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Choi YN, Seo TW, Lee YT, Jeong DH, Yoo SJ. Nuclear endonuclease G controls cell proliferation in ovarian cancer. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:655-669. [PMID: 36734593 PMCID: PMC10068316 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is characterized by a high degree of genetic heterogeneity. Platinum-based chemotherapy and some gene-targeted therapies have shown limited treatment efficacy due to toxicity and recurrence, and thus, it is essential to identify additional therapeutic targets based on an understanding of the pathological mechanism. Here, we report that endonuclease G, which exhibits altered expression in ovarian cancer, does not function as a cell death effector that digests chromosomal DNA in ovarian cancer. Endonuclease G is modulated by intracellular reactive oxygen species dynamics and plays a role in cell proliferation in ovarian cancer, suggesting that targeting endonuclease G alone or in combination with other antitumor agents may have the potential for development into a treatment for endonuclease G-overexpressing cancers, including ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Na Choi
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Woong Seo
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yui Taek Lee
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dar Heum Jeong
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon Ji Yoo
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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2
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Response of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells Overexpressed with P-Glycoprotein to Apoptotic Induction after Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237412. [PMID: 34885994 PMCID: PMC8658844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) has posed a significant threat to cancer treatment and has led to the emergence of a new therapeutic regime of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to curb the menace. The PDT modality employs a photosensitiser (PS), excited at a specific wavelength of light to kill cancer cells. In the present study, we used a zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid PS to mediate the photodynamic killing of MCF-7 cells overexpressed with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and investigate the response to cell death induction. After photodynamic treatment, MCF-7 cells undergo cell death, and indicators like Annexin V/PI staining, DNA fragmentation, and measurement of apoptotic protein expression were investigated. Results showed increased externalisation of phosphatidylserine protein, measured as a percentage in flow cytometry indicative of apoptotic induction. This expression was significant (p < 0.006) for the untreated control cells, and there was no detection of DNA fragments after a laser fluence of 20 J/cm2. In addition, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was seen in caspase 8 activity and Bax protein expression. These findings were indicative of apoptotic induction and thus seem to represent the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. This study shows the role of PDT in the treatment of a resistant phenotype breast cancer.
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Chambers SA, Newman M, Frangie MM, Savenka AV, Basnakian AG, Alam MA. Antimelanoma activities of chimeric thiazole-androstenone derivatives. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210395. [PMID: 34430045 PMCID: PMC8355692 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of chimeric anti-melanoma agents is reported. These molecules are potent growth suppressors of melanoma cells in vitro with growth inhibition of 50% (GI50) values as low as 1.32 µM. Compounds were more toxic to melanoma cells in vitro than commonly used anti-melanoma agent dacarbazine as measured by TUNEL assay. They induced both caspase-independent apoptosis evident by colocalization of TUNEL with endonuclease G (EndoG) and caspase-mediated apoptosis measured by colocalization of TUNEL with caspase-activated DNase (CAD). In addition, compounds 3 and 5 strongly induced oxidative injury to melanoma cells as measured by TUNEL colocalization with heme oxygenase-1 (HO1). Dacarbazine induced only caspase-independent apoptosis, which may explain why it is less cytotoxic to melanoma cells than compounds 3, 4 and 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Chambers
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
| | - Mathew Newman
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
| | - Melissa M. Frangie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
| | - Alena V. Savenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Alexei. G. Basnakian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
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4
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Barés G, Beà A, Hernández L, Navaridas R, Felip I, Megino C, Blasco N, Nadeu F, Campo E, Llovera M, Dolcet X, Sanchis D. ENDOG Impacts on Tumor Cell Proliferation and Tumor Prognosis in the Context of PI3K/PTEN Pathway Status. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3803. [PMID: 34359707 PMCID: PMC8345062 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
EndoG influences mitochondrial DNA replication and is involved in somatic cell proliferation. Here, we investigated the effect of ENDOG/Endog expression on proliferation in different tumor models. Noteworthy, ENDOG deficiency reduced proliferation of endometrial tumor cells expressing low PTEN/high p-AKT levels, and Endog deletion blunted the growth of PTEN-deficient 3D endometrial cultures. Furthermore, ENDOG silencing reduced proliferation of follicular thyroid carcinoma and glioblastoma cell lines with high p-AKT expression. High ENDOG expression was associated with a short time to treatment in a cohort of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a B-cell lymphoid neoplasm with activation of PI3K/AKT. This clinical impact was observed in the less aggressive CLL subtype with mutated IGHV in which high ENDOG and low PTEN levels were associated with worse outcome. In summary, our results show that reducing ENDOG expression hinders growth of some tumors characterized by low PTEN activity and high p-AKT expression and that ENDOG has prognostic value for some cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisel Barés
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (G.B.); (A.B.); (N.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Aida Beà
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (G.B.); (A.B.); (N.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Luís Hernández
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and CIBERONC, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.N.); (E.C.)
| | - Raul Navaridas
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida–IRBLleida and CIBERONC, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (R.N.); (I.F.); (C.M.); (X.D.)
| | - Isidre Felip
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida–IRBLleida and CIBERONC, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (R.N.); (I.F.); (C.M.); (X.D.)
| | - Cristina Megino
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida–IRBLleida and CIBERONC, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (R.N.); (I.F.); (C.M.); (X.D.)
| | - Natividad Blasco
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (G.B.); (A.B.); (N.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Ferran Nadeu
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and CIBERONC, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.N.); (E.C.)
| | - Elías Campo
- Lymphoid Neoplasm Program, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and CIBERONC, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.N.); (E.C.)
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Llovera
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (G.B.); (A.B.); (N.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Xavier Dolcet
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida–IRBLleida and CIBERONC, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (R.N.); (I.F.); (C.M.); (X.D.)
| | - Daniel Sanchis
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (G.B.); (A.B.); (N.B.); (M.L.)
