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Zeng C, Lu Y, Wei X, Sun L, Wei L, Ou S, Huang Q, Wu Y. Parvalbumin Regulates GAD Expression through Calcium Ion Concentration to Affect the Balance of Glu-GABA and Improve KA-Induced Status Epilepticus in PV-Cre Transgenic Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1951-1966. [PMID: 38696478 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims: the study aimed to (i) use adeno-associated virus technology to modulate parvalbumin (PV) gene expression, both through overexpression and silencing, within the hippocampus of male mice and (ii) assess the impact of PV on the metabolic pathway of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Methods: a status epilepticus (SE) mouse model was established by injecting kainic acid into the hippocampus of transgenic mice. When the seizures of mice reached SE, the mice were killed at that time point and 30 min after the onset of SE. Hippocampal tissues were extracted and the mRNA and protein levels of PV and the 65 kDa (GAD65) and 67 kDa (GAD67) isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase were assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. The concentrations of glutamate and GABA were detected with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the intracellular calcium concentration was detected using flow cytometry. Results: we demonstrate that the expression of PV is associated with GAD65 and GAD67 and that PV regulates the levels of GAD65 and GAD67. PV was correlated with calcium concentration and GAD expression. Interestingly, PV overexpression resulted in a reduction in calcium ion concentration, upregulation of GAD65 and GAD67, elevation of GABA concentration, reduction in glutamate concentration, and an extension of seizure latency. Conversely, PV silencing induced the opposite effects. Conclusion: parvalbumin may affect the expression of GAD65 and GAD67 by regulating calcium ion concentration, thereby affecting the metabolic pathways associated with glutamate and GABA. In turn, this contributes to the regulation of seizure activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yuling Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lanfeng Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Sijie Ou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
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2
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Brindley E, Heiland M, Mooney C, Diviney M, Mamad O, Hill TDM, Yan Y, Venø MT, Reschke CR, Batool A, Langa E, Sanz-Rodriguez A, Heller JP, Morris G, Conboy K, Kjems J, Brennan GP, Henshall DC. Brain cell-specific origin of circulating microRNA biomarkers in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1230942. [PMID: 37808470 PMCID: PMC10556253 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1230942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of epilepsy is complex and challenging and would benefit from the availability of molecular biomarkers, ideally measurable in a biofluid such as blood. Experimental and human epilepsy are associated with altered brain and blood levels of various microRNAs (miRNAs). Evidence is lacking, however, as to whether any of the circulating pool of miRNAs originates from the brain. To explore the link between circulating miRNAs and the pathophysiology of epilepsy, we first sequenced argonaute 2 (Ago2)-bound miRNAs in plasma samples collected from mice subject to status epilepticus induced by intraamygdala microinjection of kainic acid. This identified time-dependent changes in plasma levels of miRNAs with known neuronal and microglial-cell origins. To explore whether the circulating miRNAs had originated from the brain, we generated mice expressing FLAG-Ago2 in neurons or microglia using tamoxifen-inducible Thy1 or Cx3cr1 promoters, respectively. FLAG immunoprecipitates from the plasma of these mice after seizures contained miRNAs, including let-7i-5p and miR-19b-3p. Taken together, these studies confirm that a portion of the circulating pool of miRNAs in experimental epilepsy originates from the brain, increasing support for miRNAs as mechanistic biomarkers of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Brindley
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mona Heiland
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Mooney
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mairead Diviney
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Omar Mamad
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas D. M. Hill
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yan Yan
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Omiics ApS, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten T. Venø
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Omiics ApS, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cristina R. Reschke
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aasia Batool
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elena Langa
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amaya Sanz-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Janosch P. Heller
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gareth Morris
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Conboy
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gary P. Brennan
