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Han S, Cruz SH, Park S, Shin SR. Nano-biomaterials and advanced fabrication techniques for engineering skeletal muscle tissue constructs in regenerative medicine. NANO CONVERGENCE 2023; 10:48. [PMID: 37864632 PMCID: PMC10590364 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Engineered three-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs have emerged as a promising solution for regenerating damaged muscle tissue resulting from traumatic or surgical events. 3D architecture and function of the muscle tissue constructs can be customized by selecting types of biomaterials and cells that can be engineered with desired shapes and sizes through various nano- and micro-fabrication techniques. Despite significant progress in this field, further research is needed to improve, in terms of biomaterials properties and fabrication techniques, the resemblance of function and complex architecture of engineered constructs to native muscle tissues, potentially enhancing muscle tissue regeneration and restoring muscle function. In this review, we discuss the latest trends in using nano-biomaterials and advanced nano-/micro-fabrication techniques for creating 3D muscle tissue constructs and their regeneration ability. Current challenges and potential solutions are highlighted, and we discuss the implications and opportunities of a future perspective in the field, including the possibility for creating personalized and biomanufacturable platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokgyu Han
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Sebastián Herrera Cruz
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sungsu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea.
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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2
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Ichiseki T, Shimasaki M, Ueda S, Hirata H, Souma D, Kawahara N, Ueda Y. Efficacy of Rectal Systemic Administration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Injury Sites via the CXCL12/CXCR4 Axis to Promote Regeneration in a Rabbit Skeletal Muscle Injury Model. Cells 2023; 12:1729. [PMID: 37443763 PMCID: PMC10340610 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been transplanted directly into lesions or injected intravenously. The administration of MSCs using these delivery methods requires specialized knowledge, techniques, and facilities. Here, we describe intrarectal systemic administration of MSCs, a simple, non-invasive route for homing to the injury sites to promote the regeneration of skeletal muscle injuries. Using a cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced rabbit skeletal muscle injury model, homing to the site of muscle injury was confirmed by intrarectal administration of MSCs; the time required for homing after intrarectal administration was approximately 5 days. In addition, the C-X-C chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)/C-X-C chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) axis was found to be involved in the homing process. Histopathological examinations showed that skeletal muscle regeneration was promoted in the MSCs-administered group compared to the CTX-only group. Myosin heavy polypeptide 3 (Myh3) expression, an indicator of early muscle regeneration, was detected earlier in the intrarectal MSCs group compared to the CTX-only group. These findings indicate that intrarectal administration of MSCs is effective in homing to the injured area, where they promote injury repair. Since intrarectal administration is a simple and non-invasive delivery route, these findings may be valuable in future research on stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ichiseki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku 920-0293, Japan; (S.U.)
| | - Miyako Shimasaki
- Department of Pathology 2, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku 920-0293, Japan;
| | - Shusuke Ueda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku 920-0293, Japan; (S.U.)
| | - Hiroaki Hirata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku 920-0293, Japan; (S.U.)
| | - Daisuke Souma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku 920-0293, Japan; (S.U.)
| | - Norio Kawahara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku 920-0293, Japan; (S.U.)
| | - Yoshimichi Ueda
- Department of Pathology, Keiju Medical Center, 94, Tomioka-machi, Nanao 926-0816, Japan
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Takegaki J, Sase K, Kono Y, Nakano D, Fujita T, Konishi S, Fujita S. Intramuscular injection of mesenchymal stem cells activates anabolic and catabolic systems in mouse skeletal muscle. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21224. [PMID: 34707171 PMCID: PMC8551189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass is critical for good quality of life. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells distributed across various tissues. They are characterized by the capacity to secrete growth factors and differentiate into skeletal muscle cells. These capabilities suggest that MSCs might be beneficial for muscle growth. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the effects on muscle protein anabolic and catabolic systems of intramuscular injection of MSCs into skeletal muscle. Therefore, in the present study, we measured changes in mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, the ubiquitin–proteasome system, and autophagy-lysosome system-related factors after a single intramuscular injection of MSCs with green fluorescence protein (GFP) into mouse muscles. The intramuscularly-injected MSCs were retained in the gastrocnemius muscle for 7 days after the injection, indicated by detection of GFP and expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha. The injection of MSCs increased the expression of satellite cell-related genes, activated mTORC1 signaling and muscle protein synthesis, and increased protein ubiquitination and autophagosome formation (indicated by the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II). These results suggest that the intramuscular injection of MSCs activated muscle anabolic and catabolic systems and accelerated muscle protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Takegaki
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.,Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kohei Sase
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kono
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Daiki Nakano
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takuya Fujita
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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Naito T, Yuge R, Kitadai Y, Takigawa H, Higashi Y, Kuwai T, Kuraoka K, Tanaka S, Chayama K. Mesenchymal stem cells induce tumor stroma formation and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition through SPARC expression in colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:104. [PMID: 33907853 PMCID: PMC8072806 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-stroma interactions serve a crucial role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), in which secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) has been implicated. Due to interactions between cancer and stromal cells [mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)], SPARC gene expression is markedly upregulated in CRC cells. The present study investigated the role of SPARC in CRC development and its potential as a biomarker. Specifically, the present study examined the association between SPARC expression and clinicopathological characteristics in 42 cases of CRC. SPARC expression in cancer cells was associated with T grade, N grade (TNM classification), stage and poor prognosis. Furthermore, the area of fibroblast-activating protein-positive staining around the cancer cells was increased in SPARC-positive compared with SPARC-negative cases. Proliferation and wound healing assays in SPARC-silenced KM12SM cells [short hairpin RNA SPARC (shSPARC)], the reduced SPARC expression of which was demonstrated by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, revealed that the proliferative and migratory capacity of shSPARC cells did not differ from that of wild-type (WT) cells. However, it was markedly reduced when co-cultured with MSCs. Furthermore, in vivo, immunohistological analysis and RNA sequencing were conducted in an orthotopic implanted mouse model. Tumor growth and lymph node metastasis were markedly suppressed in shSPARC-transplanted tumors compared with WT-transplanted tumors, with a more marked suppression observed following shSPARC co-transplantation with MSCs. Immunohistological examination further revealed that the stromal reaction and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were markedly suppressed in tumors co-transplanted with shSPARC and MSCs, and these results were consistent with RNA sequencing using RNA extracted from orthotopic tumors. Overall, these results suggested that SPARC expression in CRC cells is dependent on the interaction between cancer cells and stromal cells to induce EMT and promote stromal formation in the tumor microenvironment, suggesting its suitability as a novel target molecule for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikatsu Naito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734‑8551, Japan
| | - Ryo Yuge
- Department of Endoscopy and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734‑8551, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kitadai
- Department of Health Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734‑8558, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Takigawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734‑8551, Japan
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734‑8551, Japan
| | - Toshio Kuwai
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Hiroshima 737‑0023, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kuraoka
- Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Hiroshima 737‑0023, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Endoscopy and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734‑8551, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734‑8551, Japan
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Mishra S, Sevak JK, Das A, Arimbasseri GA, Bhatnagar S, Gopinath SD. Umbilical cord tissue is a robust source for mesenchymal stem cells with enhanced myogenic differentiation potential compared to cord blood. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18978. [PMID: 33149204 PMCID: PMC7642376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from two different sources of fetal tissues such as umbilical cord blood (UCB) and tissue (UCT) into skeletal muscle have remained underexplored. Here, we present a comparative analysis of UCB and UCT MSCs, in terms of surface markers, proliferation and senescence marker expression. We find that CD45-CD34- MSCs obtained from UCT and UCB of term births display differences in the combinatorial expression of key MSC markers CD105 and CD90. Importantly, UCT MSCs display greater yield, higher purity, shorter culture time, and lower rates of senescence in culture compared to UCB MSCs. Using a robust myogenic differentiation protocol, we show that UCT MSCs differentiate more robustly into muscle than UCB MSCs by transcriptomic sequencing and specific myogenic markers. Functional assays reveal that CD90, and not CD105 expression promotes myogenic differentiation in MSCs and could explain the enhanced myogenic potential of UCT MSCs. These results suggest that in comparison to large volumes of UCB that are routinely used to obtain MSCs and with limited success, UCT is a more reliable, robust, and convenient source of MSCs to derive cells of the myogenic lineage for both therapeutic purposes and increasing our understanding of developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Mishra
- Pediatric Biology Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box #04, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Jayesh Kumar Sevak
- Pediatric Biology Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box #04, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Anamica Das
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shinjini Bhatnagar
- Pediatric Biology Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box #04, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Suchitra D Gopinath
- Pediatric Biology Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box #04, Faridabad, 121001, India.