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Wan Mohd Tajuddin WNB, Abas F, Othman I, Naidu R. Molecular Mechanisms of Antiproliferative and Apoptosis Activity by 1,5-Bis(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl)1,4-Pentadiene-3-one (MS13) on Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147424. [PMID: 34299042 PMCID: PMC8307969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarylpentanoid (DAP), an analog that was structurally modified from a naturally occurring curcumin, has shown to enhance anticancer efficacy compared to its parent compound in various cancers. This study aims to determine the cytotoxicity, antiproliferative, and apoptotic activity of diarylpentanoid MS13 on two subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells: squamous cell carcinoma (NCI-H520) and adenocarcinoma (NCI-H23). Gene expression analysis was performed using Nanostring PanCancer Pathways Panel to determine significant signaling pathways and targeted genes in these treated cells. Cytotoxicity screening revealed that MS13 exhibited greater inhibitory effect in NCI-H520 and NCI-H23 cells compared to curcumin. MS13 induced anti-proliferative activity in both cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Morphological analysis revealed that a significant number of MS13-treated cells exhibited apoptosis. A significant increase in caspase-3 activity and decrease in Bcl-2 protein concentration was noted in both MS13-treated cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. A total of 77 and 47 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were regulated in MS13 treated-NCI-H520 and NCI-H23 cells, respectively. Among the DEGs, 22 were mutually expressed in both NCI-H520 and NCI-H23 cells in response to MS13 treatment. The top DEGs modulated by MS13 in NCI-H520—DUSP4, CDKN1A, GADD45G, NGFR, and EPHA2—and NCI-H23 cells—HGF, MET, COL5A2, MCM7, and GNG4—were highly associated with PI3K, cell cycle-apoptosis, and MAPK signaling pathways. In conclusion, MS13 may induce antiproliferation and apoptosis activity in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of NSCLC cells by modulating DEGs associated with PI3K-AKT, cell cycle-apoptosis, and MAPK pathways. Therefore, our present findings could provide an insight into the anticancer activity of MS13 and merits further investigation as a potential anticancer agent for NSCLC cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Nur Baitty Wan Mohd Tajuddin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (W.N.B.W.M.T.); (I.O.)
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (W.N.B.W.M.T.); (I.O.)
- Global Asia in the 21s Century Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (W.N.B.W.M.T.); (I.O.)
- Global Asia in the 21s Century Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-5514-63-45
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Eberle J, Wiehe RS, Gole B, Mattis LJ, Palmer A, Ständker L, Forssmann WG, Münch J, Gebhardt JCM, Wiesmüller L. A Fibrinogen Alpha Fragment Mitigates Chemotherapy-Induced MLL Rearrangements. Front Oncol 2021; 11:689063. [PMID: 34222016 PMCID: PMC8249925 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.689063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements in the Mixed Lineage Leukemia breakpoint cluster region (MLLbcr) are frequently involved in therapy-induced leukemia, a severe side effect of anti-cancer therapies. Previous work unraveled Endonuclease G as the critical nuclease causing initial breakage in the MLLbcr in response to different types of chemotherapeutic treatment. To identify peptides protecting against therapy-induced leukemia, we screened a hemofiltrate-derived peptide library by use of an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-based chromosomal reporter of MLLbcr rearrangements. Chromatographic purification of one active fraction and subsequent mass spectrometry allowed to isolate a C-terminal 27-mer of fibrinogen α encompassing amino acids 603 to 629. The chemically synthesized peptide, termed Fα27, inhibited MLLbcr rearrangements in immortalized hematopoietic cells following treatment with the cytostatics etoposide or doxorubicin. We also provide evidence for protection of primary human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from therapy-induced MLLbcr breakage. Of note, fibrinogen has been described to activate toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Dissecting the Fα27 mode-of action revealed association of the peptide with TLR4 in an antagonistic fashion affecting downstream NFκB signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In conclusion, we identified a hemofiltrate-derived peptide inhibitor of the genome destabilizing events causing secondary leukemia in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Eberle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Boris Gole
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Liska Jule Mattis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anja Palmer
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biophysics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolf-Georg Forssmann
- Pharis Biotec GmbH and Peptide Research Group, Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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7
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Effect of a novel thiazole derivative and its complex with a polymeric carrier on stability of DNA in human breast cancer cells. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj93.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kashyap D, Garg VK, Goel N. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis: Role in cancer development and prognosis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 125:73-120. [PMID: 33931145 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, also named programmed cell death, is a fundament process required for morphogenetic homeostasis during early development and in pathophysiological conditions. It is come into existence in 1972 by work of Kerr, Wyllie and Currie and later on investigated during the research on development of the C. elegans. Trigger by several stimuli, apoptosis is necessary during the embryonic development and aging as homeostatic mechanism to control the cell population and also play a key role as defense mechanism against the immune responses and elimination of damaged cells. Cancer, a genetic disease, is a growing burden on the health and economy of both developing and developed countries. Every year there is tremendously increasing in the number of new cancer cases and mortality rate. Although, there is a significant improvement have been made in biotechnological and bioinformatic fields however, the therapeutic advantages and cancer etiology is still under explored. Several studies determined the deregulation of different apoptotic components during the cancer development and progression. Apoptosis relies on activation of distinct signaling pathways that are often deregulated in cancer. Thus, exploring the single or more than one apoptotic component underlying their expression in carcinogenesis could help to track the disease progression. Current book chapter will provide the several evidences supporting the use of different apoptotic components as prognosis and prediction markers in various human cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharambir Kashyap
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduation Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Neelam Goel
- Department of Information Technology, UIET, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Fahmi T, Wang X, Zhdanov DD, Islam I, Apostolov EO, Savenka AV, Basnakian AG. DNase I Induces Other Endonucleases in Kidney Tubular Epithelial Cells by Its DNA-Degrading Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228665. [PMID: 33212932 PMCID: PMC7698339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endonuclease-mediated DNA fragmentation is both an immediate cause and a result of apoptosis and of all other types of irreversible cell death after injury. It is produced by nine enzymes including DNase I, DNase 2, their homologs, caspase-activated DNase (CAD) and endonuclease G (EndoG). The endonucleases act simultaneously during cell death; however, regulatory links between these enzymes have not been established. We hypothesized that DNase I, the most abundant of endonucleases, may regulate other endonucleases. To test this hypothesis, rat kidney tubular epithelial NRK-52E cells were transfected with the DNase I gene or its inactive mutant in a pECFP expression vector, while control cells were transfected with the empty vector. mRNA expression of all nine endonucleases was studied using real-time RT-PCR; DNA strand breaks in endonuclease genes were determined by PCR and protein expression of the enzymes was measured by Western blotting and quantitative immunocytochemistry. Our data showed that DNase I, but not its inactive mutant, induces all other endonucleases at varying time periods after transfection, causes DNA breaks in endonuclease genes, and elevates protein expression of several endonucleases. This is the first evidence that endonucleases seem to be induced by the DNA-degrading activity of DNase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Fahmi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #638, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (T.F.); (X.W.); (D.D.Z.); (I.I.); (E.O.A.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #638, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (T.F.); (X.W.); (D.D.Z.); (I.I.); (E.O.A.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #638, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (T.F.); (X.W.); (D.D.Z.); (I.I.); (E.O.A.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Intisar Islam
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #638, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (T.F.); (X.W.); (D.D.Z.); (I.I.); (E.O.A.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Eugene O. Apostolov
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #638, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (T.F.); (X.W.); (D.D.Z.); (I.I.); (E.O.A.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Alena V. Savenka
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #638, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (T.F.); (X.W.); (D.D.Z.); (I.I.); (E.O.A.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Alexei G. Basnakian
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #638, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (T.F.); (X.W.); (D.D.Z.); (I.I.); (E.O.A.); (A.V.S.)
