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Liu J, Tan X, Li L, Cao L, Zhou Y, Li H, Peng T. Protein expression of nucleolar protein 12 in the retina and its implication in protection of retina from UV irradiation damage. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:130. [PMID: 38467618 PMCID: PMC10928217 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleolar protein 12 (NOL12), one of the nucleolar proteins which are primarily expressed in the nucleolus and play key roles in RNA metabolism, cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell survival, is widely expressed in various species and multiple organs. Although it has been reported that the mRNA of Drosophila NOL12 homolog viriato is expressed in the eyes of Drosophila, the protein expression of NOL12 in mammalian eyes remains to be elucidated. In this study, we showed through immunohistochemistry that NOL12 was present in the rat retina, with predominant distribution in the cytoplasm of the retinal neuronal cells. In the human retinoblastoma cell line WERI-Rb1, we found that altering NOL12 expression led to a change in WERI-Rb1 cell viability. Knocking down NOL12 expression decreased cell viability. In contrast, overexpressing NOL12 increased cell viability. Furthermore, increasing NOL12 expression inhibited ultraviolet (UV)-induced apoptosis. These findings demonstrated that NOL12 may play an important protective role in retinal cells. In the WERI-Rb1 cells exposed to UV irradiation, we detected that NOL12 was degraded, but this degradation could be attenuated by a pan-Caspase inhibitor. Notably, the inhibitory effect of NOL12 against UV-induced apoptosis could be restrained by increasing the expression of ATR serine/threonine kinase (ATR), a kinase that, when activated by severe DNA damage, can result in apoptosis. We also found that upregulating NOL12 inhibited the activation of ATR caused by UV irradiation. Additionally, inhibiting ATR activity reduced apoptosis resulting from both silencing NOL12 expression and UV exposure. Thus, NOL12 may protect against UV irradiation-induced retinal damage by inhibiting ATR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Tan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Cao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - He Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ting Peng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Chen TY, Lee Y, Wang X, Mathias D, Caragata EP, Smartt CT. Profiling Transcriptional Response of Dengue-2 Virus Infection in Midgut Tissue of Aedes aegypti. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.708817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mosquito antiviral response could reveal target pathways or genes of interest that could form the basis of new disease control applications. However, there is a paucity of data in the current literature in understanding antiviral response during the replication period. To illuminate the gene expression patterns in the replication stage, we collected gene expression data at 2.5 days after Dengue-2 virus (DENV-2) infection. We sequenced the whole transcriptome of the midgut tissue and compared gene expression levels between the control and virus-infected group. We identified 31 differentially expressed genes. Based on their function, we identified that those genes fell into two major functional categories - (1) nucleic acid/protein process and (2) immunity/oxidative stress response. Our study has identified candidate genes that can be followed up for gene overexpression/inhibition experiments to examine if the perturbed gene interaction may impact the mosquito’s immune response against DENV. This is an important step to understanding how mosquitoes eliminate the virus and provides an important foundation for further research in developing novel dengue control strategies.
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3
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Tavares L, Grácio P, Ramos R, Traquete R, Relvas JB, Pereira PS. The Pebble/Rho1/Anillin pathway controls polyploidization and axonal wrapping activity in the glial cells of the Drosophila eye. Dev Biol 2021; 473:90-96. [PMID: 33581137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
During development glial cell are crucially important for the establishment of neuronal networks. Proliferation and migration of glial cells can be modulated by neurons, and in turn glial cells can differentiate to assume key roles such as axonal wrapping and targeting. To explore the roles of actin cytoskeletal rearrangements in glial cells, we studied the function of Rho1 in Drosophila developing visual system. We show that the Pebble (RhoGEF)/Rho1/Anillin pathway is required for glia proliferation and to prevent the formation of large polyploid perineurial glial cells, which can still migrate into the eye disc if generated. Surprisingly, this Rho1 pathway is not necessary to establish the total glial membrane area or for the differentiation of the polyploid perineurial cells. The resulting polyploid wrapping glial cells are able to initiate wrapping of axons in the basal eye disc, however the arrangement and density of glia nuclei and membrane processes in the optic stalk are altered and the ensheathing of the photoreceptor axonal fascicles is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Tavares
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Grácio
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ramos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Traquete
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - João B Relvas
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo S Pereira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
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NOL12 Repression Induces Nucleolar Stress-Driven Cellular Senescence and Is Associated with Normative Aging. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00099-19. [PMID: 30988155 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00099-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus is a subnuclear compartment with key roles in rRNA synthesis and ribosome biogenesis, complex processes that require hundreds of proteins and factors. Alterations in nucleolar morphology and protein content have been linked to the control of cell proliferation and stress responses and, recently, further implicated in cell senescence and ageing. In this study, we report the functional role of NOL12 in the nucleolar homeostasis of human primary fibroblasts. NOL12 repression induces specific changes in nucleolar morphology, with increased nucleolar area but reduced nucleolar number, along with nucleolar accumulation and increased levels of fibrillarin and nucleolin. Moreover, NOL12 repression leads to stabilization and activation of p53 in an RPL11-dependent manner, which arrests cells at G2 phase and ultimately leads to senescence. Importantly, we found NOL12 repression in association with nucleolar stress-like responses in human fibroblasts from elderly donors, disclosing it as a biomarker in human chronological aging.
