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Jia Y, Tang L, Yao Y, Zhuo L, Qu D, Chen X, Ji Y, Tao J, Zhu Y. Low-intensity exercise combined with sodium valproate attenuates kainic acid-induced seizures and associated co-morbidities by inhibiting NF-κB signaling in mice. Front Neurol 2022; 13:993405. [PMID: 36212646 PMCID: PMC9534325 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.993405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium valproate (VPA) is a broad-spectrum anticonvulsant that is effective both in adults and children suffering from epilepsy, but it causes psychiatric and behavioral side effects in patients with epilepsy. In addition, 30% of patients with epilepsy develop resistance to VPA. At present, regular physical exercise has shown many benefits and has become an effective complementary therapy for various brain diseases, including epilepsy. Therefore, we wondered whether VPA combined with exercise would be more effective in the treatment of seizures and associated co-morbidities. Here, we used a mouse model with kainic acid (KA)-induced epilepsy to compare the seizure status and the levels of related co-morbidities, such as cognition, depression, anxiety, and movement disorders, in each group using animal behavioral experiment and local field potential recordings. Subsequently, we investigated the mechanism behind this phenomenon by immunological means. Our results showed that low-intensity exercise combined with VPA reduced seizures and associated co-morbidities. This phenomenon seems to be related to the Toll-like receptor 4, activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and release of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and IL-6. In brief, low-intensity exercise combined with VPA enhanced the downregulation of NF-κB-related inflammatory response, thereby alleviating the seizures, and associated co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Jia
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lele Tang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yao
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Zhuo
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Qu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghua Ji
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yonghua Ji
| | - Jie Tao
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Jie Tao
| | - Yudan Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Yudan Zhu
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Something new and something blue: Responses to novelty in a rodent model of depression and epilepsy comorbidity. Physiol Behav 2022; 249:113778. [PMID: 35278474 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A bidirectional comorbidity exists between depression and epilepsy such that patients with epilepsy are at higher risk for developing depression, and vice versa. Each of these conditions individually can be complicated by behavioral effects that worsen quality of life, but less is known about these interactions within the comorbidity of depression and epilepsy. The SwLo rat has been selectively bred for depression-relevant behaviors and exhibits enhanced limbic seizure susceptibility. This study sought to characterize the effects of novelty and stress on the SwLo rodent model of this comorbidity. It was hypothesized that SwLo rats would exhibit altered responses to novelty, reflected in hyperactivity-, anxiety-, sensation seeking-, and/or compulsive behaviors, and that this would be exacerbated with stress. Compared to the SwHi rat (their depression- and epilepsy-resistant counterparts), SwLo rats showed increased entries in all areas of the Open Field Test and spent significantly more time in the light compartment of the Light-Dark Box. SwLo rats also had a significantly higher number of rearing behaviors in the inner squares of the Open Field Test, the closed arms of the Elevated Plus Maze, and both areas of the Light-Dark Box. They demonstrated increased Nestlet shredding but showed no difference in a marble burying task or in latency to consume food in a novelty suppressed feeding task. Interestingly, restraint stress showed little effect on these behaviors, despite increasing corticosterone levels. Combined, these results suggest an increase in exploratory sensation seeking and hypervigilant information-gathering behaviors in the SwLo rat that are not dependent on corticosterone levels. This shows the utility of this model for studying behavioral effects of comorbid depression and epilepsy and allows for their use in identifying underlying mechanisms or screening treatment strategies for this complex comorbidity.
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Xu C, Gong Y, Wang Y, Chen Z. New advances in pharmacoresistant epilepsy towards precise management-from prognosis to treatments. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108026. [PMID: 34718071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy, one of the most severe neurological diseases, is characterized by abrupt recurrent seizures. Despite great progress in the development of antiseizure drugs (ASDs) based on diverse molecular targets, more than one third of epilepsy patients still show resistance to ASDs, a condition termed pharmacoresistant epilepsy. The management of pharmacoresistant epilepsy involves serious challenges. In the past decade, promising advances have been made in the use of interdisciplinary techniques involving biophysics, bioinformatics, biomaterials and biochemistry, which allow more precise prognosis and development of drug target for pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Notably, novel experimental tools such as viral vector gene delivery, optogenetics and chemogenetics have provided a framework for promising approaches to the precise treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. In this review, historical achievements especially recent advances of the past decade in the prognosis and treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy from both clinical and laboratory settings are presented and summarized. We propose that the further development of novel experimental tools at cellular or molecular levels with both temporal and spatial precision are necessary to make improve the management and drug development for pharmacoresistant epilepsy in the clinical arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenglin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Gong
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Cavalcante BRR, Improta-Caria AC, Melo VHD, De Sousa RAL. Exercise-linked consequences on epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:108079. [PMID: 34058490 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is a brain disorder that leads to seizures and neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences. Physical inactivity can contribute to worse epilepsy pathophysiology. Here, we review how physical exercise affects epilepsy physiopathology. METHODS An extensive literature search was performed and the mechanisms of physical exercise on epilepsy were discussed. The search was conducted in Scopus and PubMed. Articles with relevant information were included. Only studies written in English were considered. RESULTS The regular practice of physical exercise can be beneficial for individuals with neurodegenerative diseases, such as epilepsy by decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory and stress biomarkers, increasing socialization, and reducing the incidence of epileptic seizures. Physical exercise is also capable of reducing the symptoms of depression and anxiety in epilepsy. Physical exercise can also improve cognitive function in epilepsy. The regular practice of physical exercise enhances the levels of brain-derived neuro factor (BDNF) in the hippocampi, induces neurogenesis, inhibits oxidative stress and reactive gliosis, avoids cognitive impairment, and stimulates the production of dopamine in the epileptic brain. CONCLUSION Physical exercise is an excellent non-pharmacological tool that can be used in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Cleber Improta-Caria
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Physiological Science Multicentric Program, Federal University of Valleyś Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Neuroscience and Exercise Study Group (Grupo de Estudos em Neurociências e Exercício - GENE), UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.
