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Nilsson KH, Henning P, Wu J, Sjögren K, Lerner UH, Ohlsson C, Movérare-Skrtic S. GREM2 inactivation increases trabecular bone mass in mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12967. [PMID: 38839844 PMCID: PMC11153596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease affecting millions of individuals world-wide, with an increased risk of fracture, and a decreased quality of life. Despite its well-known consequences, the etiology of osteoporosis and optimal treatment methods are not fully understood. Human genetic studies have identified genetic variants within the FMN2/GREM2 locus to be associated with trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and vertebral and forearm fractures, but not with cortical bone parameters. GREM2 is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist. In this study, we employed Grem2-deficient mice to investigate whether GREM2 serves as the plausible causal gene for the fracture signal at the FMN2/GREM2 locus. We observed that Grem2 is moderately expressed in bone tissue and particularly in osteoblasts. Complete Grem2 gene deletion impacted mouse survival and body growth. Partial Grem2 inactivation in Grem2+/- female mice led to increased trabecular BMD of femur and increased trabecular bone mass in tibia due to increased trabecular thickness, with an unchanged cortical thickness, as compared with wildtype littermates. Furthermore, Grem2 inactivation stimulated osteoblast differentiation, as evidenced by higher alkaline phosphatase (Alp), osteocalcin (Bglap), and osterix (Sp7) mRNA expression after BMP-2 stimulation in calvarial osteoblasts and osteoblasts from the long bones of Grem2-/- mice compared to wildtype littermates. These findings suggest that GREM2 is a possible target for novel osteoporotic treatments, to increase trabecular bone mass and prevent osteoporotic fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin H Nilsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Petra Henning
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jianyao Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klara Sjögren
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf H Lerner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Drug Treatment, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Movérare-Skrtic
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Komatsu K, Ideno H, Shibata T, Nakashima K, Nifuji A. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB regenerates functional periodontal ligament in the tooth replantation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3223. [PMID: 35217688 PMCID: PMC8881622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth ankylosis is a pathological condition of periodontal ligament (PDL) restoration after tooth replantation. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) has been proposed as a promising factor for preventing tooth ankylosis. Using rat tooth replantation model, we investigated whether PDGF-BB accelerates the repair of PDL after tooth replantation without ankylosis, and its molecular mechanisms. In PDGF-BB pretreated replanted teeth (PDGF-BB group), ankylosis was markedly reduced and functionally organized PDL collagen fibers were restored; the mechanical strength of the healing PDL was restored to an average of 76% of that in non-replanted normal teeth at 21 days. The numbers of PDGF-Rβ- and BrdU-positive cells in the periodontal tissues of the PDGF-BB group were greater than those of atelocollagen pretreated replanted teeth (AC group). Moreover, in the PDGF-BB group, the periodontal tissues had fewer osteocalcin-positive cells and decreased number of nuclear β-catenin-positive cells compared to those in the AC group. In vitro analyses showed that PDGF-BB increased the proliferation and migration of human periodontal fibroblasts. PDGF-BB downregulated mRNA expressions of RUNX2 and ALP, and inhibited upregulatory effects of Wnt3a on β-catenin, AXIN2, RUNX2, COL1A1, and ALP mRNA expressions. These findings indicate that in tooth replantation, topical PDGF-BB treatment enhances cell proliferation and migration, and inhibits canonical Wnt signaling activation in bone-tooth ankylosis, leading to occlusal loading of the PDL tissues and subsequent functional restoration of the healing PDL. This suggests a possible clinical application of PDGF-BB to reduce ankylosis after tooth replantation and promote proper regeneration of PDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Komatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Ideno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Shibata
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Department of Oral Science, School of Dentistry, Oh-U University, 31-1 aza Sankakudoh, Tomita-machi, Kohriyama, 963-8611, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakashima
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Nifuji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
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3
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Luo X, Chang HM, Yi Y, Sun Y, Leung PCK. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 inhibits growth differentiation factor 8-induced cell signaling via upregulation of gremlin2 expression in human granulosa-lutein cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:173. [PMID: 34838049 PMCID: PMC8626944 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-021-00854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) and their functional receptors are expressed in human ovarian follicles, and these two intrafollicular factors play essential roles in regulating follicle development and luteal function. As BMP antagonists, gremlin1 (GREM1) and gremlin2 (GREM2) suppress BMP signaling through blockage of ligand-receptor binding. However, whether BMP2 regulates the expression of GREM1 and GREM2 in follicular development remains to be determined. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the effect of BMP2 on the expression of GREM1 and GREM2 and the underlying mechanisms in human granulosa-lutein (hGL) cells. An established immortalized human granulosa cell line (SVOG) and primary hGL cells were used as study models. The expression of GREM1 and GREM2 were examined following cell incubation with BMP2 at different concentrations and time courses. The TGF-β type I inhibitors (dorsomorphin, DMH-1 and SB431542) and small interfering RNAs targeting ALK2, ALK3, SMAD2/3, SMAD1/5/8 and SMAD4 were used to investigate the involvement of the SMAD-dependent pathway. RESULTS Our results showed that BMP2 significantly increased the expression of GREM2 (but not GREM1) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Using a dual inhibition approach combining kinase inhibitors and siRNA-mediated knockdown, we found that the BMP2-induced upregulation of GREM2 expression was mediated by the ALK2/3-SMAD1/5-SMAD4 signaling pathway. Moreover, we demonstrated that BMP2 pretreatment significantly attenuated the GDF8-induced phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3, and this suppressive effect was reversed by knocking down GREM2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms by which BMP2 modulates the cellular activity induced by GDF8 through the upregulated expression of their antagonist (GREM2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Luo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40, Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Room 317, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Room 317, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Yuyin Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Room 317, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Yingpu Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40, Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Room 317, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
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Ideno H, Nakashima K, Komatsu K, Araki R, Abe M, Arai Y, Kimura H, Shinkai Y, Tachibana M, Nifuji A. G9a is involved in the regulation of cranial bone formation through activation of Runx2 function during development. Bone 2020; 137:115332. [PMID: 32344102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The methyltransferase G9a was originally isolated as a histone methyltransferase that catalyzes the methylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) to a dimethylated state (H3K9me2). Recent studies have revealed that G9a has multiple functions in various cells, including osteoblasts. Here, we investigated G9a function during cranial bone formation. Crossing Sox9-cre with G9aflox/flox (fl/fl) mice generated conditional knockout mice lacking G9a expression in Sox9-positive neural crest-derived bone cells. Sox9-Cre/G9afl/fl mice showed severe hypo-mineralization of cranial vault bones, including defects in nasal, frontal, and parietal bones with opened fontanelles. Cell proliferation was inhibited in G9a-deleted calvarial bone tissues. Expression levels of bone marker genes, i.e., alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, were suppressed, whereas Runx2 expression was not significantly decreased in those tissues. In vitro experiments using G9a-deleted calvarial osteoblasts showed decreased cell proliferation after G9a deletion. In G9a-deleted osteoblasts, expression levels of fibroblast growth factor receptors and several cyclins were suppressed. Moreover, the expression of bone marker genes was decreased, whereas Runx2 expression was not altered by G9a deletion in vitro. G9a enhanced the transcriptional activity of Runx2, whereas siRNA targeting G9a inhibited the transcriptional activity of Runx2 in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells. We confirmed the direct association of endogenous Runx2 with G9a. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that G9a bound to Runx2-target regions in promoters in primary osteoblasts. Furthermore, Runx2 binding to the osteocalcin promoter was abrogated in G9-deleted osteoblasts. These results suggest that G9a regulates proliferation and differentiation of cranial bone cells through binding to and activating Runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Ideno
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan; Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakashima
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan
| | - Koichiro Komatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan
| | - Ryoko Araki
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masumi Abe
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Arai
- Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shinkai
- Cellular Memory Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Tachibana
- Laboratory of Epigenome Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Nifuji
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan; Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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5
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Association of Gremlin-2 gene polymorphisms with osteoporosis risk in Chinese postmenopausal women. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:222666. [PMID: 32297643 PMCID: PMC7182657 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gremlin-2 (GREM2) plays crucial roles in modulating bone homeostasis through the bone morphogenetic protein-2 pathway. However, GREM2 gene variants in osteoporosis were less frequent in a Chinese population. Therefore, the present study recruited 310 patients with osteoporosis and 339 healthy postmenopausal women to assess the correlation of GREM2 gene polymorphisms with the risk of osteoporosis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing were utilized to genotype samples. The results showed that GREM2 gene rs4454537, not rs11588607, polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Moreover, stratified analyses indicated a significant association between rs4454537 polymorphisms and body mass index of <25 kg/m2. Additionally, the association between GREM2 rs4454537 polymorphism and clinical characteristics was assessed, which showed that this locus decreased the bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal osteoporotic individuals. Furthermore, individuals with CC genotype appeared to have a higher GREM2 expression compared with those bearing the TT genotype of rs4454537 polymorphism. However, the genotype distribution of rs4454537 polymorphism showed no statistical difference between osteoporotic patients as a function of fracture status. In summary, GREM2 rs4454537 polymorphism decreases BMD and increases osteoporotic risk in postmenopausal women.
