as the non-invasive tumor biomarkers in cancer screening programs. MiR-135b has key roles in prognosis and survival of cancer patients by either stimulating or inhibiting cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. Therefore, in the present review we assessed the molecular biology of miR-135b during tumor progression to introduce that as a novel tumor marker in cancer patients. It has been reported that miR-135b mainly acts as an oncogene by regulation of transcription factors, signaling pathways, drug response, cellular metabolism, and autophagy. This review paves the way to suggest miR-135b as a tumor marker and therapeutic target in cancer patients following the further clinical trials and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Tolue Ghasaban
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negin Taghehchian
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Sadra Zangouei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Keivany
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Huang D, Jiao X, Huang S, Liu J, Si H, Qi D, Pei X, Lu D, Wang Y, Li Z. Analysis of the heterogeneity and complexity of murine extraorbital lacrimal gland via single-cell RNA sequencing. Ocul Surf 2024; 34:60-95. [PMID: 38945476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The lacrimal gland is essential for maintaining ocular surface health and avoiding external damage by secreting an aqueous layer of the tear film. However, a healthy lacrimal gland's inventory of cell types and heterogeneity remains understudied. METHODS Here, 10X Genome-based single-cell RNA sequencing was used to generate an unbiased classification of cellular diversity in the extraorbital lacrimal gland (ELG) of C57BL/6J mice. From 43,850 high-quality cells, we produced an atlas of cell heterogeneity and defined cell types using classic marker genes. The possible functions of these cells were analyzed through bioinformatics analysis. Additionally, the CellChat was employed for a preliminary analysis of the cell-cell communication network in the ELG. RESULTS Over 37 subclasses of cells were identified, including seven types of glandular epithelial cells, three types of fibroblasts, ten types of myeloid-derived immune cells, at least eleven types of lymphoid-derived immune cells, and five types of vascular-associated cell subsets. The cell-cell communication network analysis revealed that fibroblasts and immune cells play a pivotal role in the dense intercellular communication network within the mouse ELG. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive transcriptome atlas and related database of the mouse ELG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duliurui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinwei Jiao
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Shenzhen Huang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jiangman Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongli Si
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Di Qi
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiaoting Pei
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Dingli Lu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yimian Wang
- Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital and Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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3
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Qu S, Jia W, Nie Y, Shi W, Chen C, Zhao Z, Song W. AGR2: The Covert Driver and New Dawn of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. Biomolecules 2024; 14:743. [PMID: 39062458 PMCID: PMC11275012 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) plays a crucial role in facilitating the formation of protein disulfide bonds within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Research suggests that AGR2 can function as an oncogene, with its heightened expression linked to the advancement of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers through invasion and metastasis. Notably, AGR2 not only serves as a pro-oncogenic agent but also as a downstream targeting protein, indirectly fostering cancer progression. This comprehensive review delves into the established functions and expression patterns of AGR2, emphasizing its pivotal role in cancer progression, particularly in hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies. Furthermore, AGR2 emerges as a potential cancer prognostic marker and a promising target for immunotherapy, offering novel avenues for the treatment of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers and enhancing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Qu
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Weili Jia
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Ye Nie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wen Shi
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Chao Chen
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zihao Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wenjie Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
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Gao H, Cao M, Deng K, Yang Y, Song J, Ni M, Xie C, Fan W, Ou C, Huang D, Lin L, Liu L, Li Y, Sun H, Cheng X, Wu J, Xia C, Deng X, Mou L, Chen P. The Lineage Differentiation and Dynamic Heterogeneity of Thymic Epithelial Cells During Thymus Organogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:805451. [PMID: 35273595 PMCID: PMC8901506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.805451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much progress has been made recently in revealing the heterogeneity of the thymic stromal components, the molecular programs of cell lineage divergency and temporal dynamics of thymic epithelial cell (TEC) development are largely elusive. Here, we constructed a single-cell transcriptional landscape of non-hematopoietic cells from mouse thymus spanning embryonic to adult stages, producing transcriptomes of 30,959 TECs. We resolved the transcriptional heterogeneity of developing TECs and highlighted the molecular nature of early TEC lineage determination and cortico-medullary thymic epithelial cell lineage divergency. We further characterized the differentiation dynamics of TECs by clarification of molecularly distinct cell states in the thymus developing trajectory. We also identified a population of Bpifa1+ Plet1+ mTECs that was preserved during thymus organogenesis and highly expressed tissue-resident adult stem cell markers. Finally, we highlighted the expression of Aire-dependent tissue-restricted antigens mainly in Aire+ Csn2+ mTECs and Spink5+ Dmkn+ mTECs in postnatal thymus. Overall, our data provided a comprehensive characterization of cell lineage differentiation, maturation, and temporal dynamics of thymic epithelial cells during thymus organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchao Gao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengtao Cao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinqi Song
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuntao Xie
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenna Fan
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunpei Ou
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dinggen Huang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lizhong Lin
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lixia Liu
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyu Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinmei Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cuilan Xia
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuefeng Deng
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lisha Mou
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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Jach D, Cheng Y, Prica F, Dumartin L, Crnogorac-Jurcevic T. From development to cancer - an ever-increasing role of AGR2. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5249-5262. [PMID: 34873459 PMCID: PMC8640830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient 2, AGR2, is a small, 20 kDa protein that plays a vital role in oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. AGR2 is involved in several signal transduction pathways that are essential for cell survival. It was initially discovered in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, where it plays an important function in embryonic development. Akin to several other developmental genes, it is also frequently deregulated in cancer, where it plays a decisive role in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. In this review, we have summarized currently known AGR2 functions, its expression and function in embryonic and cancer development, as well as its potential as a candidate tumor biomarker and promising new target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Jach