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Agüera E, Castilla S, Luque E, Jimena I, Ruz-Caracuel I, Leiva-Cepas F, Peña J. Denervated muscle extract promotes recovery of muscle atrophy through activation of satellite cells. An experimental study. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:23-31. [PMID: 30719380 PMCID: PMC6349589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the present study was to determine whether a denervated muscle extract (DmEx) could stimulate satellite cell response in denervated muscle. METHODS Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: normal rats, normal rats treated with DmEx, denervated rats, and denervated rats treated with DmEx. The soleus muscles were examined using immunohistochemical techniques for proliferating cell nuclear antigen, desmin, and myogenic differentiation antigen (MyoD), and electron microscopy was used for analysis of the satellite cells. RESULTS The results indicate that while denervation causes activation of satellite cells, DmEx also induces myogenic differentiation of cells localized in the interstitial space and the formation of new muscle fibers. Although DmEx had a similar effect in nature on innervated and denervated muscles, this response was of greater magnitude in denervated vs. intact muscles. CONCLUSION Our study shows that treatment of denervated rats with DmEx potentiates the myogenic response in atrophic denervated muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Agüera
- Department of Neurology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14004, Spain
| | - Salvador Castilla
- Department of Critical Care and Emergency, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14004, Spain
| | - Evelio Luque
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14004, Spain
| | - Ignacio Jimena
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14004, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ruz-Caracuel
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14004, Spain
| | - Fernando Leiva-Cepas
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14004, Spain
| | - José Peña
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14004, Spain
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Regmi S, Jeong JH. Superiority of three-dimensional stem cell clusters over monolayer culture: An archetype to biological application. Macromol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-016-4107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Torihashi S, Ho M, Kawakubo Y, Komatsu K, Nagai M, Hirayama Y, Kawabata Y, Takenaka-Ninagawa N, Wanachewin O, Zhuo L, Kimata K. Acute and temporal expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated gene 6 product, TSG6, in mesenchymal stem cells creates microenvironments required for their successful transplantation into muscle tissue. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:22771-81. [PMID: 26178374 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that when mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from mouse ES cells were transplanted into skeletal muscle, more than 60% of them differentiated into muscles in the crush-injured tibialis anterior muscle in vivo, although MSCs neither differentiated nor settled in the intact muscle. Microenvironments, including the extracellular matrix between the injured and intact muscle, were quite different. In the injured muscle, hyaluronan (HA), heavy chains of inter-α-inhibitor (IαI), CD44, and TNF-α-stimulated gene 6 product (TSG-6) increased 24-48 h after injury, although basement membrane components of differentiated muscle such as perlecan, laminin, and type IV collagen increased gradually 4 days after the crush. We then investigated the microenvironments crucial for cell transplantation, using the lysate of C2C12 myotubules for mimicking injured circumstances in vivo. MSCs settled in the intact muscle when they were transplanted together with the C2C12 lysate or TSG6. MSCs produced and released TSG6 when they were cultured with C2C12 lysates in vitro. MSCs pretreated with the lysate also settled in the intact muscle. Furthermore, MSCs whose TSG6 was knocked down by shRNA, even if transplanted or pretreated with the lysate, could not settle in the muscle. Immunofluorescent staining showed that HA and IαI always co-localized or were distributed closely, suggesting formation of covalent complexes, i.e. the SHAP-HA complex in the presence of TSG6. Thus, TSG6, HA, and IαI were crucial factors for the settlement and probably the subsequent differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeko Torihashi
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-9673, Japan
| | - Mioko Ho
- the Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yuji Kawakubo
- the Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Kazumi Komatsu
- the Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Masataka Nagai
- the Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yuri Hirayama
- the Department of Physical Therapy, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yuka Kawabata
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-9673, Japan
| | - Nana Takenaka-Ninagawa
- From the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-9673, Japan, the Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan, and
| | - Orawan Wanachewin
- the Advanced Medical Research Center and Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan, the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Lisheng Zhuo
- the Advanced Medical Research Center and Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Koji Kimata
- the Advanced Medical Research Center and Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan,
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Isolation and characterization of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) from cattle. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:719-28. [PMID: 25086927 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated from the adult adipose tissue of 2-year-old cattle, and then characterized by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. We found that primary bADSCs could be expanded for 25 passages. Expression of β-integrin, CD44, and CD73 was observed by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. Passage 3 bADSCs were successfully induced to differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes. The results indicate the potential for multi-lineage differentiation of bADSCs that may represent an ideal candidate for cellular transplantation therapy.
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Moradian H, Fasehee H, Keshvari H, Faghihi S. Poly(ethyleneimine) functionalized carbon nanotubes as efficient nano-vector for transfecting mesenchymal stem cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:115-125. [PMID: 25033431 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
For gene and drug delivery applications, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have to be functionalized in order to become compatible with aqueous media and bind with genetic materials. In this study, combination of polyethyleneimine (PEI) grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PEI-g-MWCNTs) and chitosan substrate is used as an efficient gene delivery system for transfection of hard-to-transfect bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis and zeta potential measurements are used to characterize binding of PEI, particle size distribution and colloidal stability of the functionalized CNTs, respectively. DNA binding affinity, cellular uptake, transfection efficiency and possible cytotoxicity are also tested by agarose gel electrophoresis, flow cytometry, cytochemisty and MTT assay. The results demonstrate that cytotoxic effect of PEI-g-MWCNTs is negligible under optimal transfection condition. In consistency with high cellular uptake (>82%), PEI-g-MWCNTs give higher delivery of EGFP into the BMSCs which results in a more sustained expression of the model gene (EGFP) in short-term culture. These results suggest that PEI-g-MWCNTs in corporation with chitosan substrates would be a promising delivery system for BMSCs, a cell type with relevancy in the regenerative medicine and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Moradian
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran 14965/161, Iran; Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875/4413, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Fasehee
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran 14965/161, Iran
| | - Hamid Keshvari
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875/4413, Iran
| | - Shahab Faghihi
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran 14965/161, Iran.
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Mazzanti B, Lorenzi B, Lorenzoni P, Borghini A, Boieri M, Lorenzi M, Santosuosso M, Bosi A, Saccardi R, Weber E, Pessina F. Treatment of experimental esophagogastric myotomy with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e669-79. [PMID: 23859028 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last 15 years, many studies demonstrated the myogenic regenerative potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC), making them an attractive tool for the regeneration of damaged tissues. In this study, we have developed an animal model of esophagogastric myotomy (MY) aimed at determining the role of autologous MSC in the regeneration of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) after surgery. METHODS Syngeneic BM-MSC were locally injected at the site of MY. Histological and functional analysis were performed to evaluate muscle regeneration, contractive capacity, and the presence of green fluorescent protein-positive BM-MSC (BM-MSC-GFP(+) ) in the damaged area at different time points from implantation. KEY RESULTS Treatment with syngeneic BM-MSC improved muscle regeneration and increased contractile function of damaged LES. Transplanted BM-MSC-GFP(+) remained on site up to 30 days post injection. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that MSC maintain their phenotype and no differentiation toward smooth or striated muscle was shown at any time point. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our data support the use of autologous BM-MSC to both improve sphincter regeneration of LES and to control the gastro-esophageal reflux after MY.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mazzanti
- Haematology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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12
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Lu T, Huang Y, Wang H, Ma Y, Guan W. Multi-lineage potential research of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) from cattle. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:21-35. [PMID: 24043451 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bBMSCs) were isolated from the bone marrow of a 4-6-month-old fetal bovine and then characterized by immunofluorescence and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. We found that primary bBMSCs could be expanded for 46 passages; the total culture time in vitro was 125 days. The results of surface antigen detection showed that bBMSCs expressed CD29, CD44, and CD73 but did not express endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells-specific marker CD31, CD34, and CD45. The cells from four passages (passages 3, 9, 15, and 25) were successfully induced to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, hepatic, and islet-like cells. The results indicate the potential for multi-lineage differentiation of bBMSCs that may represent an ideal candidate for cellular transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofeng Lu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Isolation and characterization of chicken dermis-derived mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:626258. [PMID: 23984389 PMCID: PMC3747373 DOI: 10.1155/2013/626258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dermis-derived mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (DMS/PCs) were isolated from the skin tissue of 16-day-old chick embryos and then characterized by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. We found that primary DMS/PCs could be expanded for 15 passages. Expression of β -integrin, CD44, CD71, and CD73 was observed by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. Passage 3 DMS/PCs were successfully induced to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and neurocytes. The results indicate the potential for multilineage differentiation of DMS/PCs that may represent an ideal candidate for cellular transplantation therapy.