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6
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May RD, Frauchiger DA, Albers CE, Tekari A, Benneker LM, Klenke FM, Hofstetter W, Gantenbein B. Application of Cytokines of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Family in Spinal Fusion - Effects on the Bone, Intervertebral Disc and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 14:618-643. [PMID: 31455201 PMCID: PMC7040507 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666190628103528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Low back pain is a prevalent socio-economic burden and is often associated with damaged or degenerated intervertebral discs (IVDs). When conservative therapy fails, removal of the IVD (discectomy), followed by intersomatic spinal fusion, is currently the standard practice in clinics. The remaining space is filled with an intersomatic device (cage) and with bone substitutes to achieve disc height compensation and bone fusion. As a complication, in up to 30% of cases, spinal non-fusions result in a painful pseudoarthrosis. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been clinically applied with varied outcomes. Several members of the BMP family, such as BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, BMP7, and BMP9, are known to induce osteogenesis. Questions remain on why hyper-physiological doses of BMPs do not show beneficial effects in certain patients. In this respect, BMP antagonists secreted by mesenchymal cells, which might interfere with or block the action of BMPs, have drawn research attention as possible targets for the enhancement of spinal fusion or the prevention of non-unions. Examples of these antagonists are noggin, gremlin1 and 2, chordin, follistatin, BMP3, and twisted gastrulation. In this review, we discuss current evidence of the osteogenic effects of several members of the BMP family on osteoblasts, IVD cells, and mesenchymal stromal cells. We consider in vitro and in vivo studies performed in human, mouse, rat, and rabbit related to BMP and BMP antagonists in the last two decades. We give insights into the effects that BMP have on the ossification of the spine. Furthermore, the benefits, pitfalls, and possible safety concerns using these cytokines for the improvement of spinal fusion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Deborah May
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph Emmanuel Albers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adel Tekari
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lorin Michael Benneker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frank Michael Klenke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Willy Hofstetter
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Gantenbein
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Aluganti Narasimhulu C, Singla DK. The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP-7) in Inflammation in Heart Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020280. [PMID: 31979268 PMCID: PMC7073173 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-7 is (BMP-7) is a potent anti-inflammatory growth factor belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) superfamily. It plays an important role in various biological processes, including embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, neurogenesis and skeletal morphogenesis. BMP-7 stimulates the target cells by binding to specific membrane-bound receptor BMPR 2 and transduces signals through mothers against decapentaplegic (Smads) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. To date, rhBMP-7 has been used clinically to induce the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells bordering the bone fracture site into chondrocytes, osteoclasts, the formation of new bone via calcium deposition and to stimulate the repair of bone fracture. However, its use in cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and diabetic cardiomyopathy is currently being explored. More importantly, these cardiovascular diseases are associated with inflammation and infiltrated monocytes where BMP-7 has been demonstrated to be a key player in the differentiation of pro-inflammatory monocytes, or M1 macrophages, into anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, which reduces developed cardiac dysfunction. Therefore, this review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of BMP-7 treatment in cardiovascular disease and its role as an anti-fibrotic, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory growth factor, which emphasizes its potential therapeutic significance in heart diseases.
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8
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Lu L, Huang J, Xu F, Xiao Z, Wang J, Zhang B, David NV, Arends D, Gu W, Ackert-Bicknell C, Sabik OL, Farber CR, Quarles LD, Williams RW. Genetic Dissection of Femoral and Tibial Microarchitecture. JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10241. [PMID: 31844829 PMCID: PMC6894729 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the genetic control of bone strength has relied mainly on estimates of bone mineral density. Here we have mapped genetic factors that influence femoral and tibial microarchitecture using high‐resolution x‐ray computed tomography (8‐μm isotropic voxels) across a family of 61 BXD strains of mice, roughly 10 isogenic cases per strain and balanced by sex. We computed heritabilities for 25 cortical and trabecular traits. Males and females have well‐matched heritabilities, ranging from 0.25 to 0.75. We mapped 16 genetic loci most of which were detected only in females. There is also a bias in favor of loci that control cortical rather than trabecular bone. To evaluate candidate genes, we combined well‐established gene ontologies with bone transcriptome data to compute bone‐enrichment scores for all protein‐coding genes. We aligned candidates with those of human genome‐wide association studies. A subset of 50 strong candidates fell into three categories: (1) experimentally validated genes already known to modulate bone function (Adamts4, Ddr2, Darc, Adam12, Fkbp10, E2f6, Adam17, Grem2, Ifi204); (2) candidates without any experimentally validated function in bone (eg, Greb1, Ifi202b), but linked to skeletal phenotypes in human cohorts; and (3) candidates that have high bone‐enrichment scores, but for which there is not yet any functional link to bone biology or skeletal system disease (including Ifi202b, Ly9, Ifi205, Mgmt, F2rl1, Iqgap2). Our results highlight contrasting genetic architecture between sexes and among major bone compartments. The alignment of murine and human data facilitates function analysis and should prove of value for preclinical testing of molecular control of bone structure. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
| | - Fuyi Xu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
| | - Zhousheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA
| | - Nicolae Valentin David
- Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA
| | - Danny Arends
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Animal Breeding Humboldt University Berlin Germany
| | - Weikuan Gu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
| | | | - Olivia L Sabik
- Center for Public Health Genomics University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Charles R Farber
- Center for Public Health Genomics University of Virginia Charlottesville VA USA
| | - Leigh Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
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9