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4300 West 7th Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-501-352-2870
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Yoo NJ, Jeong EG, Kim MS, Ahn CH, Kim SS, Lee SH. Increased Expression of Endonuclease G in Gastric and Colorectal Carcinomas. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 94:351-5. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160809400311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aims Endonuclease G (EndoG) is a mitochondrial protein that plays a role in DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. In addition, EndoG plays a role in cell proliferation and survival. It may be important to identify EndoG protein expression to predict its function in human cancers. The aim of this study was to explore whether alteration of EndoG expression might be a characteristic of colorectal or gastric carcinoma. Methods We investigated EndoG protein expression in 103 colorectal and 60 gastric carcinoma tissues by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray approach. Results Expression of EndoG was detected in 72 (70%) of the colorectal carcinomas and 41 (68%) of the gastric carcinomas in cytoplasm. By contrast, normal mucosal cells of both stomach and colon tissues showed no or very weak expression of EndoG. There was no significant association of EndoG expression with clinocopathological characteristics, including invasion, metastasis and stage. Conclusion Our data indicate that EndoG inactivation by loss of expression may not occur in colorectal and gastric cancers. Rather, increased expression of EndoG in colorectal and gastric cancer cells compared to their normal mucosal epithelial counterparts suggests that neo-expression of EndoG may play a role in both colorectal and gastric tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Jin Yoo
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Goo Jeong
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok Ahn
- Departments of General Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Departments of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Bemani P, Mohammadi M, Hakakian A. Anti-ROR1 scFv-EndoG as a Novel Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Drug. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:97-102. [PMID: 29373898 PMCID: PMC5844643 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Immunotoxins are proteins that consist of an antibody fragment linked to a toxin, used as agents for targeted
therapy of cancers. Although the most potent immunotoxins are made from bacterial and plant toxins, obstacles which
contribute to poor responses are immunogenicity in patients and rapid development of neutralizing antibodies. In the
present study we proposed a new therapeutic immunotoxin for targeted cancer therapy of ROR1 expressing cancers:
an anti ROR1 single chain fragment variable antibody (scFv)-endonuclease G (anti ROR1 scFv-EndoG). Methods:
The three-dimensional structure of anti ROR1 scFv-EndoG protein was modeled and structure validation tools were
employed to confirm the accuracy and reliability of the developed model. In addition, stability and integrity of the
model were assessed by molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. Results: All results suggested the protein model to
be acceptable and of good quality. Conclusions: Anti-ROR1 scFv-EndoG would be expected to bind to the ROR1
extracellular domain by its scFv portion and selectively deliver non-immunogenic human endonuclease G enzyme as
an end-stage apoptosis molecule into ROR1-expressing cancer cells and lead rapidly to apoptosis. We believe that anti
ROR1 and other anti-tumor antigen scFv-EndoG forms may be helpful for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Bemani
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ,
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Zhdanov DD, Pokrovsky VS, Pokrovskaya MV, Alexandrova SS, Eldarov MA, Grishin DV, Basharov MM, Gladilina YA, Podobed OV, Sokolov NN. Inhibition of telomerase activity and induction of apoptosis by Rhodospirillum rubrum L-asparaginase in cancer Jurkat cell line and normal human CD4+ T lymphocytes. Cancer Med 2017; 6:2697-2712. [PMID: 28984046 PMCID: PMC5673955 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodospirillum rubrum L-asparaginase mutant E149R, V150P, F151T (RrA) down-regulates telomerase activity due to its ability to inhibit the expression of telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT. The aim of this study was to define the effect of short-term and long-term RrA exposure on proliferation of cancer Jurkat cell line and normal human CD4+ T lymphocytes. RrA could inhibit telomerase activity in dose- and time-dependent manner in both Jurkat and normal CD4+ T cells. Continuous RrA exposure of these cells resulted in shortening of telomeres followed by cell cycle inhibition, replicative senescence, and development of apoptosis. Complete death of Jurkat cells was observed at the day 25 of RrA exposure while normal CD4+ T cells died at the day 50 due to the initial longer length of telomeres. Removal of RrA from senescent cells led to a reactivation of hTERT expression, restoration telomerase activity, re-elongation of telomeres after 48 h of cultivation, and survival of cells. These findings demonstrate that proliferation of cancer and normal telomerase-positive cells can be limited by continuous telomerase inhibition with RrA. Longer telomeres of normal CD4+ T lymphocytes make such cells more sustainable to RrA exposure that could give them an advantage during anti-telomerase therapy. These results should facilitate further investigations of RrA as a potent anti-telomerase therapeutic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical ChemistryPogodinskaya st., 10/8Moscow119121Russia
| | - Vadim S. Pokrovsky
- Institute of Biomedical ChemistryPogodinskaya st., 10/8Moscow119121Russia
- N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research CenterKashirskoe Shosse 24Moscow115478Russia
- Peoples’ FriendshipUniversity of RussiaRUDN UniversityMiklukho‐Maklaya st., 6Moscow117198Russia
| | | | | | - Mikhail A. Eldarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology RASLeninsky prospect, 33Moscow119071Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Grishin
- Institute of Biomedical ChemistryPogodinskaya st., 10/8Moscow119121Russia
| | - Marsel M. Basharov
- Peoples’ FriendshipUniversity of RussiaRUDN UniversityMiklukho‐Maklaya st., 6Moscow117198Russia
| | - Yulia A. Gladilina
- Institute of Biomedical ChemistryPogodinskaya st., 10/8Moscow119121Russia
| | - Olga V. Podobed
- Institute of Biomedical ChemistryPogodinskaya st., 10/8Moscow119121Russia
| | - Nikolai N. Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical ChemistryPogodinskaya st., 10/8Moscow119121Russia
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13
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Zhdanov DD, Pokrovsky VS, Orlova EV, Orlova VS, Pokrovskaya MV, Aleksandrova SS, Sokolov NN. Intracellular Localization of Apoptotic Endonuclease EndoG and Splice-Variants of Telomerase Catalytic Subunit hTERT. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:894-905. [PMID: 28941457 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917080041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The activity of telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) can be regulated by alternative splicing of its mRNA. The mechanism of hTERT splicing is not understood in detail. Apoptotic endonuclease EndoG is known to participate in this process. In the present work, the intracellular colocalization and mRNA levels of EndoG and hTERT splice-variants in normal and apoptotic cancer cells were studied. We found that the development of apoptosis increased the expression of EndoG and changed the ratio of hTERT splice-variants, which decreased the telomerase activity in the cells. The development of apoptosis was accompanied by changes in the amount of mRNA and in the localization of EndoG and hTERT splice-variants in the cytoplasm, nuclei, and mitochondria of the cells. The suppression of EndoG expression using RNA interference prevented induction of the α+β- splice-variant of hTERT and inhibition of the telomerase activity. A high degree of the intracellular colocalization of EndoG and hTERT was shown. The changes in the expression and localization of EndoG corresponded with changes in the amount and localization of hTERT splice-variants. These data confirm the participation of EndoG in the alternative splicing of mRNA of the telomerase catalytic subunit and in regulation of the telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Zhdanov
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, 119121, Russia.
