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Waas B, Carpenter BS, Franks NE, Merchant OQ, Verhey KJ, Allen BL. Dual and opposing roles for the kinesin-2 motor, KIF17, in Hedgehog-dependent cerebellar development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eade1650. [PMID: 38669326 PMCID: PMC11051677 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
While the kinesin-2 motors KIF3A and KIF3B have essential roles in ciliogenesis and Hedgehog (HH) signal transduction, potential role(s) for another kinesin-2 motor, KIF17, in HH signaling have yet to be explored. Here, we investigated the contribution of KIF17 to HH-dependent cerebellar development, where Kif17 is expressed in both HH-producing Purkinje cells and HH-responding cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs). Germline Kif17 deletion in mice results in cerebellar hypoplasia due to reduced CGNP proliferation, a consequence of decreased HH pathway activity mediated through decreased Sonic HH (SHH) protein. Notably, Purkinje cell-specific Kif17 deletion partially phenocopies Kif17 germline mutants. Unexpectedly, CGNP-specific Kif17 deletion results in the opposite phenotype-increased CGNP proliferation and HH target gene expression due to altered GLI transcription factor processing. Together, these data identify KIF17 as a key regulator of HH-dependent cerebellar development, with dual and opposing roles in HH-producing Purkinje cells and HH-responding CGNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Waas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brandon S. Carpenter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30061, USA
| | - Nicole E. Franks
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Olivia Q. Merchant
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J. Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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2
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Bear RM, Caspary T. Uncovering cilia function in glial development. Ann Hum Genet 2024; 88:27-44. [PMID: 37427745 PMCID: PMC10776815 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia play critical roles in regulating signaling pathways that underlie several developmental processes. In the nervous system, cilia are known to regulate signals that guide neuron development. Cilia dysregulation is implicated in neurological diseases, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Cilia research has predominantly focused on neurons and has overlooked the diverse population of glial cells in the brain. Glial cells play essential roles during neurodevelopment, and their dysfunction contributes to neurological disease; however, the relationship between cilia function and glial development is understudied. Here we review the state of the field and highlight the glial cell types where cilia are found and the ciliary functions that are linked to glial development. This work uncovers the importance of cilia in glial development and raises outstanding questions for the field. We are poised to make progress in understanding the function of glial cilia in human development and their contribution to neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Bear
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta GA 30322
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 301, Atlanta GA 30322
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3
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Butler DF, Skibo J, Traudt CM, Millen KJ. Neonatal subarachnoid hemorrhage disrupts multiple aspects of cerebellar development. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1161086. [PMID: 37187957 PMCID: PMC10175619 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1161086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, survival rates for extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs; <28 weeks gestation) has markedly improved. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of ELGANs will suffer from neurodevelopmental dysfunction. Cerebellar hemorrhagic injury (CHI) has been increasingly recognized in the ELGANs population and may contribute to neurologic dysfunction; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To address this gap in knowledge, we developed a novel model of early isolated posterior fossa subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in neonatal mice and investigated both acute and long-term effects. Following SAH on postnatal day 6 (P6), we found significant decreased levels of proliferation with the external granular layer (EGL), thinning of the EGL, decreased Purkinje cell (PC) density, and increased Bergmann glial (BG) fiber crossings at P8. At P42, CHI resulted in decreased PC density, decreased molecular layer interneuron (MLI) density, and increased BG fiber crossings. Results from both Rotarod and inverted screen assays did not demonstrate significant effects on motor strength or learning at P35-38. Treatment with the anti-inflammatory drug Ketoprofen did not significantly alter our findings after CHI, suggesting that treatment of neuro-inflammation does not provide significant neuroprotection post CHI. Further studies are required to fully elucidate the mechanisms through which CHI disrupts cerebellar developmental programming in order to develop therapeutic strategies for neuroprotection in ELGANs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Butler
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jonathan Skibo
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Kathleen J. Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA, United States
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4
