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Sunil VR, Francis M, Vayas KN, Cervelli JA, Choi H, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Regulation of ozone-induced lung inflammation and injury by the β-galactoside-binding lectin galectin-3. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 284:236-45. [PMID: 25724551 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play a dual role in ozone toxicity, contributing to both pro- and anti-inflammatory processes. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a lectin known to regulate macrophage activity. Herein, we analyzed the role of Gal-3 in the response of lung macrophages to ozone. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung tissue were collected 24-72h after exposure (3h) of WT and Gal-3(-/-) mice to air or 0.8ppm ozone. In WT mice, ozone inhalation resulted in increased numbers of proinflammatory (Gal-3(+), iNOS(+)) and anti-inflammatory (MR-1(+)) macrophages in the lungs. While accumulation of iNOS(+) macrophages was attenuated in Gal-3(-/-) mice, increased numbers of enlarged MR-1(+) macrophages were noted. This correlated with increased numbers of macrophages in BAL. Flow cytometric analysis showed that these cells were CD11b(+) and consisted mainly (>97%) of mature (F4/80(+)CD11c(+)) proinflammatory (Ly6GLy6C(hi)) and anti-inflammatory (Ly6GLy6C(lo)) macrophages. Increases in both macrophage subpopulations were observed following ozone inhalation. Loss of Gal-3 resulted in a decrease in Ly6C(hi) macrophages, with no effect on Ly6C(lo) macrophages. CD11b(+)Ly6G(+)Ly6C(+) granulocytic (G) and monocytic (M) myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) were also identified in the lung after ozone. In Gal-3(-/-) mice, the response of G-MDSC to ozone was attenuated, while the response of M-MDSC was heightened. Changes in inflammatory cell populations in the lung of ozone treated Gal-3(-/-) mice were correlated with reduced tissue injury as measured by cytochrome b5 expression. These data demonstrate that Gal-3 plays a role in promoting proinflammatory macrophage accumulation and toxicity in the lung following ozone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthi R Sunil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
| | - Mary Francis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
| | - Kinal N Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
| | - Jessica A Cervelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
| | - Hyejeong Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
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Naessens T, Vander Beken S, Bogaert P, Van Rooijen N, Lienenklaus S, Weiss S, De Koker S, Grooten J. Innate imprinting of murine resident alveolar macrophages by allergic bronchial inflammation causes a switch from hypoinflammatory to hyperinflammatory reactivity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:174-84. [PMID: 22613023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Resident alveolar macrophages (rAMs) residing in the bronchoalveolar lumen of the airways play an important role in limiting excessive inflammatory responses in the respiratory tract. High phagocytic activity along with hyporesponsiveness to inflammatory insults and lack of autonomous IFN-β production are crucial assets in this regulatory function. Using a mouse model of asthma, we analyzed the fate of rAMs both during and after allergic bronchial inflammation. Although nearly indistinguishable phenotypically from naïve rAMs, postinflammation rAMs exhibited a strongly reduced basal phagocytic capacity, accompanied by a markedly increased inflammatory reactivity to Toll-like receptors TLR-3 (poly I:C), TLR-4 [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)], and TLR-7 (imiquimod). Importantly, after inflammation, rAMs exhibited a switch from an IFN-β-defective to an IFN-β-competent phenotype, thus indicating the occurrence of a new, inflammatory-released rAM population in the postallergic lung. Analysis of rAM turnover revealed a rapid disappearance of naïve rAMs after the onset of inflammation. This inflammation-induced rAM turnover is critical for the development of the hyperinflammatory rAM phenotype observed after clearance of bronchial inflammation. These data document a novel mechanism of innate imprinting in which noninfectious bronchial inflammation causes alveolar macrophages to acquire a highly modified innate reactivity. The resulting increase in secretion of inflammatory mediators on TLR stimulation implies a role for this phenomenon of innate imprinting in the increased sensitivity of postallergic lungs to inflammatory insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Naessens
