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Yu D, Febbo IG, Maroteaux MJ, Wang H, Song Y, Han X, Sun C, Meyer EE, Rowe S, Chen Y, Canavier CC, Schrader LA. The Transcription Factor Shox2 Shapes Neuron Firing Properties and Suppresses Seizures by Regulation of Key Ion Channels in Thalamocortical Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3194-3212. [PMID: 33675359 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thalamocortical neurons (TCNs) play a critical role in the maintenance of thalamocortical oscillations, dysregulation of which can result in certain types of seizures. Precise control over firing rates of TCNs is foundational to these oscillations, yet the transcriptional mechanisms that constrain these firing rates remain elusive. We hypothesized that Shox2 is a transcriptional regulator of ion channels important for TCN function and that loss of Shox2 alters firing frequency and activity, ultimately perturbing thalamocortical oscillations into an epilepsy-prone state. In this study, we used RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR of control and Shox2 knockout mice to determine Shox2-affected genes and revealed a network of ion channel genes important for neuronal firing properties. Protein regulation was confirmed by Western blotting, and electrophysiological recordings showed that Shox2 KO impacted the firing properties of a subpopulation of TCNs. Computational modeling showed that disruption of these conductances in a manner similar to Shox2's effects modulated frequency of oscillations and could convert sleep spindles to near spike and wave activity, which are a hallmark for absence epilepsy. Finally, Shox2 KO mice were more susceptible to pilocarpine-induced seizures. Overall, these results reveal Shox2 as a transcription factor important for TCN function in adult mouse thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diankun Yu
- Neuroscience Program, Brain Institute, Tulane University, USA
| | | | | | - Hanyun Wang
- Neuroscience Program, Brain Institute, Tulane University, USA
| | - Yingnan Song
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Xiao Han
- Neuroscience Program, Brain Institute, Tulane University, USA
| | - Cheng Sun
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Emily E Meyer
- Neuroscience Program, Brain Institute, Tulane University, USA
| | - Stuart Rowe
- Neuroscience Program, Brain Institute, Tulane University, USA
| | - Yiping Chen
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Carmen C Canavier
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Laura A Schrader
- Neuroscience Program, Brain Institute, Tulane University, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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2
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Li N, Zeng Y, Huang J. Signaling pathways and clinical application of RASSF1A and SHOX2 in lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:1379-1393. [PMID: 32266538 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies have focused on the early diagnostic value of the methylation of RASSF1A and SHOX2 in lung cancer. However, the intricate cellular events related to RASSF1A and SHOX2 in lung cancer are still a mystery. For researchers and clinicians aiming to more profoundly understand the diagnostic value of methylated RASSF1A and SHOX2 in lung cancer, this review will provide deeper insights into the molecular events of RASSF1A and SHOX2 in lung cancer. METHODOLOGY We searched for relevant publications in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the keywords "RASSF1A", "SHOX2" and "lung cancer" etc. First, we reviewed the RASSF1A and SHOX2 genes, from their family structures to the functions of their basic structural domains. Then we mainly focused on the roles of RASSF1A and SHOX2 in lung cancer, especially on their molecular events in recent decades. Finally, we compared the value of measuring RASSF1A and SHOX2 gene methylation with that of the common methods for the diagnosis of lung cancer patients. RESULTS The RASSF1A and SHOX2 genes were confirmed to be regulators or effectors of multiple cancer signaling pathways, driving tumorigenesis and lung cancer progression. The detection of RASSF1A and SHOX2 gene methylation has higher sensitivity and specificity than other commonly used methods for diagnosing lung cancer, especially in the early stage. CONCLUSIONS The RASSF1A and SHOX2 genes are critical for the processes of tumorigenesis, development, metastasis, drug resistance, and recurrence in lung cancer. The combined detection of RASSF1A and SHOX2 gene methylation was identified as an excellent method for the screening and surveillance of lung cancer that exhibits high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhong Li
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524003, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
- Pathological Diagnosis and Research Center, Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.