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Butler DF, Skibo J, Traudt CM, Millen KJ. Neonatal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Disrupts Multiple Aspects of Cerebellar Development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.10.528048. [PMID: 36798230 PMCID: PMC9934646 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.10.528048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, survival rates for extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs; <28 weeks gestation) has markedly improved. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of ELGANs will suffer from neurodevelopmental dysfunction. Cerebellar hemorrhagic injury (CHI) has been increasingly recognized in the ELGANs population and may contribute to neurologic dysfunction; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To address this gap in knowledge, we developed a novel model of early isolated posterior fossa subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in neonatal mice and investigated both acute and long-term effects. Following SAH on postnatal day 6 (P6), we found significant decreased levels of proliferation with the external granular layer (EGL), thinning of the EGL, decreased Purkinje cell (PC) density, and increased Bergmann glial (BG) fiber crossings at P8. At P42, CHI resulted in decreased PC density, decreased molecular layer interneuron (MLI) density, and increased BG fiber crossings. Results from both Rotarod and inverted screen assays did not demonstrate significant effects on motor strength or learning at P35-38. Treatment with the anti-inflammatory drug Ketoprofen did not significantly alter our findings after CHI, suggesting that treatment of neuro-inflammation does not provide significant neuroprotection post CHI. Further studies are required to fully elucidate the mechanisms through which CHI disrupts cerebellar developmental programming in order to develop therapeutic strategies for neuroprotection in ELGANs.
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5
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Iskusnykh IY, Chizhikov VV. Cerebellar development after preterm birth. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1068288. [PMID: 36523506 PMCID: PMC9744950 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1068288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth and its complications and the associated adverse factors, including brain hemorrhage, inflammation, and the side effects of medical treatments, are the leading causes of neurodevelopmental disability. Growing evidence suggests that preterm birth affects the cerebellum, which is the brain region involved in motor coordination, cognition, learning, memory, and social communication. The cerebellum is particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of preterm birth because key cerebellar developmental processes, including the proliferation of neural progenitors, and differentiation and migration of neurons, occur in the third trimester of a human pregnancy. This review discusses the negative impacts of preterm birth and its associated factors on cerebellar development, focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate cerebellar pathology. A better understanding of the cerebellar developmental mechanisms affected by preterm birth is necessary for developing novel treatment and neuroprotective strategies to ameliorate the cognitive, behavioral, and motor deficits experienced by preterm subjects.
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6
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Lee B, Beuhler L, Lee HY. The Primary Ciliary Deficits in Cerebellar Bergmann Glia of the Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 21:801-813. [PMID: 35438410 PMCID: PMC10857775 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile cilia that function as antennae for cells to sense signals. Deficits of primary cilia cause ciliopathies, leading to the pathogenesis of various developmental disorders; however, the contribution of primary cilia to neurodevelopmental disorders is largely unknown. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetically inherited disorder and is the most common known cause of autism spectrum disorders. FXS is caused by the silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene, which encodes for the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Here, we discovered a reduction in the number of primary cilia and the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in cerebellar Bergmann glia of Fmr1 KO mice. We further found reduced granule neuron precursor (GNP) proliferation and thickness of the external germinal layer (EGL) in Fmr1 KO mice, implicating that primary ciliary deficits in Bergmann glia may contribute to cerebellar developmental phenotypes in FXS, as Shh signaling through primary cilia in Bergmann glia is known to mediate proper GNP proliferation in the EGL. Taken together, our study demonstrates that FMRP loss leads to primary ciliary deficits in cerebellar Bergmann glia which may contribute to cerebellar deficits in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumwhee Lee
- The Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Laura Beuhler
- The Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Hye Young Lee
- The Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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7
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Wang W, Shiraishi R, Kawauchi D. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cerebellar Development and Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:864035. [PMID: 35573667 PMCID: PMC9100414 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.864035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway regulates the development of the central nervous system in vertebrates. Aberrant regulation of SHH signaling pathways often causes neurodevelopmental diseases and brain tumors. In the cerebellum, SHH secreted by Purkinje cells is a potent mitogen for granule cell progenitors, which are the most abundant cell type in the mature brain. While a reduction in SHH signaling induces cerebellar structural abnormalities, such as hypoplasia in various genetic disorders, the constitutive activation of SHH signaling often induces medulloblastoma (MB), one of the most common pediatric malignant brain tumors. Based on the existing literature on canonical and non-canonical SHH signaling pathways, emerging basic and clinical studies are exploring novel therapeutic approaches for MB by targeting SHH signaling at distinct molecular levels. In this review, we discuss the present consensus on SHH signaling mechanisms, their roles in cerebellar development and tumorigenesis, and the recent advances in clinical trials for MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Shiraishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawauchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Daisuke Kawauchi,
