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Purwien L, Schubert-Bast S, Kieslich M, Ronellenfitsch MW, Merker M, Czabanka M, Willems LM, Rosenow F, Strzelczyk A. Trends and Differences in Status Epilepticus Treatment of Children and Adults Over 10 Years: A Comparative Study of Medical Records (2012-2021) from a University Hospital in Germany. CNS Drugs 2023; 37:993-1008. [PMID: 37979095 PMCID: PMC10667152 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-023-01049-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Over the last decade, significant advancements have been made in status epilepticus (SE) management, influenced by landmark trials such as ESETT and RAMPART. The objectives of this study were to explore the evolution of drug treatments for patients with SE, to investigate its association with outcomes and mortality, and to evaluate differences in treatment patterns between adults and children for a potential shift in medication trends due to the above mentioned trials. METHODS The medical records of patients with SE treated at University Hospital Frankfurt between 2012 and 2021 were evaluated for medication trends and outcomes. Children and adults were analyzed separately and jointly. RESULTS This study included 1151 SE episodes in 1021 patients (mean age = 53.3 ± 28.3 years; 52.5 % female [n = 533]). The overall percentage of patients with SE treated prehospital was stable over the last decade. More than half (53.6 %) of children were treated prehospital, compared with less than one-third (26.7 %) of adults. Prehospital midazolam use increased over time, while diazepam use decreased. Lorazepam was the most commonly used benzodiazepine in hospitals in 2012-2013, used in 40.8 % of all episodes. However, its use declined to 27.2 % in 2020-2021, while midazolam use increased to 44.0 %. While the use of older antiseizure medications (ASMs) such as phenobarbital (p = 0.02), phenytoin (p < 0.001), and valproate (p < 0.001) decreased, the use of newer ASMs such as levetiracetam and lacosamide significantly increased (p < 0.001). Propofol and continuous midazolam infusion remained the most used third-line therapy drugs. Overall mortality was 16.5 % at discharge and 18.9 % at 30 days. Mortality rates did not change between 2012 and 2021. CONCLUSION Midazolam has become the preferred benzodiazepine in pre- and in-hospital settings, both in children and adults. The same applies to the increased use of levetiracetam and lacosamide over time in children and adults, while phenobarbital, phenytoin, and valproate use decreased. Continuous midazolam infusion and propofol remain the most frequently used anesthetic drugs. Mortality and outcome remain stable despite changes in medication patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonore Purwien
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University and University Hospital Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16 (Haus 95), 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susanne Schubert-Bast
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University and University Hospital Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16 (Haus 95), 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Neuropediatrics, Goethe-University and University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Kieslich
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University and University Hospital Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16 (Haus 95), 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Neuropediatrics, Goethe-University and University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael W Ronellenfitsch
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neuro-oncology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Merker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Neuropediatrics, Goethe-University and University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marcus Czabanka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe-University and University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laurent M Willems
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University and University Hospital Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16 (Haus 95), 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University and University Hospital Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16 (Haus 95), 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adam Strzelczyk
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University and University Hospital Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16 (Haus 95), 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Vezzani A, Dingledine R, Rossetti AO. Immunity and inflammation in status epilepticus and its sequelae: possibilities for therapeutic application. Expert Rev Neurother 2018; 15:1081-92. [PMID: 26312647 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1079130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening neurological emergency often refractory to available treatment options. It is a very heterogeneous condition in terms of clinical presentation and causes, which besides genetic, vascular and other structural causes also include CNS or severe systemic infections, sudden withdrawal from benzodiazepines or anticonvulsants and rare autoimmune etiologies. Treatment of SE is essentially based on expert opinions and antiepileptic drug treatment per se seems to have no major impact on prognosis. There is, therefore, urgent need of novel therapies that rely upon a better understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying this clinical condition. Accumulating evidence in animal models highlights that inflammation ensuing in the brain during SE may play a determinant role in ongoing seizures and their long-term detrimental consequences, independent of an infection or auto-immune cause; this evidence encourages reconsideration of the treatment flow in SE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Vezzani
- a 1 Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy
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Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is one of the most frequent neurological emergencies. Despite this, understanding of its pathophysiology and evidence regarding its management is limited. Rapid, effective, and well-tolerated treatment to achieve seizure cessation is advocated to prevent brain damage or potentially lethal outcomes. The last two decades have witnessed an exponential increase in the number of available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). These compounds, especially lacosamide and levetiracetam, in view of their intravenous formulation, have been increasingly prescribed in SE. These and other newer AEDs present a promising profile in terms of tolerability, with few centrally depressive effects, favorable pharmacokinetic properties, and fewer drug interactions than classical AEDs; conversely, they are more expensive. There is still no clear evidence to suggest a specific beneficial impact of newer AEDs on SE outcome, preventing any strong recommendation regarding their prescription in SE. Further comparative studies are urgently required to clarify their place and optimal use in the armamentarium of SE treatment.
