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Telmer CA, Karimi K, Chess MM, Agalakov S, Arshinoff BI, Lotay V, Wang DZ, Chu S, Pells TJ, Vize PD, Hinman VF, Ettensohn CA. Echinobase: a resource to support the echinoderm research community. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae002. [PMID: 38262680 PMCID: PMC11075573 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Echinobase (www.echinobase.org) is a model organism knowledgebase serving as a resource for the community that studies echinoderms, a phylum of marine invertebrates that includes sea urchins and sea stars. Echinoderms have been important experimental models for over 100 years and continue to make important contributions to environmental, evolutionary, and developmental studies, including research on developmental gene regulatory networks. As a centralized resource, Echinobase hosts genomes and collects functional genomic data, reagents, literature, and other information for the community. This third-generation site is based on the Xenbase knowledgebase design and utilizes gene-centric pages to minimize the time and effort required to access genomic information. Summary gene pages display gene symbols and names, functional data, links to the JBrowse genome browser, and orthology to other organisms and reagents, and tabs from the Summary gene page contain more detailed information concerning mRNAs, proteins, diseases, and protein-protein interactions. The gene pages also display 1:1 orthologs between the fully supported species Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (purple sea urchin), Lytechinus variegatus (green sea urchin), Patiria miniata (bat star), and Acanthaster planci (crown-of-thorns sea star). JBrowse tracks are available for visualization of functional genomic data from both fully supported species and the partially supported species Anneissia japonica (feather star), Asterias rubens (sugar star), and L. pictus (painted sea urchin). Echinobase serves a vital role by providing researchers with annotated genomes including orthology, functional genomic data aligned to the genomes, and curated reagents and data. The Echinoderm Anatomical Ontology provides a framework for standardizing developmental data across the phylum, and knowledgebase content is formatted to be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable by the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Telmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kamran Karimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Macie M Chess
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sergei Agalakov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Bradley I Arshinoff
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Vaneet Lotay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Dong Zhuo Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Stanley Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Troy J Pells
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Peter D Vize
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Veronica F Hinman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Charles A Ettensohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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2
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Jarero F, Baillie A, Riddiford N, Montagne J, Koziol U, Olson PD. Muscular remodeling and anteroposterior patterning during tapeworm segmentation. Dev Dyn 2024. [PMID: 38689520 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tapeworms are parasitic flatworms that independently evolved a segmented body plan, historically confounding comparisons with other animals. Anteroposterior (AP) patterning in free-living flatworms and in tapeworm larvae is associated with canonical Wnt signaling and positional control genes (PCGs) are expressed by their musculature in regionalized domains along the AP axis. Here, we extend investigations of PCG expression to the adult of the mouse bile-duct tapeworm Hymenolepis microstoma, focusing on the growth zone of the neck region and the initial establishment of segmental patterning. RESULTS We show that the adult musculature includes new, segmental elements that first appear in the neck and that the spatial patterns of Wnt factors are consistent with expression by muscle cells. Wnt factor expression is highly regionalized and becomes AP-polarized in segments, marking them with axes in agreement with the polarity of the main body axis, while the transition between the neck and strobila is specifically demarcated by the expression domain of a Wnt11 paralog. CONCLUSION We suggest that segmentation could originate in the muscular system and participate in patterning the AP axis through regional and polarized expression of PCGs, akin to the gene regulatory networks employed by free-living flatworms and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Jarero
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College, London, UK
| | - Andrew Baillie
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Nick Riddiford
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Jimena Montagne
- Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Uriel Koziol
- Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Peter D Olson
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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3
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Gautam S, Fenner JL, Wang B, Range RC. Evolutionarily conserved Wnt/Sp5 signaling is critical for anterior-posterior axis patterning in sea urchin embryos. iScience 2024; 27:108616. [PMID: 38179064 PMCID: PMC10765061 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies across a diverse group of metazoan embryos indicate that Wnt signaling often activates the transcription factor Sp5, forming a signaling 'cassette' that plays critical roles in many developmental processes. This study explores the role of Wnt/Sp5 signaling during the specification and patterning of the primary germ layers during early anterior-posterior axis formation in the deuterostome sea urchin embryo. Our functional analyses show that Sp5 is critical for endomesoderm specification downstream of Wnt/β-catenin in posterior cells as well as anterior neuroectoderm patterning downstream of non-canonical Wnt/JNK signaling in anterior cells. Interestingly, expression and functional data comparisons show that Wnt/Sp5 signaling often plays similar roles in posterior endomesoderm as well as neuroectoderm patterning along the AP axis of several deuterostome embryos, including vertebrates. Thus, our findings provide strong support for the idea that Wnt-Sp5 signaling cassettes were critical for the establishment of early germ layers in the common deuterostome ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Gautam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Fenner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Boyuan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ryan C. Range