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8
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Trobisch T, Zulji A, Stevens NA, Schwarz S, Wischnewski S, Öztürk M, Perales-Patón J, Haeussler M, Saez-Rodriguez J, Velmeshev D, Schirmer L. Cross-regional homeostatic and reactive glial signatures in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:987-1003. [PMID: 36112223 PMCID: PMC9547805 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifocal and progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the compartmentalized pathology of the disease affecting various anatomical regions including gray and white matter and lack of appropriate disease models impede understanding of the disease. Utilizing single-nucleus RNA-sequencing and multiplex spatial RNA mapping, we generated an integrated transcriptomic map comprising leukocortical, cerebellar and spinal cord areas in normal and MS tissues that captures regional subtype diversity of various cell types with an emphasis on astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. While we found strong cross-regional diversity among glial subtypes in control tissue, regional signatures become more obscure in MS. This suggests that patterns of transcriptomic changes in MS are shared across regions and converge on specific pathways, especially those regulating cellular stress and immune activation. In addition, we found evidence that a subtype of white matter oligodendrocytes appearing across all three CNS regions adopt pro-remyelinating gene signatures in MS. In summary, our data suggest that cross-regional transcriptomic glial signatures overlap in MS, with different reactive glial cell types capable of either exacerbating or ameliorating pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Trobisch
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Amel Zulji
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nikolas A. Stevens
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany ,Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sophia Schwarz
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Wischnewski
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mikail Öztürk
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Javier Perales-Patón
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dmitry Velmeshev
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA ,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA ,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. .,Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience and Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. .,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Hoerig CM, Plant-Fox AS, Pulley MD, Di K, Bota DA. Exploring the role and clinical implications of proteasome inhibition in medulloblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29168. [PMID: 34114315 PMCID: PMC10516099 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin proteasome-mediated protein degradation has been implicated in posttranslational oncogenesis in medulloblastoma. Current research is evaluating the clinical implications of proteasome inhibition as a therapeutic target. In medulloblastoma cell lines, proteasome inhibitors induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation via multiple pathways involving activation of caspase pathways, NFκB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) pathway inhibition, reduced AKT/mTOR pathway activity, and pro-apoptotic protein expression. Second-generation proteasome inhibitors demonstrate blood-brain barrier penetration while maintaining antitumor effect. This review summarizes the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the pathogenesis of medulloblastoma and the potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay M Hoerig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Orange County, Orange, California, USA
- University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ashley S Plant-Fox
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital Chicago, Illinois, USA
- University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Michelle D Pulley
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Orange County, Orange, California, USA
- University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kaijun Di
- University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Daniela A Bota
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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10
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Decoding the Roles of Astrocytes and Hedgehog Signaling in Medulloblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:3058-3070. [PMID: 34436033 PMCID: PMC8395412 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The molecular evolution of medulloblastoma is more complex than previously imagined, as emerging evidence suggests that multiple interactions between the tumor cells and components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are important for tumor promotion and progression. The identification of several molecular networks within the TME, which interact with tumoral cells, has provided new clues to understand the tumorigenic roles of many TME components as well as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the most recent studies regarding the roles of astrocytes in supporting sonic hedgehog (SHH) subgroup medulloblastoma (MB) and provide an overview of MB progression through SHH expression and signal transduction mechanisms into the complex tumor microenvironment. In addition, we highlight the associations between tumor and stromal cells as possible prognostic markers that could be targeted with new therapeutic strategies.