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14
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Zhdanov DD, Vasina DA, Grachev VA, Orlova EV, Orlova VS, Pokrovskaya MV, Alexandrova SS, Sokolov NN. Alternative splicing of telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT generated by apoptotic endonuclease EndoG induces human CD4 + T cell death. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:653-664. [PMID: 28886883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase activity is regulated by alternative splicing of its catalytic subunit human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA. Induction of a non-active spliced hTERT leads to inhibition of telomerase activity. However, very little is known about the mechanism of hTERT mRNA alternative splicing. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the apoptotic endonuclease EndoG in alternative splicing of hTERT and telomerase activity. A strong correlation was identified between EndoG expression levels and hTERT splice variants in human CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Overexpression of EndoG in CD4+ T cells down-regulated the expression of the active full-length hTERT variant and up-regulated expression of the non-active spliced variant. A reduction in full-length hTERT transcripts down-regulated telomerase activity. Long-term in vitro cultivation of EndoG-overexpressing CD4+ T cells led to dramatically shortened telomeres, conversion of cells into a replicative senescence state, and activation of the BCL2/BAX-associated apoptotic pathway finally leading to cell death. These data indicated the participation of EndoG in alternative mRNA splicing of the telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT, regulation of telomerase activity and determination of cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | | - Elena V Orlova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Puschino, Moscow region, Russia
| | | | - Marina V Pokrovskaya
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Nikolai N Sokolov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Zhdanov DD, Vasina DA, Orlova EV, Orlova VS, Pokrovskaya MV, Aleksandrova SS, Sokolov NN. Apoptotic endonuclease EndoG regulates alternative splicing of human telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750817020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Zhdanov DD, Vasina DA, Orlova EV, Orlova VS, Pokrovskaya MV, Aleksandrova SS, Sokolov NN. [Apoptotic endonuclease EndoG regulates alternative splicing of human telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2017; 62:544-554. [PMID: 27797329 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20166205544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT is subjected to alternative splicing results in loss of its function and leads to decrease of telomerase activity. However, very little is known about the mechanism of hTERT pre-mRNA alternative splicing. Apoptotic endonuclease EndoG is known to participate this process. The aim of this study was to determine the role of EndoG in regulation of hTERT alternative splicing. Increased expression of b-deletion splice variant was determined during EndoG over-expression in CaCo-2 cell line, after EndoG treatment of cell cytoplasm and nuclei and after nuclei incubation with EndoG digested cell RNA. hTERT alternative splicing was induced by 47-mer RNA oligonucleotide in naked nuclei and in cells after transfection. Identified long non-coding RNA, that is the precursor of 47-mer RNA oligonucleotide. Its size is 1754 nucleotides. Based on the results the following mechanism was proposed. hTERT pre-mRNA is transcribed from coding DNA strand while long non-coding RNA is transcribed from template strand of hTERT gene. EndoG digests long non-coding RNA and produces 47-mer RNA oligonucleotide complementary to hTERT pre-mRNA exon 8 and intron 8 junction place. Interaction of 47-mer RNA oligonucleotide and hTERT pre-mRNA causes alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Ecological faculty, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - D A Vasina
- Ecological faculty, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Orlova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Pushchino, Russia
| | - V S Orlova
- Ecological faculty, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - N N Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Vasina DA, Zhdanov DD, Orlova EV, Orlova VS, Pokrovskaya MV, Aleksandrova SS, Sokolov NN. Apoptotic endonuclease EndoG inhibits telomerase activity and induces malignant transformation of human CD4+ T cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:24-37. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Zhdanov D, Vasina D, Orlova E, Orlova V, Pokrovsky V, Pokrovskaya M, Aleksandrova S, Sokolov N. Cisplatin-induced apoptotic endonuclease EndoG inhibits telomerase activity and causes malignant transformation of human CD4+ T lymphocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20176301013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing of telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT pre-mRNA (human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase) regulates telomerase activity. Increased expression of non-active splice variant hTERT results in inhibition of telomerase. Apoptotic endonuclease EndoG is known to participate in hTERT alternative splicing. Expression of EndoG can be induced in response to DNA damages. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of a DNA-damaging compound, cisplatin, to induce EndoG and its influence on alternative splicing of hTERT and telomerase activity in human CD4+ Т lymphocytes. Overexpression of EndoG in CD4+ T cells downregulated the expression of active full-length hTERT variant and upregulated its non-active spliced variant. Reduction of full-length hTERT caused downregulation of telomerase activity, shortening of telomeres length during cell divisions, converting cells to the replicative senescence state, activation of apoptosis and finally cell death. Few cells survived and underwent malignant transformation. Transformed cells have increased telomerase activity and proliferative potential compare to initial CD4+ T cells. These cells have phenotype of T lymphoblastic leukemic cells and are able to form tumors and cause death in experimental mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.D. Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Ecological Faculty, Moscow, Russia
| | - D.A. Vasina
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Ecological Faculty, Moscow, Russia
| | - E.V. Orlova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Puschino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - V.S. Orlova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - V.S. Pokrovsky
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Ecological Faculty, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - N.N. Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Zhdanov DD, Vasina DA, Orlova VS, Gotovtseva VY, Bibikova MV, Pokrovsky VS, Pokrovskayaa MV, Aleksandrova SS, Sokolov NN. Apoptotic endonuclease EndoG induces alternative splicing of telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT and death of tumor cells. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750816040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Lin JLJ, Nakagawa A, Skeen-Gaar R, Yang WZ, Zhao P, Zhang Z, Ge X, Mitani S, Xue D, Yuan HS. Oxidative Stress Impairs Cell Death by Repressing the Nuclease Activity of Mitochondrial Endonuclease G. Cell Rep 2016; 16:279-287. [PMID: 27346342 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endonuclease G (EndoG) is a mitochondrial protein that is released from mitochondria and relocated into the nucleus to promote chromosomal DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. Here, we show that oxidative stress causes cell-death defects in C. elegans through an EndoG-mediated cell-death pathway. In response to high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, homodimeric CPS-6-the C. elegans homolog of EndoG-is dissociated into monomers with diminished nuclease activity. Conversely, the nuclease activity of CPS-6 is enhanced, and its dimeric structure is stabilized by its interaction with the worm AIF homolog, WAH-1, which shifts to disulfide cross-linked dimers under high ROS levels. CPS-6 thus acts as a ROS sensor to regulate the life and death of cells. Modulation of the EndoG dimer conformation could present an avenue for prevention and treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L J Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, ROC
| | - Akihisa Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Riley Skeen-Gaar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Wei-Zen Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, ROC
| | - Pei Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao Ge
- School of Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shohei Mitani
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Ding Xue
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; School of Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hanna S Yuan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, ROC; Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan 10048, ROC.