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, UK
| | - Yuzhu Cheng
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Filip Prica
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I, Basic and Translational Research, Department of Cardiology Basic and Translational ResearchMunich, Germany
| | - Laurent Dumartin
- Advanced Accelerator Applications, Novartis CompanyBoulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Tatjana Crnogorac-Jurcevic
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, UK
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Fu S, Shen X, Wang X, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Miao J. RNA-seq and nuclear proteomics provide insights into the lactation regulation mechanism of goat transfected IGF-I and GH recombinant vectors. Growth Horm IGF Res 2021; 60-61:101428. [PMID: 34507252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2021.101428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There exists little available information on the mechanisms of lactation regulation until now. In order to explore the underlying mechanism, we injected IGF-I and GH recombinant vectors into the mammary gland, then RNA-seq analysis and nuclear proteomics were used for rapid high-throughput screening of DEGs and DEPs in the two groups linked to lactation regulation. KEGG analysis of 206 DEGs showed that the same 4 of top 10 enrichment pathways (ECM receptor interaction, protein digestion and absorption, focal adhesion and phagosome) involved in 4 co-expressed genes (IDO, BTG1, ITGB6 and keratin 83), the two groups enriched different metabolic pathways yet. Nuclear proteomics analysis showed 75 and 36 DEPs in the IGF-I and GH group respectively; Sixteen common proteins were identified between the IGF-I group and GH group, four of which (ALB, TPT1, CXXC-5 and ACTR2) significantly decreased and three of which (PRP1, PAG-9 and Hsp70) significantly increased. Similarly, DEPs in the two groups were enriched in same one of top 10 enrichment pathways (PI3K-Akt signaling pathway). Protein-protein interaction networks highlighted the contribution of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism and the Jak-STAT signaling pathway to lactation regulation of GH and IGFI. GH and IGF-I improve milk yield, which may be linked to important nodal proteins (ALB and ACTB). Our research advances the understanding of the mammary gland transcriptome and nuclear proteomics during GH and IGF-I overexpression. Individual genes, proteins and pathways in this study point towards potential targets for lactation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Fu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Laboratory of Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuehuai Shen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Laboratory of Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Laboratory of Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinqiu Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Jinfeng Miao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Key Laboratory of Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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7
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Dittmer J. Nuclear Mechanisms Involved in Endocrine Resistance. Front Oncol 2021; 11:736597. [PMID: 34604071 PMCID: PMC8480308 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.736597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapy is a standard treatment offered to patients with ERα (estrogen receptor α)-positive breast cancer. In endocrine therapy, ERα is either directly targeted by anti-estrogens or indirectly by aromatase inhibitors which cause estrogen deficiency. Resistance to these drugs (endocrine resistance) compromises the efficiency of this treatment and requires additional measures. Endocrine resistance is often caused by deregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and/or cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 activities allowing inhibitors of these factors to be used clinically to counteract endocrine resistance. The nuclear mechanisms involved in endocrine resistance are beginning to emerge. Exploring these mechanisms may reveal additional druggable targets, which could help to further improve patients' outcome in an endocrine resistance setting. This review intends to summarize our current knowledge on the nuclear mechanisms linked to endocrine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Dittmer
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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8
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Fernando SR, Lee CL, Wong BP, Cheng KW, Lee YL, Chan MC, Ng EH, Yeung WS, Lee KF. Expression of membrane protein disulphide isomerase A1 (PDIA1) disrupt a reducing microenvironment in endometrial epithelium for embryo implantation. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112665. [PMID: 34111473 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Various proteins in the endometrial epithelium are differentially expressed in the receptive phase and play a pivotal role in embryo implantation. The Protein Disulphide Isomerase (PDI) family contains 21 members that function as chaperone proteins through their redox activities. Although total PDIA1 protein expression was high in four common receptive (Ishikawa and RL95-2) and non-receptive (HEC1-B and AN3CA) endometrial epithelial cell lines, significantly higher membrane PDIA1 expression was found in non-receptive AN3CA cells. In Ishikawa cells, oestrogen up-regulated while progesterone down-regulated membrane PDIA1 expression. Moreover, mid-luteal phase hormone treatment down-regulated membrane PDIA1 expression. Furthermore, oestrogen at 10 nM reduced spheroid attachment on Ishikawa cells. Interestingly, inhibition of PDIA1 function by bacitracin or 16F16 increased the spheroid attachment rate onto non-receptive AN3CA cells. Over-expression of PDIA1 in receptive Ishikawa cells reduced the spheroid attachment rate and significantly down-regulated integrin β3 levels, but not integrin αV and E-cadherin. Addition of reducing agent TCEP induced a sulphydryl-rich microenvironment and increased spheroid attachment onto AN3CA cells and human primary endometrial epithelial cells collected at LH+7/8 days. The luminal epithelial cells from human endometrial biopsies had higher PDIA1 protein expression in the proliferative phase than in the secretory phase. Our findings suggest oestrogen and progesterone regulate PDIA1 expression, resulting in the differential expressions of membrane PDIA1 protein to modulate endometrial receptivity. This suggests that membrane PDIA1 expression prior to embryo transfer could be used to predict endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation in women undergoing assisted reproduction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudini R Fernando
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science & Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, 50000, Sri Lanka
| | - Cheuk-Lun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Haiyuan 1st Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Benancy Pc Wong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kiu-Wai Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yin-Lau Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Haiyuan 1st Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Ming-Chung Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ernest Hy Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Haiyuan 1st Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - William Sb Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Haiyuan 1st Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Kai-Fai Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Haiyuan 1st Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518053, China.