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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4
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Konrad KD, Song JL. microRNA-124 regulates Notch and NeuroD1 to mediate transition states of neuronal development. Dev Neurobiol 2023; 83:3-27. [PMID: 36336988 PMCID: PMC10440801 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate gene expression by destabilizing target mRNA and/or inhibiting translation in animal cells. The ability to mechanistically dissect miR-124's function during specification, differentiation, and maturation of neurons during development within a single system has not been accomplished. Using the sea urchin embryo, we take advantage of the manipulability of the embryo and its well-documented gene regulatory networks (GRNs). We incorporated NeuroD1 as part of the sea urchin neuronal GRN and determined that miR-124 inhibition resulted in aberrant gut contractions, swimming velocity, and neuronal development. Inhibition of miR-124 resulted in an increased number of cells expressing transcription factors (TFs) associated with progenitor neurons and a concurrent decrease of mature and functional neurons. Results revealed that in the early blastula/gastrula stages, miR-124 regulates undefined factors during neuronal specification and differentiation. In the late gastrula/larval stages, miR-124 regulates Notch and NeuroD1 during the transition between neuronal differentiation and maturation. Overall, we have improved the neuronal GRN and identified miR-124 to play a prolific role in regulating various transitions of neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalin D Konrad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Jia L Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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5
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Schwaiger M, Andrikou C, Dnyansagar R, Murguia PF, Paganos P, Voronov D, Zimmermann B, Lebedeva T, Schmidt HA, Genikhovich G, Benvenuto G, Arnone MI, Technau U. An ancestral Wnt-Brachyury feedback loop in axial patterning and recruitment of mesoderm-determining target genes. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1921-1939. [PMID: 36396969 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01905-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are crucial drivers of cellular differentiation during animal development and often share ancient evolutionary origins. The T-box transcription factor Brachyury plays a pivotal role as an early mesoderm determinant and neural repressor in vertebrates; yet, the ancestral function and key evolutionary transitions of the role of this transcription factor remain obscure. Here, we present a genome-wide target-gene screen using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, an early branching non-bilaterian, and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, a representative of the sister lineage of chordates. Our analysis reveals an ancestral gene regulatory feedback loop connecting Brachyury, FoxA and canonical Wnt signalling involved in axial patterning that predates the cnidarian-bilaterian split about 700 million years ago. Surprisingly, we also found that part of the gene regulatory network controlling the fate of neuromesodermal progenitors in vertebrates was already present in the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians. However, while several endodermal and neuronal Brachyury target genes are ancestrally shared, hardly any of the key mesodermal downstream targets in vertebrates are found in the sea anemone or the sea urchin. Our study suggests that a limited number of target genes involved in mesoderm formation were newly acquired in the vertebrate lineage, leading to a dramatic shift in the function of this ancestral developmental regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Schwaiger
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences,University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Andrikou
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rohit Dnyansagar
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences,University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricio Ferrer Murguia
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences,University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Danila Voronov
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy
| | - Bob Zimmermann
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences,University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatiana Lebedeva
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences,University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heiko A Schmidt
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Grigory Genikhovich
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences,University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Ulrich Technau
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences,University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Research Platform 'Single Cell Regulation of Stem Cells', University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Gao H, Dong H, Zheng J, Jiang X, Gong M, Hu L, He J, Wang Y. LINC01119 negatively regulates osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells via the Wnt pathway by targeting FZD4. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:43. [PMID: 35093173 PMCID: PMC8800246 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into diverse cell types under specific conditions. Dysfunction in the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs can result in bone metabolism-related diseases, including osteoporosis. Accumulating evidence has revealed that long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) play critical regulatory roles during MSC differentiation.