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21
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Misic V, El-Mogy M, Haj-Ahmad Y. Role of Endonuclease G in Exogenous DNA Stability in HeLa Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:163-75. [PMID: 27260396 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endonuclease G (EndoG) is a well-conserved mitochondrial-nuclear nuclease with dual lethal and vital roles in the cell. The aim of our study was to examine whether EndoG exerts its nuclease activity on exogenous DNA substrates such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), considering their importance in gene therapy applications. The effects of EndoG knockdown on pDNA stability and levels of encoded reporter gene expression were evaluated in the cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. Transfection of pDNA vectors encoding short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) reduced levels of EndoG mRNA in HeLa cells. In physiological circumstances, EndoG knockdown did not have an effect on the stability of pDNA or the levels of encoded transgene expression as measured over a four-day time course. However, when endogenous expression of EndoG was induced by an extrinsic stimulus, targeting of EndoG by shRNA improved the perceived stability and transgene expression of pDNA vectors. Therefore, EndoG is not a mediator of exogenous DNA clearance, but in non-physiological circumstances, it may nonspecifically cleave intracellular DNA regardless of its origin. These findings make it unlikely that targeting of EndoG is a viable strategy for improving the duration and level of transgene expression from nonviral DNA vectors in gene therapy efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Misic
- Brock University, Department of Biological Sciences, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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22
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Misic V, El-Mogy M, Geng S, Haj-Ahmad Y. Effect of endonuclease G depletion on plasmid DNA uptake and levels of homologous recombination in hela cells. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Zhdanov D, Vasina D, Orlova V, Gotovtseva V, Bibikova M, Pokrovsky V, Pokrovskaya M, Aleksandrova S, Sokolov N. Apoptotic endonuclease EndoG induces alternative splicing of telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT and death of tumor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 62:239-50. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20166203239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase activity is known to be regulated by alternative splicing of its catalytic subunit hTERT (human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase) mRNA. Induction of non-active spliced hTERT leads to inhibition of telomerase activity. However, very little is known about the mechanism of hTERT mRNA alternative splicing. The aim of this study was to determine the role of apoptotic endonuclease EndoG in alternative splicing of hTERT and telomerase activity. Strong correlation was found between expression of EndoG and hTERT splice-variants in 12 colon cancer cell lines. Overexpression of EndoG in СаСо-2 cells downregulated the expression of active full-length hTERT variant and upregulated non-active spliced variant. Reduction of full-length hTERT caused downregulation of telomerase activity, dramatically shortening of telomeres length during cell divisions, converting cells to the replicative senescence state, activation of apoptosis and finally cell death. These data indicated the participation of EndoG in alternative splicing of mRNA of telomerase catalytic subunit, regulation of telomerase activity and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.D. Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Ecological Faculty, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - D.A. Vasina
- Ecological Faculty, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V.S. Orlova
- Ecological Faculty, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - N.N. Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Zhdanov DD, Fahmi T, Wang X, Apostolov EO, Sokolov NN, Javadov S, Basnakian AG. Regulation of Apoptotic Endonucleases by EndoG. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:316-26. [PMID: 25849439 PMCID: PMC4426297 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells contain several apoptotic endonucleases, which appear to act simultaneously before and after cell death by destroying the host cell DNA. It is largely unknown how the endonucleases are being induced and whether they can regulate each other. This study was performed to determine whether apoptotic mitochondrial endonuclease G (EndoG) can regulate expression of other apoptotic endonucleases. The study showed that overexpression of mature EndoG in kidney tubular epithelial NRK-52E cells can increase expression of caspase-activated DNase (CAD) and four endonucleases that belong to DNase I group including DNase I, DNase X, DNase IL2, and DNase γ, but not endonucleases of the DNase 2 group. The induction of DNase I-type endonucleases was associated with DNA degradation in promoter/exon 1 regions of the endonuclease genes. These results together with findings on colocalization of immunostained endonucleases and TUNEL suggest that DNA fragmentation after EndoG overexpression was caused by DNase I endonucleases and CAD in addition to EndoG itself. Overall, these data provide first evidence for the existence of the integral network of apoptotic endonucleases regulated by EndoG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Tariq Fahmi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Eugene O. Apostolov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Nikolai N. Sokolov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, V.N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sabzali Javadov
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Alexei G. Basnakian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Renal Medicine Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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25
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Glinka EM. Killing of cancer cells through the use of eukaryotic expression vectors harbouring genes encoding nucleases and ribonuclease inhibitor. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3147-57. [PMID: 25874497 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer gene therapy vectors are promising tools for killing cancer cells with the purpose of eradicating malignant tumours entirely. Different delivery methods of vectors into the cancer cells, including both non-viral and viral, as well as promoters for the targeted expression of genes encoding anticancer proteins were developed for effective and selective killing of cancer cells without harming healthy cells. Many vectors have been created to kill cancer cells, and some vectors suppress malignant tumours with high efficiency. This review is focused on vectors bearing genes for nucleases such as deoxyribonucleases (caspase-activated DNase, deoxyribonuclease I-like 3, endonuclease G) and ribonucleases (human polynucleotide phosphorylase, ribonuclease L, α-sarcin, barnase), as well as vectors harbouring gene encoding ribonuclease inhibitor. The data concerning the functionality and the efficacy of such vectors are presented.
