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Schabdach JM, Schmitt JE, Sotardi S, Vossough A, Andronikou S, Roberts TP, Huang H, Padmanabhan V, Ortiz-Rosa A, Gardner M, Covitz S, Bedford SA, Mandal AS, Chaiyachati BH, White SR, Bullmore E, Bethlehem RAI, Shinohara RT, Billot B, Iglesias JE, Ghosh S, Gur RE, Satterthwaite TD, Roalf D, Seidlitz J, Alexander-Bloch A. Brain Growth Charts for Quantitative Analysis of Pediatric Clinical Brain MRI Scans with Limited Imaging Pathology. Radiology 2023; 309:e230096. [PMID: 37906015 PMCID: PMC10623207 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.230096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Clinically acquired brain MRI scans represent a valuable but underused resource for investigating neurodevelopment due to their technical heterogeneity and lack of appropriate controls. These barriers have curtailed retrospective studies of clinical brain MRI scans compared with more costly prospectively acquired research-quality brain MRI scans. Purpose To provide a benchmark for neuroanatomic variability in clinically acquired brain MRI scans with limited imaging pathology (SLIPs) and to evaluate if growth charts from curated clinical MRI scans differed from research-quality MRI scans or were influenced by clinical indication for the scan. Materials and Methods In this secondary analysis of preexisting data, clinical brain MRI SLIPs from an urban pediatric health care system (individuals aged ≤22 years) were scanned across nine 3.0-T MRI scanners. The curation process included manual review of signed radiology reports and automated and manual quality review of images without gross pathology. Global and regional volumetric imaging phenotypes were measured using two image segmentation pipelines, and clinical brain growth charts were quantitatively compared with charts derived from a large set of research controls in the same age range by means of Pearson correlation and age at peak volume. Results The curated clinical data set included 532 patients (277 male; median age, 10 years [IQR, 5-14 years]; age range, 28 days after birth to 22 years) scanned between 2005 and 2020. Clinical brain growth charts were highly correlated with growth charts derived from research data sets (22 studies, 8346 individuals [4947 male]; age range, 152 days after birth to 22 years) in terms of normative developmental trajectories predicted by the models (median r = 0.979). Conclusion The clinical indication of the scans did not significantly bias the output of clinical brain charts. Brain growth charts derived from clinical controls with limited imaging pathology were highly correlated with brain charts from research controls, suggesting the potential of curated clinical MRI scans to supplement research data sets. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Ertl-Wagner and Pai in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M. Schabdach
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - J. Eric Schmitt
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Susan Sotardi
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Arastoo Vossough
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Savvas Andronikou
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Timothy P. Roberts
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Hao Huang
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Viveknarayanan Padmanabhan
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Alfredo Ortiz-Rosa
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Margaret Gardner
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Sydney Covitz
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Saashi A. Bedford
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Ayan S. Mandal
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Barbara H. Chaiyachati
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Simon R. White
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Edward Bullmore
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Richard A. I. Bethlehem
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Russell T. Shinohara
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Benjamin Billot
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - J. Eugenio Iglesias
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Satrajit Ghosh
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Theodore D. Satterthwaite
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - David Roalf
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Aaron Alexander-Bloch
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - for the Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium
- From the Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (J.M.S.,
A.O.R., M.G., A.S.M., B.H.C., R.E.G., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.); Department of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science (J.M.S., J.S., A.A.B.),
Department of Radiology (S.S., A.V., S.A., T.P.R., H.H.), PolicyLab and Clinical
Futures, CHOP Research Institute (B.H.C.), and Department of Biomedical and
Health Informatics (J.E.S., S.S., V.P.), Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Psychiatry (J.E.S., R.E.G.,
T.D.S., D.R., J.S., A.A.B.), Department of Radiology (J.E.S., S.S., A.V., S.A.,
T.P.R., H.H.), Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC),
Department of Psychiatry (S.C., T.D.S.), and Department of Pediatrics (B.H.C.),
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa;
Departments of Psychiatry (S.A.B., S.R.W., E.B., R.A.I.B.) and Psychology
(R.A.I.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Center for
Biomedical Image Computation and Analytics (R.T.S.), Penn Statistics in Imaging
and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and
Informatics (R.T.S.), and Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (S.R.W., E.B.,
R.A.I.B., R.T.S., T.D.S., J.S., A.A.B.), University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa; Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical
Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United
Kingdom (B.B., J.E.I.); Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of
Radiology (J.E.I.) and Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
(S.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass;
and McGovern Institute for Brain Research (S.G.) and Computer Science &
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (B.B., J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass
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