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9
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Zangouei AS, Alimardani M, Moghbeli M. MicroRNAs as the critical regulators of Doxorubicin resistance in breast tumor cells. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:213. [PMID: 33858435 PMCID: PMC8170947 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01873-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy is one of the most common treatment options for breast cancer (BC) patients. However, about half of the BC patients are chemotherapeutic resistant. Doxorubicin (DOX) is considered as one of the first line drugs in the treatment of BC patients whose function is negatively affected by multi drug resistance. Due to the severe side effects of DOX, it is very important to diagnose the DOX resistant BC patients. Therefore, assessment of molecular mechanisms involved in DOX resistance can improve the clinical outcomes in BC patients by introducing the novel therapeutic and diagnostic molecular markers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as members of the non-coding RNAs family have pivotal roles in various cellular processes including cell proliferation and apoptosis. Therefore, aberrant miRNAs functions and expressions can be associated with tumor progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Moreover, due to miRNAs stability in body fluids, they can be considered as non-invasive diagnostic markers for the DOX response in BC patients. MAIN BODY In the present review, we have summarized all of the miRNAs that have been reported to be associated with DOX resistance in BC for the first time in the world. CONCLUSIONS Since, DOX has severe side effects; it is required to distinguish the non DOX-responders from responders to improve the clinical outcomes of BC patients. This review highlights the miRNAs as pivotal regulators of DOX resistance in breast tumor cells. Moreover, the present review paves the way of introducing a non-invasive panel of prediction markers for DOX response among BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sadra Zangouei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maliheh Alimardani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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10
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Effects of ER-resident and secreted AGR2 on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival in PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:33. [PMID: 33413231 PMCID: PMC7791724 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) is a proto-oncogene involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. AGR2, predominantly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is also a secreted protein detected in the extracellular compartment in multiple cancers. However, the biological functions of intracellular and extracellular AGR2 remain to be elucidated. Methods Based on the biochemical structure of AGR2 protein, PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells stably expressing ER-resident or secreted AGR2 were generated by a lentivirus-mediated stable overexpression system. The capacities of cell proliferation, migration, invasion and survival were assessed in PANC-1 stable cells. Moreover, EGFR expression and activation were determined to explore the possible mechanism of AGR2 roles in pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis. Results It was discovered that secreted AGR2, but not ER-resident AGR2, promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion of PANC-1 cells. Moreover, the data indicated that both the ER-resident and the secreted AGR2 enhance the survival capacity of PANC-1 cells after tunicamycin-induced ER stress and gemcitabine treatment. However, EGFR expression and activation were not found to be involved in AGR2-dependent oncogenic phenotypes in PANC-1 cells. Conclusions Secreted AGR2 is predominantly involved in cell proliferation, migration and invasion in PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. Both secreted and ER-resident AGR2 contribute to the survival of PANC-1 cells under the challenging conditions. These findings provide insight into how different localizations of AGR2 have contributed to pancreatic cancer growth, metastasis, and drug sensitivity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-020-07743-y.