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Barzroodi Pour M, Bayat M, Navazesh A, Soleimani M, Karimzadeh F. Exercise Improved the Anti-Epileptic Effect of Carbamazepine through GABA Enhancement in Epileptic Rats. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2112-2130. [PMID: 34008120 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant drug that usually is used for the treatment of seizures. The anti-epileptic and the anti-epileptogenic effect of exercise has been reported, as well. This study was aimed to evaluate the synergic effect of combined therapy of exercise and CBZ in epileptic rats, as well as the alternation of the GABA pathway as a possible involved mechanism. The seizure was induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) injection. Animals were divided into sham, seizure, exercise (EX), CBZ (25, 50 and 75), EX + CBZ (25, 50 and 75). Treadmill forced running for 30 min has been considered as the exercise 5 days per week for four weeks. CBZ was injected in doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg, half an hour before seizure induction and 5 h after doing exercise in the animals forced to exercise. Seizure severity reduced and latency increased in the EX + CBZ (25) and EX + CBZ (50) groups compared to the seizure group. The distribution of GAD65 in both hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas increased in the EX + CBZ (75) group. GABAA receptor α1 was up-regulated in the CA3 area of the EX + CBZ (75) group. The distribution of GAD65 in the cortical area increased in EX, EX + CBZ (50), CBZ (75) and EX + CBZ (75) groups. GABAA receptor α1 was up-regulated in the neocortex of EX + CBZ (50), CBZ (75) and EX + CBZ (75) groups. Our findings suggested that exercise has improved the efficacy of CBZ and reduced the anti-epileptic dose. The enhancement of GABA signaling might be involved in the synergistic effect of exercise and CBZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Barzroodi Pour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Bayat
- Department of Anatomy, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Azam Navazesh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Karimzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Soleimani Meigoni Z, Jabari F, Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M. Protective effects of forced exercise against topiramate-induced cognition impairment and enhancement of its antiepileptic activity: molecular and behavioral evidences. Int J Neurosci 2021; 132:1198-1209. [PMID: 33428483 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1873979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Propose/aim of study: Forced exercise can act as a neuroprotective factor and cognitive enhancer. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of forced exercise on topiramate (TPM) induced cognitive impairment and also on TPM anti-seizure activity and neurodegeneration status after seizure.Material and method: Forty adult male rats were divided into four groups receiving normal saline, TPM (100 mg/kg), TPM in combination with forced exercise and forced exercise only respectively for 21 days. MWM test, and PTZ induced seizure were used and some oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers were measured for assessment of experimental animals.Results: Forced exercise in combination with TPM could abolish the TPM induced cognitive impairment and potentiates its anti-seizure activity. Also forced exercise in combination with TPM decreased malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and Bax protein, while caused increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities after PTZ administration.Conclusion: It seems that forced exercise could act as an adjunct therapy with TPM for management of induced cognitive impairment and can also potentiate TPM antiepileptic and neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Soleimani Meigoni
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jabari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Arida RM. Physical exercise and seizure activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:165979. [PMID: 32980461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotective and antiepileptogenic therapies have been extensively investigated for epilepsy prevention and treatment. This review gives an overview of the promising contribution of the ketogenic diet, a complementary treatment, on the intestinal microbiota to reduce seizure susceptibility. Next, the relevance of physical exercise is extensively addressed as a complementary therapy to reduce seizure susceptibility, and thereby impact beneficially on the epilepsy condition. In this context, particular attention is given to the potential risks and benefits of physical exercise, possible precipitant factors related to exercise and proposed mechanisms by which exercise can reduce seizures, and its antiepileptogenic effects. Finally, this review points to emerging evidence of exercise reducing comorbidities from epilepsy and improving the quality of life of people with epilepsy. Based on evidence from current literature, physical or sport activities represent a potential non-pharmacological intervention that can be integrated with conventional therapy for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Mario Arida