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11
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Choi JM, Acharya R, Marasini S, Narayan B, Lee KW, Hwang WS, Chang DY, Kim SS, Suh-Kim H. Cell Type-specific Knockout with Gli1-mediated Cre Recombination in the Developing Cerebellum. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:203-212. [PMID: 34230222 PMCID: PMC8278141 DOI: 10.5607/en21017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The inducible Cre-loxP system provides a useful tool for inducing the selective deletion of genes that are essential for proper development and enables the study of gene functions in properly developed animals. Here, we show that inducible Cre-loxP driven by the Gli1-promoter can induce cell-type-specific deletion of target genes in cerebellar cortical neurons. We used reporter mice containing the YFP (yellow fluorescence protein) gene at the Gt(ROSA)26Sor locus with a loxP-flanked transcriptional stop sequence, in which successful Cre-mediated excision of the stop sequence is indicated by YFP expression in Cre-expressing cells. Administration of tamoxifen during early postnatal days (P4~7) induces Cre-dependent excision of stop sequences and allows YFP expression in proliferating neuronal progenitor cells in the external granule layer and Bergmann glia in the Purkinje cell layer. A substantial number of YFP-positive progenitor cells in the external granule layer migrated to the internal granule cell layer and became granule cell neurons. By comparison, injection of tamoxifen during late postnatal days (P19~22) induces YFP expression only in Bergmann glia, and most granule cell neurons were devoid of YFP expression. The results indicate that the Gli1 promoter is temporarily active in progenitor cells in the external granule layer during the early postnatal period but constitutively active in Bergmann glia. We propose that the Gli1-mediated CreER system can be applied for the conditional deletion of genes of interest from cerebellar granule cell neurons and/or Bergmann glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Mi Choi
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Rakshya Acharya
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | | | - Bashyal Narayan
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Kwang-Wook Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Woo Sup Hwang
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | | | - Sung-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Haeyoung Suh-Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Research Center, CelleBrain Ltd., Jeonju 54871, Korea
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12
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Spoto G, Amore G, Vetri L, Quatrosi G, Cafeo A, Gitto E, Nicotera AG, Di Rosa G. Cerebellum and Prematurity: A Complex Interplay Between Disruptive and Dysmaturational Events. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:655164. [PMID: 34177475 PMCID: PMC8222913 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.655164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a critical regulatory role in motor coordination, cognition, behavior, language, memory, and learning, hence overseeing a multiplicity of functions. Cerebellar development begins during early embryonic development, lasting until the first postnatal years. Particularly, the greatest increase of its volume occurs during the third trimester of pregnancy, which represents a critical period for cerebellar maturation. Preterm birth and all the related prenatal and perinatal contingencies may determine both dysmaturative and lesional events, potentially involving the developing cerebellum, and contributing to the constellation of the neuropsychiatric outcomes with several implications in setting-up clinical follow-up and early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Spoto
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Greta Amore
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Vetri
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Quatrosi
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Cafeo
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Eloisa Gitto
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Gennaro Nicotera
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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13
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Sancho L, Contreras M, Allen NJ. Glia as sculptors of synaptic plasticity. Neurosci Res 2021; 167:17-29. [PMID: 33316304 PMCID: PMC8513541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that are crucial for proper brain development and function. Three major classes of glia in the central nervous system (CNS) include astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. These cells have dynamic morphological and functional properties and constantly surveil neural activity throughout life, sculpting synaptic plasticity. Astrocytes form part of the tripartite synapse with neurons and perform many homeostatic functions essential to proper synaptic function including clearing neurotransmitter and regulating ion balance; they can modify these properties, in addition to additional mechanisms such as gliotransmitter release, to influence short- and long-term plasticity. Microglia, the resident macrophage of the CNS, monitor synaptic activity and can eliminate synapses by phagocytosis or modify synapses by release of cytokines or neurotrophic factors. Oligodendrocytes regulate speed of action potential conduction and efficiency of information exchange through the formation of myelin, having important consequences for the plasticity of neural circuits. A deeper understanding of how glia modulate synaptic and circuit plasticity will further our understanding of the ongoing changes that take place throughout life in the dynamic environment of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sancho
