1
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Xiang S, Lin Z, Makarcyzk MJ, Riewruja K, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Li Z, Clark KL, Li E, Liu S, Hao T, Fritch MR, Alexander PG, Lin H. Differences in the intrinsic chondrogenic potential of human mesenchymal stromal cells and iPSC-derived multipotent cells. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1112. [PMID: 36536500 PMCID: PMC9763539 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human multipotent progenitor cells (hiMPCs) created from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a new cell source for cartilage regeneration. In most studies, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are needed to enhance transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-induced hiMPC chondrogenesis. In contrast, TGFβ alone is sufficient to result in robust chondrogenesis of human primary mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). Currently, the mechanism underlying this difference between hiMPCs and hMSCs has not been fully understood. METHODS In this study, we first tested different growth factors alone or in combination in stimulating hiMPC chondrogenesis, with a special focus on chondrocytic hypertrophy. The reparative capacity of hiMPCs-derived cartilage was assessed in an osteochondral defect model created in rats. hMSCs isolated from bone marrow were included in all studies as the control. Lastly, a mechanistic study was conducted to understand why hiMPCs and hMSCs behave differently in responding to TGFβ. RESULTS Chondrogenic medium supplemented with TGFβ3 and BMP6 led to robust in vitro cartilage formation from hiMPCs with minimal hypertrophy. Cartilage tissue generated from this new method was resistant to osteogenic transition upon subcutaneous implantation and resulted in a hyaline cartilage-like regeneration in osteochondral defects in rats. Interestingly, TGFβ3 induced phosphorylation of both Smad2/3 and Smad1/5 in hMSCs, but only activated Smad2/3 in hiMPCs. Supplementing BMP6 activated Smad1/5 and significantly enhanced TGFβ's compacity in inducing hiMPC chondrogenesis. The chondro-promoting function of BMP6 was abolished by the treatment of a BMP pathway inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS This study describes a robust method to generate chondrocytes from hiMPCs with low hypertrophy for hyaline cartilage repair, as well as elucidates the difference between hMSCs and hiMPCs in response to TGFβ. Our results also indicated the importance of activating both Smad2/3 and Smad1/5 in the initiation of chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanPR China
| | - Zixuan Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Meagan J. Makarcyzk
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pittsburgh Swanson School of EngineeringPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kanyakorn Riewruja
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton Research Unit, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross SocietyBangkokThailand
| | - Yiqian Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Xiurui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Karen L. Clark
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Eileen Li
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Silvia Liu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Tingjun Hao
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Madalyn R. Fritch
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Peter G. Alexander
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pittsburgh Swanson School of EngineeringPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Gene Regulation during Carapacial Ridge Development of Mauremys reevesii: The Development of Carapacial Ridge, Ribs and Scutes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091676. [PMID: 36140843 PMCID: PMC9498798 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique topological structure of a turtle shell, including the special ribs-scapula relationship, is an evolutionarily novelty of amniotes. The carapacial ridge is a key embryonic tissue for inducing turtle carapace morphologenesis. However, the gene expression profiles and molecular regulatory mechanisms that occur during carapacial ridge development, including the regulation mechanism of rib axis arrest, the development mechanism of the carapacial ridge, and the differentiation between soft-shell turtles and hard-shell turtles, are not fully understood. In this study, we obtained genome-wide gene expression profiles during the carapacial ridge development of Mauremys reevesii using RNA-sequencing by using carapacial ridge tissues from stage 14, 15 and 16 turtle embryos. In addition, a differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis and a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of three comparison groups were performed. Furthermore, a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was used to analyze the pathway enrichment of the differentially expressed genes of the three comparative groups. The result displayed that the Wnt signaling pathway was substantially enriched in the CrTK14 vs. the CrTK15 comparison group, while the Hedgehog signaling pathway was significantly enriched in the CrTK15 vs. the CrTK16 group. Moreover, the regulatory network of the Wnt signaling pathway showed that Wnt signaling pathways might interact with Fgfs, Bmps, and Shh to form a regulatory network to regulate the carapacial ridge development. Next, WGCNA was used to cluster and analyze the expression genes during the carapacial ridge development of M. reevesii and P. sinensis. Further, a KEGG functional enrichment analysis of the carapacial ridge correlation gene modules was performed. Interesting, these results indicated that the Wnt signaling pathway and the MAPK signaling pathway were significantly enriched in the gene modules that were highly correlated with the stage 14 and stage 15 carapacial ridge samples of the two species. The Hedgehog signaling pathway was significantly enriched in the modules that were strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of M. reevesii, however, the PI3K-Akt signaling and the TGF-β signaling pathways were significantly enriched in the modules that were strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of P. sinensis. Furthermore, we found that those modules that were strongly correlated with the stage 14 carapacial ridge samples of M. reevesii and P. sinensis contained Wnts and Lef1. While the navajo white 3 module which was strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of M. reevesii contained Shh and Ptchs. The dark green module strongly correlated with the stage 16 carapacial ridge samples of P. sinensis which contained Col1a1, Col1a2, and Itga8. Consequently, this study systematically revealed the signaling pathways and genes that regulate the carapacial ridge development of M. reevesii and P. sinensis, which provides new insights for revealing the molecular mechanism that is underlying the turtle's body structure.