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Autologous bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cell implantation and endothelial function in a rabbit ischemic limb model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67739. [PMID: 23861797 PMCID: PMC3701528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to determine whether autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) implantation improves endothelial dysfunction in a rabbit ischemic limb model. Methods We evaluated the effect of MSC implantation on limb blood flow (LBF) responses to acetylcholine (ACh), an endothelium-dependent vasodilator, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an endothelium-independent vasodilator, in rabbits with limb ischemia in which cultured MSCs were implanted (n = 20) or saline was injected as a control group (n = 20). LBF was measured using an electromagnetic flowmeter. A total of 106 MSCs were implanted into each ischemic limb. Results Histological sections of ischemic muscle showed that capillary index (capillary/muscle fiber) was greater in the MSC implantation group than in the control group. Laser Doppler blood perfusion index was significantly increased in the MSC implantation group compared with that in the control group. LBF response to ACh was greater in the MSC group than in the control group. After administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, LBF response to ACh was similar in the MSC implantation group and control group. Vasodilatory effects of SNP in the two groups were similar. Conclusions These findings suggest that MSC implantation induces angiogenesis and augments endothelium-dependent vasodilation in a rabbit ischemic model through an increase in nitric oxide production.
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Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle in mammals is a stable tissue under normal circumstances but has remarkable ability to repair after injury. Skeletal muscle regeneration is a highly orchestrated process involving the activation of various cellular and molecular responses. As skeletal muscle stem cells, satellite cells play an indispensible role in this process. The self-renewing proliferation of satellite cells not only maintains the stem cell population but also provides numerous myogenic cells, which proliferate, differentiate, fuse, and lead to new myofiber formation and reconstitution of a functional contractile apparatus. The complex behavior of satellite cells during skeletal muscle regeneration is tightly regulated through the dynamic interplay between intrinsic factors within satellite cells and extrinsic factors constituting the muscle stem cell niche/microenvironment. For the last half century, the advance of molecular biology, cell biology, and genetics has greatly improved our understanding of skeletal muscle biology. Here, we review some recent advances, with focuses on functions of satellite cells and their niche during the process of skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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16
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De La Garza-Rodea AS, Van Der Velde-Van Dijke I, Boersma H, Gonçalves MAFV, Van Bekkum DW, De Vries AAF, Knaän-Shanzer S. Myogenic Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Three Different Sources. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:153-73. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x580554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of mammals have been isolated from many tissues and are characterized by their aptitude to differentiate into bone, cartilage, and fat. Differentiation into cells of other lineages like skeletal muscle, tendon/ligament, nervous tissue, and epithelium has been attained with MSCs derived from some tissues. Whether such abilities are shared by MSCs of all tissues is unknown. We therefore compared for three human donors the myogenic properties of MSCs from adipose tissue (AT), bone marrow (BM), and synovial membrane (SM). Our data show that human MSCs derived from the three tissues differ in phenotype, proliferation capacity, and differentiation potential. The division rate of AT-derived MSCs (AT-MSCs) was distinctly higher than that of MSCs from the other two tissue sources. In addition, clear donor-specific differences in the long-term maintenance of MSC proliferation ability were observed. Although similar in their in vitro fusogenic capacity with murine myoblasts, MSCs of the three sources contributed to a different extent to skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo. Transplanting human AT-, BM-, or SM-MSCs previously transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding β-galactosidase into cardiotoxin-damaged tibialis anterior muscles (TAMs) of immunodeficient mice revealed that at 30 days after treatment the frequency of hybrid myofibers was highest in the TAMs treated with AT-MSCs. Our finding of human-specific β-spectrin and dystrophin in hybrid myofibers containing human nuclei argues for myogenic programming of MSCs in regenerating murine skeletal muscle. For the further development of MSC-based treatments of myopathies, AT-MSCs appear to be the best choice in view of their efficient contribution to myoregeneration, their high ex vivo expansion potential, and because their harvesting is less demanding than that of BM- or SM-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hester Boersma
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Dirk W. Van Bekkum
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine A. F. De Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Shoshan Knaän-Shanzer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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17
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Eom YW, Lee JE, Yang MS, Jang IK, Kim HE, Lee DH, Kim YJ, Park WJ, Kong JH, Shim KY, Lee JI, Kim HS. Rapid isolation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells by the storage of lipoaspirates. Yonsei Med J 2011; 52:999-1007. [PMID: 22028166 PMCID: PMC3220256 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2011.52.6.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined a rapid isolation method decreasing the time and cost of the clinical application of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Aliquots (10 g) of the lipoaspirates were stored at 4°C without supplying oxygen or nutrients. At the indicated time points, the yield of mononuclear cells was evaluated and the stem cell population was counted by colony forming unit-fibroblast assays. Cell surface markers, stem cell-related transcription factors, and differentiation potentials of ASCs were analyzed. RESULTS When the lipoaspirates were stored at 4°C, the total yield of mononuclear cells decreased, but the stem cell population was enriched. These ASCs expressed CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, and HLA-ABC but not CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, CD117, CD133, and HLA-DR. The number of ASCs increased 1×10(14) fold for 120 days. ASCs differentiated into osteoblasts, adipocytes, muscle cells, or neuronal cells. CONCLUSION ASCs isolated from lipoaspirates and stored for 24 hours at 4°C have similar properties to ASCs isolated from fresh lipoaspirates. Our results suggest that ASCs can be isolated with high frequency by optimal storage at 4°C for 24 hours, and those ASCs are highly proliferative and multipotent, similar to ASCs isolated from fresh lipoaspirates. These ASCs can be useful for clinical application because they are time- and cost-efficient, and these cells maintain their stemness for a long time, like ASCs isolated from fresh lipoaspirates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Eom
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Lifeliver. Co., Ltd., Suwon, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Lifeliver. Co., Ltd., Suwon, Korea
| | - Mal Sook Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Lifeliver. Co., Ltd., Suwon, Korea
| | - In Keun Jang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Lifeliver. Co., Ltd., Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyo Eun Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Lifeliver. Co., Ltd., Suwon, Korea
| | - Doo Hoon Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Lifeliver. Co., Ltd., Suwon, Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Lifeliver. Co., Ltd., Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Jee Hyun Kong
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kwang Yong Shim
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jong In Lee
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
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18
