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Aman AJ, Parichy DM. Anatomy, development and regeneration of zebrafish elasmoid scales. Dev Biol 2024; 510:1-7. [PMID: 38458375 PMCID: PMC11015963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Vertebrate skin appendages - particularly avian feathers and mammalian hairs, glands and teeth - are perennially useful systems for investigating fundamental mechanisms of development. The most common type of skin appendage in teleost fishes is the elasmoid scale, yet this structure has received much less attention than the skin appendages of tetrapods. Elasmoid scales are thin, overlapping plates of partially mineralized extracellular matrices, deposited in the skin in a hexagonal pattern by a specialized population of dermal cells in cooperation with the overlying epidermis. Recent years have seen rapid progress in our understanding of elasmoid scale development and regeneration, driven by the deployment of developmental genetics, live imaging and transcriptomics in larval and adult zebrafish. These findings are reviewed together with histological and ultrastructural approaches to understanding scale development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Aman
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| | - David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
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2
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Li M, Zhang N, Huang Y, Pan CG, Dong Z, Lin Z, Li C, Jiang YX, Liang YQ. The effects of 17α-methyltestosterone on gonadal histology and gene expression along hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, germ cells, sex determination, and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:1494-1504. [PMID: 37994244 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
As a synthetic androgen, 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) is widely used in aquaculture to induce sex reversal and may pose a potential risk to aquatic organisms. This ecological risk has attracted the attention of many scholars, but it is not comprehensive enough. Thus, the adverse effects of MT on zebrafish (Danio rerio) were comprehensively evaluated from gonadal histology, as well as the mRNA expression levels of 47 genes related to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, germ cell differentiation, sex determination, and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Adult zebrafish with a female/male ratio of 5:7 were exposed to a solvent control (0.001% dimethyl sulfoxide) and three measured concentrations of MT (5, 51 and 583 ng/L) for 50 days. The results showed that MT had no significant histological effects on the ovaries of females, but the frequency of late-mature oocytes (LMO) showed a downward trend, indicating that MT could induce ovarian suppression to a certain extent. The transcriptional expression of activating transcription factor 4b1 (atf4b1), activating transcription factor 4b2 (atf4b2), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta 1 (camk2d1), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta 2 (camk2d2) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitor 2 (camk2n2) genes in the brain of females increased significantly at all treatment groups of MT, and the mRNA expression of forkhead box L2a (foxl2) and ovarian cytochrome P450 aromatase (cyp19a1a) genes in the ovaries were down-regulated by 5 and 583 ng/L group, which would translate into inhibition of oocyte development. As compared to females, MT had relatively little effects on the reproductive system of males, and only the transcriptional alterations of synaptonemal complex protein 3 (sycp3) and 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (cyp17) genes were observed in the testes, not enough to affect testicular histology. In addition, MT at all treatments strongly increased corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) transcript in the brain of females, as well as deiodinase 2 (dio2) transcript in the brain of males. The paired box protein 8 (pax8) gene was significantly decreased at 51 or 583 ng/L of MT in both female and male brains. The above results suggest that MT can pose potential adverse effects on the reproductive and thyroid endocrine system of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchun Li
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiting Huang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongdian Dong
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Lin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyong Li
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xia Jiang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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Evanitsky MN, Di Talia S. An active traveling wave of Eda/NF-κB signaling controls the timing and hexagonal pattern of skin appendages in zebrafish. Development 2023; 150:dev201866. [PMID: 37747266 PMCID: PMC10560567 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Periodic patterns drive the formation of a variety of tissues, including skin appendages such as feathers and scales. Skin appendages serve important and diverse functions across vertebrates, yet the mechanisms that regulate their patterning are not fully understood. Here, we have used live imaging to investigate dynamic signals regulating the ontogeny of zebrafish scales. Scales are bony skin appendages that develop sequentially along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes to cover the fish in a hexagonal array. We have found that scale development requires cell-cell communication and is coordinated through an active wave mechanism. Using a live transcriptional reporter, we show that a wave of Eda/NF-κB activity precedes scale initiation and is required for scale formation. Experiments decoupling the propagation of the wave from dermal placode formation and osteoblast differentiation demonstrate that the Eda/NF-κB activity wavefront controls the timing of the sequential patterning of scales. Moreover, this decoupling resulted in defects in scale size and significant deviations in the hexagonal patterning of scales. Thus, our results demonstrate that a biochemical traveling wave coordinates scale initiation and proper hexagonal patterning across the fish body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya N. Evanitsky