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Minerva Contreras
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nicola J Allen
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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14
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Diaz J, Gérard X, Emerit MB, Areias J, Geny D, Dégardin J, Simonutti M, Guerquin MJ, Collin T, Viollet C, Billard JM, Métin C, Hubert L, Larti F, Kahrizi K, Jobling R, Agolini E, Shaheen R, Zigler A, Rouiller-Fabre V, Rozet JM, Picaud S, Novelli A, Alameer S, Najmabadi H, Cohn R, Munnich A, Barth M, Lugli L, Alkuraya FS, Blaser S, Gashlan M, Besmond C, Darmon M, Masson J. YIF1B mutations cause a post-natal neurodevelopmental syndrome associated with Golgi and primary cilium alterations. Brain 2021; 143:2911-2928. [PMID: 33103737 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human post-natal neurodevelopmental delay is often associated with cerebral alterations that can lead, by themselves or associated with peripheral deficits, to premature death. Here, we report the clinical features of 10 patients from six independent families with mutations in the autosomal YIF1B gene encoding a ubiquitous protein involved in anterograde traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell membrane, and in Golgi apparatus morphology. The patients displayed global developmental delay, motor delay, visual deficits with brain MRI evidence of ventricle enlargement, myelination alterations and cerebellar atrophy. A similar profile was observed in the Yif1b knockout (KO) mouse model developed to identify the cellular alterations involved in the clinical defects. In the CNS, mice lacking Yif1b displayed neuronal reduction, altered myelination of the motor cortex, cerebellar atrophy, enlargement of the ventricles, and subcellular alterations of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus compartments. Remarkably, although YIF1B was not detected in primary cilia, biallelic YIF1B mutations caused primary cilia abnormalities in skin fibroblasts from both patients and Yif1b-KO mice, and in ciliary architectural components in the Yif1b-KO brain. Consequently, our findings identify YIF1B as an essential gene in early post-natal development in human, and provide a new genetic target that should be tested in patients developing a neurodevelopmental delay during the first year of life. Thus, our work is the first description of a functional deficit linking Golgipathies and ciliopathies, diseases so far associated exclusively to mutations in genes coding for proteins expressed within the primary cilium or related ultrastructures. We therefore propose that these pathologies should be considered as belonging to a larger class of neurodevelopmental diseases depending on proteins involved in the trafficking of proteins towards specific cell membrane compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Diaz
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France
| | - Xavier Gérard
- INSERM UMR-S1163 Imagine Institute for Genetic Diseases, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, France
| | - Michel-Boris Emerit
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France
| | - Julie Areias
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France
| | - David Geny
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France
| | - Julie Dégardin
- INSERM UMR-S968, Institut de la vision, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris F-75012, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | - Manuel Simonutti
- INSERM UMR-S968, Institut de la vision, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris F-75012, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | | | - Thibault Collin
- Saint Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences CNRS - UMR 8003 Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
| | - Cécile Viollet
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France
| | - Jean-Marie Billard
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France
| | - Christine Métin
- INSERM, UMR-S1270, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Laurence Hubert
- INSERM UMR-S1163 Imagine Institute for Genetic Diseases, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, France
| | - Farzaneh Larti
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Genetics Research Center, Tehran 19834, Iran
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Genetics Research Center, Tehran 19834, Iran
| | - Rebekah Jobling
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Molecular Genetics, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emanuele Agolini
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Ranad Shaheen
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Developmental Genetics Unit, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Jean-Michel Rozet
- INSERM UMR-S1163 Imagine Institute for Genetic Diseases, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, France
| | - Serge Picaud
- INSERM UMR-S968, Institut de la vision, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris F-75012, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Seham Alameer
- Department of Pediatrics, King Khaled National Guard Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Genetics Research Center, Tehran 19834, Iran
| | - Ronald Cohn
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Molecular Genetics, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arnold Munnich
- INSERM UMR-S1163 Imagine Institute for Genetic Diseases, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, France
| | | | - Licia Lugli