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David C. Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Wu J, Liu P, Geng C, Liu C, Li J, Zhu Q, Li A. Principal neurons in the olfactory cortex mediate bidirectional modulation of seizures. J Physiol 2023; 601:3557-3584. [PMID: 37384845 DOI: 10.1113/jp284731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the piriform cortex (PC) has been previously implicated as a critical node for seizure generation and propagation, the underlying neural mechanism has remained unclear. Here, we found increased excitability in PC neurons during amygdala kindling acquisition. Optogenetic or chemogenetic activation of PC pyramidal neurons promoted kindling progression, whereas inhibition of these neurons retarded seizure activities induced by electrical kindling in the amygdala. Furthermore, chemogenetic inhibition of PC pyramidal neurons alleviated the severity of kainic acid-induced acute seizures. These results demonstrate that PC pyramidal neurons bidirectionally modulate seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy, providing evidence for the efficacy of PC pyramidal neurons as a potential therapeutic target for epileptogenesis. KEY POINTS: While the piriform cortex (PC) is an important olfactory centre critically involved in olfactory processing and plays a crucial role in epilepsy due to its close connection with the limbic system, how the PC regulates epileptogenesis is largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated the neuronal activity and the role of pyramidal neurons in the PC in the mouse amygdala kindling model of epilepsy. PC pyramidal neurons are hyperexcited during epileptogenesis. Optogenetic and chemogenetic activation of PC pyramidal neurons significantly promoted seizures in the amygdala kindling model, whereas selective inhibition of these neurons produced an anti-epileptic effect for both electrical kindling and kainic acid-induced acute seizures. The results of the present study indicate that PC pyramidal neurons bidirectionally modulate seizure activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Penglai Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chi Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Changyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qiuju Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Anan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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4
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West PJ, Thomson K, Billingsley P, Pruess T, Rueda C, Saunders GW, Smith MD, Metcalf CS, Wilcox KS. Spontaneous recurrent seizures in an intra-amygdala kainate microinjection model of temporal lobe epilepsy are differentially sensitive to antiseizure drugs. Exp Neurol 2022; 349:113954. [PMID: 34922908 PMCID: PMC8815304 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and development of novel antiseizure drugs (ASDs) that are effective in controlling pharmacoresistant spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRSs) continues to represent a significant unmet clinical need. The Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) has undertaken efforts to address this need by adopting animal models that represent the salient features of human pharmacoresistant epilepsy and employing these models for preclinical testing of investigational ASDs. One such model that has garnered increased interest in recent years is the mouse variant of the Intra-Amygdala Kainate (IAK) microinjection model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). In establishing a version of this model, several methodological variables were evaluated for their effect(s) on pertinent quantitative endpoints. Although administration of a benzodiazepine 40 min after kainate (KA) induced status epilepticus (SE) is commonly used to improve survival, data presented here demonstrates similar outcomes (mortality, hippocampal damage, latency periods, and 90-day SRS natural history) between mice given midazolam and those that were not. Using a version of this model that did not interrupt SE with a benzodiazepine, a 90-day natural history study was performed and survival, latency periods, SRS frequencies and durations, and SRS clustering data were quantified. Finally, an important step towards model adoption is to assess the sensitivities or resistances of SRSs to a panel of approved and clinically used ASDs. Accordingly, the following ASDs were evaluated for their effects on SRSs in these mice: phenytoin (20 mg/kg, b.i.d.), carbamazepine (30 mg/kg, t.i.d.), valproate (240 mg/kg, t.i.d.), diazepam (4 mg/kg, b.i.d.), and phenobarbital (25 and 50 mg/kg, b.i.d.). Valproate, diazepam, and phenobarbital significantly attenuated SRS frequency relative to vehicle controls at doses devoid of observable adverse behavioral effects. Only diazepam significantly increased seizure freedom. Neither phenytoin nor carbamazepine significantly altered SRS frequency or freedom under these experimental conditions. These data demonstrate that SRSs in this IAK model of MTLE are pharmacoresistant to two representative sodium channel-inhibiting ASDs (phenytoin and carbamazepine) and partially sensitive to GABA receptor modulating ASDs (diazepam and phenobarbital) or a mixed-mechanism ASD (valproate). Accordingly, this model is being incorporated into the NINDS-funded ETSP testing platform for treatment resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J West
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | - Kyle Thomson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Peggy Billingsley
- Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Timothy Pruess
- Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Carlos Rueda
- Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Gerald W Saunders
- Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Misty D Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Cameron S Metcalf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Karen S Wilcox
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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5