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Guth AM, Janssen WJ, Bosio CM, Crouch EC, Henson PM, Dow SW. Lung environment determines unique phenotype of alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 296:L936-46. [PMID: 19304907 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90625.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) are the most abundant antigen-presenting cells in the lungs, and they play a critical role in regulating pulmonary immune responses to inhaled pathogens and to allergens. However, compared with macrophages in other body sites, AM have an unusual phenotype that, in many respects, resembles the phenotype of dendritic cells (DC). Therefore, to more fully define the unique nature of AM, we compared the phenotype and function of AM with the phenotype and function of resident peritoneal lavage-derived macrophages (PLM). We found striking phenotypic differences between AM and PLM, particularly with regard to CD11c expression, and we also observed that AM had a significantly better antigen-presenting capability than PLM. Therefore, we investigated the role of the local airway environment in generation of the unusual phenotype of AM. We carried out cell transfer experiments to compare macrophage differentiation in the airways with that in the peritoneal cavity. We observed significant upregulation of CD11c expression on bone marrow macrophages and peritoneal macrophages when they were adoptively transferred into the airways. In contrast, CD11c expression was not upregulated after cell transfer into the peritoneal cavity, whereas CD11b expression was significantly increased. In vitro, culture of bone marrow-adherent cells with surfactant protein D (SP-D) or granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induced significant upregulation of CD11c expression, and in vivo GM-CSF concentrations were significantly higher in bronchoalveolar than in peritoneal lavage fluid. Finally, GM-CSF(-/-) mice failed to develop CD11c(+) AM, but CD11c(+) AM were present in SP-D(-/-) mice. However, macrophages from GM-CSF(-/-) bone marrow could upregulate CD11c expression when transferred to the airways of wild-type mice. These results suggest that the airway environment promotes development of macrophages with unique DC-like characteristics and that this unusual phenotype is determined, to a large degree, by locally high concentrations of GM-CSF and, possibly, SP-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Guth
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, USA
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Egeblad M, Ewald AJ, Askautrud HA, Truitt ML, Welm BE, Bainbridge E, Peeters G, Krummel MF, Werb Z. Visualizing stromal cell dynamics in different tumor microenvironments by spinning disk confocal microscopy. Dis Model Mech 2008; 1:155-67; discussion 165. [PMID: 19048079 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment consists of stromal cells and extracellular factors that evolve in parallel with carcinoma cells. To gain insights into the activities of stromal cell populations, we developed and applied multicolor imaging techniques to analyze the behavior of these cells within different tumor microenvironments in the same live mouse. We found that regulatory T-lymphocytes (Tregs) migrated in proximity to blood vessels. Dendritic-like cells, myeloid cells and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts all exhibited higher motility in the microenvironment at the tumor periphery than within the tumor mass. Since oxygen levels differ between tumor microenvironments, we tested if acute hypoxia could account for the differences in cell migration. Direct visualization revealed that Tregs ceased migration under acute systemic hypoxia, whereas myeloid cells continued migrating. In the same mouse and microenvironment, we experimentally subdivided the myeloid cell population and revealed that uptake of fluorescent dextran defined a low-motility subpopulation expressing markers of tumor-promoting, alternatively activated macrophages. In contrast, fluorescent anti-Gr1 antibodies marked myeloid cells patrolling inside tumor vessels and in the stroma. Our techniques allow real-time combinatorial analysis of cell populations based on spatial location, gene expression, behavior and cell surface molecules within intact tumors. The techniques are not limited to investigations in cancer, but could give new insights into cell behavior more broadly in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikala Egeblad
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Kugathasan K, Roediger EK, Small CL, McCormick S, Yang P, Xing Z. CD11c+ antigen presenting cells from the alveolar space, lung parenchyma and spleen differ in their phenotype and capabilities to activate naïve and antigen-primed T cells. BMC Immunol 2008; 9:48. [PMID: 18700962 PMCID: PMC2527294 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The lung is divided into two major compartments: the alveolar space and the parenchyma. The alveolar macrophages are the first line of leukocytes in the lung taking up incoming microbes or microbial antigens whereas the parenchymal dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to be the sole potent antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the lung. Both resting alveolar macrophages and parenchymal DCs express CD11c. Several important questions remain to be elucidated: 