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CtBP represses Dpp-dependent Mad activation during Drosophila eye development. Dev Biol 2018; 442:188-198. [PMID: 30031756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Complex networks of signaling pathways maintain the correct balance between positive and negative growth signals, ensuring that tissues achieve proper sizes and differentiation pattern during development. In Drosophila, Dpp, a member of the TGFβ family, plays two main roles during larval eye development. In the early eye primordium, Dpp promotes growth and cell survival, but later on, it switches its function to induce a developmentally-regulated cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and neuronal photoreceptor differentiation. To advance in the identification and characterization of regulators and targets of Dpp signaling required for retinal development, we carried out an in vivo eye-targeted double-RNAi screen to identify punt (Type II TGFβ receptor) interactors. Using a set of 251 genes associated with eye development, we identified CtBP, Dad, Ago and Brk as punt genetic interactors. Here, we show that downregulation of Ago, or conditions causing increased tissue growth including overexpression of Myc or CyclinD-Cdk4 are sufficient to partially rescue punt-dependent growth and photoreceptor differentiation. Interestingly, we show a novel role for the transcriptional co-repressor CtBP in inhibiting Dpp-dependent Mad activation by phosphorylation, downstream or in parallel to Dad, the inhibitory Smad. Furthermore, CtBP downregulation activates JNK signaling pathway, implying a complex regulation of signaling pathways by CtBP during eye development.
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6
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Campbell CL, Dickson LB, Lozano-Fuentes S, Juneja P, Jiggins FM, Black WC. Alternative patterns of sex chromosome differentiation in Aedes aegypti (L). BMC Genomics 2017; 18:943. [PMID: 29202694 PMCID: PMC5716240 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some populations of West African Aedes aegypti, the dengue and zika vector, are reproductively incompatible; our earlier study showed that divergence and rearrangements of genes on chromosome 1, which bears the sex locus (M), may be involved. We also previously described a proposed cryptic subspecies SenAae (PK10, Senegal) that had many more high inter-sex FST genes on chromosome 1 than did Ae.aegypti aegypti (Aaa, Pai Lom, Thailand). The current work more thoroughly explores the significance of those findings. Results Intersex standardized variance (FST) of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was characterized from genomic exome capture libraries of both sexes in representative natural populations of Aaa and SenAae. Our goal was to identify SNPs that varied in frequency between males and females, and most were expected to occur on chromosome 1. Use of the assembled AaegL4 reference alleviated the previous problem of unmapped genes. Because the M locus gene nix was not captured and not present in AaegL4, the male-determining locus, per se, was not explored. Sex-associated genes were those with FST values ≥ 0.100 and/or with increased expected heterozygosity (Hexp, one-sided T-test, p < 0.05) in males. There were 85 genes common to both collections with high inter-sex FST values; all genes but one were located on chromosome 1. Aaa showed the expected cluster of high inter-sex FST genes proximal to the M locus, whereas SenAae had inter-sex FST genes along the length of chromosome 1. In addition, the Aaa M-locus proximal region showed increased Hexp levels in males, whereas SenAae did not. In SenAae, chromosomal rearrangements and subsequent suppressed recombination may have accelerated X-Y differentiation. Conclusions The evidence presented here is consistent with differential evolution of proto-Y chromosomes in Aaa and SenAae. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-4348-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey L Campbell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1692, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Laura B Dickson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1692, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Saul Lozano-Fuentes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1692, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Punita Juneja
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Francis M Jiggins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - William C Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1692, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Scott DD, Trahan C, Zindy PJ, Aguilar LC, Delubac MY, Van Nostrand EL, Adivarahan S, Wei KE, Yeo GW, Zenklusen D, Oeffinger M. Nol12 is a multifunctional RNA binding protein at the nexus of RNA and DNA metabolism. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:12509-12528. [PMID: 29069457 PMCID: PMC5716212 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To counteract the breakdown of genome integrity, eukaryotic cells have developed a network of surveillance pathways to prevent and resolve DNA damage. Recent data has recognized the importance of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) in DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways. Here, we describe Nol12 as a multifunctional RBP with roles in RNA metabolism and genome maintenance. Nol12 is found in different subcellular compartments-nucleoli, where it associates with ribosomal RNA and is required for efficient separation of large and small subunit precursors at site 2; the nucleoplasm, where it co-localizes with the RNA/DNA helicase Dhx9 and paraspeckles; as well as GW/P-bodies in the cytoplasm. Loss of Nol12 results in the inability of cells to recover from DNA stress and a rapid p53-independent ATR-Chk1-mediated apoptotic response. Nol12 co-localizes with DNA repair proteins in vivo including Dhx9, as well as with TOPBP1 at sites of replication stalls, suggesting a role for Nol12 in the resolution of DNA stress and maintenance of genome integrity. Identification of a complex Nol12 interactome, which includes NONO, Dhx9, DNA-PK and Stau1, further supports the protein's diverse functions in RNA metabolism and DNA maintenance, establishing Nol12 as a multifunctional RBP essential for genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Scott