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Kawagishi-Hotta M, Hasegawa S, Igarashi T, Date Y, Ishii Y, Inoue Y, Hasebe Y, Yamada T, Arima M, Iwata Y, Kobayashi T, Nakata S, Sugiura K, Akamatsu H. Increase of gremlin 2 with age in human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells and its inhibitory effect on adipogenesis. Regen Ther 2019; 11:324-330. [PMID: 31709279 PMCID: PMC6831850 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) have attracted attention as a promising material for regenerative medicine. Previously, we reported an age-related decrease in the adipogenic potential of ASCs from human subjects and found that the individual difference in this potential increased with age, although the mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, other groups demonstrated that a secreted antagonist of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, Gremlin 2 (GREM2), inhibits the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into osteoblasts and the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cell. Here, we examined the effects of GREM2 on the differentiation of ASCs into adipocytes. Methods To examine changes in GREM2 expression levels with age, immunohistochemistry was performed on subcutaneous adipose tissues from subjects 12–97 years of age. Next, GREM2 gene expression levels in ASCs collected from subjects 5–90 years of age were examined by RT-PCR, and the change with age and correlation between the expression level and the adipogenic potential of ASCs were analyzed. In addition, to assess whether GREM2 affects adipogenesis, ASCs (purchased from a vendor) were cultured to induce adipogenesis with recombinant GREM2 protein, and siRNA-induced GREM2 knockdown experiment was also performed using aged ASCs. Results In adipose tissues, GREM2 expression was observed in cells, including ASCs, but not in mature adipocytes, and the expression level per cell increased with age. GREM2 expression levels in ASCs cultured in vitro also increased with age, and the individual differences in the level increased with age. Of note, partial correlation analysis controlled for age revealed that the adipogenic potential of ASCs and the GREM2 gene expression level were negatively correlated. Furthermore, based on a GREM2 addition experiment, GREM2 has inhibitory effects on the adipogenesis of ASCs through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. On the other hand, GREM2 knockdown in aged ASCs promoted adipogenesis. Conclusions The GREM2 expression level was confirmed to play a role in the age-related decrease in adipogenic potential observed in ASCs isolated from adipose tissues as well as in the enhancement of the individual difference, which increased with age. GREM2 in adipose tissues increased with age, which suggested that GREM2 functions as an inhibitory factor of adipogenesis in ASCs. GREM2 in human adipose tissues increase with age. GREM2 expression in adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) increased with age. In ASCs, adipogenic potential and GREM2 expression showed a negative correlation. Recombinant GREM2 inhibited the adipogenesis of ASCs. GREM2 knockdown in aged ASCs restored adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kawagishi-Hotta
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.,Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Seiji Hasegawa
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshio Igarashi
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Yasushi Date
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshie Ishii
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yu Inoue
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hasebe
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yamada
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masaru Arima
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yohei Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tsukane Kobayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Satoru Nakata
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Sugiura
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Akamatsu
- Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
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10
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Ghuman MS, Al-Masri M, Xavier G, Cobourne MT, McKay IJ, Hughes FJ. Gingival fibroblasts prevent BMP-mediated osteoblastic differentiation. J Periodontal Res 2018; 54:300-309. [PMID: 30511378 PMCID: PMC6492095 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The inhibitory action of the superficial gingival connective tissues may limit the regenerative potential of alveolar bone in periodontal therapy or dental implant applications. The aims of this study were to investigate the hypothesis that gingival fibroblasts (GF) can inhibit bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐induced osteoblastic differentiation, to determine their expression of BMP inhibitors, and finally to determine whether reduction of these inhibitors can relieve suppression of osteoblastic differentiation. Methods Gingival fibroblasts were co‐cultured either directly or indirectly with calvarial osteoblasts to assess alkaline phosphatase inhibitory activity, a marker of osteoblastic differentiation. To test total BMP‐inhibitory activity of rat GF, conditioned media (GFCM) were collected from cultures. ROS 17/2.8 osteoblastic cells were stimulated with BMP2, together with GFCM. Inhibitor expression was tested using RT‐qPCR, Western blotting and in situ hybridization. Removal of inhibitors was carried out using immunoprecipitation beads. Results Co‐culture experiments showed GF‐secreted factors that inhibit BMP‐stimulated ALP activity. 10 ng/ml BMP2 increased alkaline phosphatase expression in ROS cells by 41%. GFCM blocked BMP activity which was equivalent to the activity of 100 ng/ml Noggin, a well‐described BMP inhibitor. Cultured gingival fibroblasts constitutively expressed BMP antagonist genes from the same subfamily, Grem1, Grem2 and Nbl1 and the Wnt inhibitor Sfrp1. Gremlin1 (6.7 × reference gene expression) had highest levels of basal expression. ISH analysis showed Gremlin1 expression was restricted to the inner half of the gingival lamina propria and the PDL. Removal of Gremlin1 protein from GFCM eliminated the inhibitory effect of GFCM on ALP activity in ROS cells. Subsequent addition of recombinant Gremlin1 restored the inhibitory activity. Conclusions Factors secreted by gingival fibroblasts inhibit BMP‐induced bone formation and a range of BMP inhibitors are constitutively expressed in gingival connective tissues. These inhibitors, particularly Gremlin1, may limit coronal alveolar bone regenerative potential during oral and periodontal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep S Ghuman
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Guilherme Xavier
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ian J McKay
- Department of Adult Oral Health, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Francis J Hughes
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
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11