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Teven CM, Liu X, Hu N, Tang N, Kim SH, Huang E, Yang K, Li M, Gao JL, Liu H, Natale RB, Luther G, Luo Q, Wang L, Rames R, Bi Y, Luo J, Luu HH, Haydon RC, Reid RR, He TC. Epigenetic regulation of mesenchymal stem cells: a focus on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:201371. [PMID: 21772852 PMCID: PMC3137957 DOI: 10.4061/2011/201371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are characterized by their capability to self-renew and terminally differentiate into multiple cell types. Somatic or adult stem cells have a finite self-renewal capacity and are lineage-restricted. The use of adult stem cells for therapeutic purposes has been a topic of recent interest given the ethical considerations associated with embryonic stem (ES) cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, or myogenic lineages. Owing to their ease of isolation and unique characteristics, MSCs have been widely regarded as potential candidates for tissue engineering and repair. While various signaling molecules important to MSC differentiation have been identified, our complete understanding of this process is lacking. Recent investigations focused on the role of epigenetic regulation in lineage-specific differentiation of MSCs have shown that unique patterns of DNA methylation and histone modifications play an important role in the induction of MSC differentiation toward specific lineages. Nevertheless, MSC epigenetic profiles reflect a more restricted differentiation potential as compared to ES cells. Here we review the effect of epigenetic modifications on MSC multipotency and differentiation, with a focus on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. We also highlight clinical applications of MSC epigenetics and nuclear reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Teven
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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19
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Gong X, Hou L, Bai C, Jin D, He X, Guan W, Ma Y. Isolation and biological characteristics of chicken adipose-derived progenitor cells. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 30:453-60. [PMID: 21651420 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2010.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells/adipose-derived progenitor cells (ADPCs) are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate in vitro into many cell types. However, the vast majority of experimental materials were obtained from human, mouse, rabbit, and other mammals but rarely from poultry. In this study, ADPCs were isolated from 1-day-old chicks. Primary ADPCs were subcultured to passage 15. The surface markers of ADPCs, CD29, CD44, CD71, and CD73, were detected by immunofluorescence and RT-polymerase chain reaction assays. The growth curves of different passages were all typically sigmoidal. In addition, ADPCs of different passages were successfully induced to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and myocardial cells. The results suggest that the ADPCs isolated from chicken possess similar biological characteristics with those derived from other species, and their multilineage differentiation provides many potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Gong
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Huff NK, Spencer ND, Gimble JM, Bagby GJ, Nelson S, Lopez MJ. Impaired expansion and multipotentiality of adult stromal cells in a rat chronic alcohol abuse model. Alcohol 2011; 45:393-402. [PMID: 21376503 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that bone maintenance and healing is compromised in alcoholics. Adult bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) and adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) likely contribute to bone homeostasis and formation. Direct and indirect alcohol exposure inhibits osteoprogenitor cell function through a variety of proposed mechanisms. The goal of this study was to characterize the effects of chronic alcohol ingestion on the native number and in vitro growth characteristics and multipotentiality of adult BMSCs and ASCs in a rat model. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received a liquid diet containing 36% ethanol or an isocaloric substitution of dextramaltose (control). After 4, 8, or 12 weeks of the diet, ASCs were harvested from epididymal adipose tissue and BMSCs from femoral and tibial bone marrow. Cell doublings (CDs) per day and doubling times (DTs) were determined for primary cells (P0) and cell passages 1 through 6 (P1-P6). Fibroblastic (CFU-F), adipogenic (CFU-Ad), and osteogenic (CFU-Ob) colony-forming unit (CFU) frequencies were assessed for P0, P3, and P6. The CDs and DTs were lower and higher, respectively, for ASCs and BMSCs harvested from ethanol versus control rats at all time points. The CFU-F, CFU-Ad, and CFU-Ob were significantly higher in ASCs harvested from control versus ethanol rats for P0, P3, and P6 at all times. Both CFU-Ad and CFU-Ob were significantly higher in P0 BMSCs harvested from control versus ethanol rats after 12 weeks of the diet. The CFU-Ob for P3 BMSCs from control rats was significantly higher than those from ethanol rats after 8 and 12 weeks on the diet. All three CFU frequencies in ASCs from ethanol rats tended to decrease with increasing diet duration. The ASC cell and colony morphology was different between control and ethanol cohorts in culture. These results emphasize the significant detrimental effects of chronic alcohol ingestion on the in vitro expansion and multipotentiality of adult mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Maintenance of the effects through multiple cell passages in vitro suggests cells may be permanently compromised.
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21
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Osonoi M, Iwanuma O, Kikuchi A, Abe S. Fibroblasts have plasticity and potential utility for cell therapy. Hum Cell 2011; 24:30-4. [PMID: 21547693 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-011-0008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts exist in the interstices of various organs as a component of connective tissue and are one of several types of somatic cells that have been well established in culture. They have been reported to undergo myogenic conversion and to induce the expression of genes associated with pluripotency. However, their own plasticity with regard to direct differentiation has scarcely been described. Here, we show that human fibroblasts are able to differentiate directly to all three germ layer derivatives. The results indicate that human dermal fibroblasts have more plasticity than has been generally thought and that fibroblasts have potential utility as a source for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Osonoi
- Oral Health Science Center hrc7, Tokyo Dental College, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan.
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22
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Abstract
The regenerative potential of injured adult tissue suggests the physiological existence of cells capable of participating in the reparative process. Recent studies indicate that stem-like cells residing in tissues contribute to tissue repair and are replenished by precursor bone marrow-derived cells. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are among the candidates for reparative cells. These cells can potentially be mobilized into the circulation in response to injury signals and exert their reparative effects at the site of injury. Current therapies for musculoskeletal injuries pose unavoidable risks which can impede full recovery. Trafficking of MSC to the injury site and their subsequent participation in the regenerative process is thought to be a natural healing response that can be imitated or augmented by enhancing the endogenous MSC pool with exogenously administered MSC. Therefore, a promising alternative to the existing strategies employed in the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries is to reinforce the inherent reparative capacity of the body by delivering MSC harvested from the patient's own tissues to the site of injury. The aim of this review is to inform the reader of studies that have evaluated the intrinsic homing and regenerative abilities of MSC, with particular emphasis on the repair of musculoskeletal injuries. Research that supports the direct use of MSC (without in vitro differentiation into tissue-specific cells) will also be reported. Based on accruing evidence that the natural healing mechanism involves the recruitment of MSC and their subsequent reparative actions at the site of injury, as well as documented therapeutic response after the exogenous administration of MSC, the feasibility of the emerging strategy of instant stem-cell therapy will be proposed.