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stefano Di Talia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Aman AJ, Saunders LM, Carr AA, Srivatasan S, Eberhard C, Carrington B, Watkins-Chow D, Pavan WJ, Trapnell C, Parichy DM. Transcriptomic profiling of tissue environments critical for post-embryonic patterning and morphogenesis of zebrafish skin. eLife 2023; 12:RP86670. [PMID: 37695017 PMCID: PMC10495112 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigment patterns and skin appendages are prominent features of vertebrate skin. In zebrafish, regularly patterned pigment stripes and an array of calcified scales form simultaneously in the skin during post-embryonic development. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate stripe patterning and scale morphogenesis may lead to the discovery of fundamental mechanisms that govern the development of animal form. To learn about cell types and signaling interactions that govern skin patterning and morphogenesis, we generated and analyzed single-cell transcriptomes of skin from wild-type fish as well as fish having genetic or transgenically induced defects in squamation or pigmentation. These data reveal a previously undescribed population of epidermal cells that express transcripts encoding enamel matrix proteins, suggest hormonal control of epithelial-mesenchymal signaling, clarify the signaling network that governs scale papillae development, and identify a critical role for the hypodermis in supporting pigment cell development. Additionally, these comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic data representing skin phenotypes of biomedical relevance should provide a useful resource for accelerating the discovery of mechanisms that govern skin development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Aman
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Lauren M Saunders
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - August A Carr
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Sanjay Srivatasan
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Colten Eberhard
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Blake Carrington
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Dawn Watkins-Chow
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - William J Pavan
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
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Tzika AC, Ullate-Agote A, Zakany S, Kummrow M, Milinkovitch MC. Somitic positional information guides self-organized patterning of snake scales. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf8834. [PMID: 37315141 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf8834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two influential concepts in tissue patterning are Wolpert's positional information and Turing's self-organized reaction-diffusion (RD). The latter establishes the patterning of hair and feathers. Here, our morphological, genetic, and functional-by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene disruption-characterization of wild-type versus "scaleless" snakes reveals that the near-perfect hexagonal pattern of snake scales is established through interactions between RD in the skin and somitic positional information. First, we show that ventral scale development is guided by hypaxial somites and, second, that ventral scales and epaxial somites guide the sequential RD patterning of the dorsolateral scales. The RD intrinsic length scale evolved to match somite periodicity, ensuring the alignment of ribs and scales, both of which play a critical role in snake locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia C Tzika
- Laboratory of Artificial & Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics & Evolution, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Asier Ullate-Agote
- Laboratory of Artificial & Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics & Evolution, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Zakany
- Laboratory of Artificial & Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics & Evolution, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maya Kummrow
- Tierspital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michel C Milinkovitch
- Laboratory of Artificial & Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics & Evolution, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Harper M, Hu Y, Donahue J, Acosta B, Dievenich Braes F, Nguyen S, Zeng J, Barbaro J, Lee H, Bui H, McMenamin SK. Thyroid hormone regulates proximodistal patterning in fin rays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219770120. [PMID: 37186843 PMCID: PMC10214145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219770120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Processes that regulate size and patterning along an axis must be highly integrated to generate robust shapes; relative changes in these processes underlie both congenital disease and evolutionary change. Fin length mutants in zebrafish have provided considerable insight into the pathways regulating fin size, yet signals underlying patterning have remained less clear. The bony rays of the fins possess distinct patterning along the proximodistal axis, reflected in the location of ray bifurcations and the lengths of ray segments, which show progressive shortening along the axis. Here, we show that thyroid hormone (TH) regulates aspects of proximodistal patterning of the caudal fin rays, regardless of fin size. TH promotes distal gene expression patterns, coordinating ray bifurcations and segment shortening with skeletal outgrowth along the proximodistal axis. This distalizing role for TH is conserved between development and regeneration, in all fins (paired and medial), and between Danio species as well as distantly related medaka. During regenerative outgrowth, TH acutely induces Shh-mediated skeletal bifurcation. Zebrafish have multiple nuclear TH receptors, and we found that unliganded Thrab-but not Thraa or Thrb-inhibits the formation of distal features. Broadly, these results demonstrate that proximodistal morphology is regulated independently from size-instructive signals. Modulating proximodistal patterning relative to size-either through changes to TH metabolism or other hormone-independent pathways-can shift skeletal patterning in ways that recapitulate aspects of fin ray diversity found in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Harper
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Yinan Hu
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Joan Donahue
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Benjamin Acosta
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Flora Dievenich Braes
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Stacy Nguyen
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Jenny Zeng
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Julianna Barbaro
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Hyungwoo Lee
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Hoa Bui
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
| | - Sarah K. McMenamin
- Biology Department, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA02467
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Ren J, Flamant F. Thyroid hormone as a temporal switch in mouse development. Eur Thyroid J 2023; 12:e220225. [PMID: 36715693 PMCID: PMC10083660 DOI: 10.1530/etj-22-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are known to trigger metamorphosis in an amphibian. This review discusses the hypothesis according to which they act in a similar manner to synchronize the post-natal development of mice, using brain, brown adipose tissue, and heart as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ren
- ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Flamant
- ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France
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