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Lancman JJ, Hasso SM, Suzuki T, Kherdjemil Y, Kmita M, Ferris A, Dong PDS, Ros MA, Fallon JF. Downregulation of Grem1 expression in the distal limb mesoderm is a necessary precondition for phalanx development. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1439-1455. [PMID: 34719843 PMCID: PMC9054941 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phalanges are the final skeletal elements to form in the vertebrate limb and their identity is regulated by signaling at the phalanx forming region (PFR) located at the tip of the developing digit ray. Here, we seek to explore the relationship between PFR activity and phalanx morphogenesis, which define the most distal limb skeletal elements, and signals associated with termination of limb outgrowth. RESULTS As Grem1 is extinguished in the distal chick limb mesoderm, the chondrogenesis marker Aggrecan is up-regulated in the metatarsals and phalanges. Fate mapping confirms that subridge mesoderm cells contribute to the metatarsal and phalanges when subridge Grem1 is down-regulated. Grem1 overexpression specifically blocks chick phalanx development by inhibiting PFR activity. PFR activity and digit development are also disrupted following overexpression of a Gli3 repressor, which results in Grem1 expression in the distal limb and downregulation of Bmpr1b. CONCLUSIONS Based on expression and fate mapping studies, we propose that downregulation of Grem1 in the distal limb marks the transition from metatarsal to phalanx development. This suggests that downregulation of Grem1 in the distal limb mesoderm is necessary for phalanx development. Grem1 downregulation allows for full PFR activity and phalanx progenitor cell commitment to digit fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Lancman
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sean M Hasso
- Heat Biologics, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yacine Kherdjemil
- Genetics and Development Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Kmita
- Genetics and Development Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Ferris
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - P Duc S Dong
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marian A Ros
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria-Sociedad para al Desarrollo Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - John F Fallon
- Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Davidian D, Levin M. Inducing Vertebrate Limb Regeneration: A Review of Past Advances and Future Outlook. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040782. [PMID: 34400551 PMCID: PMC9121900 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Limb loss due to traumatic injury or amputation is a major biomedical burden. Many vertebrates exhibit the ability to form and pattern normal limbs during embryogenesis from amorphous clusters of precursor cells, hinting that this process could perhaps be activated later in life to rebuild missing or damaged limbs. Indeed, some animals, such as salamanders, are proficient regenerators of limbs throughout their life span. Thus, research over the last century has sought to stimulate regeneration in species that do not normally regenerate their appendages. Importantly, these efforts are not only a vital aspect of regenerative medicine, but also have fundamental implications for understanding evolution and the cellular control of growth and form throughout the body. Here we review major recent advances in augmenting limb regeneration, summarizing the degree of success that has been achieved to date in frog and mammalian models using genetic, biochemical, and bioelectrical interventions. While the degree of whole limb repair in rodent models has been modest to date, a number of new technologies and approaches comprise an exciting near-term road map for basic and clinical progress in regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Davidian
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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5
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Shen F, Shi Y. Recent Advances in Single-Cell View of Mesenchymal Stem Cell in Osteogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:809918. [PMID: 35071243 PMCID: PMC8766509 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.809918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts continuously replenished by osteoblast progenitor cells form the basis of bone development, maintenance, and regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from various tissues can differentiate into the progenitor cell of osteogenic lineage and serve as the main source of osteoblasts. They also respond flexibly to regenerative and anabolic signals emitted by the surrounding microenvironment, thereby maintaining bone homeostasis and participating in bone remodeling. However, MSCs exhibit heterogeneity at multiple levels including different tissue sources and subpopulations which exhibit diversified gene expression and differentiation capacity, and surface markers used to predict cell differentiation potential remain to be further elucidated. The rapid advancement of lineage tracing methods and single-cell technology has made substantial progress in the characterization of osteogenic stem/progenitor cell populations in MSCs. Here, we reviewed the research progress of scRNA-seq technology in the identification of osteogenic markers and differentiation pathways, MSC-related new insights drawn from single-cell technology combined with experimental technology, and recent findings regarding the interaction between stem cell fate and niche in homeostasis and pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Rolfe RA, Shea CA, Murphy P. Geometric analysis of chondrogenic self-organisation of embryonic limb bud cells in micromass culture. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:49-62. [PMID: 34988666 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal control of chondrogenesis generates precise, species-specific patterns of skeletal structures in the developing vertebrate limb. The pattern-template is laid down when mesenchymal cells at the core of the early limb bud condense and undergo chondrogenic differentiation. Although the mechanisms involved in organising such complex patterns are not fully understood, the interplay between BMP and Wnt signalling pathways is fundamental. Primary embryonic limb bud cells grown under high-density micromass culture conditions spontaneously create a simple cartilage nodule pattern, presenting a model to investigate pattern generation. We describe a novel analytical approach to quantify geometric properties and spatial relationships between chondrogenic condensations, utilizing the micromass model. We follow the emergence of pattern in live cultures with nodules forming at regular distances, growing and changing shape over time. Gene expression profiling supports rapid chondrogenesis and transition to hypertrophy, mimicking the process of endochondral ossification within the limb bud. Manipulating the signalling environment through addition of BMP or Wnt ligands, as well as the BMP pathway antagonist Noggin, altered the differentiation profile and nodule pattern. BMP2 addition increased chondrogenesis while WNT3A or Noggin had the opposite effect, but with distinct pattern outcomes. Titrating these pro- and anti-chondrogenic factors and examining the resulting patterns support the hypothesis that regularly spaced cartilage nodules formed by primary limb bud cells in micromass culture are influenced by the balance of Wnt and BMP signalling under a Turing-like mechanism. This study demonstrates an approach for investigating the mechanisms governing chondrogenic spatial organization using simple micromass culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Rolfe
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Claire A Shea
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paula Murphy
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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7
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Wells KM, Baumel M, McCusker CD. The Regulation of Growth in Developing, Homeostatic, and Regenerating Tetrapod Limbs: A Minireview. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:768505. [PMID: 35047496 PMCID: PMC8763381 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.768505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The size and shape of the tetrapod limb play central roles in their functionality and the overall physiology of the organism. In this minireview we will discuss observations on mutant animal models and humans, which show that the growth and final size of the limb is most impacted by factors that regulate either limb bud patterning or the elongation of the long bones. We will also apply the lessons that have been learned from embryos to how growth could be regulated in regenerating limb structures and outline the challenges that are unique to regenerating animals.