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26
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Jang DS, Penthala NR, Apostolov EO, Wang X, Crooks PA, Basnakian AG. Novel cytoprotective inhibitors for apoptotic endonuclease G. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 34:92-100. [PMID: 25401220 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic endonuclease G (EndoG) is responsible for DNA fragmentation both during and after cell death. Previous studies demonstrated that genetic inactivation of EndoG is cytoprotective against various pro-apoptotic stimuli; however, specific inhibitors for EndoG are not available. In this study, we have developed a high-throughput screening assay for EndoG and have used it to screen a chemical library. The screening resulted in the identification of two potent EndoG inhibitors, PNR-3-80 and PNR-3-82, which are thiobarbiturate analogs. As determined by their IC₅₀s, the inhibitors are more potent than ZnCl₂ or EDTA. They inhibit EndoG at one or two orders of magnitude greater than another apoptotic endonuclease, DNase I, and do not inhibit the other five tested cell death-related enzymes: DNase II, RNase A, proteinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase 1. Exposure of natural EndoG-expressing 22Rv1 or EndoG-overexpressing PC3 cells rendered them significantly resistant to Cisplatin and Docetaxel, respectively. These novel EndoG inhibitors have the potential to be utilized for amelioration of cell injuries in which participation of EndoG is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Song Jang
- 1 Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
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27
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Seo TW, Lee JS, Yoo SJ. Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 ubiquitinates endonuclease G but does not affect endonuclease G-mediated cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:644-9. [PMID: 25139236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) are evolutionarily well conserved and have been recognized as the key negative regulators of apoptosis. Recently, the role of IAPs as E3 ligases through the Ring domain was revealed. Using proteomic analysis to explore potential target proteins of DIAP1, we identified Drosophila Endonuclease G (dEndoG), which is known as an effector of caspase-independent cell death. In this study, we demonstrate that human EndoG interacts with IAPs, including human cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 1 (cIAP1). EndoG was ubiquitinated by IAPs in vitro and in human cell lines. Interestingly, cIAP1 was capable of ubiquitinating EndoG in the presence of wild-type and mutant Ubiquitin, in which all lysines except K63 were mutated to arginine. cIAP1 expression did not change the half-life of EndoG and cIAP1 depletion did not alter its levels. Expression of dEndoG 54310, in which the mitochondrial localization sequence was deleted, led to cell death that could not be suppressed by DIAP1 in S2 cells. Moreover, EndoG-mediated cell death induced by oxidative stress in HeLa cells was not affected by cIAP1. Therefore, these results indicate that IAPs interact and ubiquitinate EndoG via K63-mediated isopeptide linkages without affecting EndoG levels and EndoG-mediated cell death, suggesting that EndoG ubiquitination by IAPs may serve as a regulatory signal independent of proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woong Seo
- Department of Biology, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sun Lee
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Life Sciences, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Ji Yoo
- Department of Biology, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanopharmaceutical Life Sciences, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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CHIP has a protective role against oxidative stress-induced cell death through specific regulation of endonuclease G. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e666. [PMID: 23764847 PMCID: PMC3698548 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in carcinogenesis, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. The E3 ligase C terminus of Hsc-70 interacting protein (CHIP) has a protective role against various stresses by targeting damaged proteins for proteasomal degradation, and thus maintains protein quality control. However, the detailed mechanism by which CHIP protects cells from oxidative stress has not been demonstrated. Here, we show that depletion of CHIP led to elevated Endonuclease G (EndoG) levels and enhanced cell death upon oxidative stress. In contrast, CHIP overexpression reduced EndoG levels, and resulted in reduced or no oxidative stress-induced cell death in cancer cells and primary rat cortical neurons. Under normal conditions Hsp70 mediated the interaction between EndoG and CHIP, downregulating EndoG levels in a Hsp70/proteasome-dependent manner. However, under oxidative stress Hsp70 no longer interacted with EndoG, and the stabilized EndoG translocated to the nucleus and degraded chromosomal DNA. Our data suggest that regulation of the level of EndoG by CHIP in normal conditions may determine the sensitivity to cell death upon oxidative stress. Indeed, injection of H2O2 into the rat brain markedly increased cell death in aged mice compared with young mice, which correlated with elevated levels of EndoG and concurrent downregulation of CHIP in aged mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a novel protective mechanism of CHIP against oxidative stress through regulation of EndoG, and provide an opportunity to modulate oxidative stress-induced cell death in cancer and aging.