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Christian Trahan
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Pierre J. Zindy
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Lisbeth C. Aguilar
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Marc Y. Delubac
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Eric L. Van Nostrand
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Srivathsan Adivarahan
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Karen E. Wei
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Gene W. Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Molecular Engineering Laboratory, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Daniel Zenklusen
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marlene Oeffinger
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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Martins T, Eusebio N, Correia A, Marinho J, Casares F, Pereira PS. TGFβ/Activin signalling is required for ribosome biogenesis and cell growth in Drosophila salivary glands. Open Biol 2017; 7:rsob.160258. [PMID: 28123053 PMCID: PMC5303274 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Signalling by TGFβ superfamily factors plays an important role in tissue growth and cell proliferation. In Drosophila, the activity of the TGFβ/Activin signalling branch has been linked to the regulation of cell growth and proliferation, but the cellular and molecular basis for these functions are not fully understood. In this study, we show that both the RII receptor Punt (Put) and the R-Smad Smad2 are strongly required for cell and tissue growth. Knocking down the expression of Put or Smad2 in salivary glands causes alterations in nucleolar structure and functions. Cells with decreased TGFβ/Activin signalling accumulate intermediate pre-rRNA transcripts containing internal transcribed spacer 1 regions accompanied by the nucleolar retention of ribosomal proteins. Thus, our results show that TGFβ/Activin signalling is required for ribosomal biogenesis, a key aspect of cellular growth control. Importantly, overexpression of Put enhanced cell growth induced by Drosophila Myc, a well-characterized inducer of nucleolar hypertrophy and ribosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torcato Martins
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal .,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal.,Cell Cycle Development Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Nadia Eusebio
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Andreia Correia
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Joana Marinho
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Fernando Casares
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-JA-Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Ctra. de Utrera km1, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Paulo S Pereira
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal .,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
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Richard M, Bauer R, Tavosanis G, Hoch M. The gap junction protein Innexin3 is required for eye disc growth in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2017; 425:191-207. [PMID: 28390801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila compound eye develops from a bilayered epithelial sac composed of an upper peripodial epithelium layer and a lower disc proper, the latter giving rise to the eye itself. During larval stages, complex signalling events between the layers contribute to the control of cell proliferation and differentiation in the disc. Previous work in our lab established the gap junction protein Innexin2 (Inx2) as crucial for early larval eye disc growth. By analysing the contribution of other Innexins to eye size control, we have identified Innexin3 (Inx3) as an important growth regulator. Depleting inx3 during larval eye development reduces eye size, while elevating inx3 levels increases eye size, thus phenocopying the inx2 loss- and gain-of-function situation. As demonstrated previously for inx2, inx3 regulates disc cell proliferation and interacts genetically with the Dpp pathway, being required for the proper activation of the Dpp pathway transducer Mad at the furrow and the expression of Dpp receptor Punt in the eye disc. At the developmental timepoint corresponding to eye disc growth, Inx3 colocalises with Inx2 in disc proper and peripodial epithelium cell membranes. In addition, we show that Inx3 protein levels critically depend on inx2 throughout eye development and that inx3 modulates Inx2 protein levels in the larval eye disc. Rescue experiments demonstrate that Inx3 and Inx2 cooperate functionally to enable eye disc growth in Drosophila. Finally, we demonstrate that expression of Inx3 and Inx2 is not only needed in the disc proper but also in the peripodial epithelium to regulate growth of the eye disc. Our data provide a functional demonstration that putative Inx2/Inx3 heteromeric channels regulate organ size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélisande Richard
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES) Development, Genetics & Molecular Physiology Unit University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße, 31 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES) Development, Genetics & Molecular Physiology Unit University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße, 31 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gaia Tavosanis
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dendrite Differentiation Unit, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hoch
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES) Development, Genetics & Molecular Physiology Unit University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße, 31 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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10