- Division of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Developmental Genetics Unit, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Susan Blaser
- Division of Neuroradiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maha Gashlan
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Developmental Genetics Unit, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claude Besmond
- INSERM UMR-S1163 Imagine Institute for Genetic Diseases, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, France
| | - Michèle Darmon
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France.,INSERM, UMR-S1270, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Justine Masson
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France.,INSERM, UMR-S1270, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75005, France
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15
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Shaik S, Maegawa S, Haltom AR, Wang F, Xiao X, Dobson T, Sharma A, Yang Y, Swaminathan J, Kundra V, Li XN, Schadler K, Harmanci A, Xu L, Gopalakrishnan V. REST promotes ETS1-dependent vascular growth in medulloblastoma. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:1486-1506. [PMID: 33469989 PMCID: PMC8096796 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the RE1‐silencing transcription factor (REST), a master regulator of neurogenesis, is elevated in medulloblastoma (MB) tumors. A cell‐intrinsic function for REST in MB tumorigenesis is known. However, a role for REST in the regulation of MB tumor microenvironment has not been investigated. Here, we implicate REST in remodeling of the MB vasculature and describe underlying mechanisms. Using RESTTG mice, we demonstrate that elevated REST expression in cerebellar granule cell progenitors, the cells of origin of sonic hedgehog (SHH) MBs, increased vascular growth. This was recapitulated in MB xenograft models and validated by transcriptomic analyses of human MB samples. REST upregulation was associated with enhanced secretion of proangiogenic factors. Surprisingly, a REST‐dependent increase in the expression of the proangiogenic transcription factor E26 oncogene homolog 1, and its target gene encoding the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐1, was observed in MB cells, which coincided with their localization at the tumor vasculature. These observations were confirmed by RNA‐Seq and microarray analyses of MB cells and SHH‐MB tumors. Thus, our data suggest that REST elevation promotes vascular growth by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shavali Shaik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shinji Maegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amanda R Haltom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Population & Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Population & Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tara Dobson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanwen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Vikas Kundra
- Departments of Abdominal Imaging and Cancer Systems, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiao Nan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Keri Schadler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arif Harmanci
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Population & Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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16
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Ohgami N, Iizuka A, Hirai H, Yajima I, Iida M, Shimada A, Tsuzuki T, Jijiwa M, Asai N, Takahashi M, Kato M. Loss-of-function mutation of c-Ret causes cerebellar hypoplasia in mice with Hirschsprung disease and Down's syndrome. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100389. [PMID: 33561442 PMCID: PMC7950328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor-tyrosine kinase. Loss-of-function mutations of RET have been shown to be associated with Hirschsprung disease and Down's syndrome (HSCR-DS) in humans. DS is known to involve cerebellar hypoplasia, which is characterized by reduced cerebellar size. Despite the fact that c-Ret has been shown to be associated with HSCR-DS in humans and to be expressed in Purkinje cells (PCs) in experimental animals, there is limited information about the role of activity of c-Ret/c-RET kinase in cerebellar hypoplasia. We found that a loss-of-function mutation of c-Ret Y1062 in PCs causes cerebellar hypoplasia in c-Ret mutant mice. Wild-type mice had increased phosphorylation of c-Ret in PCs during postnatal development, while c-Ret mutant mice had postnatal hypoplasia of the cerebellum with immature neurite outgrowth in PCs and granule cells (GCs). c-Ret mutant mice also showed decreased numbers of glial fibers and mitogenic sonic hedgehog (Shh)-positive vesicles in the external germinal layer of PCs. c-Ret-mediated cerebellar hypoplasia was rescued by subcutaneous injection of a smoothened agonist (SAG) as well as by reduced expression of Patched1, a negative regulator for Shh. Our results suggest that the loss-of-function mutation of c-Ret Y1062 results in the development of cerebellar hypoplasia via impairment of the Shh-mediated development of GCs and glial fibers in mice with HSCR-DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Ohgami
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Unit of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Iizuka
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yajima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Machiko Iida
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsuyoshi Shimada
- Pathology Research Team, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toyonori Tsuzuki
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mayumi Jijiwa