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Moidu NA, A Rahman NS, Syafruddin SE, Low TY, Mohtar MA. Secretion of pro-oncogenic AGR2 protein in cancer. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05000. [PMID: 33005802 PMCID: PMC7519367 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) protein mediates the formation, breakage and isomerization of disulphide bonds during protein maturation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and contributes to the homoeostasis of the secretory pathway. AGR2 promotes tumour development and metastasis and its elevated expression is almost completely restricted to malignant tumours. Interestingly, this supposedly ER-resident protein can be localised to other compartments of cancer cells and can also be secreted into the extracellular milieu. There are emerging evidences that describe the gain-of-function activities of the extracellular AGR2, particularly in cancer development. Here, we reviewed studies detailing the expression, pathological and physiological roles associated with AGR2 and compared the duality of localization, intracellular and extracellular, with special emphasis on the later. We also discussed the possible mechanisms of AGR2 secretion as well as deliberating the functional impacts of AGR2 in cancer settings. Last, we deliberate the current therapeutic strategies and posit the potential use AGR2, as a prognosis and diagnosis marker in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshahirah Ashikin Moidu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nisa Syakila A Rahman
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Effendi Syafruddin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Teck Yew Low
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Aiman Mohtar
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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12
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Jian L, Xie J, Guo S, Yu H, Chen R, Tao K, Yang C, Li K, Liu S. AGR3 promotes estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cell proliferation in an estrogen-dependent manner. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1441-1451. [PMID: 32724387 PMCID: PMC7377037 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies and the leading cause of cancer-associated death among women. Anterior gradient 3 (AGR3) is a cancer-associated gene and is similar to its homologous oncogene AGR2. However, whether AGR3 participates in breast cancer progression remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the function of AGR3 in ER-positive breast cancer. In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was used to detect AGR3 mRNA expression in breast cancer tissues and cell lines; linear correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between AGR3 and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) expression in breast cancer via GEO dataset analysis; western blotting was used to assess the levels of AGR3, ER and GAPDH; small interfering (si)RNA transfection was used to knock down AGR3 and ESR1 expression; and finally the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to evaluate cell viability. In the present study, AGR3 expression was markedly increased in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer tissues and cell lines compared with that in ER-negative breast cancer. AGR3 expression was upregulated in estrogen-treated T47D cells, whereas 4-hydroxytamoxifen, an inhibitor of estrogen-ER activity in breast cancer cells, downregulated AGR3 expression in T47D cells. Functional assays demonstrated that knockdown of AGR3 using siRNAs inhibited T47D cell proliferation compared with that of the negative control group. Additionally, AGR3 expression was decreased after knocking down ESR1. The present results suggested that AGR3 may serve an important role in estrogen-mediated cell proliferation in breast cancer and that AGR3 knockdown may be a potential therapeutic strategy for ER-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jian
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Yong Chuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, P.R. China
| | - Shipeng Guo
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Haochen Yu
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Kai Tao
- The Second Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chengcheng Yang
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shengchun Liu
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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13
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Dai X, Cheng H, Chen X, Li T, Zhang J, Jin G, Cai D, Huang Z. FOXA1 is Prognostic of Triple Negative Breast Cancers by Transcriptionally Suppressing SOD2 and IL6. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1030-1041. [PMID: 31182923 PMCID: PMC6535797 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.31009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Having markers feasible for breast cancer subtyping, especially for triple negative breast cancer identification is crucial for improving the treatment outcome of such cancers. Here we explore the role of FOXA1 in characterizing triple negative breast cancers and the driving mechanisms. Through in vitro examination of the expression pattern at both transcriptional and translational levels, patient relapse-free survival analysis, immunohistochemistry staining and prediction power assessment using clinical samples, as well as functional studies, we systematically compared the role of FOXA1 in identifying triple negative and luminal type of breast cancers and explored the mechanisms driving such functionalities. We report that FOXA1 under-expression can lead to increased malignancy and cancer stemness, and is a subtyping marker identifying triple negative breast cancers rather than the luminal subtype by transcriptionally suppressing the expression of SOD2 and IL6. We are the first to systematically address the significance of FOXA1 in triple negative breast cancer identification as a biomarker and elucidate the mechanism at the molecular level, through a sequential bioinformatics analysis and experimental validations both in vitro and in clinics. Our discoveries compliment the current biomarker modalities once verified using larger clinical cohorts and improve the precision on characterizing breast cancer heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hongye Cheng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guoyin Jin
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Dongyan Cai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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miR-135b-5p enhances doxorubicin-sensitivity of breast cancer cells through targeting anterior gradient 2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:26. [PMID: 30665445 PMCID: PMC6341729 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pro-oncogenic anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is involved in tumor growth and drug resistance of breast cancer. Mechanisms that regulate expression of AGR2 still need to be elucidated. METHODS In this study, expression levels of AGR2 and miR-135b-5p were analyzed in different breast cancer cell lines as well as in clinical breast cancer tissues. The in vitro and in vivo functional effect of AGR2 and miR-135b-5p were also investigated. A luciferase reporter assay was applied to confirm the interaction between miR-135b-5p and AGR2 mRNA. RESULTS We identified AGR2 as a target of miR-135b-5p. Expression of AGR2 was up-regulated in doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer cells. AGR2 mediated doxorubicin-sensitivity of breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. miR-135b-5p negatively regulated AGR2-expression of breast cancer cells increasing doxorubicin-sensitivity. However, miR-135b-5p was down-regulated in doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer cells as well as during treatment with doxorubicin, which might be a probable reason for over-expression of AGR2. Up-regulation of miR-135b-5p increased doxorubicin-sensitivity of breast cancer cells in vivo. In addition, levels of AGR2 negatively correlated with levels of miR-135b-5p in clinical breast cancer tissue samples. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the potential of miR-135b-5p as a target for treating AGR2-expressing breast cancer with doxorubicin-resistance.
