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Molecular Effects of FDA-Approved Multiple Sclerosis Drugs on Glial Cells and Neurons of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124229. [PMID: 32545828 PMCID: PMC7352301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by peripheral and central inflammatory features, as well as demyelination and neurodegeneration. The available Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs for MS have been designed to suppress the peripheral immune system. In addition, however, the effects of these drugs may be partially attributed to their influence on glial cells and neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). We here describe the molecular effects of the traditional and more recent FDA-approved MS drugs Fingolimod, Dimethyl Fumarate, Glatiramer Acetate, Interferon-β, Teriflunomide, Laquinimod, Natalizumab, Alemtuzumab and Ocrelizumab on microglia, astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, we point to a possible common molecular effect of these drugs, namely a key role for NFκB signaling, causing a switch from pro-inflammatory microglia and astrocytes to anti-inflammatory phenotypes of these CNS cell types that recently emerged as central players in MS pathogenesis. This notion argues for the need to further explore the molecular mechanisms underlying MS drug action.
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Almengló C, González‐Mosquera T, Caamaño P, Seoane M, Fraga M, Devesa J, Costoya JA, Arce VM. Immortalization of a cell line with neural stem cell characteristics derived from mouse embryo brain. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:112-124. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Almengló
- Departamento de FisioloxiaFacultade de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Tamara González‐Mosquera
- Departamento de FisioloxiaFacultade de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Pilar Caamaño
- Fundacion Publica Galega de Medicina Xenomica Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Marcos Seoane
- Departamento de FisioloxiaFacultade de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Máximo Fraga
- Departamento de Ciencias ForensesAnatomía Patolóxica, Xinecoloxía e Obstetricia, e Pediatría, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Jesús Devesa
- Research and DevelopmentMedical Center Foltra Teo Spain
| | - José A. Costoya
- Departamento de FisioloxiaFacultade de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Víctor M. Arce
- Departamento de FisioloxiaFacultade de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela Spain
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Barca Mayo O, Berdondini L, De Pietri Tonelli D. Astrocytes and Circadian Rhythms: An Emerging Astrocyte-Neuron Synergy in the Timekeeping System. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1938:131-154. [PMID: 30617978 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9068-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Animals have an internal timekeeping system to anticipate daily changes associated with the transition of day to night, which is deeply involved in the regulation and maintenance of behavioral and physiological processes. Prevailing knowledge associated the control of circadian clocks to a network of neurons in the central pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), but astrocytes are rapidly emerging as key cellular contributors to the timekeeping system. However, how these glial cells impact the neuronal clock to modulate rhythmic neurobehavioral outputs just begin to be investigated. Astrocyte-neuron cocultures are an excellent exploratory method to further characterize the critical role of circadian communication between nerve cells, as well as to address the role of astrocytes as modulators and targets of neuronal rhythmic behaviors. Here, we describe a robust method to study astrocyte rhythmic interactions with neurons by coculturing them with primary neurons in physically separated layers. This simple coculture system provides hints on in vivo signaling processes. Moreover, it allows investigating cell-type specific effects separately as well as the identification of extracellular astrocytic or neuronal factors involved in rhythm generation in both cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Barca Mayo
- Neurobiology of miRNAs Laboratory, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Luca Berdondini
- Microtechnology for Neuroelectronics (Nets3) Laboratory, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Davide De Pietri Tonelli
- Neurobiology of miRNAs Laboratory, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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Jung ME, Mallet RT. Intermittent hypoxia training: Powerful, non-invasive cerebroprotection against ethanol withdrawal excitotoxicity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 256:67-78. [PMID: 28811138 PMCID: PMC5825251 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol intoxication and withdrawal exact a devastating toll on the central nervous system. Abrupt ethanol withdrawal provokes massive release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, which over-activates its postsynaptic receptors, causing intense Ca2+ loading, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase activation and oxidative stress, culminating in ATP depletion, mitochondrial injury, amyloid β deposition and neuronal death. Collectively, these mechanisms produce neurocognitive and sensorimotor dysfunction that discourages continued abstinence. Although the brain is heavily dependent on blood-borne O2 to sustain its aerobic ATP production, brief, cyclic episodes of moderate hypoxia and reoxygenation, when judiciously applied over the course of days or weeks, evoke adaptations that protect the brain from ethanol withdrawal-induced glutamate excitotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and amyloid β accumulation. This review summarizes evidence from ongoing preclinical research that demonstrates intermittent hypoxia training to be a potentially powerful yet non-invasive intervention capable of affording robust, sustained neuroprotection during ethanol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