1] to which extent the alveolar space and lung parenchymal CD11c+ APCs differ in their phenotype and ability to activate naïve T cells; 2] whether they differ in their ability to activate antigen-experienced or -primed T cells; and 3] whether these lung CD11c+ APC populations differ from the splenic CD11c+ APCs which have been commonly used for understanding APC biology. Results CD11c+ APCs from the alveolar space, lung parenchyma, and the spleen display differential co-stimulatory molecule expression and cytokine responsiveness upon stimulation. Alveolar space APCs are weak activators of naïve T cells compared to lung parenchymal and splenic CD11c+ APC populations. However, alveolar space APCs are able to potently activate the in vivo microbial antigen-primed T cells to a similar extent as lung parenchymal and splenic APCs. Conclusion Together our findings indicate that alveolar CD11c+ APCs have a specialized T cell-activating function, capable of activating antigen-primed, but not naïve, T cells whereas lung CD11c+ APCs are capable of activating both the naïve and antigen-primed T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapilan Kugathasan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Grundy MA, Zhang T, Sentman CL. NK cells rapidly remove B16F10 tumor cells in a perforin and interferon-gamma independent manner in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1153-61. [PMID: 17160409 PMCID: PMC11030153 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have been shown critical in reducing tumor lung metastasis in various murine cancer models. Effector molecules such as perforin and IFN-gamma may play important roles in inhibition of metastasis. However, most of these conclusions were based on experiments that involved quantitation of metastatic colonies several weeks after tumor challenge. The roles of NK cells and their effector molecules (perforin and IFN-gamma) in the initial immune responses against tumor metastasis in lungs are still unknown. By using the B16F10 melanoma tumor model combined with confocal microscopy, we observed an increase in numbers of B16F10 cells in NK-depleted mice at 60 min post tumor inoculation, but this effect was independent of perforin or IFN-gamma. In addition, NK cell numbers in lungs after tumor injection rapidly increased suggesting a redistribution of NK cells in the lungs. However, NK cells were not found in contact with tumor cells until day 6 or later. Our data indicate that during early responses against B16F10 cells, NK cells use another mechanism(s) besides perforin and IFN-gamma to prevent tumor metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Fluorescent Dyes/analysis
- Immunologic Surveillance
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Luminescent Proteins/analysis
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/secondary
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Confocal
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/deficiency
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/genetics
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/physiology
- Time Factors
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Grundy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, 6W Borwell Building, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, 6W Borwell Building, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Charles L. Sentman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, 6W Borwell Building, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
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Niu N, Le Goff MK, Li F, Rahman M, Homer RJ, Cohn L. A novel pathway that regulates inflammatory disease in the respiratory tract. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3846-55. [PMID: 17339484 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In animals with acute airway inflammation followed by repeated exposure to inhaled Ag, inflammation wanes over time and thus limits the study of chronic airway inflammatory diseases such as asthma. We developed a model of airway inflammation and inhalational exposure to investigate regulatory pathways in the respiratory tract. We show that Th1- and Th2-induced airway inflammation followed by repeated exposure to inhaled Ag leads to a state of immunosuppression. Challenge of these animals with a marked population of TCR transgenic effector Th1 or Th2 cells results in a striking inhibition of inflammation and effector Th cells. In Th2 models, airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus, and eosinophilia are reduced. The inhibitory effects observed are Ag nonspecific, can be induced in lymphocyte-deficient mice, and are associated with a population of TGF-beta1-expressing macrophages. Induction of this pathway may offer potent localized treatment of chronic T cell-mediated respiratory illnesses and provide insights into the development of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiqian Niu
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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