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Ramírez V, González-Palacios P, González-Domenech PJ, Jaimez-Pérez S, Baca MA, Rodrigo L, Álvarez-Cubero MJ, Monteagudo C, Martínez-González LJ, Rivas A. Influence of Genetic Polymorphisms on Cognitive Function According to Dietary Exposure to Bisphenols in a Sample of Spanish Schoolchildren. Nutrients 2024; 16:2639. [PMID: 39203776 PMCID: PMC11357571 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) like intellectual disability (ID) are highly heritable, but the environment plays an important role. For example, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues, have been termed neuroendocrine disruptors. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) on cognitive function in Spanish schoolchildren according to dietary bisphenol exposure. METHODS A total of 102 children aged 6-12 years old were included. Ten SNPs in genes involved in brain development, synaptic plasticity, and neurotransmission (BDNF, NTRK2, HTR2A, MTHFR, OXTR, SLC6A2, and SNAP25) were genotyped. Then, dietary exposure to bisphenols (BPA plus BPS) was estimated and cognitive functions were assessed using the WISC-V Spanish form. RESULTS BDNF rs11030101-T and SNAP25 rs363039-A allele carriers scored better on the fluid reasoning domain, except for those inheriting the BDNF rs6265-A allele, who had lower scores. Secondly, relevant SNP-bisphenol interactions existed in verbal comprehension (NTRK2 rs10868235 (p-int = 0.043)), working memory (HTR2A rs7997012 (p-int = 0.002), MTHFR rs1801133 (p-int = 0.026), and OXTR rs53576 (p-int = 0.030)) and fluid reasoning (SLC6A2 rs998424 (p-int = 0.004)). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the first proof that exploring the synergistic or additive effects between genetic variability and bisphenol exposure on cognitive function could lead to a better understanding of the multifactorial and polygenic aetiology of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Ramírez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (V.R.); (P.G.-P.); (A.R.)
- GENYO Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada—Avenida de la Ilustración, 114, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “Jose Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technological Park, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Palacios
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (V.R.); (P.G.-P.); (A.R.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Lourdes Rodrigo
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - María Jesús Álvarez-Cubero
- GENYO Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada—Avenida de la Ilustración, 114, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Celia Monteagudo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (V.R.); (P.G.-P.); (A.R.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Javier Martínez-González
- GENYO Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government PTS Granada—Avenida de la Ilustración, 114, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Rivas
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (V.R.); (P.G.-P.); (A.R.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “Jose Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technological Park, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
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2
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Ricci A, Idzikowski MA, Soares CN, Brietzke E. Exploring the mechanisms of action of the antidepressant effect of the ketogenic diet. Rev Neurosci 2021; 31:637-648. [PMID: 32406387 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) is characterized by a diet ratio of 4:1 fat to non-fat energy sources. For decades KD has been successfully used to control seizures in epilepsy patients. Investigations into its mechanism of action suggest that it may have an effect on the metabolic, nervous, immune, and digestive systems. In this review, we postulate that KD may also improve depressive symptoms - for that, we highlight the similarities between depression and epilepsy, describe the extent to which body systems involved in both conditions are affected by the KD, and ultimately hypothesize how KD could improve MDD outcomes. Research into animal models and human patients have reported that KD can increase mitochondrial biogenesis and increase cellular resistance to oxidative stress both at the mitochondrial and genetic levels. Its effect on neurotransmitters alters cell-to-cell communication in the brain and may decrease hyperexcitability by increasing Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and decreasing excitatory neurotransmitter levels. Its anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by decreasing chemo- and cytokine levels, including TNF-alpha and IL-1 levels. Finally, KD can alter gut microbiota (GM). Certain strains of microbiota predominate in major depressive disorder (MDD) when compared to healthy individuals. Recent evidence points to Bacteroidetes as a potential treatment predictor as it seems to increase in KD treatment responders for epilepsy. Each of these observations contributes to the presumed modulatory effects of KD on mood and supports its potential role as antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ricci
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, 752 King Street West, K7L7X3, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Maia A Idzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, 752 King Street West, K7L7X3, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Claudio N Soares
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, 752 King Street West, K7L7X3, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, 752 King Street West, K7L7X3, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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3