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Association betweenGREM2 gene polymorphism with osteoporosis and osteopenia in postmenopausal women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 228:238-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Shimada A, Ideno H, Arai Y, Komatsu K, Wada S, Yamashita T, Amizuka N, Pöschl E, Brachvogel B, Nakamura Y, Nakashima K, Mizukami H, Ezura Y, Nifuji A. Annexin A5 Involvement in Bone Overgrowth at the Enthesis. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1532-1543. [PMID: 29694681 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of enthesis formation in mature animals. Here, we report that annexin A5 (Anxa5) plays a critical role in the regulation of bone ridge outgrowth at the entheses. We found that Anxa5 is highly expressed in the entheses of postnatal and adult mice. In Anxa5-deficient (Anxa5-/- ) mice, the sizes of bone ridge outgrowths at the entheses of the tibias and femur were increased after age 7 weeks. Bone overgrowth was not observed at the fibrous enthesis where the fibrocartilage layer does not exist. More ALP-expressing cells were observed in the fibrocartilage layer in Anxa5-/- mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. Calcein and Alizarin Red double labeling revealed more mineralized areas in Anxa5-/- mice than WT mice. To examine the effects of mechanical forces, we performed tenotomy in which transmission of contractile forces by the tibial muscle was impaired by surgical muscle release. In tenotomized mice, bone overgrowth at the enthesis in Anxa5-/- mice was decreased to a level comparable to that in WT mice at 8 weeks after the operation. The tail-suspended mice also showed a decrease in bone overgrowth to similar levels in Anxa5-/- and WT mice at 8 weeks after hindlimb unloading. These results suggest that bone overgrowth at the enthesis requires mechanical forces. We further examined effects of Anxa5 gene knockdown (KD) in primary cultures of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and tenocytes in vitro. Anxa5 KD increased ALP expression in tenocytes and chondrocytes but not in osteoblasts, suggesting that increased ALP activity in the fibrocartilaginous tissue in Anxa5-/- mice is directly caused by Anxa5 deletion in tenocytes or fibrocartilage cells. These data indicate that Anxa5 prevents bone overgrowth at the enthesis, whose formation is mediated through mechanical forces and modulating expression of mineralization regulators. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Shimada
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ideno
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Arai
- Nihon University, School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Komatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Teruhito Yamashita
- Division of Hard Tissue Research, Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ernst Pöschl
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Bent Brachvogel
- Experimental Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yoshiki Nakamura
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakashima
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetics Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ezura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nifuji
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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13
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Essential roles of G9a in cell proliferation and differentiation during tooth development. Exp Cell Res 2017; 357:202-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Nielson CM, Liu CT, Smith AV, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Reppe S, Jakobsdottir J, Wassel C, Register TC, Oei L, Alonso N, Oei EH, Parimi N, Samelson EJ, Nalls MA, Zmuda J, Lang T, Bouxsein M, Latourelle J, Claussnitzer M, Siggeirsdottir K, Srikanth P, Lorentzen E, Vandenput L, Langefeld C, Raffield L, Terry G, Cox AJ, Allison MA, Criqui MH, Bowden D, Ikram MA, Mellstrom D, Karlsson MK, Carr J, Budoff M, Phillips C, Cupples LA, Chou WC, Myers RH, Ralston SH, Gautvik KM, Cawthon PM, Cummings S, Karasik D, Rivadeneira F, Gudnason V, Orwoll ES, Harris TB, Ohlsson C, Kiel DP, Hsu YH. Novel Genetic Variants Associated With Increased Vertebral Volumetric BMD, Reduced Vertebral Fracture Risk, and Increased Expression of SLC1A3 and EPHB2. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:2085-2097. [PMID: 27476799 PMCID: PMC5477772 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed numerous loci for areal bone mineral density (aBMD). We completed the first GWAS meta-analysis (n = 15,275) of lumbar spine volumetric BMD (vBMD) measured by quantitative computed tomography (QCT), allowing for examination of the trabecular bone compartment. SNPs that were significantly associated with vBMD were also examined in two GWAS meta-analyses to determine associations with morphometric vertebral fracture (n = 21,701) and clinical vertebral fracture (n = 5893). Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses of iliac crest biopsies were performed in 84 postmenopausal women, and murine osteoblast expression of genes implicated by eQTL or by proximity to vBMD-associated SNPs was examined. We identified significant vBMD associations with five loci, including: 1p36.12, containing WNT4 and ZBTB40; 8q24, containing TNFRSF11B; and 13q14, containing AKAP11 and TNFSF11. Two loci (5p13 and 1p36.12) also contained associations with radiographic and clinical vertebral fracture, respectively. In 5p13, rs2468531 (minor allele frequency [MAF] = 3%) was associated with higher vBMD (β = 0.22, p = 1.9 × 10-8 ) and decreased risk of radiographic vertebral fracture (odds ratio [OR] = 0.75; false discovery rate [FDR] p = 0.01). In 1p36.12, rs12742784 (MAF = 21%) was associated with higher vBMD (β = 0.09, p = 1.2 × 10-10 ) and decreased risk of clinical vertebral fracture (OR = 0.82; FDR p = 7.4 × 10-4 ). Both SNPs are noncoding and were associated with increased mRNA expression levels in human bone biopsies: rs2468531 with SLC1A3 (β = 0.28, FDR p = 0.01, involved in glutamate signaling and osteogenic response to mechanical loading) and rs12742784 with EPHB2 (β = 0.12, FDR p = 1.7 × 10-3 , functions in bone-related ephrin signaling). Both genes are expressed in murine osteoblasts. This is the first study to link SLC1A3 and EPHB2 to clinically relevant vertebral osteoporosis phenotypes. These results may help elucidate vertebral bone biology and novel approaches to reducing vertebral fracture incidence. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Nielson
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Sjur Reppe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Christina Wassel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Thomas C Register
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ling Oei
- Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nerea Alonso
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Edwin H Oei
- Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeta Parimi
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Samelson
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Zmuda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Lang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mary Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Priya Srikanth
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Erik Lorentzen
- Department of Bioinformatics, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Langefeld
- Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Laura Raffield
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Greg Terry
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amanda J Cox
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael H Criqui
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Don Bowden
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dan Mellstrom