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Chronic Environmental or Genetic Elevation of Galanin in Noradrenergic Neurons Confers Stress Resilience in Mice. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7464-7474. [PMID: 32868458 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0973-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin has been implicated in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders in humans and rodent models. While pharmacological treatments for these disorders are ineffective for many individuals, physical activity is beneficial for stress-related symptoms. Galanin is highly expressed in the noradrenergic system, particularly the locus coeruleus (LC), which is dysregulated in stress-related disorders and activated by exercise. Galanin expression is elevated in the LC by chronic exercise, and blockade of galanin transmission attenuates exercise-induced stress resilience. However, most research on this topic has been done in rats, so it is unclear whether the relationship between exercise and galanin is species specific. Moreover, use of intracerebroventricular (ICV) galanin receptor antagonists in prior studies precluded defining a causal role for LC-derived galanin specifically. Therefore, the goals of this study were twofold. First, we investigated whether physical activity (chronic wheel running) increases stress resilience and galanin expression in the LC of male and female mice. Next, we used transgenic mice that overexpress galanin in noradrenergic neurons (Gal OX) to determine how chronically elevated noradrenergic-derived galanin, alone, alters anxiogenic-like responses to stress. We found that three weeks of ad libitum access to a running wheel in their home cage increased galanin mRNA in the LC of mice, which was correlated with and conferred resilience to stress. The effects of exercise were phenocopied by galanin overexpression in noradrenergic neurons, and Gal OX mice were resistant to the anxiogenic effect of optogenetic LC activation. These findings support a role for chronically increased noradrenergic galanin in mediating resilience to stress.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying behavioral responses to stress is necessary to improve treatments for stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Increased physical activity is associated with stress resilience in humans, but the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this effect are not clear. Here, we investigate a potential causal mechanism of this effect driven by the neuropeptide galanin from the main noradrenergic nucleus, the locus coeruleus (LC). We show that chronic voluntary wheel running in mice increases stress resilience and increases galanin expression in the LC. Furthermore, we show that genetic overexpression of galanin in noradrenergic neurons causes resilience to a stressor and the anxiogenic effects of optogenetic LC activation. These findings support a role for chronically increased noradrenergic galanin in mediating resilience to stress.
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de Aquino PEA, Rabelo Bezerra J, de Souza Nascimento T, Tavares J, Rosal Lustosa Í, Chaves Filho AJM, Mottin M, Macêdo Gaspar D, de Andrade GM, Tavares Neves KR, Biagini G, Silveira ER, de Barros Viana GS. A Proline Derivative-Enriched Fraction from Sideroxylon obtusifolium Protects the Hippocampus from Intracerebroventricular Pilocarpine-Induced Injury Associated with Status Epilepticus in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4188. [PMID: 32545390 PMCID: PMC7312019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline-enriched fraction (NMP) from Sideroxylon obtusifolium was evaluated as a neuroprotective agent in the intracerebroventricular (icv) pilocarpine (Pilo) model. To this aim, male mice were subdivided into sham (SO, vehicle), Pilo (300 µg/1 µL icv, followed by the vehicle per os, po) and NMP-treated groups (Pilo 300 µg/1 µL icv, followed by 100 or 200 mg/kg po). The treatments started one day after the Pilo injection and continued for 15 days. The effects of NMP were assessed by characterizing the preservation of cognitive function in both the Y-maze and object recognition tests. The hippocampal cell viability was evaluated by Nissl staining. Additional markers of damage were studied-the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) expression using, respectively, immunofluorescence and western blot analyses. We also performed molecular docking experiments revealing that NMP binds to the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter 1 (GAT1). GAT1 expression in the hippocampus was also characterized. Pilo induced cognitive deficits, cell damage, increased GFAP, Iba-1, and GAT1 expression in the hippocampus. These alterations were prevented, especially by the higher NMP dose. These data highlight NMP as a promising candidate for the protection of the hippocampus, as shown by the icv Pilo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Everson Alexandre de Aquino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil; (P.E.A.d.A.); (J.R.B.); (T.d.S.N.); (J.T.); (A.J.M.C.F.); (D.M.G.); (G.M.d.A.); (K.R.T.N.)
| | - Jéssica Rabelo Bezerra
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil; (P.E.A.d.A.); (J.R.B.); (T.d.S.N.); (J.T.); (A.J.M.C.F.); (D.M.G.); (G.M.d.A.); (K.R.T.N.)
| | - Tyciane de Souza Nascimento
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil; (P.E.A.d.A.); (J.R.B.); (T.d.S.N.); (J.T.); (A.J.M.C.F.); (D.M.G.); (G.M.d.A.); (K.R.T.N.)
| | - Juliete Tavares
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil; (P.E.A.d.A.); (J.R.B.); (T.d.S.N.); (J.T.); (A.J.M.C.F.); (D.M.G.); (G.M.d.A.); (K.R.T.N.)