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3
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Fahrner JA, Lin WY, Riddle RC, Boukas L, DeLeon VB, Chopra S, Lad SE, Luperchio TR, Hansen KD, Bjornsson HT. Precocious chondrocyte differentiation disrupts skeletal growth in Kabuki syndrome mice. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129380. [PMID: 31557133 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kabuki syndrome 1 (KS1) is a Mendelian disorder of the epigenetic machinery caused by mutations in the gene encoding KMT2D, which methylates lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4). KS1 is characterized by intellectual disability, postnatal growth retardation, and distinct craniofacial dysmorphisms. A mouse model (Kmt2d+/βGeo) exhibits features of the human disorder and has provided insight into other phenotypes; however, the mechanistic basis of skeletal abnormalities and growth retardation remains elusive. Using high-resolution micro-CT, we show that Kmt2d+/βGeo mice have shortened long bones and ventral bowing of skulls. In vivo expansion of growth plates within skulls and long bones suggests disrupted endochondral ossification as a common disease mechanism. Stable chondrocyte cell lines harboring inactivating mutations in Kmt2d exhibit precocious differentiation, further supporting this mechanism. A known inducer of chondrogenesis, SOX9, and its targets show markedly increased expression in Kmt2d-/- chondrocytes. By transcriptome profiling, we identify Shox2 as a putative KMT2D target. We propose that decreased KMT2D-mediated H3K4me3 at Shox2 releases Sox9 inhibition and thereby leads to enhanced chondrogenesis, providing a potentially novel and plausible explanation for precocious chondrocyte differentiation. Our findings provide insight into the pathogenesis of growth retardation in KS1 and suggest therapeutic approaches for this and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Fahrner
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics
| | | | | | - Leandros Boukas
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine.,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Valerie B DeLeon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Susan E Lad
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Kasper D Hansen
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine.,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hans T Bjornsson
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics.,Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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4
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Mizoguchi T, Shimazawa M, Ohuchi K, Kuse Y, Nakamura S, Hara H. Impaired Cerebellar Development in Mice Overexpressing VGF. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:374-387. [PMID: 30460640 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
VGF nerve growth factor inducible (VGF) is a neuropeptide precursor induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor. VGF is increased in the prefrontal cortex and cerebrospinal fluid in schizophrenia patients. In our previous study, VGF-overexpressing mice exhibited schizophrenia-like behaviors and smaller brain weights. Brain developmental abnormality is one cause of mental illness. Research on brain development is important for discovery of pathogenesis of mental disorders. In the present study, we investigated the role of VGF on cerebellar development. We performed a histological analysis with cerebellar sections of adult and postnatal day 3 mice by Nissl staining. To investigate cerebellar development, we performed immunostaining with antibodies of immature and mature granule cell markers. To understand the mechanism underlying these histological changes, we examined MAPK, Wnt, and sonic hedgehog signaling by Western blot. Finally, we performed rotarod and footprint tests using adult mice to investigate motor function. VGF-overexpressing adult mice exhibited smaller cerebellar sagittal section area. In postnatal day 3 mice, a cerebellar sagittal section area reduction of the whole cerebellum and external granule layer and a decrease in the number of mature granule cells were found in VGF-overexpressing mice. Additionally, the number of proliferative granule cell precursors was lower in VGF-overexpressing mice. Phosphorylation of Trk and Erk1 were increased in the cerebellum of postnatal day 3 VGF-overexpressing mice. Adult VGF-overexpressing mice exhibited motor disability. All together, these findings implicate VGF in the development of cerebellar granule cells via promoting MAPK signaling and motor function in the adult stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mizoguchi
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ohuchi
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kuse
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
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5