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23
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Rastegar F, Shenaq D, Huang J, Zhang W, Zhang BQ, He BC, Chen L, Zuo GW, Luo Q, Shi Q, Wagner ER, Huang E, Gao Y, Gao JL, Kim SH, Zhou JZ, Bi Y, Su Y, Zhu G, Luo J, Luo X, Qin J, Reid RR, Luu HH, Haydon RC, Deng ZL, He TC. Mesenchymal stem cells: Molecular characteristics and clinical applications. World J Stem Cells 2010; 2:67-80. [PMID: 21607123 PMCID: PMC3097925 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v2.i4.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into tissues of both mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal origin. MSCs can differentiate into osteoblastic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages, although recent studies have demonstrated that MSCs are also able to differentiate into other lineages, including neuronal and cardiomyogenic lineages. Since their original isolation from the bone marrow, MSCs have been successfully harvested from many other tissues. Their ease of isolation and ex vivo expansion combined with their immunoprivileged nature has made these cells popular candidates for stem cell therapies. These cells have the potential to alter disease pathophysiology through many modalities including cytokine secretion, capacity to differentiate along various lineages, immune modulation and direct cell-cell interaction with diseased tissue. Here we first review basic features of MSC biology including MSC characteristics in culture, homing mechanisms, differentiation capabilities and immune modulation. We then highlight some in vivo and clinical evidence supporting the therapeutic roles of MSCs and their uses in orthopedic, autoimmune, and ischemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farbod Rastegar
- Farbod Rastegar, Deana Shenaq, Jiayi Huang, Wenli Zhang, Bing-Qiang Zhang, Bai-Cheng He, Liang Chen, Guo-Wei Zuo, Qing Luo, Qiong Shi, Eric R Wagner, Enyi Huang, Yanhong Gao, Jian-Li Gao, Stephanie H Kim, Jian-Zhong Zhou, Yang Bi, Yuxi Su, Gaohui Zhu, Jinyong Luo, Xiaoji Luo, Jiaqiang Qin, Russell R Reid, Hue H Luu, Rex C Haydon, Zhong-Liang Deng, Tong-Chuan He, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
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24
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Kim SO, Na HS, Kwon D, Joo SY, Kim HS, Ahn Y. Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation enhances closing pressure and leak point pressure in a female urinary incontinence rat model. Urol Int 2010; 86:110-6. [PMID: 20689260 DOI: 10.1159/000317322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether periurethral injection of allogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could increase the leak point pressure (LPP) in a rat model of stress urinary incontinence. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats (230-240 g, n = 30) were divided into 3 groups: sham operation (group C), saline-treated (group S) and MSC-treated (group M). Bilateral pudendal nerve dissection followed by normal saline or MSC injection on both sides of the urethra was done. LPP and closing pressure (CP) testing was performed after the treatment. The specific markers for smooth muscle cells in the transplantation sites of the urethra were determined. RESULTS Both the LPP and CP were significantly lower in group S than controls. However, these were restored to the control values in group M (p < 0.05). The LPPs of groups C, S and M were 29.1 ± 2.1, 22.0 ± 2.2 and 43.1 ± 3.2 cm H(2)O, respectively. The CPs of groups C, S and M were 27.1 ± 3.1, 21.1 ± 3.2, and 32.1 ± 2.1 cm H(2)O, respectively. The injected MSCs stained positive for muscle-specific markers. CONCLUSION This study suggests that MSCs might differentiate into muscle lineage cells and may contribute to the repair of damaged muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ouck Kim
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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25
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Effect of myogenic stem cells on contractile properties of the repaired and unrepaired transected external anal sphincter in an animal model. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115:815-823. [PMID: 20308844 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0b013e3181d56cc5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the effect of myogenic stem cells on contractile function of the external anal sphincter after transection with or without repair in an animal model. METHODS One hundred twenty virginal female rats were randomly assigned to repair (n=60) or no repair (n=60) after anal sphincter transection. Animals were further divided into two groups: 40-microliter injection at the transection site with either phosphate-buffered solution (control) or myogenic stem cells (3.2x10 cells). Animals were killed at 7, 21, or 90 days, and the anal sphincter complex dissected and analyzed for contractile function. RESULTS Contractile function of the external anal sphincter was severely impaired 7 days after sphincter transection with or without repair. Twitch tension, maximal tetanic contraction, and maximal contractile force in response to electrical field stimulation improved significantly with time after sphincter repair. Injection of myogenic stem cells in the anal sphincter at the time of repair resulted in superior contractile function at both 7 days and 90 days compared with controls. Interestingly, contractile function of the nonrepaired external anal sphincter did not improve with time with or without myogenic stem cells. Indicators of denervation (fatigue and twitch or tetany ratios) did not change among groups. CONCLUSION In this animal model, injection of myogenic stem cells at the time of external anal sphincter repair resulted in enhanced contractile function at 90 days compared with repair alone. Without repair, function of the external anal sphincter was not improved by stem cell therapy at any time point. These results suggest that addition of myogenic stem cells improves both acute and long-term function of the external anal sphincter after mechanical injury.
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Tai BCU, Du C, Gao S, Wan ACA, Ying JY. The use of a polyelectrolyte fibrous scaffold to deliver differentiated hMSCs to the liver. Biomaterials 2009; 31:48-57. [PMID: 19781766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation as a therapy for liver failure is often hampered by a shortage of donor tissue. The delivery of liver-differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is a potential therapy to aid in liver regeneration. In this study, an RGD-modified chitosan-alginate polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) fibrous non-woven scaffold was employed to deliver differentiated hMSCs in vivo. Bone marrow-derived hMSCs were differentiated in vitro by a combination of extracellular matrix (ECM) and conditioned medium and seeded onto the RGD-modified chitosan-alginate fibrous scaffolds. The cell/scaffold construct was then implanted into the livers of a rat model, where 70% of the liver had been removed. Post-implantation analysis of the cell/scaffold constructs showed positive periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining for glycogen, and expression of the hepatic markers, AFP, CK19, CK18, albumin, HNF-3beta and MRP-2 by immunofluorescence labeling. In addition, human albumin was detectable in the rat serum by spot blot. These findings demonstrated that the RGD-modified chitosan-alginate fibrous scaffold was useful for delivering transdifferentiated hMSCs into the liver and maintaining the differentiated phenotype of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C U Tai
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669
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27
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Otto A, Collins-Hooper H, Patel K. The origin, molecular regulation and therapeutic potential of myogenic stem cell populations. J Anat 2009; 215:477-97. [PMID: 19702867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells, originating in the embryonic dermamyotome, reside beneath the myofibre of mature adult skeletal muscle and constitute the tissue-specific stem cell population. Recent advances following the identification of markers for these cells (including Pax7, Myf5, c-Met and CD34) (CD, cluster of differentiation; c-Met, mesenchymal epithelial transition factor) have led to a greater understanding of the role played by satellite cells in the regeneration of new skeletal muscle during growth and following injury. In response to muscle damage, satellite cells harbour the ability both to form myogenic precursors and to self-renew to repopulate the stem cell niche following myofibre damage. More recently, other stem cell populations including bone marrow stem cells, skeletal muscle side population cells and mesoangioblasts have also been shown to have myogenic potential in culture, and to be able to form skeletal muscle myofibres in vivo and engraft into the satellite cell niche. These cell types, along with satellite cells, have shown potential when used as a therapy for skeletal muscle wasting disorders where the intrinsic stem cell population is genetically unable to repair non-functioning muscle tissue. Accurate understanding of the mechanisms controlling satellite cell lineage progression and self-renewal as well as the recruitment of other stem cell types towards the myogenic lineage is crucial if we are to exploit the power of these cells in combating myopathic conditions. Here we highlight the origin, molecular regulation and therapeutic potential of all the major cell types capable of undergoing myogenic differentiation and discuss their potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otto
- School of Biological Sciences, Hopkins Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, Berkshire, UK
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28
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Falco EE, Roth JS, Fisher JP. Skeletal muscle tissue engineering approaches to abdominal wall hernia repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 84:315-21. [PMID: 19067424 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal wall hernias resulting from prior incisions are a common surgical complication affecting hundreds of thousands of Americans each year. The negative consequences associated with abdominal hernias may be considerable, including pain, bowel incarceration, vascular disruption, organ loss, and death. Current clinical approaches for the treatment of abdominal wall hernias focus on the implantation of permanent biomaterial meshes or acellular xenografts. However, these approaches are not infrequently associated with postoperative infections, chronic sinuses, or small bowel obstruction. Furthermore, the most critical complication, hernia recurrence, has been well described and may occur in a large percentage of patients. Despite many advances in repair techniques, wound healing and skeletal muscle regeneration is limited in many cases, resulting in a decrease in abdominal wall tissue function and contributing to the high hernia recurrence rate. This review will give an overview of skeletal muscle anatomy, skeletal muscle regeneration, and herniation mechanisms, as well as discuss the current and future clinical solutions for abdominal wall hernia repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Falco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Jazedje T, Secco M, Vieira NM, Zucconi E, Gollop TR, Vainzof M, Zatz M. Stem cells from umbilical cord blood do have myogenic potential, with and without differentiation induction in vitro. J Transl Med 2009; 7:6. [PMID: 19144182 PMCID: PMC2633316 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The dystrophin gene, located at Xp21, codifies dystrophin, which is part of a protein complex responsible for the membrane stability of muscle cells. Its absence on muscle causes Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), a severe disorder, while a defect of muscle dystrophin causes Becker Muscular Dystrophy (DMB), a milder disease. The replacement of the defective muscle through stem cells transplantation is a possible future treatment for these patients. Our objective was to analyze the potential of CD34+ stem cells from umbilical cord blood to differentiate in muscle cells and express dystrophin, in vitro. Protein expression was analyzed by Immunofluorescence, Western Blotting (WB) and Reverse Transcriptase – Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). CD34+ stem cells and myoblasts from a DMD affected patient started to fuse with muscle cells immediately after co-cultures establishment. Differentiation in mature myotubes was observed after 15 days and dystrophin-positive regions were detected through Immunofluorescence analysis. However, WB or RT-PCR analysis did not detect the presence of normal dystrophin in co-cultures of CD34+ and DMD or DMB affected patients' muscle cells. In contrast, some CD34+ stem cells differentiated in dystrophin producers' muscle cells, what was observed by WB, reinforcing that this progenitor cell has the potential to originate muscle dystrophin in vitro, and not just in vivo like reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Jazedje
- Department of Biology, Human Genome Research Center, São Paulo, Brazil.