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8
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Sharma D, Mirando AJ, Leinroth A, Long JT, Karner CM, Hilton MJ. HES1 is a novel downstream modifier of the SHH-GLI3 Axis in the development of preaxial polydactyly. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009982. [PMID: 34928956 PMCID: PMC8726490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog/GLI3 signaling is critical in regulating digit number, such that Gli3-deficiency results in polydactyly and Shh-deficiency leads to digit number reductions. SHH/GLI3 signaling regulates cell cycle factors controlling mesenchymal cell proliferation, while simultaneously regulating Grem1 to coordinate BMP-induced chondrogenesis. SHH/GLI3 signaling also coordinates the expression of additional genes, however their importance in digit formation remain unknown. Utilizing genetic and molecular approaches, we identified HES1 as a downstream modifier of the SHH/GLI signaling axis capable of inducing preaxial polydactyly (PPD), required for Gli3-deficient PPD, and capable of overcoming digit number constraints of Shh-deficiency. Our data indicate that HES1, a direct SHH/GLI signaling target, induces mesenchymal cell proliferation via suppression of Cdkn1b, while inhibiting chondrogenic genes and the anterior autopod boundary regulator, Pax9. These findings establish HES1 as a critical downstream effector of SHH/GLI3 signaling in the development of PPD. Sonic Hedgehog/GLI3 signaling is critical in regulating digit number, such that Gli3-deficiency results in additional digits and Shh-deficiency leads to digit number reductions. SHH/GLI3 signaling within the developing limb regulates numerous genes critical for proper autopod (hand/foot) development, however not all target genes are known to be truly important for digit formation. Utilizing genetic and molecular approaches, we identified HES1 as a downstream modifier of the SHH/GLI signaling axis capable of inducing preaxial polydactyly (PPD), required for Gli3-deficient PPD, and capable of overcoming digit number constraints of Shh-deficiency. We further propose a mechanistic model by which HES1 coordinates the expression of genes important for proper digit development. These findings establish HES1 as a critical downstream effector of SHH/GLI3 signaling in the development of PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Mirando
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Abigail Leinroth
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jason T. Long
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Courtney M. Karner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Hilton
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gamart J, Barozzi I, Laurent F, Reinhardt R, Martins LR, Oberholzer T, Visel A, Zeller R, Zuniga A. SMAD4 target genes are part of a transcriptional network that integrates the response to BMP and SHH signaling during early limb bud patterning. Development 2021; 148:273522. [PMID: 34822715 PMCID: PMC8714076 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SMAD4 regulates gene expression in response to BMP and TGFβ signal transduction, and is required for diverse morphogenetic processes, but its target genes have remained largely elusive. Here, we identify the SMAD4 target genes in mouse limb buds using an epitope-tagged Smad4 allele for ChIP-seq analysis in combination with transcription profiling. This analysis shows that SMAD4 predominantly mediates BMP signal transduction during early limb bud development. Unexpectedly, the expression of cholesterol biosynthesis enzymes is precociously downregulated and intracellular cholesterol levels are reduced in Smad4-deficient limb bud mesenchymal progenitors. Most importantly, our analysis reveals a predominant function of SMAD4 in upregulating target genes in the anterior limb bud mesenchyme. Analysis of differentially expressed genes shared between Smad4- and Shh-deficient limb buds corroborates this function of SMAD4 and also reveals the repressive effect of SMAD4 on posterior genes that are upregulated in response to SHH signaling. This analysis uncovers opposing trans-regulatory inputs from SHH- and SMAD4-mediated BMP signal transduction on anterior and posterior gene expression during the digit patterning and outgrowth in early limb buds. Summary: The transcriptional targets of SMAD4 in early limb buds are identified and the largely opposing impact of BMP and SHH signaling on early digit patterning and outgrowth is revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gamart
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iros Barozzi
- Functional Genomics Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Frédéric Laurent
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Reinhardt
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Ramos Martins
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Oberholzer
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Axel Visel
- Functional Genomics Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.,School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Rolf Zeller
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aimée Zuniga