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Sasaki K, Othman MB, Demura M, Watanabe M, Isoda H. Modulation of Neurogenesis through the Promotion of Energy Production Activity Is behind the Antidepressant-Like Effect of Colonial Green Alga, Botryococcus braunii. Front Physiol 2017; 8:900. [PMID: 29176952 PMCID: PMC5686089 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Algae have been recognized as important resources providing functional components due to their capacity to exert beneficial effects on health. Therefore, there is increasing interest in investigating the biological activity of algae. In this study, we evaluated the antidepressant-like effect of the administration of 100 mg/kg/day of the ethanol extract of colonial green alga Botryococcus braunii (EEB) for 14 consecutive days in the forced swimming test (FST)-induced depression in imprinting control region (ICR) mice. Imipramine, a commercial antidepressant drug, was used as a positive control. In addition, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of EEB by measuring ATP production and by assessing any change in gene expression at the end of the treatment using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microarray assays. We showed that the immobility time in the water-administered control (FST stress) group gradually increased from day 1 to day 14. However, treatment with EEB caused a significant decrease of immobility time in the FST compared with that in the FST stress group. Microarray and real-time PCR results revealed that EEB treatment induced variation in the expression of several genes associated with neurogenesis, energy metabolism, and dopamine synthesis. Interestingly, we revealed that only EEB treatment enhanced the promotion of energy production, while treatment with imipramine was ineffective. Our study provides the first evidence that B. braunii enhances energy production, which may contribute to the modulation of neurogenesis and to the enhancement of dopaminergic function, in turn potentially underlying the antistress- and antidepressant-like effects that we observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sasaki
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan.,Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mahmoud B Othman
- Alliance for Research on North Africa, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mikihide Demura
- Algal Biomass and Energy System R&D Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Algal Biomass and Energy System R&D Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Alliance for Research on North Africa, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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6
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An Atoh1-S193A Phospho-Mutant Allele Causes Hearing Deficits and Motor Impairment. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8583-8594. [PMID: 28729444 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0295-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atonal homolog 1 (Atoh1) is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that is essential for the genesis, survival, and maturation of a variety of neuronal and non-neuronal cell populations, including those involved in proprioception, interoception, balance, respiration, and hearing. Such diverse functions require fine regulation at the transcriptional and protein levels. Here, we show that serine 193 (S193) is phosphorylated in Atoh1's bHLH domain in vivo Knock-in mice of both sexes bearing a GFP-tagged phospho-dead S193A allele on a null background (Atoh1S193A/lacZ) exhibit mild cerebellar foliation defects, motor impairments, partial pontine nucleus migration defects, cochlear hair cell degeneration, and profound hearing loss. We also found that Atoh1 heterozygous mice of both sexes (Atoh1lacZ/+) have adult-onset deafness. These data indicate that different cell types have different degrees of vulnerability to loss of Atoh1 function and that hypomorphic Atoh1 alleles should be considered in human hearing loss.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The discovery that Atonal homolog 1 (Atoh1) governs the development of the sensory hair cells in the inner ear led to therapeutic efforts to restore these cells in cases of human deafness. Because prior studies of Atoh1-heterozygous mice did not examine or report on hearing loss in mature animals, it has not been clinical practice to sequence ATOH1 in people with deafness. Here, in seeking to understand how phosphorylation of Atoh1 modulates its effects in vivo, we discovered that inner ear hair cells are much more vulnerable to loss of Atoh1 function than other Atoh1-positive cell types and that heterozygous mice actually develop hearing loss late in life. This opens up the possibility that missense mutations in ATOH1 could increase human vulnerability to loss of hair cells because of aging or trauma.