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15
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Ziegler YS, Moresco JJ, Tu PG, Yates JR, Nardulli AM. Proteomic analysis identifies highly expressed plasma membrane proteins for detection and therapeutic targeting of specific breast cancer subtypes. Clin Proteomics 2018; 15:30. [PMID: 30250408 PMCID: PMC6145347 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an emphasis on personalizing breast cancer treatment in order to avoid the debilitating side effects caused by broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic drug treatment. Development of personalized medicine requires the identification of proteins that are expressed by individual tumors. Herein, we reveal the identity of plasma membrane proteins that are overexpressed in estrogen receptor α-positive, HER2-positive, and triple negative breast cancer cells. The proteins we identified are involved in maintaining protein structure, intracellular homeostasis, and cellular architecture; enhancing cell proliferation and invasion; and influencing cell migration. These proteins may be useful for breast cancer detection and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne S Ziegler
- 1Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - James J Moresco
- 2Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Patricia G Tu
- 2Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - John R Yates
- 2Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Ann M Nardulli
- 1Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
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16
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Kamal A, Valentijn A, Barraclough R, Rudland P, Rahmatalla N, Martin-Hirsch P, Stringfellow H, Decruze SB, Hapangama DK. High AGR2 protein is a feature of low grade endometrial cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31459-31472. [PMID: 30140383 PMCID: PMC6101135 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers for identification of endometrial cancers (ECs) with high risk of recurrence are required to reduce the rising EC-related mortality. AGR2 is a prognostic marker in several hormonally-regulated cancers. AIM To assess the utility of AGR2 as a prognostic marker in EC. METHODS AGR2 immunoexpression was evaluated in 163 human endometrial samples. Change in AGR2 mRNA levels in response to oestrogen and dihydrotestosterone was studied in vitro. RESULTS Upregulation of AGR2 (protein and mRNA) was seen in low grade EC, compared to the postmenopausal endometrium (P = 0.013) and to the high-grade EC (P < 0.0001). Elevated AGR2 protein expression-scores were associated with a high expression of estrogen alpha (ERα), progesterone, androgen receptors and early clinical stages. Metastatic lesions maintained higher AGR2 expression relative to matched-primary tumors. High-AGR2 protein levels were associated with better overall survival (P = 0.02) in all ECs, but in highly-ERα-expressing ECs, AGR2 associated with unfavourable patient outcome. Androgen through its receptor, downregulated AGR2 mRNA in the Ishikawa cells. CONCLUSIONS AGR2 is overexpressed in low grade ECs and positively associated with hormone receptors. The association between high AGR2 and progressive disease within the high-ERα-expressing ECs suggests that in this group of patients, AGR2 might be a potential biomarker of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areege Kamal
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- The National Center for Early Detection of Cancer, Oncology Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Anthony Valentijn
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Roger Barraclough
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Philip Rudland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nihad Rahmatalla
- The National Center for Early Detection of Cancer, Oncology Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | | | - Shandya B. Decruze
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool Women’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dharani K. Hapangama
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool Women’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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17
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Ann P, Seagle BLL, Shilpi A, Kandpal M, Shahabi S. Association of increased primary breast tumor AGR2 with decreased disease-specific survival. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23114-23125. [PMID: 29796176 PMCID: PMC5955412 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Tumor expression of Anterior Gradient 2 (AGR2), an endoplasmic reticulum protein disulfide isomerase, was associated with decreased breast cancer survival. We aimed to validate the association of tumor AGR2 mRNA expression with disease-specific survival (DSS) and identify differentially expressed signaling pathways between high and low AGR2 expression tumor groups. Methods Primary tumor mRNA expression data from the METABRIC study was used to evaluate AGR2 expression as a prognostic factor for DSS while adjusting for survival-determining confounders using Cox proportional-hazards regression. Differentially expressed genes and signaling pathway differences between high and low AGR2 groups were determined by modular enrichment analyses using DAVID and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Results Increased tumor AGR2 mRNA expression was associated with decreased DSS among 1,341 women (per each standard deviation increase of AGR2 expression: HR 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01-1.29, P = 0.03). Pathway analyses supported prior experimental studies showing that estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) regulated AGR2 expression. Canonical signaling pathways significantly differentially represented between high and low AGR2 groups included those involved in inflammation and immunity. Conclusion Increased primary tumor AGR2 expression was associated with decreased DSS. Pathway analyses suggested that increased AGR2 was associated with endoplasmic reticular homeostasis, possibly allowing tumor cells to overcome hypoxic stress and meet the increased protein demand of tumorigenesis, thereby preventing unfolded protein response-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Ann
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 60611 Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brandon-Luke L Seagle
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 60611 Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arunima Shilpi
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 60611 Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Manoj Kandpal
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 60611 Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shohreh Shahabi
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 60611 Chicago, IL, USA
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Matoulkova E, Sommerova L, Pastorek M, Vojtesek B, Hrstka R. Regulation of AGR2 expression via 3'UTR shortening. Exp Cell Res 2017; 356:40-47. [PMID: 28408318 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One recently discussed general mechanism affecting gene expression is 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) length. Events such as shortening, translocation or loss of 3'UTRs are observed within oncogenes and are proposed to associate with increased expression. Thus, increased efforts are being made to understand constitutive and differential transcript 3'end formation. Investigation of AGR2 mRNA revealed a direct impact of its 3'UTR length on AGR2 expression. In silico analyses identified several regulatory sequences within the distal part of AGR2 mRNA that may regulate 3'UTR length and associated protein levels. Short 3'UTRs were observed in a panel of AGR2-positive cancer cell lines and in human breast cancer specimens, in which more extensive 3'UTR shortening correlated with increased AGR2 protein levels. AGR2 is an important member of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, which along with the proposed involvement of mTOR in the regulation of alternative polyadenylation, prompted us to study the role of mTOR in relation to AGR2 mRNA 3'UTR shortening. A direct impact of mTOR signalling on AGR2 3'UTR shortening associated with increased protein synthesis was found, which led to the identification of a novel molecular mechanism involved in upregulation of AGR2 levels in mTOR-activated cells via modulating the 3'UTR length of AGR2 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Matoulkova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czechia
| | - Lucia Sommerova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czechia
| | - Michal Pastorek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czechia
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czechia
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czechia.