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Trofka A, Huang BL, Zhu J, Heinz WF, Magidson V, Shibata Y, Shi YB, Tarchini B, Stadler HS, Kabangu M, Al Haj Baddar NW, Voss SR, Mackem S. Genetic basis for an evolutionary shift from ancestral preaxial to postaxial limb polarity in non-urodele vertebrates. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4923-4934.e5. [PMID: 34610275 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In most tetrapod vertebrates, limb skeletal progenitors condense with postaxial dominance. Posterior elements (such as ulna and fibula) appear prior to their anterior counterparts (radius and tibia), followed by digit-appearance order with continuing postaxial polarity. The only exceptions are urodele amphibians (salamanders), whose limb elements develop with preaxial polarity and who are also notable for their unique ability to regenerate complete limbs as adults. The mechanistic basis for this preaxial dominance has remained an enigma and has even been proposed to relate to the acquisition of novel genes involved in regeneration. However, recent fossil evidence suggests that preaxial polarity represents an ancestral rather than derived state. Here, we report that 5'Hoxd (Hoxd11-d13) gene deletion in mouse is atavistic and uncovers an underlying preaxial polarity in mammalian limb formation. We demonstrate this shift from postaxial to preaxial dominance in mouse results from excess Gli3 repressor (Gli3R) activity due to the loss of 5'Hoxd-Gli3 antagonism and is associated with cell-cycle changes promoting precocious cell-cycle exit in the anterior limb bud. We further show that Gli3 knockdown in axolotl results in a shift to postaxial dominant limb skeleton formation, as well as expanded paddle-shaped limb-bud morphology and ensuing polydactyly. Evolutionary changes in Gli3R activity level, which also played a key role in the fin-to-limb transition, appear to be fundamental to the shift from preaxial to postaxial polarity in formation of the tetrapod limb skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Trofka
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Bau-Lin Huang
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jianjian Zhu
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - William F Heinz
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Valentin Magidson
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Yuki Shibata
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - H Scott Stadler
- Division of Skeletal Biology, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mirindi Kabangu
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Nour W Al Haj Baddar
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - S Randal Voss
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA.
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Spatial regulation by multiple Gremlin1 enhancers provides digit development with cis-regulatory robustness and evolutionary plasticity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5557. [PMID: 34548488 PMCID: PMC8455560 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise cis-regulatory control of gene expression is essential for normal embryogenesis and tissue development. The BMP antagonist Gremlin1 (Grem1) is a key node in the signalling system that coordinately controls limb bud development. Here, we use mouse reverse genetics to identify the enhancers in the Grem1 genomic landscape and the underlying cis-regulatory logics that orchestrate the spatio-temporal Grem1 expression dynamics during limb bud development. We establish that transcript levels are controlled in an additive manner while spatial regulation requires synergistic interactions among multiple enhancers. Disrupting these interactions shows that altered spatial regulation rather than reduced Grem1 transcript levels prefigures digit fusions and loss. Two of the enhancers are evolutionary ancient and highly conserved from basal fishes to mammals. Analysing these enhancers from different species reveal the substantial spatial plasticity in Grem1 regulation in tetrapods and basal fishes, which provides insights into the fin-to-limb transition and evolutionary diversification of pentadactyl limbs. The BMP antagonist Gremlin1 balances BMP and SHH signalling, endowing limb bud development with robustness. Here, the authors identify enhancers controlling Grem1 levels in an additive, and spatial regulation in a synergistic manner, providing digit patterning with cis-regulatory robustness and evolutionary plasticity.
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12
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Histone Epigenetic Signatures in Embryonic Limb Interdigital Cells Fated to Die. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040911. [PMID: 33921015 PMCID: PMC8071442 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During limb formation in vertebrates with free digits, the interdigital mesoderm is eliminated by a massive degeneration process that involves apoptosis and cell senescence. The degradation process is preceded by intense DNA damage in zones located close to methylated DNA, accompanied by the activation of the DNA repair response. In this study, we show that trimethylated histone 3 (H3K4me3, H3K9me3, and H3K27me3) overlaps with zones positive for 5mC in the nuclei of interdigital cells. This pattern contrasts with the widespread distribution of acetylated histones (H3K9ac and H4ac) and the histone variant H3.3 throughout the nucleoplasm. Consistent with the intense labeling of acetylated histones, the histone deacetylase genes Hdac1, Hdac2, Hdac3, and Hdac8, and at a more reduced level, Hdac10, are expressed in the interdigits. Furthermore, local treatments with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A, which promotes an open chromatin state, induces massive cell death and transcriptional changes reminiscent of, but preceding, the physiological process of interdigit remodeling. Together, these findings suggest that the epigenetic profile of the interdigital mesoderm contributes to the sensitivity to DNA damage that precedes apoptosis during tissue regression.