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François S, Bensidhoum M, Mouiseddine M, Mazurier C, Allenet B, Semont A, Frick J, Saché A, Bouchet S, Thierry D, Gourmelon P, Gorin NC, Chapel A. Local irradiation not only induces homing of human mesenchymal stem cells at exposed sites but promotes their widespread engraftment to multiple organs: a study of their quantitative distribution after irradiation damage. Stem Cells 2009; 24:1020-9. [PMID: 16339642 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to migrate to various tissues. There is little information on the fate and potential therapeutic efficacy of the reinfusion of MSCs following total body irradiation (TBI). We addressed this question using human MSC (hMSCs) infused to nonobese diabetic/ severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice submitted to TBI. Further, we tested the impact of additional local irradiation (ALI) superimposed to TBI, as a model of accidental irradiation. NOD/SCID mice were transplanted with hM-SCs. Group 1 was not irradiated before receiving hMSC infusion. Group 2 received only TBI at a dose of 3.5 Gy, group 3 received local irradiation to the abdomen at a dose of 4.5 Gy in addition to TBI, and group 4 received local irradiation to the leg at 26.5 Gy in addition to TBI. Fifteen days after irradiation, quantitative and spatial distribution of the hMSCs were studied. Histological analysis of mouse tissues confirmed the presence of radio-induced lesions in the irradiated fields. Following their infusion into nonirradiated animals, hMSCs homed at a very low level to various tissues (lung, bone marrow, and muscles) and no significant engraftment was found in other organs. TBI induced an increase of engraftment levels of hMSCs in the brain, heart, bone marrow, and muscles. Abdominal irradiation (AI) as compared with leg irradiation (LI) increased hMSC engraftment in the exposed area (the gut, liver, and spleen). Hind LI as compared with AI increased hMSC engraftment in the exposed area (skin, quadriceps, and muscles). An increase of hMSC engraftment in organs outside the fields of the ALI was also observed. Conversely, following LI, hMSC engraftment was increased in the brain as compared with AI. This study shows that engraftment of hMSCs in NOD/ SCID mice with significantly increased in response to tissue injuries following TBI with or without ALI. ALI induced an increase of the level of engraftment at sites outside the local irradiation field, thus suggesting a distant (abscopal) effect of radiation damage. This work supports the use of MSCs to repair damaged normal tissues following accidental irradiation and possibly in patients submitted to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine François
- Laboratoire de Thérapie Cellulaire et Radioprotection Accidentelle, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Fontenay aux Roses CEDEX, France
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Ackema KB, Charité J. Mesenchymal stem cells from different organs are characterized by distinct topographic Hox codes. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:979-91. [PMID: 18533811 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells found as part of the stromal compartment of the bone marrow and in many other organs. They can be identified in vitro as CFU-F (colony forming unit-fibroblast) based on their ability to form adherent colonies of fibroblast-like cells in culture. MSC expanded in vitro retain characteristics appropriate to their tissue of origin. This is reflected in their propensity for differentiating towards specific lineages, and their capacity to generate, upon retransplantation in vivo, a stroma supporting typical lineages of hematopoietic cells. Hox genes encode master regulators of regional specification and organ development in the embryo and are widely expressed in the adult. We investigated whether they could be involved in determining tissue-specific properties of MSC. Hox gene expression profiles of individual CFU-F colonies derived from various organs and anatomical locations were generated, and the relatedness between these profiles was determined using hierarchical cluster analysis. This revealed that CFU-F have characteristic Hox expression signatures that are heterogeneous but highly specific for their anatomical origin. The topographic specificity of these Hox codes is maintained during differentiation, suggesting that they are an intrinsic property of MSC. Analysis of Hox codes of CFU-F from vertebral bone marrow suggests that MSC originate over a large part of the anterioposterior axis, but may not originate from prevertebral mesenchyme. These data are consistent with a role for Hox proteins in specifying cellular identity of MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin B Ackema
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Papathanasopoulos A, Giannoudis PV. Biological considerations of mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells. Injury 2008; 39 Suppl 2:S21-32. [PMID: 18804570 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(08)70012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been demonstrated as an attractive cell source for tissue engineering applications because of their ability to be isolated and expanded. Even though MSCs and EPCs constitute a powerful candidate cell type for regenerative medicine, more knowledge in terms of their biological properties is required before using these cells as a routinely applied therapy in the clinical setting. The nature of their mobilizing, migratory and homing signals and the mechanisms of differentiation and incorporation into the target tissues need to be clarified and further characterized. This paper examines the biological properties of these cells, the animal trials that have been performed so far and highlights their therapeutic potential in the treatment of musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases.
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Spitkovsky D, Hescheler J. Adult mesenchymal stromal stem cells for therapeutic applications. MINIM INVASIV THER 2008; 17:79-90. [PMID: 18465443 DOI: 10.1080/13645700801969758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSC) can be found in almost any adult organ. They can be isolated and expanded within several weeks up to hundreds of millions of cells. The cell isolation based on the surface antigen expression may significantly enrich for the desired cell population and reduce the time required for cell expansion. MSC display a unique molecular signature which clearly discriminates them from other stem cell types. MSC can be differentiated into the cells of several lineages. Additionally, the unique biological properties of MSC are mediated by strong immunomodulatory activity and by paracrine mechanisms. Potential therapeutic applications of the cells require clinically compliant protocols for cell isolation and expansion. The therapeutic utility of MSC has been evaluated and found to be useful in several pre-clinical animal models as well as in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Spitkovsky
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Lorenzi B, Pessina F, Lorenzoni P, Urbani S, Vernillo R, Sgaragli G, Gerli R, Mazzanti B, Bosi A, Saccardi R, Lorenzi M. Treatment of experimental injury of anal sphincters with primary surgical repair and injection of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Dis Colon Rectum 2008; 51:411-20. [PMID: 18224375 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-007-9153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sphincter injury is a common cause of anal incontinence. Surgical repair remains the operation of choice; however, the outcome often is poor. We investigated the ability of injected bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to enhance sphincter healing after injury and primary repair in a preclinical model. METHODS Twenty-four inbred Wistar Furth rats were divided into three groups. As a control, Group A underwent sham operation. Group B had sphincterotomy and repair of both anal sphincters plus saline injections. The study group (Group C) underwent sphincterotomy and repair followed by intrasphincteric injections of syngenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. A further group (Group D) of outbred Wistar rats treated with mesenchymal stem cells and immunosuppressive therapy also was evaluated. At 30 days, histologic and morphometric analysis and in vitro contractility testing was performed. RESULTS A significant decrease of muscle tissue was observed at the site of repair after sphincter injury. However, in Groups C and D, histologic examination demonstrated new muscle fibers and morphometric analysis revealed a significantly greater muscle area fraction than in Group B (P < 0.05). Moreover, mesenchymal stem cells injection improved contractility of sphincters strips compared with Group B (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between Groups C and D. CONCLUSIONS In our experimental model, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells injection improved muscle regeneration and increased contractile function of anal sphincters after injury and repair. Therefore, mesenchymal stem cells may represent an attractive tool for treating anal sphincter lesions in humans. Investigations into the biologic basis of this phenomenon should increase our knowledge on underlying mechanisms involved in sphincter repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lorenzi
- Department of Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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35