| | - Ítalo Rosal Lustosa
- PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy;
| | - Adriano José Maia Chaves Filho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil; (P.E.A.d.A.); (J.R.B.); (T.d.S.N.); (J.T.); (A.J.M.C.F.); (D.M.G.); (G.M.d.A.); (K.R.T.N.)
| | - Melina Mottin
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, LabMol, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil;
| | - Danielle Macêdo Gaspar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil; (P.E.A.d.A.); (J.R.B.); (T.d.S.N.); (J.T.); (A.J.M.C.F.); (D.M.G.); (G.M.d.A.); (K.R.T.N.)
| | - Geanne Matos de Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil; (P.E.A.d.A.); (J.R.B.); (T.d.S.N.); (J.T.); (A.J.M.C.F.); (D.M.G.); (G.M.d.A.); (K.R.T.N.)
| | - Kelly Rose Tavares Neves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil; (P.E.A.d.A.); (J.R.B.); (T.d.S.N.); (J.T.); (A.J.M.C.F.); (D.M.G.); (G.M.d.A.); (K.R.T.N.)
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Edilberto Rocha Silveira
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-970, Brazil;
| | - Glauce Socorro de Barros Viana
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil; (P.E.A.d.A.); (J.R.B.); (T.d.S.N.); (J.T.); (A.J.M.C.F.); (D.M.G.); (G.M.d.A.); (K.R.T.N.)
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10
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Exercise-Induced Cognitive Improvement Is Associated with Sodium Channel-Mediated Excitability in APP/PS1 Mice. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:9132720. [PMID: 32256560 PMCID: PMC7103997 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9132720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated brain activation, or hyperexcitability, induces cognitive impairment and confers an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Blocking the overexcitation of the neural network may be a promising new strategy to prevent, halt, and even reverse this condition. Physical exercise has been shown to be an effective cognitive enhancer that reduces the risk of AD in elderly individuals, but the underlying mechanisms are far from being fully understood. We explored whether long-term treadmill exercise attenuates amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS1) mutation-induced aberrant network activity and thus improves cognition by altering the numbers and/or distribution of voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) in transgenic mice. APP/PS1 mice aged 2, 3.5, 5, 6.5, 8, and 9 months underwent treadmill exercise with different durations or at different stages of AD. The alterations in memory, electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, and expression levels and distributions of Nav functional members (Nav1.1α, Nav1.2, Nav1.6, and Navβ2) were evaluated. The results revealed that treadmill exercise with 12- and 24-week durations 1) induced significant improvement in novel object recognition (NOR) memory and Morris water maze (MWM) spatial memory; 2) partially reduced abnormal spike activity; and 3) redressed the disturbed cellular distribution of Nav1.1α, aberrant Navβ2 cleavage augmentation, and Nav1.6 upregulation. Additionally, APP/PS1 mice in the 24-week exercise group showed better performance in the NOR task and a large decrease in Nav1.6 expression, which was close to the wild-type level. This study suggests that exercise improves cognition and neural activity by altering the numbers and distribution of hippocampal Nav in APP/PS1 mice. Long-term treadmill exercise, for about 24 weeks, starting in the preclinical stage, is a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing AD and halting its progress.
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Tillage RP, Sciolino NR, Plummer NW, Lustberg D, Liles LC, Hsiang M, Powell JM, Smith KG, Jensen P, Weinshenker D. Elimination of galanin synthesis in noradrenergic neurons reduces galanin in select brain areas and promotes active coping behaviors. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:785-803. [PMID: 32065256 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that disruption of galanin signaling is associated with neuropsychiatric disease, but the precise functions of this neuropeptide remain largely unresolved due to lack of tools for experimentally disrupting its transmission in a cell type-specific manner. To examine the function of galanin in the noradrenergic system, we generated and crossed two novel knock-in mouse lines to create animals lacking galanin specifically in noradrenergic neurons (GalcKO-Dbh). We observed reduced levels of galanin peptide in pons, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex of GalcKO-Dbh mice, indicating that noradrenergic neurons are a significant source of galanin to those brain regions, while midbrain and hypothalamic galanin levels were comparable to littermate controls. In these same brain regions, we observed no change in levels of norepinephrine or its major metabolite at baseline or after an acute stressor, suggesting that loss of galanin does not affect noradrenergic synthesis or turnover. GalcKO-Dbh mice had normal performance in tests of depression, learning, and motor-related behavior, but had an altered response in some anxiety-related tasks. Specifically, GalcKO-Dbh mice showed increased marble and shock probe burying and had a reduced latency to eat in a novel environment, indicative of a more proactive coping strategy. Together, these findings indicate that noradrenergic neurons provide a significant source of galanin to discrete brain areas, and noradrenergic-specific galanin opposes adaptive coping responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Tillage
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead 301, 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Natale R Sciolino
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Developmental Neurobiology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Nicholas W Plummer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Developmental Neurobiology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Daniel Lustberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead 301, 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - L Cameron Liles
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead 301, 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Madeline Hsiang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Developmental Neurobiology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jeanne M Powell
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Developmental Neurobiology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Kathleen G Smith
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Developmental Neurobiology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Developmental Neurobiology Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead 301, 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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12