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The metastasis-inducing protein AGR2 is O-glycosylated upon secretion from mammary epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 408:245-52. [PMID: 26169982 PMCID: PMC4768226 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AGR2 is overexpressed in multiple cancers, particularly those arising from breast and prostate tissues, and higher levels of AGR2 are associated with earlier patient death. Although AGR2 is normally resident within the endoplasmic reticulum, the protein has been found in the extracellular space in several model systems. However, it has never been expressly demonstrated that this extracellular form of the protein is secreted and does not just accumulate in the extracellular space as a result of cell lysis. We show in this paper that AGR2 protein is secreted by both human and rat mammary epithelial cells in culture. Furthermore, this secreted form of AGR2 becomes O-glycosylated, with no detectable presence of N-glycosylation. Importantly, this post-translationally modified AGR2 is only detected in the conditioned medium from non-leaky cells, suggesting that membrane integrity must be maintained to allow AGR2 glycosylation. The results suggest a possible role for O-glycosylation in modulating the extracellular functions of AGR2.
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20
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Obacz J, Brychtova V, Podhorec J, Fabian P, Dobes P, Vojtesek B, Hrstka R. Anterior gradient protein 3 is associated with less aggressive tumors and better outcome of breast cancer patients. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:1523-32. [PMID: 26170690 PMCID: PMC4485854 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s82235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient protein (AGR) 3 is a highly related homologue of pro-oncogenic AGR2 and belongs to the family of protein disulfide isomerases. Although AGR3 was found in breast, ovary, prostate, and liver cancer, it remains of yet poorly defined function in tumorigenesis. This study aimed to determine AGR3 expression in a cohort of 129 primary breast carcinomas and evaluate the clinical and prognostic significance of AGR3 in these tumors. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of AGR3 staining to varying degrees in 80% of analyzed specimens. The percentage of AGR3-positive cells significantly correlated with estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor (both P<0.0001) as well as low histological grade (P=0.003), and inversely correlated with the level of Ki-67 expression (P<0.0001). In the whole cohort, AGR3 expression was associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS), whereas AGR3-positive subgroup of low-histological grade tumors showed both significantly longer PFS and overall survival. In conclusion, AGR3 is associated with the level of differentiation, slowly proliferating tumors, and more favorable prognosis of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Obacz
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Brychtova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Podhorec
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Fabian
- Department of Pathology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dobes
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Brno, Czech Republic
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21
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Obacz J, Takacova M, Brychtova V, Dobes P, Pastorekova S, Vojtesek B, Hrstka R. The role of AGR2 and AGR3 in cancer: similar but not identical. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:139-47. [PMID: 25666661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, highly related members of the protein disulphide isomerase family, anterior gradient protein AGR2 and AGR3, attracted researchers' attention due to their putative involvement in developmental processes and carcinogenesis. While AGR2 has been widely demonstrated as a metastasis-related protein whose elevated expression predicts worse patient outcome, little is known about AGR3's role in tumour biology. Thus, we aim to confront the issue of AGR3 function in physiology and pathology in the following review by comparing this protein with the better-described homologue AGR2. Relying on available data and in silico analyses, we show that AGR proteins are co-expressed or uncoupled in context-dependent manners in diverse carcinomas and healthy tissues. Further, we discuss plausible roles of both proteins in tumour-associated processes such as differentiation, proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis. This work brings new hints and stimulates further thoughts on hitherto unresolved conundrum of anterior gradient protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Obacz
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Martina Takacova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Veronika Brychtova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Dobes
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic.