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus K Karlsson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Clinical Sciences, Malmo University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - John Carr
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew Budoff
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Phillips
- National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen-Chi Chou
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Stuart H Ralston
- Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Kaare M Gautvik
- Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peggy M Cawthon
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Karasik
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eric S Orwoll
- Division of Endocrinology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tamara B Harris
- National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Pei YF, Hu WZ, Hai R, Wang XY, Ran S, Lin Y, Shen H, Tian Q, Lei SF, Zhang YH, Papasian CJ, Deng HW, Zhang L. Genome-wide association meta-analyses identified 1q43 and 2q32.2 for hip Ward's triangle areal bone mineral density. Bone 2016; 91:1-10. [PMID: 27397699 PMCID: PMC5362380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to identify genomic variants associated with osteoporosis, we performed a genome-wide association meta-analysis of bone mineral density (BMD) at Ward's triangle of the hip in 7175 subjects from 6 samples. We performed in silico replications with femoral neck, trochanter, and inter-trochanter BMDs in 6912 subjects from the Framingham heart study (FHS), and with forearm, femoral neck and lumbar spine BMDs in 32965 subjects from the GEFOS summary results. Combining the evidence from all samples, we identified 2 novel loci for areal BMD: 1q43 (rs1414660, discovery p=1.20×10(-8), FHS p=0.05 for trochanter BMD; rs9287237, discovery p=3.55×10(-7), FHS p=9.20×10(-3) for trochanter BMD, GEFOS p=0.02 for forearm BMD, nearest gene FMN2) and 2q32.2 (rs56346965, discovery p=7.48×10(-7), FHS p=0.10 for inter-trochanter BMD, GEFOS p=0.02 for spine BMD, nearest gene NAB1). The two lead SNPs rs1414660 and rs56346965 are eQTL sites for the genes GREM2 and NAB1 respectively. Functional annotation of GREM2 and NAB1 illustrated their involvement in BMP signaling pathway and in bone development. We also replicated three previously reported loci: 5q14.3 (rs10037512, discovery p=3.09×10(-6), FHS p=8.50×10(-3), GEFOS p=1.23×10(-24) for femoral neck BMD, nearest gene MEF2C), 6q25.1 (rs3020340, discovery p=1.64×10(-6), GEFOS p=1.69×10(-3) for SPN-BMD, nearest gene ESR1) and 7q21.3 (rs13310130, discovery p=8.79×10(-7), GEFOS p=2.61×10(-7) for spine BMD, nearest gene SHFM1). Our findings provide additional insights that further enhance our understanding of bone development, osteoporosis, and fracture pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Pei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wen-Zhu Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China; Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Rong Hai
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Xiu-Yan Wang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Shu Ran
- Center of System Biomedical Sciences, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yong Lin
- Center of System Biomedical Sciences, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shu-Feng Lei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China; Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yong-Hong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Christopher J Papasian
- Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China; Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, PR China.
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16
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Zhang Y, Fukui N, Yahata M, Katsuragawa Y, Tashiro T, Ikegawa S, Lee MTM. Identification of DNA methylation changes associated with disease progression in subchondral bone with site-matched cartilage in knee osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34460. [PMID: 27686527 PMCID: PMC5043275 DOI: 10.1038/srep34460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subchondral bone plays a key role in the development of osteoarthritis, however, epigenetics of subchondral bone has not been extensively studied. In this study, we examined the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of subchondral bone from three regions on tibial plateau representing disease progression using HumanMethylation450 BeadChip to identify progression associated DNA methylation alterations. Significant differential methylated probes (DMPs) and differential methylated genes (DMGs) were identified in the intermediate and late stages and during the transition from intermediate to late stage of OA in the subchondral bone. Over half of the DMPs were hyper-methylated. Genes associated with OA and bone remodeling were identified. DMGs were enriched in morphogenesis and development of skeletal system, and HOX transcription factors. Comparison of DMGs identified in subchondral bone and site-matched cartilage indicated that DNA methylation changes occurred earlier in subchondral bone and identified different methylation patterns at the late stage of OA. However, shared DMPs, DMGs and common pathways that implicated the tissue reparation were also identified. Methylation is one key mechanism to regulate the crosstalk between cartilage and subchondral bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Zhang
- Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Research, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan.,Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Naoshi Fukui
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yahata
- Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Research, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yozo Katsuragawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tashiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Yamate Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ming Ta Michael Lee
- Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Research, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan.,Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Wang CL, Xiao F, Wang CD, Zhu JF, Shen C, Zuo B, Wang H, Li D, Wang XY, Feng WJ, Li ZK, Hu GL, Zhang X, Chen XD. Gremlin2 Suppression Increases the BMP-2-Induced Osteogenesis of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Via the BMP-2/Smad/Runx2 Signaling Pathway. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:286-297. [PMID: 27335248 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts are essential for maintaining skeletal architecture and modulating bone microenvironment homeostasis. From numerous associated investigations, the BMP-2 pathway has been well-defined as a vital positive modulator of bone homeostasis. Gremlin2 (Grem2) is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists. However, the effect of Grem2 on the BMP-2-induced osteogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) remains ambiguous. This study aimed to analyze the procedure in vitro and in vivo. The differentiation of hBMSCs was assessed by determining the expression levels of several osteoblastic genes, as well as the enzymatic activity and calcification of alkaline phosphatase. We found that Grem2 expression was upregulated by BMP-2 within the range of 0-1 μg/mL, and significant increases were evident at 48, 72, and 96 h after BMP-2 treatment. Si-Grem2 increased the BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs, whereas overexpression of Grem2 had the opposite trend. The result was confirmed using a defective femur model. We also discovered that the BMP-2/Smad/Runx2 pathway played an important role in the process. This study showed that si-Grem2 increased the BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs via the BMP-2/Smad/Runx2 pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 286-297, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Long Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Feng Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - De Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Yi Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Jia Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo-Kai Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Li Hu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