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13
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Towler OW, Peck SH, Kaplan FS, Shore EM. Dysregulated BMP signaling through ACVR1 impairs digit joint development in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). Dev Biol 2020; 470:136-146. [PMID: 33217406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of joints in the mammalian skeleton depends on the precise regulation of multiple interacting signaling pathways including the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway, a key regulator of joint development, digit patterning, skeletal growth, and chondrogenesis. Mutations in the BMP receptor ACVR1 cause the rare genetic disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) in which extensive and progressive extra-skeletal bone forms in soft connective tissues after birth. These mutations, which enhance BMP-pSmad1/5 pathway activity to induce ectopic bone, also affect skeletal development. FOP can be diagnosed at birth by symmetric, characteristic malformations of the great toes (first digits) that are associated with decreased joint mobility, shortened digit length, and absent, fused, and/or malformed phalanges. To elucidate the role of ACVR1-mediated BMP signaling in digit skeletal development, we used an Acvr1R206H/+;Prrx1-Cre knock-in mouse model that mimics the first digit phenotype of human FOP. We have determined that the effects of increased Acvr1-mediated signaling by the Acvr1R206H mutation are not limited to the first digit but alter BMP signaling, Gdf5+ joint progenitor cell localization, and joint development in a manner that differently affects individual digits during embryogenesis. The Acvr1R206H mutation leads to delayed and disrupted joint specification and cleavage in the digits and alters the development of cartilage and endochondral ossification at sites of joint morphogenesis. These findings demonstrate an important role for ACVR1-mediated BMP signaling in the regulation of joint and skeletal formation, show a direct link between failure to restrict BMP signaling in the digit joint interzone and failure of joint cleavage at the presumptive interzone, and implicate impaired, digit-specific joint development as the proximal cause of digit malformation in FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Will Towler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Sun H Peck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Frederick S Kaplan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Boulevard, Clinical Research Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, 309A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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14
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Kawahata K, Cordeiro IR, Ueda S, Sheng G, Moriyama Y, Nishimori C, Yu R, Koizumi M, Okabe M, Tanaka M. Evolution of the avian digital pattern. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8560. [PMID: 31189916 PMCID: PMC6561939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44913-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in digit number has occurred multiple times in the history of archosaur evolution. The five digits of dinosaur limbs were reduced to three in bird forelimbs, and were further reduced in the vestigial forelimbs of the emu. Regulation of digit number has been investigated previously by examining genes involved in anterior-posterior patterning in forelimb buds among emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), chicken (Gallus gallus) and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). It was described that the expression of posterior genes are conserved among these three birds, whereas expression of anterior genes Gli3 and Alx4 varied significantly. Here we re-examined the expression pattern of Gli3 and Alx4 in the forelimb of emu, chicken and zebra finch. We found that Gli3 is expressed in the anterior region, although its range varied among species, and that the expression pattern of Alx4 in forelimb buds is broadly conserved in a stage-specific manner. We also found that the dynamic expression pattern of the BMP antagonist Gremlin1 (Grem1) in limb buds, which is critical for autopodial expansion, was consistent with the digital pattern of emu, chicken and zebra finch. Furthermore, in emu, variation among individuals was observed in the width of Grem1 expression in forelimb buds, as well as in the adult skeletal pattern. Our results support the view that the signalling system that regulates the dynamic expression of Grem1 in the limb bud contributes substantially to variations in avian digital patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kawahata
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Shogo Ueda
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Guojun Sheng
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuuta Moriyama
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Physics and Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Chika Nishimori
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Reiko Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makoto Koizumi
- Laboratory Animal Facilities, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Okabe
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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15
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O’Hare EA, Antin PB, Delany ME. Two Proximally Close Priority Candidate Genes for diplopodia-1, an Autosomal Inherited Craniofacial-Limb Syndrome in the Chicken: MRE11 and GPR83. J Hered 2019; 110:194-210. [PMID: 30597046 PMCID: PMC6399517 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esy071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and expression technologies were utilized to investigate the genes and sequence elements in a 586 kb region of chicken chromosome 1 associated with the autosomal recessive diplopodia-1 (dp-1) mutation. This mutation shows a syndromic phenotype similar to known human developmental abnormalities (e.g., cleft palate, polydactyly, omphalocele [exposed viscera]). Toward our goal to ascertain the variant responsible, the entire 586 kb region was sequenced following utilization of a specifically designed capture array and to confirm/validate fine-mapping results. Bioinformatic analyses identified a total of 6142 sequence variants, which included SNPs, indels, and gaps. Of these, 778 SNPs, 146 micro-indels, and 581 gaps were unique to the UCD-Dp-1.003 inbred congenic line; those found within exons and splice sites were studied for contribution to the mutant phenotype. Upon further validation with additional mutant samples, a smaller subset (of variants [51]) remains linked to the mutation. Additionally, utilization of specific samples in the NGS technology was advantageous in that fine-mapping methodologies eliminated an additional 326 kb of sequence information on chromosome 1. Predicted and confirmed protein-coding genes within the smaller 260 kb region were assessed for their developmental expression patterns over several stages of early embryogenesis in regions/tissues of interest (e.g., digits, craniofacial region). Based on these results and known function in other vertebrates, 2 genes within 5 kb of each other, MRE11 and GPR83, are proposed as high-priority candidates for the dp-1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A O’Hare
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA
- Elizabeth A. O’Hare is now at the Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD
| | - Parker B Antin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Mary E Delany
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA
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16
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Wang W, Zhou C, Feng Z, Li H, Zhang Y, Bao B, Cai B, Chen M, Huang H. PLGA-based control release of Noggin blocks the premature fusion of cranial sutures caused by retinoic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:291-301. [PMID: 30392121 PMCID: PMC6311184 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis (CS), the premature and pathological fusion of cranial sutures, is a relatively common developmental disorder. Elucidation of the pathways involved and thus therapeutically targeting it would be promising for the prevention of CS. In the present study, we examined the role of BMP pathway in the all-trans retinoic acid (atRA)-induced CS model and tried to target the pathway in vivo via PLGA-based control release. As expected, the posterior frontal suture was found to fuse prematurely in the atRA subcutaneous injection mouse model. Further mechanism study revealed that atRA could repress the proliferation while promote the osteogenic differentiation of suture-derived mesenchymal cells (SMCs). Moreover, BMP signal pathway was found to be activated by atRA, as seen from increased expression of BMPR-2 and pSMAD1/5/9. Recombinant mouse Noggin blocked the atRA-induced enhancement of osteogenesis of SMCs in vitro. In vivo, PLGA microsphere encapsulated with Noggin significantly prevented the atRA-induced suture fusion. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that BMP signaling is involved in retinoic acid-induced premature fusion of cranial sutures, while PLGA microsphere-based control release of Noggin emerges as a promising strategy for prevention of atRA-induced suture fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicai Wang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhicai Feng
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baicheng Bao
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Cai
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, 89 Taoyuan Road, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hongzhang Huang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou, China.