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22
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Kim SJ, Jun S, Cho HY, Lee DC, Yeom YI, Kim JH, Kang D. Knockdown of anterior gradient 2 expression extenuates tumor-associated phenotypes of SNU-478 ampulla of Vater cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:804. [PMID: 25367337 PMCID: PMC4228270 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) has been implicated in tumor-associated phenotypes such as cell viability, invasion and metastasis in various human cancers. However, the tumor promoting activity of AGR2 has not yet been determined in biliary tract cancers. Thus, we examined the expression of AGR2 and its tumor-promoting activity in biliary tract cancer cells in this study. Methods Expression of AGR2 mRNA and protein was analyzed by real time RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. MTT assay was employed to measure cell viability and pulsed BrdU incorporation by proliferating cells was monitored by flow cytometry. Soft agar colony formation assay and transwell invasion assay were employed to determine anchorage-independent growth and in vitro invasion of the tumor cells, respectively. In vivo tumor formation was examined by injection of tumor cells into immunocompromised mice subcutaneously. Statistical analysis was performed with 2-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test for continuous data and with one-way ANOVA for multiple group comparisons. Bonferroni tests were used for post hoc 2-sample comparisons. Results AGR2 mRNA was detected in SNU-245, SNU-478, and SNU-1196 cell lines, and its protein expression was confirmed in SNU-478 and SNU-245 cell lines by western blot analysis. Knockdown of AGR2 expression with an AGR2-specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in SNU-478, an ampulla of Vater cancer cell line resulted in decreased cell viability and in decreased anchorage-independent growth by 98%. The AGR2 knockdown also increased the sensitivity of the cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, including gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. In addition, SNU-478 cells expressing AGR2-shRNA failed to form detectable tumor xenografts in nude mice, whereas control cells formed tumors with an average size of 179 ± 84 mm3 in 3 weeks. Overexpression of AGR2 in SNU-869 cells significantly increased cell viability through enhanced cell proliferation and the number of Matrigel™-invading cells compared with AGR2-negative SNU-869 cells. Conclusions Our findings implicate that AGR2 expression augments tumor-associated phenotypes by increasing proliferative and invasive capacities of the ampulla of Vater cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jong Hyeok Kim
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea.
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23
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Shishkin SS, Eremina LS, Kovalev LI, Kovaleva MA. AGR2, ERp57/GRP58, and some other human protein disulfide isomerases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 78:1415-30. [PMID: 24490732 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791313004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the major features of human proteins AGR2 and ERp57/GRP58 and of other members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family. The ability of both AGR2 and ERp57/GRP58 to catalyze the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins is the parameter most important for assigning them to a PDI family. Moreover, these proteins and also other members of the PDI family have specific structural features (thioredoxin-like domains, special C-terminal motifs characteristic for proteins localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, etc.) that are necessary for their assignment to a PDI family. Data demonstrating the role of these two proteins in carcinogenesis are analyzed. Special attention is given to data indicating the presence of biomarker features in AGR2 and ERp57/GRP58. It is now thought that there is sufficient reason for studies of AGR2 and ERp57/GRP58 for possible use of these proteins in diagnosis of tumors. There are also prospects for studies on AGR2 and ERp57/GRP58 leading to developments in chemotherapy. Thus, we suppose that further studies on different members of the PDI family using modern postgenomic technologies will broaden current concepts about functions of these proteins, and this will be helpful for solution of urgent biomedical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Shishkin
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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24
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Bergström JH, Berg KA, Rodríguez-Piñeiro AM, Stecher B, Johansson MEV, Hansson GC. AGR2, an endoplasmic reticulum protein, is secreted into the gastrointestinal mucus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104186. [PMID: 25111734 PMCID: PMC4128659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The MUC2 mucin is the major constituent of the two mucus layers in colon. Mice lacking the disulfide isomerase-like protein Agr2 have been shown to be more susceptible to colon inflammation. The Agr2−/− mice have less filled goblet cells and were now shown to have a poorly developed inner colon mucus layer. We could not show AGR2 covalently bound to recombinant MUC2 N- and C-termini as have previously been suggested. We found relatively high concentrations of Agr2 in secreted mucus throughout the murine gastrointestinal tract, suggesting that Agr2 may play extracellular roles. In tissue culture (CHO-K1) cells, AGR2 is normally not secreted. Replacement of the single Cys in AGR2 with Ser (C81S) allowed secretion, suggesting that modification of this Cys might provide a mechanism for circumventing the KTEL endoplasmic reticulum retention signal. In conclusion, these results suggest that AGR2 has both intracellular and extracellular effects in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim H. Bergström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katarina A. Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Gunnar C. Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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25