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoya Asai
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masashi Kato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Unit of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
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17
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Ding D, Wang C, Chen Z, Xia K, Tang B, Qiu R, Jiang H. Polyglutamine-expanded ataxin3 alter specific gene expressions through changing DNA methylation status in SCA3/MJD. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:3680-3698. [PMID: 33411688 PMCID: PMC7906150 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation has recently been linked to transcriptional dysregulation and neuronal dysfunction in polyglutamine (polyQ) disease. This study aims to determine whether (CAG)n expansion in ATXN3 perturbs DNA methylation status and affects gene expression. We analyzed DNA methylation throughout the genome using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) and confirmed the results using MethylTarget sequencing. Dynamic changes in DNA methylation, transcriptional and translational levels of specific genes were detected using BSP, qRT-PCR and western blot. In total, 135 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified between SCA3/MJD and WT mouse cerebellum. KEGG analysis revealed differentially methylated genes involved in amino acid metabolism, Hedgehog signaling pathway, thyroid cancer, tumorigenesis and other pathways. We focused on DMRs that were directly associated with gene expression. On this basis, we further assessed 7 genes, including 13 DMRs, for DNA methylation validation and gene expression. We found that the methylation status of the DMRs of En1 and Nkx2-1 was negatively associated with their transcriptional and translational levels and that alteration of the DNA methylation status of DMRs and the corresponding transcription occurred before dyskinesia in SCA3/MJD mice. These results revealed novel DNA methylation-regulated genes, En1 and Nkx2-1, which may be useful for understanding the pathogenesis of SCA3/MJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Ding
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Chunrong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Kun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Rong Qiu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
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18
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Vriend J, Rastegar M. Ubiquitin ligases and medulloblastoma: genetic markers of the four consensus subgroups identified through transcriptome datasets. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165839. [PMID: 32445667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system regulates key cellular processes in normal and in cancer cells. Herein, we review published data on the role of ubiquitin ligases in the four major subgroups of medulloblastoma (MB). While conventional literature serves as an initial source of information on cellular pathways in MB, large publicly available datasets of gene expression can be used to add information not previously identified in the literature. By analysing the publicly available Cavalli dataset, we show that increased expression of ZNRF3 characterizes the WNT subgroup of MB. The ZNRF3 gene codes for an E3 ligase associated with WNT receptors. Loss of a copy of chromosome 6 in a subtype of the WNT group was associated with decreased expression of the gene encoding the E3 ligase RNF146. While the E3 ligase SMURF regulates SHH receptors, increased expression of the gene encoding the Cullin Ring E3 adaptor PPP2R2C was statistically a better genetic marker of the SHH group. Genes whose expression was statistically strongly related to Group 3 included the E3 ligase gene TRIM58, and the gene for the E3 ligase adaptor, PPP2R2B. Group 4 MB was associated with expression of genes encoding several E3 ligases and E3 ligase adaptors involved in ribosome biogenesis. Increased expression of the genes encoding the E3 ligase adaptors and transcription repressors ZBTB18 and ZBTB38 were also noted in subgroup 4. These data suggest that several E3 ligases and their adaptors should be investigated as therapeutic targets for subgroup specific MB brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Vriend
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
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19
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Glial Factors Regulating White Matter Development and Pathologies of the Cerebellum. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:643-655. [PMID: 31974933 PMCID: PMC7058568 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02961-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a brain region that undergoes extremely dynamic growth during perinatal and postnatal development which is regulated by the proper interaction between glial cells and neurons with a complex concert of growth factors, chemokines, cytokines, neurotransmitters and transcriptions factors. The relevance of cerebellar functions for not only motor performance but also for cognition, emotion, memory and attention is increasingly being recognized and acknowledged. Since perturbed circuitry of cerebro-cerebellar trajectories can play a role in many central nervous system pathologies and thereby contribute to neurological symptoms in distinct neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, is it the aim with this mini-review to highlight the pathways of glia–glia interplay being involved. The designs of future treatment strategies may hence be targeted to molecular pathways also playing a role in development and disease of the cerebellum.