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Metzger J, Pfahler S, Distl O. Variant detection and runs of homozygosity in next generation sequencing data elucidate the genetic background of Lundehund syndrome. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:535. [PMID: 27485430 PMCID: PMC4971756 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2844-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Lundehund is a highly specialized breed characterized by a unique flexibility of the joints and polydactyly in all four limbs. The extremely small population size and high inbreeding has promoted a high frequency of diseased dogs affected by the Lundehund syndrome (LS), a severe gastro-enteropathic disease. RESULTS Comprehensive analysis of bead chip and whole-genome sequencing data for LS in the Lundehund resulted in a genome-wide association signal on CFA 34 and LS-specific runs of homozygosity (ROH) in this region. Filtering analysis for variants with predicted high or moderate effects revealed a missense mutation in LEPREL1 1.2 Mb proximal to the region of the genome-wide association, which was shown to be significantly associated with LS. LS-affected Lundehund harbored the mutant LEPREL1:g.139212C>G genotype A/A whereas all controls of other breeds showed the C/C wild type. In addition, ROH analysis for the Lundehund indicated a high enrichment of genes in potential signatures of selection affecting protein activation and immunoregulatory processes like NOD1 potentially involved in LS breed disposition. CONCLUSIONS Sequencing results for Lundehund specific traits reveal a potential causative mutation for LS in the neuropeptide operating gene LEPREL1 and suggests it as a precursor of the inflammatory process. Analyses of ROH regions give an insight into the genetic background of characteristic traits in the Lundehund that remain to be elucidated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Metzger
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Sophia Pfahler
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ottmar Distl
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hanover, Germany
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Abstract
The discovery of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family ligands and the realization that their bioactivities need to be tightly controlled temporally and spatially led to intensive research that has identified a multitude of extracellular modulators of TGF-β family ligands, uncovered their functions in developmental and pathophysiological processes, defined the mechanisms of their activities, and explored potential modulator-based therapeutic applications in treating human diseases. These studies revealed a diverse repertoire of extracellular and membrane-associated molecules that are capable of modulating TGF-β family signals via control of ligand availability, processing, ligand-receptor interaction, and receptor activation. These molecules include not only soluble ligand-binding proteins that were conventionally considered as agonists and antagonists of TGF-β family of growth factors, but also extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteoglycans that can serve as "sink" and control storage and release of both the TGF-β family ligands and their regulators. This extensive network of soluble and ECM modulators helps to ensure dynamic and cell-specific control of TGF-β family signals. This article reviews our knowledge of extracellular modulation of TGF-β growth factors by diverse proteins and their molecular mechanisms to regulate TGF-β family signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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20
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Sanders LN, Schoenhard JA, Saleh MA, Mukherjee A, Ryzhov S, McMaster WG, Nolan K, Gumina RJ, Thompson TB, Magnuson MA, Harrison DG, Hatzopoulos AK. BMP Antagonist Gremlin 2 Limits Inflammation After Myocardial Infarction. Circ Res 2016; 119:434-49. [PMID: 27283840 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We have recently shown that the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist Gremlin 2 (Grem2) is required for early cardiac development and cardiomyocyte differentiation. Our initial studies discovered that Grem2 is strongly induced in the adult heart after experimental myocardial infarction (MI). However, the function of Grem2 and BMP-signaling inhibitors after cardiac injury is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Grem2 during cardiac repair and assess its potential to improve ventricular function after injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Our data show that Grem2 is transiently induced after MI in peri-infarct area cardiomyocytes during the inflammatory phase of cardiac tissue repair. By engineering loss- (Grem2(-/-)) and gain- (TG(Grem2)) of-Grem2-function mice, we discovered that Grem2 controls the magnitude of the inflammatory response and limits infiltration of inflammatory cells in peri-infarct ventricular tissue, improving cardiac function. Excessive inflammation in Grem2(-/-) mice after MI was because of overactivation of canonical BMP signaling, as proven by the rescue of the inflammatory phenotype through administration of the canonical BMP inhibitor, DMH1. Furthermore, intraperitoneal administration of Grem2 protein in wild-type mice was sufficient to reduce inflammation after MI. Cellular analyses showed that BMP2 acts with TNFα to induce expression of proinflammatory proteins in endothelial cells and promote adhesion of leukocytes, whereas Grem2 specifically inhibits the BMP2 effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Grem2 provides a molecular barrier that controls the magnitude and extent of inflammatory cell infiltration by suppressing canonical BMP signaling, thereby providing a novel mechanism for limiting the adverse effects of excessive inflammation after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehanna N Sanders
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - John A Schoenhard
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Mohamed A Saleh
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Amrita Mukherjee
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Sergey Ryzhov
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - William G McMaster
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Kristof Nolan
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Richard J Gumina
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Mark A Magnuson
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - David G Harrison
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Antonis K Hatzopoulos
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.).