Methods
In the present study, we identified an evolutionarily conserved lncRNA expressed during the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, which we termed LINC01119. We first identified LINC01119 as a negative regulator of the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.
Results
LINC01119 knockdown markedly induced calcium deposition in bone marrow MSCs and promoted the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. More importantly, we demonstrated the underlying molecular basis through which LINC01119 regulates osteogenesis via the Wnt pathway by targeting FZD4. Furthermore, we observed that transcription factor EBF3 could directly bind the promoter site of LINC01119.
Conclusions
We first explored the molecular regulatory mechanism of LINC01119 during the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and revealed that LINC01119 negatively regulates osteogenesis through the Wnt pathway by targeting FZD4.
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7
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Abstract
This review reports recent findings on the specification and patterning of neurons that establish the larval nervous system of the sea urchin embryo. Neurons originate in three regions of the embryo. Perturbation analyses enabled construction of gene regulatory networks controlling the several neural cell types. Many of the mechanisms described reflect shared features of all metazoans and others are conserved among deuterostomes. This nervous system with a very small number of neurons supports the feeding and swimming behaviors of the larva until metamorphosis when an adult nervous system replaces that system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R McClay
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
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8
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Ka C, Gautam S, Marshall SR, Tice LP, Martinez-Bartolome M, Fenner JL, Range RC. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases ror1/2 and ryk Are Co-expressed with Multiple Wnt Signaling Components During Early Development of Sea Urchin Embryos. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2021; 241:140-157. [PMID: 34706206 PMCID: PMC11257382 DOI: 10.1086/715237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractA combination of receptors, co-receptors, and secreted Wnt modulators form protein complexes at the cell surface that activate one or more of the three different Wnt signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Wnt/JNK, and Wnt/Ca2+). Two or more of these pathways are often active in the same cellular territories, forming Wnt signaling networks; however, the molecular mechanisms necessary to integrate information from these pathways in these situations are unclear in any in vivo model system. Recent studies have implicated two Wnt binding receptor tyrosine kinases, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (Ror) and related-to-receptor tyrosine kinase (Ryk), in the regulation of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways, depending on the context; however, the spatiotemporal expression of these genes in relation to Wnt signaling components has not been well characterized in most deuterostome model systems. Here we use a combination of phylogenetic and spatiotemporal gene expression analyses to characterize Ror and Ryk orthologs in sea urchin embryos. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that both ror1/2 and ryk originated as single genes from the metazoan ancestor. Expression analyses indicate that ror1/2 and ryk are expressed in the same domains of many Wnt ligands and Frizzled receptors essential for the specification and patterning of germ layers along the early anterior-posterior axis. In addition, both genes are co-expressed with Wnt signaling components in the gut, ventral ectoderm, and anterior neuroectoderm territories later in development. Together, our results indicate that Ror and Ryk have a complex evolutionary history and that their spatiotemporal expression suggests that they could contribute to the complexity of Wnt signaling in early sea urchin embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - S Gautam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - SR Marshall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - LP Tice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | | | - JL Fenner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - RC Range
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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9
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Krasovec G, Pottin K, Rosello M, Quéinnec É, Chambon JP. Apoptosis and cell proliferation during metamorphosis of the planula larva of Clytia hemisphaerica (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1739-1758. [PMID: 34036636 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metamorphosis in marine species is characterized by profound changes at the ecophysiological, morphological, and cellular levels. The cnidarian Clytia hemisphaerica exhibits a triphasic life cycle that includes a planula larva, a colonial polyp, and a sexually reproductive medusa. Most studies so far have focused on the embryogenesis of this species, whereas its metamorphosis has been only partially studied. RESULTS We investigated the main morphological changes of the planula larva of Clytia during the metamorphosis, and the associated cell proliferation and apoptosis. Based on our observations of planulae at successive times following artificial metamorphosis induction using GLWamide, we subdivided the Clytia's metamorphosis into a series of eight morphological stages occurring during a pre-settlement phase (from metamorphosis induction to planula ready for settlement) and the post-settlement phase (from planula settlement to primary polyp). Drastic morphological changes prior to definitive adhesion to the substrate were accompanied by specific patterns of stem-cell proliferation as well as apoptosis in both ectoderm and endoderm. Further waves of apoptosis occurring once the larva has settled were associated with morphogenesis of the primary polyp. CONCLUSION Clytia larval metamorphosis is characterized by distinct patterns of apoptosis and cell proliferation during the pre-settlement phase and the settled planula-to-polyp transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Krasovec