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dMyc is required in retinal progenitors to prevent JNK-mediated retinal glial activation. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006647. [PMID: 28267791 PMCID: PMC5360344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nervous system, glial cells provide crucial insulation and trophic support to neurons and are important for neuronal survival. In reaction to a wide variety of insults, glial cells respond with changes in cell morphology and metabolism to allow repair. Additionally, these cells can acquire migratory and proliferative potential. In particular, after axonal damage or pruning the clearance of axonal debris by glial cells is key for a healthy nervous system. Thus, bidirectional neuron-glial interactions are crucial in development, but little is known about the cellular sensors and signalling pathways involved. In here, we show that decreased cellular fitness in retinal progenitors caused by reduced Drosophila Myc expression triggers non cell-autonomous activation of retinal glia proliferation and overmigration. Glia migration occurs beyond its normal limit near the boundary between differentiated photoreceptors and precursor cells, extending into the progenitor domain. This overmigration is stimulated by JNK activation (and the function of its target Mmp1), while proliferative responses are mediated by Dpp/TGF-β signalling activation. For a functional nervous system, neurons transmit information from cell to cell while glial cells provide crucial insulation and trophic support to neurons, which is important for neuronal survival. Glial cells are one of the most plastic cell types being able to adapt and respond to changing environmental stimuli. In this work we inhibit the function of the growth regulator dMyc in Drosophila retinal primordium, the eye imaginal discs. Glial cell numbers and migration pattern to the eye disc are tightly controlled but in dMyc-depleted retinas the glial cells overcome their normal barriers and overmigrate into the eye progenitors domain. We show evidence that this process is mediated by JNK activation in the presence of metalloproteinases. We discuss the biological role of overmigrating glia in tissue regeneration and/or confinement of the damaged area.
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11
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Sia PI, Wood JP, Chidlow G, Sharma S, Craig J, Casson RJ. Role of the nucleolus in neurodegenerative diseases with particular reference to the retina: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 44:188-95. [PMID: 26427048 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The nucleolus has emerged as a key regulator of cellular growth and the response to stress, in addition to its traditionally understood function in ribosome biogenesis. The association between nucleolar function and neurodegenerative disease is increasingly being explored. There is also recent evidence indicating that the nucleolus may well be crucial in the development of the eye. In this present review, the role of the nucleolus in retinal development as well as in neurodegeneration with an emphasis on the retina is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul I Sia
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John Pm Wood
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Glyn Chidlow
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shiwani Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jamie Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert J Casson
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Richard M, Hoch M. Drosophila eye size is determined by Innexin 2-dependent Decapentaplegic signalling. Dev Biol 2015; 408:26-40. [PMID: 26455410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Organogenesis relies on specific genetic and molecular programmes, which orchestrate growth and cellular differentiation over developmental time. This is particularly important during Drosophila eye development in which cell-cell inductive events and long-range signalling have to be integrated to regulate proper cell proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis. How these processes are coordinated is still not very well understood. Here we identify the gap junction protein Innexin2 (Inx2) as an important regulator of eye development. Depleting inx2 during eye development reduces eye size whereas elevating inx2 levels increases eye size. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments demonstrate that inx2 is required functionally in larval eye disc cells where it localises apico-laterally. inx2 regulates disc cell proliferation as well as morphogenetic furrow movement and as a result the amount of differentiated photoreceptors. inx2 interacts genetically with the Dpp pathway and we find that proper activation of the Dpp pathway transducer Mad at the furrow and expression of Dpp receptors Thickveins and Punt in the anterior disc compartment require inx2. We further show that inx2 is required for the transcriptional activation of dpp and punt in the eye disc. Our results highlight the crucial role of gap junction proteins in regulating morphogen-dependent organ size determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélisande Richard
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES) Development, Genetics & Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße, 31, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Michael Hoch
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES) Development, Genetics & Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße, 31, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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13
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Sen A, Kalvakuri S, Bodmer R, Cox RT. Clueless, a protein required for mitochondrial function, interacts with the PINK1-Parkin complex in Drosophila. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:577-89. [PMID: 26035866 PMCID: PMC4457034 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.019208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of mitochondrial function often leads to neurodegeneration and is thought to be one of the underlying causes of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the precise events linking mitochondrial dysfunction to neuronal death remain elusive. PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin (Park), either of which, when mutated, are responsible for early-onset PD, mark individual mitochondria for destruction at the mitochondrial outer membrane. The specific molecular pathways that regulate signaling between the nucleus and mitochondria to sense mitochondrial dysfunction under normal physiological conditions are not well understood. Here, we show that Drosophila Clueless (Clu), a highly conserved protein required for normal mitochondrial function, can associate with Translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) 20, Porin and PINK1, and is thus located at the mitochondrial outer membrane. Previously, we found that clu genetically interacts with park in Drosophila female germ cells. Here, we show that clu also genetically interacts with PINK1, and our epistasis analysis places clu downstream of PINK1 and upstream of park. In addition, Clu forms a complex with PINK1 and Park, further supporting that Clu links mitochondrial function with the PINK1-Park pathway. Lack of Clu causes PINK1 and Park to interact with each other, and clu mutants have decreased mitochondrial protein levels, suggesting that Clu can act as a negative regulator of the PINK1-Park pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that Clu directly modulates mitochondrial function, and that Clu's function contributes to the PINK1-Park pathway of mitochondrial quality control. Summary: The protein Clueless is crucial for mitochondrial function and can interact genetically and physically with the PINK1-Parkin mitophagy complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Sen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sreehari Kalvakuri
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rachel T Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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14
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Lowe N, Rees JS, Roote J, Ryder E, Armean IM, Johnson G, Drummond E, Spriggs H, Drummond J, Magbanua JP, Naylor H, Sanson B, Bastock R, Huelsmann S, Trovisco V, Landgraf M, Knowles-Barley S, Armstrong JD, White-Cooper H, Hansen C, Phillips RG, Lilley KS, Russell S, St Johnston D. Analysis of the expression patterns, subcellular localisations and interaction partners of Drosophila proteins using a pigP protein trap library. Development 2014; 141:3994-4005. [PMID: 25294943 PMCID: PMC4197710 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although we now have a wealth of information on the transcription patterns of all the genes in the Drosophila genome, much less is known about the properties of the encoded proteins. To provide information on the expression patterns and subcellular localisations of many proteins in parallel, we have performed a large-scale protein trap screen using a hybrid piggyBac vector carrying an artificial exon encoding yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and protein affinity tags. From screening 41 million embryos, we recovered 616 verified independent YFP-positive lines representing protein traps in 374 genes, two-thirds of which had not been tagged in previous P element protein trap screens. Over 20 different research groups then characterized the expression patterns of the tagged proteins in a variety of tissues and at several developmental stages. In parallel, we purified many of the tagged proteins from embryos using the affinity tags and identified co-purifying proteins by mass spectrometry. The fly stocks are publicly available through the Kyoto Drosophila Genetics Resource Center. All our data are available via an open access database (Flannotator), which provides comprehensive information on the expression patterns, subcellular localisations and in vivo interaction partners of the trapped proteins. Our resource substantially increases the number of available protein traps in Drosophila and identifies new markers for cellular organelles and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Lowe
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Johanna S Rees
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK The Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - John Roote
- The Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Ed Ryder
- The Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Irina M Armean
- The Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Glynnis Johnson
- The Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Emma Drummond
- The Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Helen Spriggs
- The Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Jenny Drummond
- The Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Jose P Magbanua
- The Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Huw Naylor
- The Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Bénédicte Sanson
- The Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Rebecca Bastock
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Sven Huelsmann
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Vitor Trovisco
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Matthias Landgraf
- The Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Seymour Knowles-Barley
- Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation, University of Edinburgh, 10 Crichton Street, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK
| | - J Douglas Armstrong
- Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation, University of Edinburgh, 10 Crichton Street, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK
| | - Helen White-Cooper
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Celia Hansen
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Adrian Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Roger G Phillips
- Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Sussex, School of Life Sciences, John Maynard Smith Building, Falmer, Brighton and Hove BN1 9QG, UK
| | | | - Kathryn S Lilley
- The Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Steven Russell
- The Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Daniel St Johnston
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
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15
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Mohr SE. RNAi screening in Drosophila cells and in vivo. Methods 2014; 68:82-8. [PMID: 24576618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, I discuss how RNAi screening can be used effectively to uncover gene function. Specifically, I discuss the types of high-throughput assays that can be done in Drosophila cells and in vivo, RNAi reagent design and available reagent collections, automated screen pipelines, analysis of screen results, and approaches to RNAi results verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Mohr
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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