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7
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Roubertoux PL, Baril N, Cau P, Scajola C, Ghata A, Bartoli C, Bourgeois P, Christofaro JD, Tordjman S, Carlier M. Differential Brain, Cognitive and Motor Profiles Associated with Partial Trisomy. Modeling Down Syndrome in Mice. Behav Genet 2017; 47:305-322. [PMID: 28204906 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-017-9835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesize that the trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is the additive and interactive outcome of the triple copy of different regions of HSA21. Because of the small number of patients with partial trisomy 21, we addressed the question in the Mouse in which three chromosomal regions located on MMU10, MMU17 and MMU16 carries almost all the HSA21 homologs. Male mice from four segmental trisomic strains covering the D21S17-ETS2 (syntenic to MMU16) were examined with an exhaustive battery of cognitive tests, motor tasks and MRI and compared with TS65Dn that encompasses D21S17-ETS2. None of the four strains gather all the impairments (measured by the effect size) of TS65Dn strain. The 152F7 strain was close to TS65Dn for motor behavior and reference memory and the three other strains 230E8, 141G6 and 285E6 for working memory. Episodic memory was impaired only in strain 285E6. The hippocampus and cerebellum reduced sizes that were seen in all the strains indicate that trisomy 21 is not only a hippocampus syndrome but that it results from abnormal interactions between the two structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre L Roubertoux
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Nathalie Baril
- Department 3C, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Cau
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Department of Medical Genetics, AP-HM, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France.,Service de Biologie Cellulaire, AP-HM, Hôpital La Timone, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Christophe Scajola
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Adeline Ghata
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Bartoli
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Bourgeois
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Department of Medical Genetics, AP-HM, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | | | - Sylvie Tordjman
- Paris Descartes University, CNRS, LPP, Paris, France.,Rennes 1 University, PHUPEA, Rennes, France
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8
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Yi J, Jin L, Chen J, Feng B, He Z, Chen L, Song H. MiR-375 suppresses invasion and metastasis by direct targeting of SHOX2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:159-169. [PMID: 28069583 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common histological type in China. MicroRNAs are endogenously expressed in mammals and play a significant role in tumor invasion and metastasis by targeting potential downstream genes. In the present study, microarray analysis showed that miR-375 expression was distinctly downregulated in ESCC compared with that in normal esophageal epithelium tissues. Then, luciferase reporter assay showed that SHOX2 was the direct downstream target of miR-375 and this interaction was confirmed by the rescue experiments. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction results also showed that SHOX2 expression was upregulated in ESCC cells and tissues. Further analysis showed that SHOX2 induced proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of ESCC both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the interaction between miR-375 and SHOX2 affected the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. We conclude that miR-375 may suppress invasion and metastasis of ESCC by directly targeting SHOX2. The miR-375/SHOX2 axis may be a novel therapeutic target for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Bing Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Zhenyue He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Longbang Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Haizhu Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
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Marchini A, Ogata T, Rappold GA. A Track Record on SHOX: From Basic Research to Complex Models and Therapy. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:417-48. [PMID: 27355317 PMCID: PMC4971310 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SHOX deficiency is the most frequent genetic growth disorder associated with isolated and syndromic forms of short stature. Caused by mutations in the homeobox gene SHOX, its varied clinical manifestations include isolated short stature, Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis, and Langer mesomelic dysplasia. In addition, SHOX deficiency contributes to the skeletal features in Turner syndrome. Causative SHOX mutations have allowed downstream pathology to be linked to defined molecular lesions. Expression levels of SHOX are tightly regulated, and almost half of the pathogenic mutations have affected enhancers. Clinical severity of SHOX deficiency varies between genders and ranges from normal stature to profound mesomelic skeletal dysplasia. Treatment options for children with SHOX deficiency are available. Two decades of research support the concept of SHOX as a transcription factor that integrates diverse aspects of bone development, growth plate biology, and apoptosis. Due to its absence in mouse, the animal models of choice have become chicken and zebrafish. These models, therefore, together with micromass cultures and primary cell lines, have been used to address SHOX function. Pathway and network analyses have identified interactors, target genes, and regulators. Here, we summarize recent data and give insight into the critical molecular and cellular functions of SHOX in the etiopathogenesis of short stature and limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marchini