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17
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Schliermann A, Nickel J. Unraveling the Connection between Fibroblast Growth Factor and Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103220. [PMID: 30340367 PMCID: PMC6214098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ontogeny of higher organisms as well the regulation of tissue homeostasis in adult individuals requires a fine-balanced interplay of regulating factors that individually trigger the fate of particular cells to either stay undifferentiated or to differentiate towards distinct tissue specific lineages. In some cases, these factors act synergistically to promote certain cellular responses, whereas in other tissues the same factors antagonize each other. However, the molecular basis of this obvious dual signaling activity is still only poorly understood. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are two major signal protein families that have a lot in common: They are both highly preserved between different species, involved in essential cellular functions, and their ligands vastly outnumber their receptors, making extensive signal regulation necessary. In this review we discuss where and how BMP and FGF signaling cross paths. The compiled data reflect that both factors synchronously act in many tissues, and that antagonism and synergism both exist in a context-dependent manner. Therefore, by challenging a generalization of the connection between these two pathways a new chapter in BMP FGF signaling research will be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schliermann
- Lehrstuhl für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97222 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Joachim Nickel
- Lehrstuhl für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97222 Würzburg, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institut für Silicatforschung, Translationszentrum TLZ-RT, Röntgenring 11, 97222 Würzburg, Germany.
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18
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Bosch PJ, Fuller LC, Weiner JA. An essential role for the nuclear protein Akirin2 in mouse limb interdigital tissue regression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12240. [PMID: 30116001 PMCID: PMC6095873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30801-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of interdigital tissue regression requires the interplay of multiple spatiotemporally-controlled morphogen gradients to ensure proper limb formation and release of individual digits. Disruption to this process can lead to a number of limb abnormalities, including syndactyly. Akirins are highly conserved nuclear proteins that are known to interact with chromatin remodelling machinery at gene enhancers. In mammals, the analogue Akirin2 is essential for embryonic development and critical for a wide variety of roles in immune function, meiosis, myogenesis and brain development. Here we report a critical role for Akirin2 in the regulation of interdigital tissue regression in the mouse limb. Knockout of Akirin2 in limb epithelium leads to a loss of interdigital cell death and an increase in cell proliferation, resulting in retention of the interdigital web and soft-tissue syndactyly. This is associated with perdurance of Fgf8 expression in the ectoderm overlying the interdigital space. Our study supports a mechanism whereby Akirin2 is required for the downregulation of Fgf8 from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) during limb development, and implies its requirement in signalling between interdigital mesenchymal cells and the AER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Bosch
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Leah C Fuller
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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19
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Watson BA, Feenstra JM, Van Arsdale JM, Rai-Bhatti KS, Kim DJH, Coggins AS, Mattison GL, Yoo S, Steinman ED, Pira CU, Gongol BR, Oberg KC. LHX2 Mediates the FGF-to-SHH Regulatory Loop during Limb Development. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:E13. [PMID: 29914077 PMCID: PMC6027391 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During limb development, fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) govern proximal⁻distal outgrowth and patterning. FGFs also synchronize developmental patterning between the proximal⁻distal and anterior⁻posterior axes by maintaining Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression in cells of the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) in the distal posterior mesoderm. Shh, in turn, maintains Fgfs in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) that caps the distal tip of the limb bud. Crosstalk between Fgf and Shh signaling is critical for patterned limb development, but the mechanisms underlying this feedback loop are not well-characterized. Implantation of Fgf beads in the proximal posterior limb bud can maintain SHH expression in the former ZPA domain (evident 3 h after application), while prolonged exposure (24 h) can induce SHH outside of this domain. Although temporally and spatially disparate, comparative analysis of transcriptome data from these different populations accentuated genes involved in SHH regulation. Comparative analysis identified 25 candidates common to both treatments, with eight linked to SHH expression or function. Furthermore, we demonstrated that LHX2, a LIM Homeodomain transcription factor, is an intermediate in the FGF-mediated regulation of SHH. Our data suggest that LHX2 acts as a competency factor maintaining distal posterior SHH expression subjacent to the AER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy A Watson
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Feenstra
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Van Arsdale
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Karndeep S Rai-Bhatti
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Diana J H Kim
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Ashley S Coggins
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Gennaya L Mattison
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Stephen Yoo
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Eric D Steinman
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Charmaine U Pira
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Brendan R Gongol
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Sciences, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Kerby C Oberg
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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20