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Beamer E, Morgan J, Alves M, Méndez AM, Morris G, Zimmer B, Conte G, de Diego-Garcia L, Alarcón-Vila C, Ng NKY, Madden S, Calzaferri F, de Los Rios C, Garcia AG, Hamacher M, Dinkel K, Pelegrin P, Henshall DC, Nicke A, Engel T. Increased expression of the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor reduces responsiveness to anti-convulsants during status epilepticus in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2986-3006. [PMID: 34962289 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Refractory status epilepticus is a clinical emergency associated with high mortality and morbidity. Increasing evidence suggests neuroinflammation contributes to the development of drug-refractoriness during status epilepticus. The aim of the present study was to determine the contribution of the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), previously linked to both inflammation and increased hyperexcitability, to drug-refractory status epilepticus and its therapeutic potential. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Status epilepticus was induced via a unilateral microinjection of kainic acid into the amygdala in adult mice. Severity of status epilepticus was compared in animals with overexpressing or knock-out of the P2X7R, after inflammatory priming by the pre-injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in mice treated with P2X7R-targeting and anti-inflammatory drugs. KEY RESULTS P2X7R overexpressing mice were unresponsive to several anticonvulsants (lorazepam, midazolam, phenytoin and carbamazepine) during status epilepticus. P2X7R expression was increased in microglia during status epilepticus, at a time-point when responses to anticonvulsant are reduced. P2X7R overexpression led to a pro-inflammatory phenotype in microglia during status epilepticus and the anti-inflammatory drug minocycline restored normal responsiveness to anticonvulsants in P2X7R overexpressing mice. Pre-treatment of wildtype mice with LPS increased P2X7R levels in the brain and reduced responsiveness to anticonvulsants during status epilepticus, which was overcome by either a genetic deletion of the P2X7R or the administration of the P2X7R antagonists AFC-5128 or ITH15004. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrate that P2X7R-induced pro-inflammatory effects contribute to resistance to pharmacotherapy during status epilepticus and suggest therapies targeting the P2X7R as novel adjunctive treatments for drug-refractory status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Beamer
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - James Morgan
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aida Menéndez Méndez
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gareth Morris
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Béla Zimmer
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Giorgia Conte
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura de Diego-Garcia
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cristina Alarcón-Vila
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Carretera Buenavista s/n. 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nico Ka Yiu Ng
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Madden
- Data Science Centre, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francesco Calzaferri
- Instituto-Fundación Teofilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristobal de Los Rios
- Instituto-Fundación Teofilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, C/Diego de Leon, 62, 1a Planta, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G Garcia
- Instituto-Fundación Teofilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, C/Diego de Leon, 62, 1a Planta, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Hamacher
- Affectis Pharmaceuticals AG, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Klaus Dinkel
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pablo Pelegrin
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Carretera Buenavista s/n. 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Brennan GP, Bauer S, Engel T, Jimenez-Mateos EM, Del Gallo F, Hill TDM, Connolly NMC, Costard LS, Neubert V, Salvetti B, Sanz-Rodriguez A, Heiland M, Mamad O, Brindley E, Norwood B, Batool A, Raoof R, El-Naggar H, Reschke CR, Delanty N, Prehn JHM, Fabene P, Mooney C, Rosenow F, Henshall DC. Genome-wide microRNA profiling of plasma from three different animal models identifies biomarkers of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 144:105048. [PMID: 32800995 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy diagnosis is complex, requires a team of specialists and relies on in-depth patient and family history, MRI-imaging and EEG monitoring. There is therefore an unmet clinical need for a non-invasive, molecular-based, biomarker to either predict the development of epilepsy or diagnose a patient with epilepsy who may not have had a witnessed seizure. Recent studies have demonstrated a role for microRNAs in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNA molecules which negatively regulate gene expression, exerting profound influence on target pathways and cellular processes. The presence of microRNAs in biofluids, ease of detection, resistance to degradation and functional role in epilepsy render them excellent candidate biomarkers. Here we performed the first multi-model, genome-wide profiling of plasma microRNAs during epileptogenesis and in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy animals. From video-EEG monitored rats and mice we serially sampled blood samples and identified a set of dysregulated microRNAs comprising increased miR-93-5p, miR-142-5p, miR-182-5p, miR-199a-3p and decreased miR-574-3p during one or both phases. Validation studies found miR-93-5p, miR-199a-3p and miR-574-3p were also dysregulated in plasma from patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. Treatment of mice with common anti-epileptic drugs did not alter the expression levels of any of the five miRNAs identified, however administration of an anti-epileptogenic microRNA treatment prevented dysregulation of several of these miRNAs. The miRNAs were detected within the Argonuate2-RISC complex from both neurons and microglia indicating these miRNA biomarker candidates can likely be traced back to specific brain cell types. The current studies identify additional circulating microRNA biomarkers of experimental and human epilepsy which may support diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy via a quick, cost-effective rapid molecular-based test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Brennan
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Center, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland.