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Beuchat I, Novy J, Rossetti AO. Newer Antiepileptic Drugs in Status Epilepticus: Prescription Trends and Outcomes in Comparison with Traditional Agents. CNS Drugs 2017; 31:327-334. [PMID: 28337727 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-017-0424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are increasingly prescribed; however, relatively limited data are available regarding their use in status epilepticus (SE) and the impact on outcome. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the evolution in prescription patterns of newer and traditional AEDs in this clinical setting, and their association with prognosis. METHODS We analyzed our prospective adult SE registry over a 10-year period (2007-2016) and assessed the yearly use of newer and traditional AEDs and their association with mortality, return to baseline conditions at discharge, and SE refractoriness, defined as treatment resistance to two AEDs, including benzodiazepines. RESULTS In 884 SE episodes, corresponding to 719 patients, the prescription of at least one newer AED increased from 0.38 per SE episode in 2007 to 1.24 per SE episode in 2016 (mostly due to the introduction of levetiracetam and lacosamide). Traditional AEDs (excluding benzodiazepines) decreased over time from 0.74 in 2007 to 0.41 in 2016, correlating with the decreasing use of phenytoin. The prescription of newer AEDs was independently associated with a lower chance of return to baseline conditions at discharge (odds ratio [OR] 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40-0.84) and a higher rate of SE refractoriness (OR 19.84, 95% CI 12.76-30.84), but not with changes in mortality (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.58-2.00). CONCLUSION We observed a growing trend in the prescription of newer AEDs in SE over the last decade; however, our findings might suggest an associated increased risk of SE refractoriness and new disability at hospital discharge. Pending prospective, comparative studies, this may justify some caution in the routine use of newer AEDs in SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Beuchat
- Service de Neurologie, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), CHUV-BH07, and Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Novy
- Service de Neurologie, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), CHUV-BH07, and Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea O Rossetti
- Service de Neurologie, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), CHUV-BH07, and Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Madžar D, Kuramatsu JB, Gerner ST, Huttner HB. Assessing the value of topiramate in refractory status epilepticus. Seizure 2016; 38:7-10. [PMID: 27039016 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess factors associated with the use of topiramate (TPM) in refractory status epilepticus (RSE). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed RSE episodes over a 12-year period. Episodes treated with and without TPM were compared in terms of demographics, RSE characteristics, clinical course, and outcome in univariate and multivariate analyses. Subgroups defined by type of RSE were studied separately. Functional outcome was assessed with the modified Rankin Scale. RESULTS Among 71 episodes, 17 (23.9%) were treated with TPM and seizure control was achieved in all of these. The results of unadjusted comparisons suggested a use of TPM in younger and healthier patients who received more perseverant treatment indicated by a higher number of antiepileptic drugs applied. In multivariate analysis adjusting for RSE duration, however, these associations lost significance. Furthermore, TPM was not a predictor of successful RSE termination in neither the overall cohort, nor in the subgroup of complex-partial RSE. CONCLUSION After multivariate adjustment, no significant differences were observed between episodes treated with and without TPM in baseline characteristics, treatment, and outcome. Regarding the latter, this study does therefore not yield evidence for a particular efficacy of TPM in RSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Madžar
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Joji B Kuramatsu
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Stefan T Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hagen B Huttner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Bellante F, Legros B, Depondt C, Créteur J, Taccone FS, Gaspard N. Midazolam and thiopental for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus: a retrospective comparison of efficacy and safety. J Neurol 2016; 263:799-806. [PMID: 26914931 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Current management guidelines for refractory status epilepticus (RSE) recommend the use of intravenous continuous anesthetic therapy, but there is little evidence to guide the selection of the most efficacious and safest drug. We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of midazolam versus thiopental for treatment of RSE. Retrospective case-control series of prospectively identified patients treated with midazolam or thiopental for RSE between January 2007 and December 2014. The primary outcome was control of RSE. Secondary outcomes included the rate of adverse events, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay, hospital mortality and long-term neurological outcome, assessed with the extended Glasgow outcome scale (GOS-E) at discharge and at six 6 months. A total of 33 patients were included, 19 treated with midazolam and 14 with thiopental. Groups were similar for demographic data, clinical variables, comorbidity and the underlying cause of RSE. The rate of control of SE did not differ between groups (63 vs. 64 %). Adverse events including hypotension (mean arterial pressure <70 mmHg) requiring vasopressors, infections, anemia requiring red blood cells transfusion, leucopenia (<4000/mm(3)), and hyponatremia (<130 mEq/l) were more frequent during thiopental infusion. Furthermore, patients treated with midazolam had a shorter median ICU length of stay (6 vs. 15 days; p = 0.02) and better GOS-E at 6 months (8 [8] vs. 4 [4, 5]; p = 0.01). These findings suggest that continuous midazolam administration is as efficacious as thiopental infusion for the treatment of RSE; however, midazolam was associated with a significantly lower number of adverse events. These findings should be confirmed in larger multicenter trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Bellante