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, IBPS, Evolution Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Karen Pottin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, IBPS, Evolution Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Marion Rosello
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, IBPS, Evolution Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Éric Quéinnec
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, IBPS, Evolution Paris Seine, Paris, France.,Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Chambon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, IBPS, Evolution Paris Seine, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Montpellier University, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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10
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Sampilo NF, Stepicheva NA, Song JL. microRNA-31 regulates skeletogenesis by direct suppression of Eve and Wnt1. Dev Biol 2021; 472:98-114. [PMID: 33484703 PMCID: PMC7956219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in a variety of biological processes, including embryogenesis and the physiological functions of cells. Evolutionarily conserved microRNA-31 (miR-31) has been found to be involved in cancer, bone formation, and lymphatic development. We previously discovered that, in the sea urchin, miR-31 knockdown (KD) embryos have shortened dorsoventral connecting rods, mispatterned skeletogenic primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) and shifted and expanded Vegf3 expression domain. Vegf3 itself does not contain miR-31 binding sites; however, we identified its upstream regulators Eve and Wnt1 to be directly suppressed by miR-31. Removal of miR-31's suppression of Eve and Wnt1 resulted in skeletal and PMC patterning defects, similar to miR-31 KD phenotypes. Additionally, removal of miR-31's suppression of Eve and Wnt1 results in an expansion and anterior shift in expression of Veg1 ectodermal genes, including Vegf3 in the blastulae. This indicates that miR-31 indirectly regulates Vegf3 expression through directly suppressing Eve and Wnt1. Furthermore, removing miR-31 suppression of Eve is sufficient to cause skeletogenic defects, revealing a novel regulatory role of Eve in skeletogenesis and PMC patterning. Overall, this study provides a proposed molecular mechanism of miR-31's regulation of skeletogenesis and PMC patterning through its cross-regulation of a Wnt signaling ligand and a transcription factor of the endodermal and ectodermal gene regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Faye Sampilo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Nadezda A Stepicheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jia L Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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11
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Sun H, Peng CFJ, Wang L, Feng H, Wikramanayake AH. An early global role for Axin is required for correct patterning of the anterior-posterior axis in the sea urchin embryo. Development 2021; 148:dev.191197. [PMID: 33688076 PMCID: PMC8034878 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of Wnt/β-catenin (cWnt) signaling at the future posterior end of early bilaterian embryos is a highly conserved mechanism for establishing the anterior-posterior (AP) axis. Moreover, inhibition of cWnt at the anterior end is required for development of anterior structures in many deuterostome taxa. This phenomenon, which occurs around the time of gastrulation, has been fairly well characterized, but the significance of intracellular inhibition of cWnt signaling in cleavage-stage deuterostome embryos for normal AP patterning is less well understood. To investigate this process in an invertebrate deuterostome, we defined Axin function in early sea urchin embryos. Axin is ubiquitously expressed at relatively high levels in early embryos and functional analysis revealed that Axin suppresses posterior cell fates in anterior blastomeres by blocking ectopic cWnt activation in these cells. Structure-function analysis of sea urchin Axin demonstrated that only its GSK-3β-binding domain is required for cWnt inhibition. These observations and results in other deuterostomes suggest that Axin plays a crucial conserved role in embryonic AP patterning by preventing cWnt activation in multipotent early blastomeres, thus protecting them from assuming ectopic cell fates. Summary: Axin function is required in the early sea urchin embryo to regulate nuclear β-catenin levels and prevent ectopic cell fates in multipotent early blastomeres, and to ensure correct anterior-posterior axis patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | | | - Lingyu Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Honglin Feng
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
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12
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Abstract
Hemichordates, along with echinoderms and chordates, belong to the lineage of bilaterians called the deuterostomes. Their phylogenetic position as an outgroup to chordates provides an opportunity to investigate the evolutionary origins of the chordate body plan and reconstruct ancestral deuterostome characters. The body plans of the hemichordates and chordates are organizationally divergent making anatomical comparisons very challenging. The developmental underpinnings of animal body plans are often more conservative than the body plans they regulate, and offer a novel data set for making comparisons between morphologically divergent body architectures. Here I review the hemichordate developmental data generated over the past 20 years that further test hypotheses of proposed morphological affinities between the two taxa, but also compare the conserved anteroposterior, dorsoventral axial patterning programs and germ layer specification programs. These data provide an opportunity to determine which developmental programs are ancestral deuterostome or bilaterian innovations, and which ones occurred in stem chordates or vertebrates representing developmental novelties of the chordate body plan.