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Gorantla VR, Thomas SE, Millis RM. Environmental Enrichment and Brain Neuroplasticity in the Kainate Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. J Epilepsy Res 2019; 9:51-64. [PMID: 31482057 PMCID: PMC6706649 DOI: 10.14581/jer.19006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Environmental enrichment (EE) improves brain function and ameliorates cognitive impairments; however, whether EE can reverse the learning and memory deficits seen following seizures remains unknown. Methods We tested the hypothesis that EE augments neurogenesis and attenuates the learning and memory deficits in rats subjected to kainate-induced seizures in hippocampus, amygdala and motor cortex. EE consisted of daily exposures immediately after KA lesioning (early EE) and after a 60-day period (late EE). Morphometric counting of neuron numbers (NN), dendritic branch-points and intersections (DDBPI) were performed. Spatial learning in a T-maze test was described as percent correct responses and memory in a passive-avoidance test was calculated as time spent in the small compartment where they were previously exposed to an aversive stimulus. Results EE increased NN and DDBPI in the normal control and in the KA-lesioned rats in all brain areas studied, after both early and late exposure to EE. Late EE resulted in significantly fewer surviving neurons than early EE in all brain areas (p < 0.0001). EE increased the percent correct responses and decreased time spent in the small compartment, after both early and late EE. The timing of EE (early vs. late) had no effect on the behavioral measurements. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that, after temporal lobe and motor cortex epileptic seizures in rats, EE improves neural plasticity in areas of the brain involved with emotional regulation and motor coordination, even if the EE treatment is delayed for 60 days. Future studies should determine whether EE is a useful therapeutic strategy for patients affected by seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasavi R Gorantla
- Department of Behavioral Science and Neuroscience, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, Coolidge, Antigua and Barbuda
| | - Sneha E Thomas
- Department of Behavioral Science and Neuroscience, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, Coolidge, Antigua and Barbuda
| | - Richard M Millis
- Department of Behavioral Science and Neuroscience, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, Coolidge, Antigua and Barbuda.,Department of Medical Physiology, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, Coolidge, Antigua and Barbuda
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13
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Metcalf CS, Huntsman M, Garcia G, Kochanski AK, Chikinda M, Watanabe E, Underwood T, Vanegas F, Smith MD, White HS, Bulaj G. Music-Enhanced Analgesia and Antiseizure Activities in Animal Models of Pain and Epilepsy: Toward Preclinical Studies Supporting Development of Digital Therapeutics and Their Combinations With Pharmaceutical Drugs. Front Neurol 2019; 10:277. [PMID: 30972009 PMCID: PMC6446215 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital therapeutics (software as a medical device) and mobile health (mHealth) technologies offer a means to deliver behavioral, psychosocial, disease self-management and music-based interventions to improve therapy outcomes for chronic diseases, including pain and epilepsy. To explore new translational opportunities in developing digital therapeutics for neurological disorders, and their integration with pharmacotherapies, we examined analgesic and antiseizure effects of specific musical compositions in mouse models of pain and epilepsy. The music playlist was created based on the modular progression of Mozart compositions for which reduction of seizures and epileptiform discharges were previously reported in people with epilepsy. Our results indicated that music-treated mice exhibited significant analgesia and reduction of paw edema in the carrageenan model of inflammatory pain. Among analgesic drugs tested (ibuprofen, cannabidiol (CBD), levetiracetam, and the galanin analog NAX 5055), music intervention significantly decreased paw withdrawal latency difference in ibuprofen-treated mice and reduced paw edema in combination with CBD or NAX 5055. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first animal study on music-enhanced antinociceptive activity of analgesic drugs. In the plantar incision model of surgical pain, music-pretreated mice had significant reduction of mechanical allodynia. In the corneal kindling model of epilepsy, the cumulative seizure burden following kindling acquisition was lower in animals exposed to music. The music-treated group also exhibited significantly improved survival, warranting further research on music interventions for preventing Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). We propose a working model of how musical elements such as rhythm, sequences, phrases and punctuation found in K.448 and K.545 may exert responses via parasympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Based on our findings, we discuss: (1) how enriched environment (EE) can serve as a preclinical surrogate for testing combinations of non-pharmacological modalities and drugs for the treatment of pain and other chronic diseases, and (2) a new paradigm for preclinical and clinical development of therapies leading to drug-device combination products for neurological disorders, depression and cancer. In summary, our present results encourage translational research on integrating non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions for pain and epilepsy using digital therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S. Metcalf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, United States
| | - Merodean Huntsman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, United States
| | - Gerry Garcia
- Greatful Living Productions, Salt Lake, UT, United States
| | - Adam K. Kochanski
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, United States
| | - Michael Chikinda
- The Gifted Music School, Salt Lake, UT, United States
- The School of Music, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, United States
| | | | - Tristan Underwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, United States
| | - Fabiola Vanegas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, United States
| | - Misty D. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, United States
- The School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, United States
| | - H. Steve White
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Grzegorz Bulaj
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, United States
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14
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Abstract
AbstractPeople with epilepsy (PWE) are less physically active compared with the general population. Explanations include prejudice, overprotection, unawareness, stigma, fear of seizure induction and lack of knowledge of health professionals. At present, there is no consensus on the role of exercise in epilepsy. This paper reviews the current evidence surrounding the risks and benefits associated with physical activity (PA) in this group of patients. In the last decade, several publications indicate significant benefits in physiological and psychological health parameters, including mood and cognition, physical conditioning, social interaction, quality of life, as well as potential prevention of seizure presentation. Moreover, experimental studies suggest that PA provides mechanisms of neuronal protection, related to biochemical and structural changes including release of β-endorphins and steroids, which may exert an inhibitory effect on the occurrence of abnormal electrical activity. Epileptic discharges can decrease or disappear during exercise, which may translate into reduced seizure recurrence. In some patients, exercise may precipitate seizures. Available evidence suggests that PA should be encouraged in PWE in order to promote wellbeing and quality of life. There is a need for prospective randomized controlled studies that provide stronger clinical evidence before definitive recommendations can be made.