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Neurology, Phillips University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Center, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Eva M Jimenez-Mateos
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Federico Del Gallo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Thomas D M Hill
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Center, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Niamh M C Connolly
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Lara S Costard
- Department of Neurology, Phillips University, Marburg, Germany; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Valentin Neubert
- Department of Neurology, Phillips University, Marburg, Germany; Oscar-Langendorff Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Beatrice Salvetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Amaya Sanz-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Center, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Mona Heiland
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Center, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Omar Mamad
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Center, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth Brindley
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Braxton Norwood
- Expesicor Inc, Kalispell, MT, USA; FYR Diagnostics, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Aasia Batool
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Rana Raoof
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Hany El-Naggar
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cristina R Reschke
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Center, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Norman Delanty
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Center, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Center, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Paolo Fabene
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Catherine Mooney
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Center, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Neurology, Phillips University, Marburg, Germany
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro SFI Research Center, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
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7
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Batool A, Hill TDM, Nguyen NT, Langa E, Diviney M, Mooney C, Brennan GP, Connolly NMC, Sanz-Rodriguez A, Cavanagh BL, Henshall DC. Altered Biogenesis and MicroRNA Content of Hippocampal Exosomes Following Experimental Status Epilepticus. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1404. [PMID: 32009885 PMCID: PMC6978807 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive or prolonged seizures (status epilepticus) can damage neurons within the hippocampus, trigger gliosis, and generate an enduring state of hyperexcitability. Recent studies have suggested that microvesicles including exosomes are released from brain cells following stimulation and tissue injury, conveying contents between cells including microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we characterized the effects of experimental status epilepticus on the expression of exosome biosynthesis components and analyzed miRNA content in exosome-enriched fractions. Status epilepticus induced by unilateral intra-amygdala kainic acid in mice resulted in acute subfield-specific, bi-directional changes in hippocampal transcripts associated with exosome biosynthesis including up-regulation of endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent and -independent pathways. Increased expression of exosome components including Alix were detectable in samples obtained 2 weeks after status epilepticus and changes occurred in both the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus. RNA sequencing of exosome-enriched fractions prepared using two different techniques detected a rich diversity of conserved miRNAs and showed that status epilepticus selectively alters miRNA contents. We also characterized editing sites of the exosome-enriched miRNAs and found six exosome-enriched miRNAs that were adenosine-to-inosine (ADAR) edited with the majority of the editing events predicted to occur within miRNA seed regions. However, the prevalence of these editing events was not altered by status epilepticus. These studies demonstrate that status epilepticus alters the exosome pathway and its miRNA content, but not editing patterns. Further functional studies will be needed to determine if these changes have pathophysiological significance for epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasia Batool
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas D M Hill
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ngoc T Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elena Langa
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mairéad Diviney
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Mooney
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gary P Brennan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh M C Connolly
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amaya Sanz-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brenton L Cavanagh
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Wu XM, Wang GL, Hao XS, Feng JC. Dynamic Expression of CX36 Protein in Kainic Acid Kindling induced Epilepsy. Transl Neurosci 2017; 8:31-36. [PMID: 28729916 PMCID: PMC5444039 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2017-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexin (Cx) 36 is known to be a component of gap junctions, and has been suggested to play an important role in epilepsy. In order to determine dynamic changes of Cx36 protein expression in epilepsy and investigate the role of Cx36 in electroencephalographic activity and pathogenesis, we utilized kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptogenesis. We found that epileptic discharges began 71.8 ± 23.7 s after KA administration. Spike frequency and amplitude of epileptiform activity reached maximal levels at 30 ± 5.2 min. The maximum level of spike frequency and amplitude of epileptiform activity was 13.9 ± 0.3 Hz and 198 ± 14.3mV respectively. Employing Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated that hippocampal Cx36 protein expression was significantly increased 6 h after KA kindling compared to control or sham groups, but decreased in 3 d and 7d groups. Our results suggested that the dynamic change of Cx36 expression may play an important role inepilepsy, and the specific manipulation of Cx36 expression may be a potential target for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Wu