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Wertheimer T, Velardi E, Tsai J, Cooper K, Xiao S, Kloss CC, Ottmüller KJ, Mokhtari Z, Brede C, deRoos P, Kinsella S, Palikuqi B, Ginsberg M, Young LF, Kreines F, Lieberman SR, Lazrak A, Guo P, Malard F, Smith OM, Shono Y, Jenq RR, Hanash AM, Nolan DJ, Butler JM, Beilhack A, Manley NR, Rafii S, Dudakov JA, van den Brink MRM. Production of BMP4 by endothelial cells is crucial for endogenous thymic regeneration. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:eaal2736. [PMID: 29330161 PMCID: PMC5795617 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aal2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The thymus is not only extremely sensitive to damage but also has a remarkable ability to repair itself. However, the mechanisms underlying this endogenous regeneration remain poorly understood, and this capacity diminishes considerably with age. We show that thymic endothelial cells (ECs) comprise a critical pathway of regeneration via their production of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) ECs increased their production of BMP4 after thymic damage, and abrogating BMP4 signaling or production by either pharmacologic or genetic inhibition impaired thymic repair. EC-derived BMP4 acted on thymic epithelial cells (TECs) to increase their expression of Foxn1, a key transcription factor involved in TEC development, maintenance, and regeneration, and its downstream targets such as Dll4, a key mediator of thymocyte development and regeneration. These studies demonstrate the importance of the BMP4 pathway in endogenous tissue regeneration and offer a potential clinical approach to enhance T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wertheimer
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Velardi
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jennifer Tsai
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kirsten Cooper
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Shiyun Xiao
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Christopher C Kloss
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Katja J Ottmüller
- Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Hospital, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), and Graduate School of Life Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zeinab Mokhtari
- Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Hospital, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), and Graduate School of Life Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Brede
- Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Hospital, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), and Graduate School of Life Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul deRoos
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sinéad Kinsella
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brisa Palikuqi
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Lauren F Young
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fabiana Kreines
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sophia R Lieberman
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amina Lazrak
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peipei Guo
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Florent Malard
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Odette M Smith
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yusuke Shono
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Robert R Jenq
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alan M Hanash
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Jason M Butler
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Hospital, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), and Graduate School of Life Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nancy R Manley
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jarrod A Dudakov
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, and Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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21
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Montero JA, Lorda-Diez CI, Francisco-Morcillo J, Chimal-Monroy J, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM. Sox9 Expression in Amniotes: Species-Specific Differences in the Formation of Digits. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:23. [PMID: 28386540 PMCID: PMC5362607 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In tetrapods the digit pattern has evolved to adapt to distinct locomotive strategies. The number of digits varies between species or even between hindlimb and forelimb within the same species. These facts illustrate the plasticity of embryonic limb autopods. Sox9 is a precocious marker of skeletal differentiation of limb mesenchymal cells. Its pattern of expression in the developing limb has been widely studied and reflects the activity of signaling cascades responsible for skeletogenesis. In this assay we stress previously overlooked differences in the pattern of expression of Sox9 in limbs of avian, mouse and turtle embryos which may reflect signaling differences associated with distinct limb skeletal morphologies observed in these species. Furthermore, we show that Sox9 gene expression is higher and maintained in the interdigital region in species with webbed digits in comparison with free digit animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Montero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain
| | - Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain
| | | | - Jesus Chimal-Monroy
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan A Garcia-Porrero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain
| | - Juan M Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria Santander, Spain
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22
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Norrie JL, Li Q, Co S, Huang BL, Ding D, Uy JC, Ji Z, Mackem S, Bedford MT, Galli A, Ji H, Vokes SA. PRMT5 is essential for the maintenance of chondrogenic progenitor cells in the limb bud. Development 2016; 143:4608-4619. [PMID: 27827819 DOI: 10.1242/dev.140715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, undifferentiated progenitor cells balance the generation of additional progenitor cells with differentiation. Within the developing limb, cartilage cells differentiate from mesodermal progenitors in an ordered process that results in the specification of the correct number of appropriately sized skeletal elements. The internal pathways by which these cells maintain an undifferentiated state while preserving their capacity to differentiate is unknown. Here, we report that the arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 has a crucial role in maintaining progenitor cells. Mouse embryonic buds lacking PRMT5 have severely truncated bones with wispy digits lacking joints. This novel phenotype is caused by widespread cell death that includes mesodermal progenitor cells that have begun to precociously differentiate into cartilage cells. We propose that PRMT5 maintains progenitor cells through its regulation of Bmp4 Intriguingly, adult and embryonic stem cells also require PRMT5 for maintaining pluripotency, suggesting that similar mechanisms might regulate lineage-restricted progenitor cells during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Norrie
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Swanie Co
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Bau-Lin Huang
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ding Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E3638, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jann C Uy
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Zhicheng Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E3638, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics & Molecular Carcinogenesis, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1808 Park Road 1C (P.O. Box 389), Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Antonella Galli