- Department of Neurology, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tivoli, La Louvière, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Legros
- Department of Neurology, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chantal Depondt
- Department of Neurology, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques Créteur
- Department of Intensive Care, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Gaspard
- Department of Neurology, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
- Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Are Newer AEDs Better Than the Classic Ones in the Treatment of Status Epilepticus? J Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 33:18-21. [PMID: 26840872 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several newer antiepileptic drugs have been increasingly used in patients with status epilepticus, especially levetiracetam and lacosamide, because of their intravenous availability. They may offer advantages in terms of tolerability; however, to date, no clear evidence suggests any advantage regarding efficacy after the use of newer antiepileptic drugs in this specific clinical setting. However, there has been a considerable revival of interest regarding some classic compounds, such as midazolam (MDZ), valproate (VPA), ketamine, or ketogenic diet. Awaiting comparative studies, which in part are ongoing, it seems reasonable, for the first choice, to rely on those agents that are best known and less expensive.
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Tian L, Li Y, Xue X, Wu M, Liu F, Hao X, Zhou D. Super-refractory status epilepticus in West China. Acta Neurol Scand 2015; 132:1-6. [PMID: 25314275 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the general frequency, mortality, and risk factors of super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) versus non-refractory status epilepticus (NRSE) and refractory status epilepticus (RSE). METHODS This work is a retrospective study. Clinical data of patients who were diagnosed with status epilepticus (SE) in the neurological ward and neuro-intensive care unit of West China Hospital from January 2009 to December 2012 were collected and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 98 patients were included in the study. The percentages of NRSE, RSE, and SRSE were 67.3%, 20.4%, and 12.2%, respectively. Convulsive SE was the main seizure type among the three groups. The most common cause of NRSE was related to epilepsy (EP). However, 67.7% of SRSE cases were caused by acute encephalitis. Moreover, 47% of SE and 40% of RSE cases had a history of EP, whereas only 8.3% of SRSE cases had such history (P < 0.01). The percentage of patients with STESS ≤2 was lowest in the SRSE group without statistical significance (P > 0.05). The general mortality of SE was 7.1%, whereas that of SRSE was 50%. During follow-up, most SRSE patients who survived have developed symptomatic EP. CONCLUSIONS This study was the first to use the statistical percentage of SRSE. Approximately 12.2% of SE cases will result in SRSE, which is a challenging medical situation for doctors. Patients with first episodes and acute encephalitis were also prone to develop SRSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Tian
- Neurology; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Y. Li
- Neurology; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - X. Xue
- Intensive Care Unit; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - M. Wu
- Intensive Care Unit; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - F. Liu
- Intensive Care Unit; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - X. Hao
- Neurology; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - D. Zhou
- Neurology; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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Alvarez V, Westover MB, Drislane FW, Dworetzky BA, Curley D, Lee JW, Rossetti AO. Evaluation of a clinical tool for early etiology identification in status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2014; 55:2059-2068. [PMID: 25385281 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Because early etiologic identification is critical to select appropriate specific status epilepticus (SE) management, we aim to validate a clinical tool we developed that uses history and readily available investigations to guide prompt etiologic assessment. METHODS This prospective multicenter study included all adult patients treated for SE of all but anoxic causes from four academic centers. The proposed tool is designed as a checklist covering frequent precipitating factors for SE. The study team completed the checklist at the time the patient was identified by electroencephalography (EEG) request. Only information available in the emergency department or at the time of in-hospital SE identification was used. Concordance between the etiology indicated by the tool and the determined etiology at hospital discharge was analyzed, together with interrater agreement. RESULTS Two hundred twelve patients were included. Concordance between the etiology hypothesis generated using the tool and the finally determined etiology was 88.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 86.4-89.8) (κ = 0.88). Interrater agreement was 83.3% (95% CI 80.4-96) (κ = 0.81). SIGNIFICANCE This tool is valid and reliable for identification early the etiology of an SE. Physicians managing patients in SE may benefit from using it to identify promptly the underlying etiology, thus facilitating selection of the appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Alvarez
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,Neurology Service, Internal Medicine department,, Hôpital du Valais, 19501, Sion, Switzerland
| | - M Brandon Westover
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Frank W Drislane
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Barbara A Dworetzky
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - David Curley