| | - Robert T Mallet
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
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Markovinovic A, Cimbro R, Ljutic T, Kriz J, Rogelj B, Munitic I. Optineurin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Multifunctional adaptor protein at the crossroads of different neuroprotective mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 154:1-20. [PMID: 28456633 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When optineurin mutations showed up on the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) landscape in 2010, they differed from most other ALS-causing genes. They seemed to act by loss- rather than gain-of-function, and it was unclear how a polyubiquitin-binding adaptor protein, which was proposed to regulate a variety of cellular functions including cell signaling and vesicle trafficking, could mediate neuroprotection. This review discusses the considerable progress that has been made since then. A large number of mutations in optineurin and optineurin-interacting proteins TANK-binding kinase (TBK1) and p62/SQSTM-1 have been found in the ALS patients, suggesting a common neuroprotective pathway. Moreover, functional studies of the ALS-causing optineurin mutations and the recently established optineurin ubiquitin-binding deficient and knockout mouse models helped identify three major mechanisms likely to mediate neuroprotection: regulation of autophagy, mitigation of (chronic) inflammatory signaling, and blockade of necroptosis. These three processes crosstalk, and require multiple levels of control, many of which can be mediated by optineurin. Based on the role of optineurin in multiple processes and the unexpected finding that targeted optineurin deletion in microglia and oligodendrocytes ultimately leads to the same phenotype of axonal degeneration despite different initial defects, we propose that the failure of the weakest link in the optineurin neuroprotective network is sufficient to disturb homeostasis and set-off the domino effect that could ultimately lead to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Markovinovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Raffaello Cimbro
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Tereza Ljutic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jasna Kriz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Research Centre of the Mental Health Institute of Quebec, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Boris Rogelj
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Biomedical Research Institute BRIS, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivana Munitic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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Ju X, Mallet RT, Downey HF, Metzger DB, Jung ME. Intermittent hypoxia conditioning protects mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase of rat cerebellum from ethanol withdrawal stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112:1706-14. [PMID: 22403345 PMCID: PMC3365408 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01428.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) conditioning minimizes neurocognitive impairment and stabilizes brain mitochondrial integrity during ethanol withdrawal (EW) in rats, but the mitoprotective mechanism is unclear. We investigated whether IH conditioning protects a key mitochondrial enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase (COX), from EW stress by inhibiting mitochondrially directed apoptotic pathways involving cytochrome c, Bax, or phosphor-P38 (pP38). Male rats completed two cycles of a 4-wk ethanol diet (6.5%) and 3 wk of EW. An IH program consisting of 5-10 bouts of 5-8 min of mild hypoxia (9.5-10% inspired O(2)) and 4 min of reoxygenation for 20 consecutive days began 3 days before the first EW period. For some animals, vitamin E replaced IH conditioning to test the contributions of antioxidant mechanisms to IH's mitoprotection. During the second EW, cerebellar-related motor function was evaluated by measuring latency of fall from a rotating rod (Rotarod test). After the second EW, COX activity in cerebellar mitochondria was measured by spectrophotometry, and COX, cytochrome c, Bax, and pP38 content were analyzed by immunoblot. Mitochondrial protein oxidation was detected by measuring carbonyl contents and by immunochemistry. Earlier IH conditioning prevented motor impairment, COX inactivation, depletion of COX subunit 4, protein carbonylation, and P38 phosphorylation during EW. IH did not prevent cytochrome c depletion during EW, and Bax content was unaffected by EW ± IH. Vitamin E treatment recapitulated IH protection of COX, and P38 inhibition attenuated protein oxidation during EW. Thus IH protects COX and improves cerebellar function during EW by limiting P38-dependent oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ju
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107-2699, USA
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Li L, Sevinsky JR, Rowland MD, Bundy JL, Stephenson JL, Sherry B. Proteomic analysis reveals virus-specific Hsp25 modulation in cardiac myocytes. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:2460-71. [PMID: 20196617 DOI: 10.1021/pr901151k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viruses frequently infect the heart but clinical myocarditis is rare, suggesting that the cardiac antiviral response is uniquely effective. Indeed, the Type I interferon (IFN) response is cardiac cell-type specific and provides one integrated network of protection for the heart. Here, a proteomic approach was used to identify additional proteins that may be involved in the cardiac antiviral response. Reovirus-induced murine myocarditis reflects direct viral damage to cardiac cells and offers an excellent system for study. Primary cultures of murine cardiac myocytes were infected with myocarditic or nonmyocarditic reovirus strains, and whole cell lysates were compared by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) tandem mass spectrometry. Results were quantitative and reproducible and demonstrated that whole proteome changes clustered according to viral pathogenic phenotype. Moreover, the data suggest that the heat shock protein Hsp25 is modulated differentially by myocarditic and nonmyocarditic reoviruses and may play a role in the cardiac antiviral response. Members of seven virus families modulate Hsp25 or Hsp27 expression in a variety of cell types, suggesting that Hsp25 participation in the antiviral response may be widespread. However, results here provide the first evidence for a virus-induced decrease in Hsp25/27 and suggest that viruses may have evolved a mechanism to subvert this protective response, as they have for IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianna Li