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Wright TM, Wardell SE, Jasper JS, Stice JP, Safi R, Nelson ER, McDonnell DP. Delineation of a FOXA1/ERα/AGR2 regulatory loop that is dysregulated in endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1829-39. [PMID: 25100862 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator (SERM), remains a frontline clinical therapy for patients with ERα-positive breast cancer. However, the relatively rapid development of resistance to this drug in the metastatic setting remains an impediment to a durable response. Although drug resistance likely arises by many different mechanisms, the consensus is that most of the implicated pathways facilitate the outgrowth of a subpopulation of cancer cells that can either recognize tamoxifen as an agonist or bypass the regulatory control of ERα. Notable in this regard is the observation here and in other studies that expression of anterior gradient homology 2 (AGR2), a known proto-oncogene and disulfide isomerase, was induced by both estrogen (17β-estradiol, E2) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OHT) in breast cancer cells. The importance of AGR2 expression is highlighted here by the observation that (i) its knockdown inhibited the growth of both tamoxifen-sensitive and -resistant breast cancer cells and (ii) its increased expression enhanced the growth of ERα-positive tumors in vivo and increased the migratory capacity of breast cancer cells in vitro. Interestingly, as with most ERα target genes, the expression of AGR2 in all breast cancer cells examined requires the transcription factor FOXA1. However, in tamoxifen-resistant cells, the expression of AGR2 occurs in a constitutive manner, requiring FOXA1, but loses its dependence on ER. Taken together, these data define the importance of AGR2 in breast cancer cell growth and highlight a mechanism where changes in FOXA1 activity obviate the need for ER in the regulation of this gene. IMPLICATIONS These findings reveal the transcriptional interplay between FOXA1 and ERα in controlling AGR2 during the transition from therapy-sensitive to -resistant breast cancer and implicate AGR2 as a relevant therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia M Wright
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Suzanne E Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jeff S Jasper
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - James P Stice
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rachid Safi
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
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26
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Valente AL, Kane JL, Ellsworth DL, Shriver CD, Ellsworth RE. Molecular response of the axillary lymph node microenvironment to metastatic colonization. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:565-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Ping Z, Siegal GP, Almeida JS, Schnitt SJ, Shen D. Mining genome sequencing data to identify the genomic features linked to breast cancer histopathology. J Pathol Inform 2014; 5:3. [PMID: 24672738 PMCID: PMC3952399 DOI: 10.4103/2153-3539.126147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetics and genomics have radically altered our understanding of breast cancer progression. However, the genomic basis of various histopathologic features of breast cancer is not yet well-defined. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) is an international database containing a large collection of human cancer genome sequencing data. cBioPortal is a web tool developed for mining these sequencing data. We performed mining of TCGA sequencing data in an attempt to characterize the genomic features correlated with breast cancer histopathology. We first assessed the quality of the TCGA data using a group of genes with known alterations in various cancers. Both genome-wide gene mutation and copy number changes as well as a group of genes with a high frequency of genetic changes were then correlated with various histopathologic features of invasive breast cancer. RESULTS Validation of TCGA data using a group of genes with known alterations in breast cancer suggests that the TCGA has accurately documented the genomic abnormalities of multiple malignancies. Further analysis of TCGA breast cancer sequencing data shows that accumulation of specific genomic defects is associated with higher tumor grade, larger tumor size and receptor negativity. Distinct groups of genomic changes were found to be associated with the different grades of invasive ductal carcinoma. The mutator role of the TP53 gene was validated by genomic sequencing data of invasive breast cancer and TP53 mutation was found to play a critical role in defining high tumor grade. CONCLUSIONS Data mining of the TCGA genome sequencing data is an innovative and reliable method to help characterize the genomic abnormalities associated with histopathologic features of invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ping
- Department of Pathology, Division of Anatomic Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gene P Siegal
- Department of Pathology, Division of Anatomic Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jonas S Almeida
- Department of Pathology, Division of Informatics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Stuart J Schnitt
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dejun Shen
- Department of Pathology, Division of Anatomic Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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28
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Salmans ML, Zhao F, Andersen B. The estrogen-regulated anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) protein in breast cancer: a potential drug target and biomarker. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:204. [PMID: 23635006 PMCID: PMC3672732 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially discovered as an estrogen-responsive gene in breast cancer cell lines, anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a developmentally regulated gene belonging to the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) gene family. Developmentally, AGR2 is expressed in the mammary gland in an estrogen-dependent manner, and AGR2 knockout and overexpression mouse models indicate that the gene promotes lobuloalveolar development by stimulating cell proliferation. Although AGR2 overexpression alone seems insufficient for breast tumorigenesis in mice, several lines of investigations suggest that AGR2 promotes breast tumorigenesis. Overexpression of AGR2 in several breast cancer cell lines increases cell survival in clonogenic assays and cell proliferation, whereas AGR2 loss of function leads to decreased cell cycle progression and cell death. In addition, AGR2 was shown to promote metastasis of breast epithelial cells in an in vivo metastasis assay. As a PDI, AGR2 is thought to be involved in the unfolded protein response that alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress. Since cancer has to overcome proteotoxic stress due to excess protein production, AGR2 may be one of many pro-survival factors recruited to assist in protein folding or degradation or both. When AGR2 is secreted, it plays a role in cellular adhesion and dissemination of metastatic tumor cells. In breast cancer, AGR2 expression is associated with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors; its overexpression is a predictor of poor prognosis. The AGR2 gene is directly targeted by ER-alpha, which is preferentially bound in tumors with poor outcome. Whereas aromatase inhibitor therapy decreases AGR2 expression, tamoxifen acts as an agonist of AGR2 expression in ER-positive tumors, perhaps contributing to tamoxifen resistance. AGR2 is also overexpressed in a subset of ER-negative tumors. Furthermore, AGR2 expression is associated with the dissemination of metastatic breast cancer cells and can be used as a marker to identify circulating tumor cells and metastatic cells in sentinel lymph nodes. In conclusion, AGR2 is a promising drug target in breast cancer and may serve as a useful prognostic indicator as well as a marker of breast cancer metastasis.
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