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15
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dos Santos FV, Targa AD, Hammerschmidt I, Zanata SM, Maia FG, Visentainer JV, Santos Junior OO, da Costa BA, Lagranha CJ, Ferraz AC. Fish oil supplementation reverses behavioral and neurochemical alterations induced by swimming exercise in rats. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Setti SE, Hunsberger HC, Reed MN. Alterations in Hippocampal Activity and Alzheimer's Disease. TRANSLATIONAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:348-356. [PMID: 29862310 DOI: 10.1037/tps0000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aging population and those with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are at increased risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Individuals with aMCI in particular may display pathological changes in brain function that may ultimately result in a diagnosis of AD. This review focuses specifically on hippocampal hyperexcitability, a pathology that is sometimes detectable years before diagnosis, which has been observed in individuals with aMCI. We describe how changes in hippocampal activity are associated with, or in some cases may be permissive for, the development of AD. Finally, we describe how lifestyle changes, including exercise and dietary changes can attenuate cognitive decline and hippocampal hyperexcitability, potentially reducing the risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharay E Setti
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Auburn University
| | - Holly C Hunsberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University.,Department of Psychology, West Virginia University
| | - Miranda N Reed
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Auburn University
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17
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Iqbal M, Rahman MS, Zafar S, Chen XL, Liu JX, Liu Y. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of different exercise programs in pilocarpine induced status epilepticus models. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 73:256-267. [PMID: 28666249 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies testing exercise in animal models of pilocarpine induced status epilepticus (SE) and to compare the efficacy of different training strategies used in those studies. METHODS We searched 2 online databases (Pubmed and Web of Science) for studies analyzing the efficacy of different trainings in pilocarpine-induced SE models. Training was categorized into forced physical training (PT), voluntary PT and resistance PT. Two reviewers independently extracted data on study quality, behavioral seizures, and histological, chemical and cognitive outcomes. Data were pooled by means of a meta-analysis. RESULTS Among 17 selected studies; 174 animals from 8 studies with 10 comparison groups showed that exercise intervention after induction of SE significantly decreased spontaneous recurrent seizures with [mean difference (MD)=-1.80, 95% confidence interval (CI): -3.22, -0.37, p=0.02] and 60 animals showed statistically significant decrease in latency in Morris water maze (standardized mean difference (SMD)=-2.57, 95% CI: -4.06, -1.08, p=0.0007). Although not statistically significant, still a remarkable increase in number of CA1 neurons and hippocampal BDNF level (MD=2.27, [95% CI: -1.20, 5.73], p=0.19, SMD=1.07, [95% CI: -0.36, 2.51], p=0.14 respectively) and a decrease in mossy fibers sprouting (SMD=-1.03, [95% CI: -3.06, 1.00], p=0.32) were observed. PT interventions in 72 animals before induction of SE showed favorable increase in latency to develop SE (MD=8.34, [95% CI: -3.10, 19.78], p=0.15) but no remarkable improvements in latency for the first motor sign and motor signs intensity. CONCLUSIONS PT after SE reduces the recurrent seizures and improves the morphological, biochemical and cognitive profiles of pilocarpine epileptic models. Resistance PT was identified as particularly effective in reducing behavioral seizures. The efficacy of training was also dependent upon duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb Iqbal
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Md Saidur Rahman
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Salman Zafar
- University Institute of Physical Therapy, University of Lahore, 1 km Defence road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Xin-Lin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China; Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
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18
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Phillips C. Physical Activity Modulates Common Neuroplasticity Substrates in Major Depressive and Bipolar Disorder. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:7014146. [PMID: 28529805 PMCID: PMC5424494 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7014146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders (MDs) are chronic, recurrent mental diseases that affect millions of individuals worldwide. Although the biogenic amine model has provided some clinical utility, a need remains to better understand the interrelated mechanisms that contribute to neuroplasticity deficits in MDs and the means by which various therapeutics mitigate them. Of those therapeutics being investigated, physical activity (PA) has shown clear and consistent promise. Accordingly, the aims of this review are to (1) explicate key modulators, processes, and interactions that impinge upon multiple susceptibility points to effectuate neuroplasticity deficits in MDs; (2) explore the putative mechanisms by which PA mitigates these features; (3) review protocols used to induce the positive effects of PA in MDs; and (4) highlight implications for clinicians and researchers.