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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Barca O, Carneiro C, Costoya JA, Señarís RM, Arce VM. Resistance of neonatal primary astrocytes against Fas-induced apoptosis depends on silencing of caspase 8. Neurosci Lett 2010; 479:206-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Alcohol withdrawal and brain injuries: beyond classical mechanisms. Molecules 2010; 15:4984-5011. [PMID: 20657404 PMCID: PMC6257660 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15074984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Unmanaged sudden withdrawal from the excessive consumption of alcohol (ethanol) adversely alters neuronal integrity in vulnerable brain regions such as the cerebellum, hippocampus, or cortex. In addition to well known hyperexcitatory neurotransmissions, ethanol withdrawal (EW) provokes the intense generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of stress-responding protein kinases, which are the focus of this review article. EW also inflicts mitochondrial membranes/membrane potential, perturbs redox balance, and suppresses mitochondrial enzymes, all of which impair a fundamental function of mitochondria. Moreover, EW acts as an age-provoking stressor. The vulnerable age to EW stress is not necessarily the oldest age and varies depending upon the target molecule of EW. A major female sex steroid, 17β-estradiol (E2), interferes with the EW-induced alteration of oxidative signaling pathways and thereby protects neurons, mitochondria, and behaviors. The current review attempts to provide integrated information at the levels of oxidative signaling mechanisms by which EW provokes brain injuries and E2 protects against it.
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Vergara D, Martignago R, Bonsegna S, De Nuccio F, Santino A, Nicolardi G, Maffia M. IFN-β reverses the lipopolysaccharide-induced proteome modifications in treated astrocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 221:115-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Jung ME, Ju X, Simpkins JW, Metzger DB, Yan LJ, Wen Y. Ethanol withdrawal acts as an age-specific stressor to activate cerebellar p38 kinase. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 32:2266-78. [PMID: 20122756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether protein kinase p38 plays a role in the brain-aging changes associated with repeated ethanol withdrawal (EW). Ovariectomized young, middle-age and older rats, with or without 17β-estradiol (E2) implantation, received a 90-day ethanol with repeated withdrawal. They were tested for active pP38 expression in cerebellar Purkinje neurons and whole-cerebellar lysates using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. They were also tested for the Rotarod task to determine the behavioral manifestation of cerebellar neuronal stress and for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial protein carbonyls to determine oxidative mechanisms. Middle-age EW rats showed higher levels of pP38-positive Purkinje neurons/cerebellar lysates, which coincided with increased mitochondrial protein oxidation than other diet/age groups. Exacerbated motor deficit due to age-EW combination also began at the middle-age. In comparison, ROS contents peaked in older EW rats. E2 treatment mitigated each of the EW effects to a different extent. Collectively, pP38 may mediate the brain-aging changes associated with pro-oxidant EW at vulnerable ages and in vulnerable neurons in a manner protected by estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's disease, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
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Vergara D, Martignago R, Leporatti S, Bonsegna S, Maruccio G, De Nuccio F, Santino A, Cingolani R, Nicolardi G, Maffia M, Rinaldi R. Biomechanical and proteomic analysis of INF- beta-treated astrocytes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:455106. [PMID: 19834248 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/45/455106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes have a key role in the pathogenesis of several diseases including multiple sclerosis and were proposed as the designed target for immunotherapy. In this study we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) and proteomics methods to analyse and correlate the modifications induced in the viscoleastic properties of astrocytes to the changes induced in protein expression after interferon- beta (IFN-beta) treatment. Our results indicated that IFN-beta treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the Young's modulus, a measure of cell elasticity, in comparison with control cells. The molecular mechanisms that trigger these changes were investigated by 2DE (two-dimensional electrophoresis) and confocal analyses and confirmed by western blotting. Altered proteins were found to be involved in cytoskeleton organization and other important physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Vergara
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory of CNR-INFM, ISUFI, University of Lecce, Italian Institute of Technology Research Unit, via Arnesano, Lecce I-73100, Italy
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