- Tumour Virology Division F010 (A.M.), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Oncology (A.M.), Luxembourg Institute of Health 84, rue Val Fleuri L-1526, Luxembourg; Department of Pediatrics (T.O.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; and Department of Human Molecular Genetics (G.A.R.), Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Tumour Virology Division F010 (A.M.), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Oncology (A.M.), Luxembourg Institute of Health 84, rue Val Fleuri L-1526, Luxembourg; Department of Pediatrics (T.O.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; and Department of Human Molecular Genetics (G.A.R.), Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun A Rappold
- Tumour Virology Division F010 (A.M.), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Oncology (A.M.), Luxembourg Institute of Health 84, rue Val Fleuri L-1526, Luxembourg; Department of Pediatrics (T.O.), Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan; and Department of Human Molecular Genetics (G.A.R.), Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Khimchenko A, Deyhle H, Schulz G, Schweighauser G, Hench J, Chicherova N, Bikis C, Hieber SE, Müller B. Extending two-dimensional histology into the third dimension through conventional micro computed tomography. Neuroimage 2016; 139:26-36. [PMID: 27321044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological examination achieves sub-micrometer resolution laterally. In the third dimension, however, resolution is limited to section thickness. In addition, histological sectioning and mounting sections on glass slides introduce tissue-dependent stress and strain. In contrast, state-of-the-art hard X-ray micro computed tomography (μCT) systems provide isotropic sub-micrometer resolution and avoid sectioning artefacts. The drawback of μCT in the absorption contrast mode for visualising physically soft tissue is a low attenuation difference between anatomical features. In this communication, we demonstrate that formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human cerebellum yields appropriate absorption contrast in laboratory-based μCT data, comparable to conventional histological sections. Purkinje cells, for example, are readily visible. In order to investigate the pros and cons of complementary approaches, two- and three-dimensional data were manually and automatically registered. The joint histogram of histology and the related μCT slice allows for a detailed discussion on how to integrate two-dimensional information from histology into a three-dimensional tomography dataset. This methodology is not only rewarding for the analysis of the human cerebellum, but it also has relevance for investigations of tissue biopsies and post-mortem applications. Our data indicate that laboratory-based μCT as a modality can fill the gap between synchrotron radiation-based μCT and histology for a variety of tissues. As the information from haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections and μCT data is related, one can colourise local X-ray absorption values according to the H&E stain. Hence, μCT data can correlate and virtually extend two-dimensional (2D) histology data into the third dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Khimchenko
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Hans Deyhle
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Georg Schulz
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Schweighauser
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hench
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Chicherova
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland; Medical Image Analysis Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christos Bikis
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Simone E Hieber
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Bert Müller
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland.
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11
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Fukami M, Seki A, Ogata T. SHOX Haploinsufficiency as a Cause of Syndromic and Nonsyndromic Short Stature. Mol Syndromol 2016; 7:3-11. [PMID: 27194967 DOI: 10.1159/000444596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SHOX in the short arm pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) of sex chromosomes is one of the major growth genes in humans. SHOX haploinsufficiency results in idiopathic short stature and Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis and is associated with the short stature of patients with Turner syndrome. The SHOX protein likely controls chondrocyte apoptosis by regulating multiple target genes including BNP,Fgfr3, Agc1, and Ctgf. SHOX haploinsufficiency frequently results from deletions and duplications in PAR1 involving SHOX exons and/or the cis-acting enhancers, while exonic point mutations account for a small percentage of cases. The clinical severity of SHOX haploinsufficiency reflects hormonal conditions rather than mutation types. Growth hormone treatment seems to be beneficial for cases with SHOX haploinsufficiency, although the long-term outcomes of this therapy require confirmation. Future challenges in SHOX research include elucidating its precise function in the developing limbs, identifying additional cis-acting enhancers, and determining optimal