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19
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Carrizosa-Moog J. Epilepsia, actividad física y deporte. IATREIA 2017. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.v30n1a04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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20
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Galanin contributes to monoaminergic dysfunction and to dependent neurobehavioral comorbidities of epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2016; 289:64-72. [PMID: 28013000 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) in rats, along with chronic epilepsy, leads to the development of behavioral impairments resembling depressive disorder and/or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), thus reflecting respective comorbidities in epilepsy patients. Suppressed neurotransmitter tone in the raphe nucleus (RN)-prefrontal cortex (PFC) serotonergic pathway and in the locus coeruleus (LC)-PFC noradrenergic pathway underlies depressive- and impulsive-like behavioral deficits respectively. We examined possible mechanisms leading to the monoamine dysfunction in brainstem efferents, namely modulatory effects of the neuropeptide galanin on serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) signaling. SE was induced in young adult male Wistar rats by LiCl and pilocarpine. Epileptic rats were categorized vis-à-vis behavioral deficits as not impaired, "depressed" and "impulsive". Depressive- and impulsive-like behaviors were examined in the forced swimming test (FST). The strength of serotonergic transmission in RN-PFC and of noradrenergic transmission in LC-PFC was analyzed using in vivo fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Galanin receptor type 1 (GalR1)/type 2 (GalR2) antagonist M40, and a preferential GalR2 antagonist M871 were administered over 3days locally into either RN or LC by means of ALZET osmotic minipumps connected to locally implanted infusion cannulas. Intra-RN injection of M40 improved serotonergic tone and depressive-like behavior in epileptic "depressed" rats. Intra-LC injection of M40 improved noradrenergic tone and impulsive-like behavior in epileptic "impulsive" rats. The effects of M40 were only observed in impaired subjects. The treatment did not modify neurotransmission and behavior in naïve and epileptic not impaired rats; in "depressed" rats the effects were limited to serotonergic transmission and immobility, while in "impulsive" rats - to noradrenergic transmission and struggling behavior. Intra-RN administration of M871 exacerbated depressive-like behavior, but had no effects on any other of the examined parameters in any category of animals. These findings suggest that endogenous galanin, acting through GalR1 may be involved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy-associated depression and ADHD via inhibiting RN-PFC serotonergic and LC-PFC noradrenergic transmissions respectively.
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21
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Anticonvulsant activity of the antidepressant drug, tianeptine, against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures mitigates cognitive impairment in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2016; 27:623-32. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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22
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Effects of Swimming Exercise on Limbic and Motor Cortex Neurogenesis in the Kainate-Lesion Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2016; 2016:3915767. [PMID: 27313873 PMCID: PMC4893441 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3915767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disease and antiseizure medication is often inadequate for preventing apoptotic cell death. Aerobic swimming exercise (EX) augments neurogenesis in rats when initiated immediately in the postictal period. This study tests the hypothesis that aerobic exercise also augments neurogenesis over the long term. Male Wistar rats (age of 4 months) were subjected to chemical lesioning using KA and to an EX intervention consisting of a 30 d period of daily swimming for 15 min, in one experiment immediately after KA lesioning (immediate exposure) and in a second experiment after a 60 d period of normal activity (delayed exposure). Morphometric counting of neuron numbers (NN) and dendritic branch points and intersections (DDBPI) was performed in the CA1, CA3, and dentate regions of hippocampus, in basolateral nucleus of amygdala, and in several areas of motor cortex. EX increased NN and DDBPI in the normal control and the KA-lesioned rats in all four limbic and motor cortex areas studied, after both immediate and 60 d delayed exposures to exercise. These findings suggest that, after temporal lobe epileptic seizures in rats, swimming exercise may improve neural plasticity in areas of the brain involved with emotional regulation and motor coordination, even if the exercise treatment is delayed.