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E3638, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Steven A Vokes
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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23
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Huang BL, Trofka A, Furusawa A, Norrie JL, Rabinowitz AH, Vokes SA, Mark Taketo M, Zakany J, Mackem S. An interdigit signalling centre instructs coordinate phalanx-joint formation governed by 5'Hoxd-Gli3 antagonism. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12903. [PMID: 27713395 PMCID: PMC5059757 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of phalanges and joints are key features of digit 'identity' and are central to limb functionality and evolutionary adaptation. Prior chick work indicated that digit phalanges and their associated joints arise in a different manner than the more sparsely jointed long bones, and their identity is regulated by differential signalling from adjacent interdigits. Currently, there is no genetic evidence for this model, and the molecular mechanisms governing digit joint specification remain poorly understood. Using genetic approaches in mouse, here we show that functional 5'Hoxd-Gli3 antagonism acts indirectly, through Bmp signalling from the interdigital mesenchyme, to regulate specification of joint progenitors, which arise in conjunction with phalangeal precursors at the digit tip. Phalanx number, although co-regulated, can be uncoupled from joint specification. We propose that 5'Hoxd genes and Gli3 are part of an interdigital signalling centre that sets net Bmp signalling levels from different interdigits to coordinately regulate phalanx and joint formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bau-Lin Huang
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Anna Trofka
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Jacqueline L. Norrie
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Adam H. Rabinowitz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Steven A. Vokes
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - M. Mark Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan
| | - Jozsef Zakany
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Abstract
Since the identification in 1988 of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) as a potent inducer of bone and cartilage formation, BMP superfamily signalling has become one of the most heavily investigated topics in vertebrate skeletal biology. Whereas a large part of this research has focused on the roles of BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 in the formation and repair of endochondral bone, a large number of BMP superfamily molecules have now been implicated in almost all aspects of bone, cartilage and joint biology. As modulating BMP signalling is currently a major therapeutic target, our rapidly expanding knowledge of how BMP superfamily signalling affects most tissue types of the skeletal system creates enormous potential to translate basic research findings into successful clinical therapies that improve bone mass or quality, ameliorate diseases of skeletal overgrowth, and repair damage to bone and joints. This Review examines the genetic evidence implicating BMP superfamily signalling in vertebrate bone and joint development, discusses a selection of human skeletal disorders associated with altered BMP signalling and summarizes the status of modulating the BMP pathway as a therapeutic target for skeletal trauma and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S Salazar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Laura W Gamer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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25
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Wang YH, Keenan SR, Lynn J, McEwan JC, Beck CW. Gremlin1 induces anterior–posterior limb bifurcations in developing Xenopus limbs but does not enhance limb regeneration. Mech Dev 2015; 138 Pt 3:256-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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26
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Diaz RE, Trainor PA. Hand/foot splitting and the 're-evolution' of mesopodial skeletal elements during the evolution and radiation of chameleons. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:184. [PMID: 26382964 PMCID: PMC4574539 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One of the most distinctive traits found within Chamaeleonidae is their split/cleft autopodia and the simplified and divergent morphology of the mesopodial skeleton. These anatomical characteristics have facilitated the adaptive radiation of chameleons to arboreal niches. To better understand the homology of chameleon carpal and tarsal elements, the process of syndactyly, cleft formation, and how modification of the mesopodial skeleton has played a role in the evolution and diversification of chameleons, we have studied the Veiled Chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus). We analysed limb patterning and morphogenesis through in situ hybridization, in vitro whole embryo culture and pharmacological perturbation, scoring for apoptosis, clefting, and skeletogenesis. Furthermore, we framed our data within a phylogenetic context by performing comparative skeletal analyses in 8 of the 12 currently recognized genera of extant chameleons. Results Our study uncovered a previously underappreciated degree of mesopodial skeletal diversity in chameleons. Phylogenetically derived chameleons exhibit a ‘typical’ outgroup complement of mesopodial elements (with the exception of centralia), with twice the number of currently recognized carpal and tarsal elements considered for this clade. In contrast to avians and rodents, mesenchymal clefting in chameleons commences in spite of the maintenance of a robust apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Furthermore, Bmp signaling appears to be important for cleft initiation but not for maintenance of apoptosis. Interdigital cell death therefore may be an ancestral characteristic of the autopodium, however syndactyly is an evolutionary novelty. In addition, we find that the pisiform segments from the ulnare and that chameleons lack an astragalus-calcaneum complex typical of amniotes and have evolved an ankle architecture convergent with amphibians in phylogenetically higher chameleons. Conclusion Our data underscores the importance of comparative and phylogenetic approaches when studying development. Body size may have played a role in the characteristic mesopodial skeletal architecture of chameleons by constraining deployment of the skeletogenic program in the smaller and earliest diverged and basal taxa. Our study challenges the ‘re-evolution’ of osteological features by showing that ‘re-evolving’ a ‘lost’ feature de novo (contrary to Dollo’s Law) may instead be due to so called ‘missing structures’ being present but underdeveloped and/or fused to other adjacent elements (cryptic features) whose independence may be re-established under changes in adaptive selective pressure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0464-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul E Diaz
- Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, CA, 92515, USA. .,Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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