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyFirst Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021, China
| | - Guang-Liang Wang
- Department of CardiologyPeking University International HospitalBeijing102206, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Hao
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyFirst Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021, China
| | - Jia-Chun Feng
- Department of NeurologyFirst Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021, China
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9
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Ichikawa N, Alves M, Pfeiffer S, Langa E, Hernández-Santana YE, Suzuki H, Prehn JH, Engel T, Henshall DC. Deletion of the BH3-only protein Noxa alters electrographic seizures but does not protect against hippocampal damage after status epilepticus in mice. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2556. [PMID: 28079889 PMCID: PMC5457684 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several members of the Bcl-2 gene family are dysregulated in human temporal lobe epilepsy and animal studies show that genetic deletion of some of these proteins influence electrographic seizure responses to chemoconvulsants and associated brain damage. The BH3-only proteins form a subgroup comprising direct activators of Bax–Bak that are potently proapoptotic and a number of weaker proapoptotic BH3-only proteins that act as sensitizers by neutralization of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members. Noxa was originally characterized as a weaker proapoptotic, ‘sensitizer' BH3-only protein, although recent evidence suggests it too may be potently proapoptotic. Expression of Noxa is under p53 control, a known seizure-activated pathway, although Noxa has been linked to energetic stress and autophagy. Here we characterized the response of Noxa to prolonged seizures and the phenotype of mice lacking Noxa. Status epilepticus induced by intra-amygdala kainic acid caused a rapid increase in expression of noxa in the damaged CA3 subfield of the hippocampus but not undamaged CA1 region. In vivo upregulation of noxa was reduced by pifithrin-α, suggesting transcription may be partly p53-dependent. Mice lacking noxa developed less severe electrographic seizures during status epilepticus in the model but, surprisingly, displayed equivalent hippocampal damage to wild-type animals. The present findings indicate Noxa does not serve as a proapoptotic BH3-only protein during seizure-induced neuronal death in vivo. This study extends the comprehensive phenotyping of seizure and damage responses in mice lacking specific Bcl-2 gene family members and provides further evidence that these proteins may serve roles beyond control of cell death in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ichikawa
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Shona Pfeiffer
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Elena Langa
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Yasmina E Hernández-Santana
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Jochen Hm Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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10
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Almeida Silva LF, Engel T, Reschke CR, Conroy RM, Langa E, Henshall DC. Distinct behavioral and epileptic phenotype differences in 129/P mice compared to C57BL/6 mice subject to intraamygdala kainic acid-induced status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 64:186-194. [PMID: 27744244 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of status epilepticus are important tools to understand the pathogenesis of epileptic brain injury and evaluate potential seizure-suppressive, neuroprotective, and antiepileptogenic treatments. Focal elicitation of status epilepticus by intraamygdala kainic acid in mice produces unilateral hippocampal damage and the emergence of spontaneous recurrent seizures after a short latent period. The model has been characterized in C57BL/6, BALB/c, and SJL mice where strain-specific differences were found in the extent of hippocampal damage. 129/P mice are a common background strain for genetic models and may display unique characteristics in this model. We therefore compared responses to intraamygdala kainic acid between 129/P and C57BL/6 mice. Racine scale-scored convulsive behavior during status epilepticus was substantially lower in 129/P mice compared with that in C57BL/6 mice. Analysis of surface-recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) showed differences between strains in several frequency bands; EEG total power was greater during ictal episodes while duration of seizures was slightly shorter in 129/P mice. Histological analysis revealed similar hippocampal injury between strains, with neuronal death mainly confined to the ipsilateral CA3 subfield. Expression of genes associated with gliosis and neuroinflammatory responses was also similar between strains after seizures. Video-EEG telemetry recordings showed that 129/P mice first display spontaneous seizures within a few days of status epilepticus similar to C57BL/6 mice. However, high mortality in 129/P mice prevented a quantitative comparison of the epileptic seizure phenotypes between strains. This study defined behavioral, EEG, and histopathologic features of this mouse strain in a model increasingly useful for the study of the genetic contribution to acquired epilepsy. Intraamygdala kainic acid in 129/P mice could serve as a model of nonconvulsive status epilepticus, but long-term assessments will require model adjustment to mitigate the severity of the emergent epileptic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Almeida Silva
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Cristina R Reschke
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Ronan M Conroy
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Elena Langa
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, 2, Ireland.
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