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13
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Fenner J, Benson C, Rodriguez-Caro L, Ren A, Papa R, Martin A, Hoffmann F, Range R, Counterman BA. Wnt Genes in Wing Pattern Development of Coliadinae Butterflies. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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14
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Martínez-Bartolomé M, Range RC. A biphasic role of non-canonical Wnt16 signaling during early anterior-posterior patterning and morphogenesis of the sea urchin embryo. Development 2019; 146:dev168799. [PMID: 31822478 PMCID: PMC6955209 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A Wnt signaling network governs early anterior-posterior (AP) specification and patterning of the deuterostome sea urchin embryo. We have previously shown that non-canonical Fzl1/2/7 signaling antagonizes the progressive posterior-to-anterior downregulation of the anterior neuroectoderm (ANE) gene regulatory network (GRN) by canonical Wnt/β-catenin and non-canonical Wnt1/Wnt8-Fzl5/8-JNK signaling. This study focuses on the non-canonical function of the Wnt16 ligand during early AP specification and patterning. Maternally supplied wnt16 is expressed ubiquitously during cleavage and zygotic wnt16 expression is concentrated in the endoderm/mesoderm beginning at mid-blastula stage. Wnt16 antagonizes the ANE restriction mechanism and this activity depends on a functional Fzl1/2/7 receptor. Our results also show that zygotic wnt16 expression depends on both Fzl5/8 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, Wnt16 is necessary for the activation and/or maintenance of key regulatory endoderm/mesoderm genes and is essential for gastrulation. Together, our data show that Wnt16 has two functions during early AP specification and patterning: (1) an initial role activating the Fzl1/2/7 pathway that antagonizes the ANE restriction mechanism; and (2) a subsequent function in activating key endoderm GRN factors and the morphogenetic movements of gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan C Range
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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15
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Zhu B, Xue F, Li G, Zhang C. CRYAB promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells via stabilizing β-catenin and promoting the Wnt signalling. Cell Prolif 2019; 53:e12709. [PMID: 31638302 PMCID: PMC6985673 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The osteogenesis differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) is essential for bone formation and bone homeostasis. In this study, we aim to elucidate novel molecular targets for bone metabolism diseases. Materials and methods The dataset GSE80614 which includes mRNA expression profile during BMSCs osteogenic differentiation was obtained from the GEO database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). The osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was measured by ALP staining, AR staining and expression of osteogenic markers in vitro. For in vivo assay, we seeded BMSCs onto beta‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) and transplanted them into muscle pockets of nude mice. Luciferase assay, co‐immunoprecipitation assay and in vitro ubiquitination assay were carried out to investigate the molecular mechanism. Results We found that α‐B‐crystallin (CRYAB) expression was elevated during the process of BMSCs osteogenic differentiation. Further studies showed that upregulation of CRYAB significantly enhanced the osteogenic differentiation, while downregulation of CRYAB suppressed it. CRYAB regulated BMSCs osteogenic differentiation mainly through the canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signalling. In addition, we found that CRYAB could physically interact with β‐catenin and protect it from ubiquitination and degradation, which stabilized β‐catenin and promoted the Wnt signalling. Conclusions The present study provides evidences that CRYAB is an important regulator of BMSCs osteogenic differentiation by protecting β‐catenin from ubiquitination and degradation and promoting the Wnt signalling. It may serve as a potential therapeutic target for diseases related to bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xue
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyi Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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