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23
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Tchekalarova J, Shishmanova M, Atanasova D, Stefanova M, Alova L, Lazarov N, Georgieva K. Effect of endurance training on seizure susceptibility, behavioral changes and neuronal damage after kainate-induced status epilepticus in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res 2015; 1625:39-53. [PMID: 26319691 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of regular physical exercises in an animal model of epilepsy and depression comorbidity has been confirmed previously. In the present study, we examined the effects of endurance training on susceptibility to kainate (KA)-induced status epilepticus (SE), behavioral changes and neuronal damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Male SHRs were randomly divided into two groups. One group was exercised on a treadmill with submaximal loading for four weeks and the other group was sedentary. Immediately after the training period, SE was evoked in half of the sedentary and trained rats by KA, while the other half of the two groups received saline. Basal systolic (SP), diastolic (DP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) of all rats were measured at the beginning and at the end of the training period. Anxiety, memory and depression-like behaviour were evaluated a month after SE. The release of 5-HT in the hippocampus was measured using a liquid scintillation method and neuronal damage was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. SP and MAP of exercised SHRs decreased in comparison with the initial values. The increased resistance of SHRs to KA-induced SE was accompanied by an elongated latent seizure-free period, improved object recognition memory and antidepressant effect after the training program. While the anticonvulsant and positive behavioral effects of endurance training were accompanied by an increase of 5-HT release in the hippocampus, it did not exert neuroprotective activity. Our results indicate that prior exercise is an effective means to attenuate KA-induced seizures and comorbid behavioral changes in a model of hypertension and epilepsy suggesting a potential influence of hippocampal 5-HT on a comorbid depression. However, this beneficial impact does not prevent the development of epilepsy and concomitant brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tchekalarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria.
| | - M Shishmanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Drug Toxicology, Medical University - Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - D Atanasova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
| | - M Stefanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
| | - L Alova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
| | - N Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University - Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - K Georgieva
- Department of Physiology, Medical University - Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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24
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Crosstalk between exercise and galanin system alleviates insulin resistance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 59:141-6. [PMID: 26542124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that aerobic exercise can enhance insulin sensitivity, however, the precise mechanism for this outcome is not entirely identified. Emerging evidences point out that exercise can upregulate galanin protein and mRNA expression, resulting in improvement of insulin sensitivity via an increase in translocation of glucose transporter 4 and subsequent glucose uptake in myocytes and adipocytes of healthy and type 2 diabetic rats, which may be blocked by galanin antagonist. In return, galanin can exert the exercise-protective roles to prevent excessive movement of skeletal muscle and to accelerate exercise trauma repair in exercise-relative tissues. Studies also implicated that combination of aerobic exercise and activation of galanin system may make more significant improvement in insulin sensitivity than that of either one did. These suggest that galanin system is essential for physical activity to alleviate insulin resistance, namely, the beneficial effect of physical activity on glucose uptake is at least partly mediated by galanin system. Besides, co-treatment with galanin and exercise is an effective therapeutic strategy for reducing insulin resistance.
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25
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Ogbonmwan YE, Schroeder JP, Holmes PV, Weinshenker D. The effects of post-extinction exercise on cocaine-primed and stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1395-403. [PMID: 25358851 PMCID: PMC4388768 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Voluntary aerobic exercise has shown promise as a treatment for substance abuse, reducing relapse in cocaine-dependent people. Wheel running also attenuates drug-primed and cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats, an animal model of relapse. However, in most of these studies, wheel access was provided throughout cocaine self-administration and/or extinction and had effects on several parameters of drug seeking. Moreover, the effects of exercise on footshock stress-induced reinstatement have not been investigated. OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were to isolate and specifically examine the protective effect of exercise on relapse-like behavior elicited by a drug prime or stress. METHODS Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine at a stable level, followed by extinction training. Once extinction criteria were met, rats were split into exercise (24 h, continuous access to running wheel) and sedentary groups for 3 weeks, after which, drug-seeking behavior was assessed following a cocaine prime or footshock. We also measured galanin messenger RNA (mRNA) in the locus coeruleus and A2 noradrenergic nucleus. RESULTS Exercising rats ran ∼4-6 km/day, comparable to levels previously reported for rats without a history of cocaine self-administration. Post-extinction exercise significantly attenuated cocaine-primed, but not footshock stress-induced, reinstatement of cocaine seeking, and increased galanin mRNA expression in the LC but not A2. CONCLUSION These results indicate that chronic wheel running can attenuate some forms of reinstatement, even when initiated after the cessation of cocaine self-administration, supporting the idea that voluntary exercise programs may help maintain abstinence in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne E. Ogbonmwan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jason P. Schroeder
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Philip V. Holmes
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute and Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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26
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Gulyaeva NV. Neuronal plasticity and epilepsy: modern concepts and mechanisms of epilepsy and depression comorbidity. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2015; 115:148-153. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2015115112148-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Stafstrom CE. Epilepsy comorbidities: how can animal models help? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 813:273-81. [PMID: 25012384 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8914-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An epilepsy comorbidity is a condition or disorder that occurs at a frequency greater than chance in a person with epilepsy. Examples of common epilepsy comorbidities are depression, anxiety, and intellectual disability. Epilepsy comorbidities can be quite disabling, sometimes affecting a patient's quality of life to a greater extent than seizures. Animal models offer the opportunity to explore shared pathophysiological mechanisms, therapeutic options, and consequences of both the epilepsy syndrome and a given comorbidity. In this chapter, depression is used as an example of how animal models can inform translational questions about epilepsy comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Stafstrom
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Centennial Building 7176, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA,
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