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Ruirui K, Ray P, Yang M, Wen P, Zhu L, Liu J, Fushimi K, Kar A, Liu Y, He R, Kuo D, Wu JY. Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing, Cell Death, and Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2013; 158:181-212. [PMID: 24222359 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-31659-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is one of the most powerful mechanisms for generating functionally distinct products from a single genetic loci and for fine-tuning gene activities at the post-transcriptional level. Alternative splicing plays important roles in regulating genes critical for cell death. These cell death genes encode death ligands, cell surface death receptors, intracellular death regulators, signal transduction molecules, and death executor enzymes such as caspases and nucleases. Alternative splicing of these genes often leads to the formation of functionally different products, some of which have antagonistic effects that are either cell death-promoting or cell death-preventing. Differential alternative splicing can affect expression, subcellular distribution, and functional activities of the gene products. Molecular defects in splicing regulation of cell death genes have been associated with cancer development and resistance to treatment. Studies using molecular, biochemical, and systems-based approaches have begun to reveal mechanisms underlying the regulation of alternative splicing of cell death genes. Systematic studies have begun to uncover the multi-level interconnected networks that regulate alternative splicing. A global picture of the complex mechanisms that regulate cell death genes at the pre-mRNA splicing level has thus begun to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Ruirui
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Mitochondria have been classically characterized as organelles with responsibility for cellular energy production in the form of ATP, but they are also the organelles through which apoptotic signaling occurs. Cell stress stimuli can result in outer membrane permeabilization, after which mitochondria release numerous proteins involved in apoptotic signaling, including cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor, endonuclease G, Smac/DIABLO and Omi/HtrA2. Cell fate is determined by signaling through apoptotic proteins within the Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) protein family, which converges on mitochondria. Many cancerous cells display abnormal levels of Bcl-2 protein family member expression that results in defective apoptotic signaling. Alterations in bioenergetic function also contribute to cancer as well as numerous other disorders. Recent evidence indicates that several pro-apoptotic proteins localized within mitochondria, as well as proteins within the Bcl-2 protein family, can influence mitochondrial bioenergetic function. This review focuses on the emerging roles of these proteins in the control of mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kilbride
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
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31
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Apostolov EO, Ray D, Alobuia WM, Mikhailova MV, Wang X, Basnakian AG, Shah SV. Endonuclease G mediates endothelial cell death induced by carbamylated LDL. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H1997-2004. [PMID: 21460199 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01311.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
End-stage kidney disease is a terminal stage of chronic kidney disease, which is associated with a high incidence of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease frequently results from endothelial injury caused by carbamylated LDL (cLDL), the product of LDL modification by urea-derived cyanate. Our previous data suggested that cLDL induces mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mitotic DNA fragmentation and cell death. However, the mechanism of this pathway is unknown. The current study demonstrated that cLDL-induced endothelial mitotic cell death is independent of caspase-3. The expression of endonuclease G (EndoG), the nuclease implicated in caspase-independent DNA fragmentation, was significantly increased in response to cLDL exposure to the cells. The inhibition of EndoG by RNAi protected cLDL-induced DNA fragmentation, whereas the overexpression of EndoG induced more DNA fragmentation in endothelial cells. Ex vivo experiments with primary endothelial cells isolated from wild-type (WT) and EndoG knockout (KO) mice demonstrated that EndoG KO cells are partially protected against cLDL toxicity compared with WT cells. To determine cLDL toxicity in vivo, we administered cLDL or native LDL (nLDL) intravenously to the WT and EndoG KO mice and then measured floating endothelial cells in blood using flow cytometry. The results showed an increased number of floating endothelial cells after cLDL versus nLDL injection in WT mice but not in EndoG KO mice. Finally, the inhibitors of MEK-ERK1/2 and JNK-c-jun pathways decreased cLDL-induced EndoG overexpression and DNA fragmentation. In summary, our data suggest that cLDL-induced endothelial toxicity is caspase independent and results from EndoG-dependent DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene O Apostolov
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Univ. of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Slot 638, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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32
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Mercer KE, Apostolov EO, Gamboa da Costa G, Yu X, Lang P, Roberts DW, Davis W, Basnakian AG, Kadlubar FF, Kadlubar SA. Expression of sulfotransferase isoform 1A1 (SULT1A1) in breast cancer cells significantly increases 4-hydroxytamoxifen-induced apoptosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2010; 1:92-103. [PMID: 21537383 PMCID: PMC3076764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported a strong association of the high activity SULT1A1*1 allele and overall survival of patients receiving tamoxifen therapy, indicating that sulfation of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) via SULT1A1 may contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of tamoxifen treatment. In most, but not all cases, sulfation is considered to be an elimination pathway; therefore we sought to define the biological mechanism by which increased sulfation of tamoxifen could provide a therapeutic benefit. We compared the antiproliferative and apoptotic responses between MCF7-SULT1A1 expressing cells and control MCF7 pcDNA3 cells when treated with 4-OHT. We observed a greater than 30% decrease in cell proliferation in MCF7-SULT1A1 expressing cells at physiological concentrations of 4-OHT, and significant cell death in SULT1A1-expressing cells treated with 2µM 4-OHT for 48 hours compared to control cells (p<0.05). Within 24 hours of drug treatment, an 80% increase in apoptosis in SULT1A1-expressing cells was apparent when compared to similarly treated cells that did not express SULT1A1. We also observed an increase in endonuclease G, the primary endonuclease expressed in ER-dependent breast cancer cells, which participates in caspaseindependent apoptosis. These data confirm that SULT1A1-mediated biotransformation of 4-OHT is important in the efficacy of 4-OHT cytotoxicity in breast tumors, and reveals a potential role for sulfated metabolites in the efficacy of tamoxifen therapy.