- Emergency Department, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Andrea O Rossetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Rossetti AO. E&B is 15: an attempt to explain the "paradox". Epilepsy Behav 2014; 40:80. [PMID: 25306198 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea O Rossetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV-Lausanne University Hospital, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Grosso S, Zamponi N, Bartocci A, Cesaroni E, Cappanera S, Di Bartolo R, Balestri P. Lacosamide in children with refractory status epilepticus. A multicenter Italian experience. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2014; 18:604-8. [PMID: 24836405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Status epilepticus (SE) is considered a life-threatening medical emergency. First-line treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) consists of intravenous benzodiazepines followed by phenytoin. SE is considered refractory (RSE) when unresponsive to standard doses of the first two AEDs. Scarce evidence is available to support specific guidelines for the management of RSE in either adults or children. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and tolerability of intravenous (iv) lacosamide (LCM) in children affected by RSE. METHOD Children with RSE who were treated with ivLCM were included in the study. Efficacy was defined as the cessation of seizures after administration of ivLCM, with no need for any further antiepileptic drug. All patients had been unsuccessfully treated following standard protocols before ivLCM was administered. RESULTS Eleven children entered the study (mean age: 9.4 years). Etiology was symptomatic in 7 patients (63%). RSE was convulsive (focal or generalized) in 6 patients and nonconvulsive in 5. The mean initial bolus dose of LCM was 8.6 mg/kg. The drug, which was used as a fourth or later option, was effective in stopping RSE in 45% of patients, with seizures terminating within 12 h in three children. No serious adverse events attributable to LCM were reported. CONCLUSIONS LCM might be an effective and well-tolerated AED in children with RSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Grosso
- Pediatric Neurology-Immunology and Endocrinology Unit, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Pediatrics, University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Nelia Zamponi
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, University of Ancona, Italy
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Rantsch K, Walter U, Wittstock M, Benecke R, Rösche J. Treatment and course of different subtypes of status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2013; 107:156-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Belcastro V, Vidale S, Pierguidi L, Sironi L, Tancredi L, Striano P, Taborelli A, Arnaboldi M. Intravenous lacosamide as treatment option in post-stroke non convulsive status epilepticus in the elderly: a proof-of-concept, observational study. Seizure 2013; 22:905-7. [PMID: 23953988 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenously administered lacosamide (iv LCM) in post-stroke non convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) in elderly patients. METHODS We enrolled 16 patients (7 M/9 F; 77 ± 7 years of age) with NCSE. iv LCM was used in all the patients as initial treatment (i.e. patients were directly started on LCM) at a loading dose of 400 mg over 30 min, followed by a mean maintenance dose of 400 mg per day. iv LCM was considered as effective in patients who experience no NCSE for 24 h following treatment, as evaluated by EEG recording and clinical observation. RESULTS LCM was effective in treating NCSE in eight of the sixteen patients in whom epileptic activity disappeared (7/8) or was significantly reduced (1/8) within 45-60 min after administration. None of these patients relapsed in the following 24 h. No adverse events were observed. A partial anterior circulation syndrome (PACS) was present in 10 patients while a total anterior circulation syndrome (TACS) in six. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study suggests that LCM exhibits safety and efficacy profiles which make it an optimal candidate as a first-choice drug against post-stroke NCSE in elderly patients. A prospective comparative trial is needed to confirm these preliminary data.
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Dorandeu F, Dhote F, Barbier L, Baccus B, Testylier G. Treatment of status epilepticus with ketamine, are we there yet? CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:411-27. [PMID: 23601960 PMCID: PMC6493567 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE), a neurological emergency both in adults and in children, could lead to brain damage and even death if untreated. Generalized convulsive SE (GCSE) is the most common and severe form, an example of which is that induced by organophosphorus nerve agents. First- and second-line pharmacotherapies are relatively consensual, but if seizures are still not controlled, there is currently no definitive data to guide the optimal choice of therapy. The medical community seems largely reluctant to use ketamine, a noncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor. However, a review of the literature clearly shows that ketamine possesses, in preclinical studies, antiepileptic properties and provides neuroprotection. Clinical evidences are scarcer and more difficult to analyze, owing to a use in situations of polytherapy. In absence of existing or planned randomized clinical trials, the medical community should make up its mind from well-conducted preclinical studies performed on appropriate models. Although potentially active, ketamine has no real place for the treatment of isolated seizures, better accepted drugs being used. Its best usage should be during GCSE, but not waiting for SE to become totally refractory. Concerns about possible developmental neurotoxicity might limit its pediatric use for refractory SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Dorandeu
- Département de Toxicologie et risques chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées - Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA), La Tronche Cedex, France.
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