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20
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Miterko LN, White JJ, Lin T, Brown AM, O'Donovan KJ, Sillitoe RV. Persistent motor dysfunction despite homeostatic rescue of cerebellar morphogenesis in the Car8 waddles mutant mouse. Neural Dev 2019; 14:6. [PMID: 30867000 PMCID: PMC6417138 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-019-0130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Purkinje cells play a central role in establishing the cerebellar circuit. Accordingly, disrupting Purkinje cell development impairs cerebellar morphogenesis and motor function. In the Car8wdl mouse model of hereditary ataxia, severe motor deficits arise despite the cerebellum overcoming initial defects in size and morphology. Methods To resolve how this compensation occurs, we asked how the loss of carbonic anhydrase 8 (CAR8), a regulator of IP3R1 Ca2+ signaling in Purkinje cells, alters cerebellar development in Car8wdl mice. Using a combination of histological, physiological, and behavioral analyses, we determined the extent to which the loss of CAR8 affects cerebellar anatomy, neuronal firing, and motor coordination during development. Results Our results reveal that granule cell proliferation is reduced in early postnatal mutants, although by the third postnatal week there is enhanced and prolonged proliferation, plus an upregulation of Sox2 expression in the inner EGL. Modified circuit patterning of Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia accompany these granule cell adjustments. We also find that although anatomy eventually normalizes, the abnormal activity of neurons and muscles persists. Conclusions Our data show that losing CAR8 only transiently restricts cerebellar growth, but permanently damages its function. These data support two current hypotheses about cerebellar development and disease: (1) Sox2 expression may be upregulated at sites of injury and contribute to the rescue of cerebellar structure and (2) transient delays to developmental processes may precede permanent motor dysfunction. Furthermore, we characterize waddles mutant mouse morphology and behavior during development and propose a Sox2-positive, cell-mediated role for rescue in a mouse model of human motor diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13064-019-0130-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Miterko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joshua J White
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Amanda M Brown
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kevin J O'Donovan
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, 10996, USA.,Burke Neurological Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, 10605, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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21
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Di Pietro C, La Sala G, Matteoni R, Marazziti D, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Genetic ablation of Gpr37l1 delays tumor occurrence in Ptch1 +/- mouse models of medulloblastoma. Exp Neurol 2018; 312:33-42. [PMID: 30452905 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptor 37-like 1 (Gpr37l1) is specifically expressed in most astrocytic glial cells, including cerebellar Bergmann astrocytes and interacts with patched 1 (Ptch1), a co-receptor of the sonic hedgehog (Shh)-smoothened (Smo) signaling complex. Gpr37l1 null mutant mice exhibit precocious post-natal cerebellar development, with altered Shh-Smo mitogenic cascade and premature down-regulation of granule cell precursor (GCP) proliferation. Gpr37l1 expression is downregulated in medulloblastoma (MB) and upregulated in glioma and glioblastoma tumors. Shh-associated MBs originate postnatally, from dysregulated hyperproliferation of GCPs in developing cerebellum's external granular layer (EGL), as shown in heterozygous Ptch1+/- knock-out mouse strains that model human MB occurrence and progression. This study investigates cerebellar MB phenotypes in newly produced Gpr37l1, Ptch1 double mutant mice. Natural history analysis shows that Gpr37l1 genetic ablation, in Ptch1+/- model animals, results in marked deferment of post-natal tumor occurrence and decreased incidence of more aggressive tumor types. It is also associated with the delayed and diminished presence of more severe types of hyperplastic lesions in Ptch1+/- mice. Consistently, during early post-natal development Gpr37l1-/-;Ptch1+/- pups exhibit reduction in cerebellar GCP proliferation and EGL thickness and a precocious, sustained expression of wingless-type MMTV integration site member 3 (Wnt3), a specific inhibitor of Shh-induced neuronal mitogenesis, in comparison with Ptch1+/- heterozygous single mutants. These findings highlight the specific involvement of Gpr37l1 in modulating postnatal cerebellar Shh-Ptch1-Smo mitogenic signaling in both normal and pathological conditions. The novel Gpr37l1-/-;Ptch1+/- mouse models may thus be instrumental in the detailed characterization of the initial phases of Shh-associated MB insurgence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Di Pietro
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), I-00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Gina La Sala
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), I-00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Rafaele Matteoni
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), I-00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Marazziti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), I-00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Glauco P Tocchini-Valentini
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), I-00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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