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Liu Y, Yan X, Sun Z, Chen B, Han Q, Li J, Zhao RC. Flk-1+ adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into skeletal muscle satellite cells and ameliorate muscular dystrophy in mdx mice. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 16:695-706. [PMID: 17999592 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe hereditary disease characterized by the absence of dystrophin on the sarcolemma of muscle fiber. This absence results in widespread muscle damage and satellite cell activation. After depletion of the satellite cell pool, skeletal muscle is then invariably replaced by connective tissue, leading to progressive muscle weakness. Herein, we isolated Flk-1(+) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adult adipose tissue and induced them to differentiate into skeletal muscle cells in culture. Within mdx mice, an animal model of DMD, adipose tissue-derived Flk-1(+) MSCs (AD-MSCs) homed to and differentiated into cells that repaired injured muscle tissue. This repair correlated with reconstitution of dystrophin expression on the damaged fibers. Flk-1(+) AD-MSCs also differentiated into muscle satellite cells. This differentiation may have accounted for long-term reconstitution. These cells also differentiated into endothelial cells, thereby possibly improving fiber regeneration as a result of the induced angiogenesis. Therefore, Flk-1(+) AD-MSC transplants may repair muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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36
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Mouiseddine M, François S, Semont A, Sache A, Allenet B, Mathieu N, Frick J, Thierry D, Chapel A. Human mesenchymal stem cells home specifically to radiation-injured tissues in a non-obese diabetes/severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model. Br J Radiol 2007; 80 Spec No 1:S49-55. [PMID: 17704326 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/25927054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) has recently been brought into the spotlights of many fields of research. One possible application of the approach is the repair of tissue injuries related to side effects of radiotherapy. The first challenge in cell therapy is to assess the quality of the cell and the ability to retain their differentiation potential during the expansion process. Efficient delivery to the sites of intended action is also necessary. We addressed both challenges using hMSC cultured and then infused to non-obese diabetes/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice submitted to total body irradiation. Furthermore, we tested the impact of additional abdominal irradiation superimposed to total body irradiation (TBI), as a model of local therapeutic irradiation. Our results showed that the hMSC used for transplant have been expanded without significant loss in their differentiation capacities. After transplantation into adult unconditioned mice, hMSC not only migrate in bone marrow but also into other tissues. Total body irradiation increased hMSC implantation in bone marrow and muscle and further led to engraftment in brain, heart and liver. Local irradiation in addition to TBI, increased homing of injected cells to the injured tissues and to other tissues outside the local irradiation field. Morphological recovery of irradiated tissues after MSC transplantation and/or differentiation of MSC into specific organ cell types needs to be investigated. This study suggests that using the potential of hMSC to home to various organs in response to tissue injuries might be a strategy to repair the radiation-induced damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mouiseddine
- Laboratoire Thérapie Cellulaire et Radioprotection Accidentelle, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), BP 17, F-92262 Fontenay aux Roses CEDEX, France
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37
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Falco EE, Roth JS, Fisher JP. EH Networks as a scaffold for skeletal muscle regeneration in abdominal wall hernia repair. J Surg Res 2007; 149:76-83. [PMID: 18395749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Incisional hernias are a common clinical problem occurring in up to 10% of all patients undergoing abdominal procedures. Primary closure, synthetic biomaterials, as well as xenografts and allografts have been used in hernia defect repair. Despite these approaches, the incidence of hernia recurrence ranges from 32% to 63%. To address this high recurrence rate, we propose an incisional hernia treatment that utilizes a functional biomaterial developed for skeletal muscle regeneration. In particular, we have developed a cyclic acetal biomaterial (EH network) based on 5-ethyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-beta,beta-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-2-ethanol diacrylate. Initial tests of the scaffold's mechanical properties indicate that the complex modulus of the EH network decreased after a significant increase in initiator concentration. Subsequent studies indicate that EH networks promote myoblastic cell attachment and proliferation as well as delivers functional insulin-like growth factor-1 to an in vitro population of skeletal myoblasts. This work establishes that an EH network, a degradable cyclic acetal biomaterial, can function as a scaffold for skeletal muscle engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Falco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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38
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Abstract
In this chapter we examine whether criteria usually defining adult tissue stem cells apply to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that give rise to cells of the skeletal connective tissues. MSCs appear to constitute a heterogeneous population of undifferentiated and committed, lineage-primed cells, capable of: homing upon engraftment to a number of growth microenvironments, extensive proliferation, producing large numbers of differentiated progeny, and functional tissue repair after injury. In addition, MSCs are extensively distributed throughout tissues, and bone marrow MSCs provide the stromal component of the niche of hematopoietic stem cells. The capacity of apparently differentiated mesenchymal cells to shift their differentiation pathway with changing microenvironmental conditions (known as differentiation plasticity) may be due to de-differentiation and reprogramming in MSCs. Because they present several features setting them apart from other stem cells, MSCs may constitute another paradigm for stem cell systems, where self-renewal and hierarchy are no longer essential, but where plasticity is the major characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Delorme
- Laboratoire d'Hématopoièse, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de medicine, Batiment Dutrochet, 10 Bvd Tonnellé, Tours 37032, France
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39
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Kolf CM, Cho E, Tuan RS. Mesenchymal stromal cells. Biology of adult mesenchymal stem cells: regulation of niche, self-renewal and differentiation. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:204. [PMID: 17316462 PMCID: PMC1860068 DOI: 10.1186/ar2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the cellular and molecular signaling pathways and global transcriptional regulators of adult mesenchymal stem cells have provided new insights into their biology and potential clinical applications, particularly for tissue repair and regeneration. This review focuses on these advances, specifically in the context of self-renewal and regulation of lineage-specific differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. In addition we review recent research on the concept of stem cell niche, and its relevance to adult mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Kolf
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cho
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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40
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Sémont A, François S, Mouiseddine M, François A, Saché A, Frick J, Thierry D, Chapel A. Mesenchymal stem cells increase self-renewal of small intestinal epithelium and accelerate structural recovery after radiation injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 585:19-30. [PMID: 17120774 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-34133-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients who undergo pelvic or abdominal radiotherapy may develop side effects that can be life threatening. Tissue complications caused by radiation-induced stem cell depletion may result in structural and functional alterations of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Stem cell therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is a promising approach for replenishment of the depleted stem cell compartment during radiotherapy. There is little information on the therapeutic potential of MSC in injured-GI tract following radiation exposure. In this study, we addressed the ability of MSC to support the structural regeneration of the small intestine after abdominal irradiation. We isolated MSC from human bone marrow and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) were transplanted into immunotolerent NOD/SCID mice with a dose of 5.10(6) cells via the systemic route. Using a model of radiation-induced intestinal injury, we studied the link between damage, hMSC engraftment and the capacity of hMSC to sustain structural recovery. Tissue injury was assessed by histological analysis. hMSC engraftment in tissues was quantified by PCR assay. Following abdominal irradiation, the histological analysis of small intestinal structure confirms the presence of partial and transient (three days) mucosal atrophy. PCR analysis evidences a low but significant hMSC implantation in small intestine (0.17%) but also at all the sites of local irradiation (kidney, stomach and spleen). Finally, in presence of hMSC, the small intestinal structure is already recovered at three days after abdominal radiation exposure. We show a structural recovery accompanied by an increase of small intestinal villus height, three and fifteen days following abdominal radiation exposure. In this study, we show that radiation-induced small intestinal injury may play a role in the recruitment of MSC for the improvement of tissue recovery. This work supports, the use of MSC infusion to repair damaged GI tract in patients subjected to radiotherapy. MSC therapy to avoid extended intestinal crypt sterilization is a promising approach to diminish healthy tissue alterations during the course of pelvic radiotherapy.