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Purves KL, Coleman JRI, Meier SM, Rayner C, Davis KAS, Cheesman R, Bækvad-Hansen M, Børglum AD, Wan Cho S, Jürgen Deckert J, Gaspar HA, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Hettema JM, Hotopf M, Hougaard D, Hübel C, Kan C, McIntosh AM, Mors O, Bo Mortensen P, Nordentoft M, Werge T, Nicodemus KK, Mattheisen M, Breen G, Eley TC. A major role for common genetic variation in anxiety disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:3292-3303. [PMID: 31748690 PMCID: PMC7237282 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are common, complex psychiatric disorders with twin heritabilities of 30-60%. We conducted a genome-wide association study of Lifetime Anxiety Disorder (ncase = 25 453, ncontrol = 58 113) and an additional analysis of Current Anxiety Symptoms (ncase = 19 012, ncontrol = 58 113). The liability scale common variant heritability estimate for Lifetime Anxiety Disorder was 26%, and for Current Anxiety Symptoms was 31%. Five novel genome-wide significant loci were identified including an intergenic region on chromosome 9 that has previously been associated with neuroticism, and a locus overlapping the BDNF receptor gene, NTRK2. Anxiety showed significant positive genetic correlations with depression and insomnia as well as coronary artery disease, mirroring findings from epidemiological studies. We conclude that common genetic variation accounts for a substantive proportion of the genetic architecture underlying anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin L Purves
- King's College London; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- King's College London; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Sandra M Meier
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre-Mental Health Services Capital Region, Copenhagen Region, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
| | - Christopher Rayner
- King's College London; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Katrina A S Davis
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
- King's College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Rosa Cheesman
- King's College London; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Centre for integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Shing Wan Cho
- King's College London; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - J Jürgen Deckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Héléna A Gaspar
- King's College London; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John M Hettema
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
- King's College London; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - David Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher Hübel
- King's College London; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carol Kan
- King's College London; Psychological Medicine; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ole Mors
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
- Centre for integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristin K Nicodemus
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerome Breen
- King's College London; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - Thalia C Eley
- King's College London; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Depression and anxiety substantially contribute to interictal disability in patients with epilepsy (PWE). This review summarizes current studies that shed light on mechanisms of comorbidity. RECENT FINDINGS Mounting epidemiological data implicate shared risk factors for anxiety/depression and seizure propensity, but these remain largely elusive and probably vary by epilepsy type. Within PWE, these symptoms appear to be associated with unique genetic, neuropathological, and connectivity profiles. Temporal lobe epilepsy has received enormous emphasis particularly in preclinical studies of comorbidity, where candidate neurobiological mechanisms underlying bidirectionality have been tested without psychopharmacological confounds. Depression and anxiety in epilepsy reflect dysfunction within broadly distributed limbic networks that may be the cause or consequence of epileptogenesis. In refractory epilepsy, seizures and/or certain anticonvulsants may distort central emotional homeostatic mechanisms that perpetually raise seizure risk. Developing future safe and effective combined anticonvulsant-antidepressant treatments will require a detailed understanding of anatomical and molecular nodes that pleiotropically enhance seizure risk and negatively alter emotionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnav Krishnan
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza St., MS: NB302, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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5
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Tan L, Chen Y, Wu W, Liu C, Fu Y, He J, Zhang M, Wang G, Wang K, Long H, Xiao W, Xiao B, Long L. Impaired Cognitive Abilities in Siblings of Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:3071-3079. [PMID: 33363375 PMCID: PMC7752648 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s258074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are at high risk of cognitive impairment. In addition to persistent seizures and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), genetic factors also play an important role in the progression of cognitive deficits in TLE patients. Defining a cognitive endophenotype for TLE can provide information on the risk of cognitive impairment in patients. This study investigated the cognitive endophenotype of TLE by comparing neuropsychological function between patients with TLE, their unaffected siblings, and healthy control subjects. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 46 patients with TLE, 26 siblings, and 33 control subjects were recruited. Cognitive function (ie, general cognition, short- and long-term memory, attention, visuospatial and executive functions, and working memory) was assessed with a battery of neuropsychological tests. Differences between groups were evaluated by analysis of covariance, with age and years of education as covariates. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate data that did not satisfy the homogeneity of variance assumption. Pairwise comparisons were adjusted by Bonferroni correction, with a significance threshold of P<0.05. RESULTS Patients with TLE showed deficits in the information test (P<0.001), arithmetic test (P=0.003), digit symbol substitution test (P=0.001), block design test (BDT; P=0.005), and backward digit span test (P=0.001) and took a longer time to complete the Hayling test Part A (P=0.011) compared to controls. Left TLE patients tended to have worse executive function test scores than right TLE patients. The siblings of TLE patients showed deficits in the BDT (P=0.006, Bonferroni-corrected) relative to controls. CONCLUSION Patients with TLE exhibit cognitive impairment. Executive function is worse in patients with left TLE than in those with right TLE. Siblings show impaired visuospatial function relative to controls. Thus, cognitive deficits in TLE patients have a genetic component and are independent of seizures or AED use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langzi Tan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyue Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaorong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Fu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialinzi He
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangrun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbiao Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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6
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Keselman D, Singh R, Cohen N, Fefer Z. De Novo Interstitial Deletion of 9q in a Pediatric Patient With Global Developmental Delay. Child Neurol Open 2019; 6:2329048X19844920. [PMID: 31106228 PMCID: PMC6506918 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x19844920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenomic microarray (CMA) methodologies, including array comparative genomic
hybridization (aCGH) and single-nucleotide polymorphism-detecting arrays (SNP-array), are
recommended as the first-tier test for the evaluation of imbalances associated with
intellectual disability, autism, and multiple congenital anomalies. The authors report on
a child with global developmental delay (GDD) and a de novo interstitial
7.0 Mb deletion of 9q21.33q22.31 detected by aCGH. The patient that the authors report
here is noteworthy in that she presented with GDD and her interstitial deletion is not
inclusive of the 9q22.32 locus that includes the PTCH1 gene, which is
implicated in Gorlin syndrome, or basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS), has not been
previously reported among patients with a similar or smaller size of the deletion in this
locus suggesting that the genomic contents in the identified deletion on 9q21.33q22.31 is
critical for the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Keselman
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Ram Singh
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Sema4, a Mount Sinai Venture, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Ninette Cohen
- Division of Cytogenetics and Molecular Pathology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health Laboratories, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Zipora Fefer
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Cohen Children's Medical Center at Northwell Health, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Aurantio-Obtusin from Seed of Cassia obtusifolia L. through Modulation of the NF-κB Pathway. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123093. [PMID: 30486383 PMCID: PMC6320883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aurantio-obtusin, an anthraquinone compound, isolated from dried seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. (syn. Senna obtusifolia; Fabaceae) and Cassia tora L. (syn. Senna tora). Although the biological activities of Semen Cassiae have been reported, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of aurantio-obtusin, its main compound, on RAW264.7 cells, remained unknown. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of aurantio-obtusin on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells in vitro and elucidated the possible underlying molecular mechanisms. Nitric oxide production (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by the Griess colorimetric method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Protein expression levels of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) were monitored by cell-based ELISA. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) synthesis were analyzed using ELISA. The mRNA expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), COX-2, and the critical pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Aurantio-obtusin significantly decreased the production of NO, PGE2, and inhibited the protein expression of COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6, which were similar to those gene expression of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6 (p < 0.01). Consistent with the pro-inflammatory gene expression, the Aurantio-obtusin efficiently reduced the LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB in RAW264.7 cells. These results suggested that aurantio-obtusin may function as a therapeutic agent and can be considered in the further development of treatments for a variety of inflammatory diseases. Further studies may provide scientific evidence for the use of aurantio-obstusin as a new therapeutic agent for inflammation-related diseases.
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