therapeutic strategies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Seki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Hamamatsu, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Willard AM, Bouchard RS, Gittis AH. Differential degradation of motor deficits during gradual dopamine depletion with 6-hydroxydopamine in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 301:254-67. [PMID: 26067595 PMCID: PMC4527082 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder whose cardinal motor symptoms arise due to the progressive loss of dopamine. Although this dopamine loss typically progresses slowly over time, currently there are very few animal models that enable incremental dopamine depletion over time within the same animal. This type of gradual dopamine depletion model would be useful in studies aimed at the prodromal phase of PD, when dopamine levels are pathologically low but motor symptoms have not yet presented. Utilizing the highly characterized neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), we have developed a paradigm to gradually deplete dopamine levels in the striatum over a user-defined time course - spanning weeks to months - in C57BL/6 mice. Dopamine depletions were achieved by administration of five low-dose injections (0.75μg) of 6-OHDA through an implanted intracranial bilateral cannula targeting the medial forebrain bundle. Levels of dopamine within the striatum declined linearly with successive injections, quantified using tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining and high-performance liquid chromatography. Behavioral testing was carried out at each time point to study the onset and progression of motor impairments as a function of dopamine loss over time. We found that spontaneous locomotion, measured in an open field, was robust until ∼70% of striatal dopamine was lost. Beyond this point, additional dopamine loss caused a sharp decline in motor performance, reaching a final level comparable to that of acutely depleted mice. Similarly, although rearing behavior was more sensitive to dopamine loss and declined linearly as a function of dopamine levels, it eventually declined to levels similar to those seen in acutely depleted mice. In contrast, motor coordination, measured on a vertical pole task, was only moderately impaired in gradually depleted mice, despite severe impairments observed in acutely depleted mice. These results demonstrate the importance of the temporal profile of dopamine loss on the magnitude and progression of behavioral impairments. Our gradual depletion model thus establishes a new paradigm with which to study how circuits respond and adapt to dopamine loss over time, information which could uncover important cellular events during the prodromal phase of PD that ultimately impact the presentation or treatability of behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Willard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R S Bouchard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A H Gittis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Rosin JM, Kurrasch DM, Cobb J. Shox2 is required for the proper development of the facial motor nucleus and the establishment of the facial nerves. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:39. [PMID: 26156498 PMCID: PMC4495855 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Axons from the visceral motor neurons (vMNs) project from nuclei in the hindbrain to innervate autonomic ganglia and branchial arch-derived muscles. Although much is known about the events that govern specification of somatic motor neurons, the genetic pathways responsible for the development of vMNs are less well characterized. We know that vMNs, like all motor neurons, depend on sonic hedgehog signaling for their generation. Similarly, the paired-like homeobox 2b (Phox2b) gene, which is expressed in both proliferating progenitors and post-mitotic motor neurons, is essential for the development of vMNs. Given that our previous study identified a novel role for the short stature homeobox 2 (Shox2) gene in the hindbrain, and since SHOX2 has been shown to regulate transcription of islet 1 (Isl1), an important regulator of vMN development, we sought to determine whether Shox2 is required for the proper development of the facial motor nucleus. Results Using a Nestin-Cre driver, we show that elimination of Shox2 throughout the brain results in elevated cell death in the facial motor nucleus at embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) and E14.5, which correlates with impaired axonal projection properties of vMNs. We also observed changes in the spatial expression of the vMN cell fate factors Isl1 and Phox2b, and concomitant defects in Shh and Ptch1 expression in Shox2 mutants. Furthermore, we demonstrate that elimination of Shox2 results in the loss of dorsomedial and ventromedial subnuclei by postnatal day 0 (P0), which may explain the changes in physical activity and impaired feeding/nursing behavior in Shox2 mutants. Conclusions Combined, our data show that Shox2 is required for development of the facial motor nucleus and its associated facial (VII) nerves, and serves as a new molecular tool to probe the genetic programs of this understudied hindbrain region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-015-0176-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rosin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., BI286D, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Room HS2275, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - John Cobb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., BI286D, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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