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Schneiders UM, Schyschka L, Rudy A, Vollmar AM. BH3-only proteins Mcl-1 and Bim as well as endonuclease G are targeted in spongistatin 1-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2914-25. [PMID: 19808980 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spongistatin 1, a marine experimental substance with chemotherapeutic potential, induces apoptosis and inhibits clonogenic survival of MCF-7 cells. Regarding the apoptotic signaling pathways of spongistatin 1, we present two major facts. Firstly, spongistatin 1-induced cell death, mainly caspase-independent, involves the proapoptotic proteins apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G. Both proteins translocate from mitochondria to the nucleus and contribute to spongistatin 1-mediated apoptosis as shown via gene silencing. Secondly, spongistatin 1 acts as a tubulin depolymerizing agent and is able to free the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim from its sequestration both by the microtubular complex and by the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1. Silencing of Bim by small interfering RNA leads to a diminished translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G to the nucleus and subsequently reduces apoptosis rate. Thus, we identified Bim as an important factor upstream of mitochondria executing a central role in the caspase-independent apoptotic signaling pathway induced by spongistatin 1. Taken together, spongistatin 1 is both a valuable tool for the characterization of apoptotic pathways and a promising experimental anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta M Schneiders
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Buzder T, Yin X, Wang X, Banfalvi G, Basnakian AG. Uptake of foreign nucleic acids in kidney tubular epithelial cells deficient in proapoptotic endonucleases. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28:435-42. [PMID: 19558214 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2008.0850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of DNA during gene delivery is an obstacle for gene transfer and for gene therapy. DNases play a major role in degrading foreign DNA. However, which of the DNases are involved and whether their inactivation can improve gene delivery have not been studied. We have recently identified deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) and endonuclease G (EndoG) as the major degradative enzymes in the mouse kidney proximal tubule epithelial (TKPTS) cells. In this study, we used immortalized mouse TKPTS cells and primary tubular epithelial cells isolated from DNase I or EndoG knockout (KO) mice and examined the degradation of plasmid DNA during its uptake. DNase I and EndoG KO cells showed a higher rate of transfection by pECFP-N1 plasmid than wild-type cells. In addition, EndoG KO cells prevented the uptake of fluorescent-labeled RNA. Complete inhibition of secreted DNase I by G-actin did not improve plasmid transfection, indicating that only intracellular DNase I affects DNA stability. Data demonstrate the importance of DNase I and EndoG in host cell defense against gene and RNA delivery to renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea Buzder
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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35
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Wang X, Tryndyak V, Apostolov EO, Yin X, Shah SV, Pogribny IP, Basnakian AG. Sensitivity of human prostate cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs depends on EndoG expression regulated by promoter methylation. Cancer Lett 2008; 270:132-43. [PMID: 18565644 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of promoter sequences of all known human cytotoxic endonucleases showed that endonuclease G (EndoG) is the only endonuclease that contains a CpG island, a segment of DNA with high G+C content and a site for methylation, in the promoter region. A comparison of three human prostate cancer cell lines showed that EndoG is highly expressed in 22Rv1 and LNCaP cells. In PC3 cells, EndoG was not expressed and the EndoG CpG island was hypermethylated. The expression of EndoG correlated positively with sensitivity to cisplatin and etoposide, and the silencing of EndoG by siRNA decreased the sensitivity of the cells to the chemotherapeutic agents in the two EndoG-expressing cell lines. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine caused hypomethylation of the EndoG promoter in PC3 cells, induced EndoG mRNA and protein expression, and made the cells sensitive to both cisplatin and etoposide. The acetylation of histones by trichostatin A, the histone deacetylase inhibitor, induced EndoG expression in 22Rv1 cells, while it had no such effect in PC3 cells. These data are the first indication that EndoG may be regulated by methylation of its gene promoter, and partially by histone acetylation, and that EndoG is essential for prostate cancer cell death in the used models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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36
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Winnard PT, Botlagunta M, Kluth JB, Mukadam S, Krishnamachary B, Vesuna F, Raman V. Hypoxia-induced human endonuclease G expression suppresses tumor growth in a xenograft model. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 15:645-54. [PMID: 18551145 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a hypoxia-inducible gene therapy approach for the expression of the mature form of human endonuclease G to facilitate cell death in hypoxic regions of the tumor. The chimeric therapeutic gene is placed under the control of a hypoxia response element based promoter and contains a translocation motif linked in frame to an oxygen-dependent degradation domain and the endonuclease G gene. Transient expression of the chimeric therapeutic gene in breast and prostate cancer cell lines resulted in efficient cell death under hypoxia-mimetic conditions. Stable MDA-MB-435 cells expressing the chimeric therapeutic gene under 1% O2 showed an increase in stable HIF-1alpha protein levels and synthesis of the endonuclease G protein in a time-dependent manner. In normoxic conditions, these stable transgenic cells exhibited no change in growth rate, invasion and motility when compared to parental cells. Moreover, xenografts generated using the transgenic cells exhibited highly significant suppression of tumor growth in a preclinical cancer model compared to the parental cell line. Thus, the hypoxia-modulated endonuclease G expression has the potential to be used as a gene-based-therapy system to kill malignant cells within hypoxic regions of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Winnard
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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37
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Ahn CH, Jeong EG, Kim MS, Song SY, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Decreased expression of endonuclease G (EndoG), a pro-apoptotic protein, in hepatocellular carcinomas. APMIS 2008; 116:534-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Apostolov EO, Wang X, Shah SV, Basnakian AG. Role of EndoG in development and cell injury. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:1971-4. [PMID: 17762883 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Yin X, Apostolov EO, Shah SV, Wang X, Bogdanov KV, Buzder T, Stewart AG, Basnakian AG. Induction of renal endonuclease G by cisplatin is reduced in DNase I-deficient mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:2544-53. [PMID: 17675668 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006080896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity from the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin is associated with DNA fragmentation and cell death. We have recently demonstrated that DNase I knockout mice are significantly protected against cisplatin nephrotoxicity, but it is unknown whether the DNA fragmentation that occurs is produced by DNase I or another endonuclease. In this study we assessed the expression of several endonucleases involved in cell death after injection of cisplatin and found that the expression of endonuclease G (EndoG) increased whereas the expression of DNase I decreased almost to zero. Immunostaining showed that some nuclei contained both fragmented DNA and EndoG, suggesting that EndoG may cause DNA fragmentation induced by cisplatin. The increase in expression of EndoG was greater in wild-type mice than in DNase I knockout mice, indicating a potential link between the two endonucleases. In support of such a link, overexpression of DNase I in cultured mouse tubular epithelial cells also induced EndoG. Furthermore, gene silencing of EndoG in vitro provided significant protection against cell death. Taken together, our data suggest that both DNase I and EndoG mediate cisplatin injury to tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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Apostolov EO, Shah SV, Ok E, Basnakian AG. Carbamylated Low-Density Lipoprotein Induces Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelial Cells Through Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:826-32. [PMID: 17255534 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000258795.75121.8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Carbamylated low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the most abundant modified LDL isoform in human blood, has been recently implicated in causing the atherosclerosis-prone injuries to endothelial cells in vitro and atherosclerosis in humans. This study was aimed at testing the hypothesis that carbamylated LDL acts via inducing monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and determining the adhesion molecules responsible for the recruitment of monocytes.
Methods and Results—
Exposure of human coronary artery endothelial cells with carbamylated LDL but not native LDL caused U937 monocyte adhesion and the induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 adhesion molecules as measured by cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Silencing of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by siRNA or its inhibition using neutralizing antibody resulted in decreased monocyte adhesion to the endothelial cells. Similar silencing or neutralizing of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 alone did not have an effect but was shown to contribute to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 when tested simultaneously.
Conclusions—
Taken together, these data provide evidence that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in cooperation with vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 are essential for monocyte adhesion by carbamylated low-density lipoprotein-activated human vascular endothelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene O Apostolov
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Kim JS, Lee JH, Jeong WW, Choi DH, Cha HJ, Kim DH, Kwon JK, Park SE, Park JH, Cho HR, Lee SH, Park SK, Lee BJ, Min YJ, Park JW. Reactive oxygen species-dependent EndoG release mediates cisplatin-induced caspase-independent apoptosis in human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 122:672-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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