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Ye NS, Chen J, Luo GA, Zhang RL, Zhao YF, Wang YM. Proteomic profiling of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induced by 5-azacytidine. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 15:665-76. [PMID: 17105402 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.15.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into different types of cells and thus have tremendous potential for cell therapy and tissue engineering. 5-Azacytidine (5-aza), a DNA demethylation reagent, has been reported to induce MSCs to differentiate into cardiomyocytes in vitro. To determine a global effect of 5-aza on MSCs, we investigated the protein expressions of rat MSCs with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). We have generated a proteome reference map of rat MSCs, and have successfully identified 34 proteins with MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Nine proteins showed distinct regulation in MSCs after 5-aza treatment. The proteins regulated by 5-aza included cytoskeletal proteins, cadmium-binding proteins, and metabolic proteins, etc. These proteins have been reported to be involved in cell proliferation and differentiation through different signaling pathways, and the molecular mechanism of MSCs differentiation is discussed at the proteome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng-Sheng Ye
- Institute of Biomedicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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Yoshimura H, Muneta T, Nimura A, Yokoyama A, Koga H, Sekiya I. Comparison of rat mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, synovium, periosteum, adipose tissue, and muscle. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 327:449-62. [PMID: 17053900 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are increasingly being reported as occurring in a variety of tissues. Although MSCs from human bone marrow are relatively easy to harvest, the isolation of rodent MSCs is more difficult, thereby limiting the number of experiments in vivo. To determine a suitable cell source, we isolated rat MSCs from bone marrow, synovium, periosteum, adipose, and muscle and compared their properties for yield, expansion, and multipotentiality. After two passages, the cells in each population were CD11b (-), CD45 (-), and CD90 (+). The colony number per nucleated cells derived from synovium was 100-fold higher than that for cells derived from bone marrow. With regard to expansion potential, synovium-derived cells were the highest in colony-forming efficiency, fold increase, and growth kinetics. An in vitro chondrogenesis assay demonstrated that the pellets derived from synovium were heavier, because of their greater production of cartilage matrix, than those from other tissues, indicating their superiority in chondrogenesis. Synovium-derived cells retained their chondrogenic potential after a few passages. The Oil Red-O positive colony-rate assay demonstrated higher adipogenic potential in synovium- and adipose-derived cells. Alkaline phosphatase activity was greater in periosteum- and muscle-derived cells during calcification. The yield and proliferation potential of rat MSCs from solid tissues was much better than those from bone marrow. In particular, synovium-derived cells had the greatest potential for both proliferation and chondrogenesis, indicating their usefulness for cartilage study in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Yoshimura
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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43
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Rivera FJ, Sierralta WD, Minguell JJ, Aigner L. Adult hippocampus derived soluble factors induce a neuronal-like phenotype in mesenchymal stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2006; 406:49-54. [PMID: 16916578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are not restricted in their differentiation fate to cells of the mesenchymal lineage. They acquire a neural phenotype in vitro and in vivo after transplantation in the central nervous system. Here we investigated whether soluble factors derived from different brain regions are sufficient to induce a neuronal phenotype in MSCs. We incubated bone marrow-derived MSCs in conditioned medium (CM) derived from adult hippocampus (HCM), cortex (CoCM) or cerebellum (CeCM) and analyzed the cellular morphology and the expression of neuronal and glial markers. In contrast to muscle derived conditioned medium, which served as control, conditioned medium derived from the different brain regions induced a neuronal morphology and the expression of the neuronal markers GAP-43 and neurofilaments in MSCs. Hippocampus derived conditioned medium had the strongest activity. It was independent of NGF or BDNF; and it was restricted to the neuronal differentiation fate, since no induction of the astroglial marker GFAP was observed. The work indicates that soluble factors present in the brain are sufficient to induce a neuronal phenotype in MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Rivera
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to highlight advances in the field of skeletal muscle regeneration that have been made in the last year. RECENT FINDINGS Studies have increased our understanding of the activation of satellite cells within their niche on the muscle fibre, the contribution of satellite cell-derived muscle precursor cells to skeletal muscle regeneration and the reduction of satellite cell function in old muscle. Although other stem cells, either bone marrow derived or present within skeletal muscle or other tissues, do contribute to muscle regeneration, recent studies have highlighted that this is at best minimal compared with the ability of satellite cells to regenerate skeletal muscle. The effect of the host muscle environment has been shown to have a profound effect on skeletal muscle regeneration. Age and denervation have a detrimental effect and certain types of muscle injury a positive effect. Work continues on the effect of growth factors on muscle cell lines in vitro and muscle regeneration in vivo. SUMMARY Recent work has focused on the contribution of satellite-cell derived muscle precursor cells and other stem cells to skeletal muscle regeneration. The muscle environment has a profound effect on the regenerative capacity of resident and implanted cells. Muscle regeneration may be optimized by using the best stem cell population and by modifying the host muscle environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Ehrhardt
- Muscle Cell Biology Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, London, UK
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45
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Belema Bedada F, Technau A, Ebelt H, Schulze M, Braun T. Activation of myogenic differentiation pathways in adult bone marrow-derived stem cells. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:9509-19. [PMID: 16227601 PMCID: PMC1265814 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.21.9509-9519.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, various cell types can be programmed by potent inducers to follow distinct differentiation paths. In adult life, this ability seems to be restricted to specific multipotent cells. We have identified two cell populations from adult murine bone marrow which express various "stemness" genes. Treatment with Wnt molecules induced transcription of different skeletal muscle marker genes and evoked expression of cardiomyocyte markers. Further characterization of Wnt-induced intracellular signaling cascades revealed that the skeletal muscle program depended on canonical Wnt signaling, while the induction of cardiomyocyte markers seems to require a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. CDO, another component of the machinery directing skeletal muscle induction and expansion, selectively activated skeletal muscle- but not cardiomyocyte-specific genes. Although we were able to turn on various cell-type-specific markers by different induction regimens, we never obtained fully differentiated, functional cells. We conclude that the differentiation of adult stem cells is incomplete and lacks certain cues necessary to acquire a truly functional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikru Belema Bedada
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Dazzi F, Ramasamy R, Glennie S, Jones SP, Roberts I. The role of mesenchymal stem cells in haemopoiesis. Blood Rev 2005; 20:161-71. [PMID: 16364518 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ontogeny of haemopoiesis during fetal life and the differentiation of blood cells in adult life depend upon a fully competent microenvironment to provide appropriate signals via production of soluble factors and cell contact interactions. The cellular constituents of the microenvironment, also defined as the haemopoietic niche, largely derive from a common progenitor of mesenchymal origin. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), initially identified in adult bone marrow, have also been described in fetal haemopoietic tissues where they accompany the migration of haemopoietic development. Their precise identity remains ill-defined because of the lack of specific markers. Their ability to self-renew and differentiate into tissues of mesodermal origin (osteocytes, adipocytes, chondrocytes) and their lack of expression of haemopoietic molecules are currently the main criteria for isolation. In the bone marrow the most important elements of the niche appear to be osteoblasts, whilst a less defined population of fibroblasts regulates the maturation of immature T cells in the thymus. Recently, MSC have been shown to exert a profound immunosuppressive effect on polyclonal as well as antigen-specific T cell responses by inducing a state of division arrest anergy. Thus, the multipotent capacity of MSC, their role in supporting haemopoiesis, and their immunoregulatory activity make MSC particularly attractive for therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dazzi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, UK.
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are present in many human tissues and serve as a readily available source of undifferentiated cells being capable to form specific tissues like bone, cartilage, fat, muscle and tendon. They represent an attractive and promising field in tissue regeneration and engineering for treatment applications in a wide range of trauma and orthopaedic conditions. This article covers the most important aspects of recent research data demonstrating the combination of physiological properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and applications in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippokratis Pountos
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, St. James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Minguell JJ, Fierro FA, Epuñan MJ, Erices AA, Sierralta WD. Nonstimulated Human Uncommitted Mesenchymal Stem Cells Express Cell Markers of Mesenchymal and Neural Lineages. Stem Cells Dev 2005; 14:408-14. [PMID: 16137230 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2005.14.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo cultures of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contain subsets of progenitors exhibiting dissimilar properties. One of these subsets comprises uncommitted progenitors displaying distinctive features, such as morphology, a quiescent condition, growth factor production, and restricted tissue biodistribution after transplantation. In this study, we assessed the competence of these cells to express, in the absence of differentiation stimuli, markers of mesoderm and ectodermic (neural) cell lineages. Fluorescence microscopy analysis showed a unique pattern of expression of osteogenic, chondrogenic, muscle, and neural markers. The depicted "molecular signature" of these early uncommitted progenitors, in the absence of differentiation stimuli, is consistent with their multipotentiality and plasticity as suggested by several in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Minguell
- Programa Terapias Celulares, INTA-Universidad de Chile, Santiago 11, Chile.
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