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21
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Komatsu K, Shibata T, Shimada A, Ideno H, Nakashima K, Tabata Y, Nifuji A. Cationized gelatin hydrogels mixed with plasmid DNA induce stronger and more sustained gene expression than atelocollagen at calvarial bone defects in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2016; 27:419-30. [PMID: 26848778 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2016.1139486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene transduction of exogenous factors at local sites in vivo is a promising approach to promote regeneration of tissue defects owing to its simplicity and capacity for expression of a variety of genes. Gene transduction by viral vectors is highly efficient; however, there are safety concerns associated with viruses. As a method for nonviral gene transduction, plasmid DNA delivery is safer and simpler, but requires an efficient carrier substance. Here, we aimed to develop a simple, efficient method for bone regeneration by gene transduction and to identify optimal conditions for plasmid DNA delivery at bone defect sites. We focused on carrier substances and compared the efficiencies of two collagen derivatives, atelocollagen, and gelatin hydrogel, as substrates for plasmid DNA delivery in vivo. To assess the efficiencies of these substrates, we examined exogenous expression of green fluorescence protein (GFP) by fluorescence microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. GFP expression at the bone defect site was higher when gelatin hydrogel was used as a substrate to deliver plasmids than when atelocollagen was used. Moreover, the gelatin hydrogel was almost completely absorbed at the defect site, whereas some atelocollagen remained. When a plasmid harboring bone morphogenic protein 2 was delivered with the substrate to bony defect sites, more new bone formation was observed in the gelatin group than in the atelocollagen group. These results suggested that the gelatin hydrogel was more efficient than atelocollagen as a substrate for local gene delivery and may be a superior material for induction of bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Komatsu
- a Department of Pharmacology , Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - T Shibata
- a Department of Pharmacology , Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - A Shimada
- a Department of Pharmacology , Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - H Ideno
- a Department of Pharmacology , Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - K Nakashima
- a Department of Pharmacology , Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Y Tabata
- b Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - A Nifuji
- a Department of Pharmacology , Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine , Yokohama , Japan
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22
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Mulloy B, Rider CC. The Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Their Antagonists. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 99:63-90. [PMID: 26279373 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and the growth and differentiation factors comprise a single family of some 20 homologous, dimeric cytokines which share the cystine-knot domain typical of the TGF-β superfamily. They control the differentiation and activity of a range of cell types, including many outside bone and cartilage. They serve as developmental morphogens, but are also important in chronic pathologies, including tissue fibrosis and cancer. One mechanism for enabling tight spatiotemporal control of their activities is through a number of antagonist proteins, including Noggin, Follistatin, Chordin, Twisted gastrulation (TSG), and the seven members of the Cerberus and Dan family. These antagonists are secreted proteins that bind selectively to particular BMPs with high affinity, thereby blocking receptor engagement and signaling. Most of these antagonists also possess a TGF-β cystine-knot domain. Here, we discuss current knowledge and understanding of the structures and activities of the BMPs and their antagonists, with a particular focus on the latter proteins. Recent advances in structural biology of BMP antagonists have begun the process of elucidating the molecular basis of their activity, displaying a surprising variety between the modes of action of these closely related proteins. We also discuss the interactions of the antagonists with the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate, which is found ubiquitously on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Chris C Rider
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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Tanwar V, Bylund JB, Hu J, Yan J, Walthall JM, Mukherjee A, Heaton WH, Wang WD, Potet F, Rai M, Kupershmidt S, Knapik EW, Hatzopoulos AK. Gremlin 2 promotes differentiation of embryonic stem cells to atrial fate by activation of the JNK signaling pathway. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1774-88. [PMID: 24648383 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein antagonist Gremlin 2 (Grem2) is required for atrial differentiation and establishment of cardiac rhythm during embryonic development. A human Grem2 variant has been associated with familial atrial fibrillation, suggesting that abnormal Grem2 activity causes arrhythmias. However, it is not known how Grem2 integrates into signaling pathways to direct atrial cardiomyocyte differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that Grem2 expression is induced concurrently with the emergence of cardiovascular progenitor cells during differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Grem2 exposure enhances the cardiogenic potential of ESCs by 20-120-fold, preferentially inducing genes expressed in atrial myocytes such as Myl7, Nppa, and Sarcolipin. We show that Grem2 acts upstream to upregulate proatrial transcription factors CoupTFII and Hey1 and downregulate atrial fate repressors Irx4 and Hey2. The molecular phenotype of Grem2-induced atrial cardiomyocytes was further supported by induction of ion channels encoded by Kcnj3, Kcnj5, and Cacna1d genes and establishment of atrial-like action potentials shown by electrophysiological recordings. We show that promotion of atrial-like cardiomyocytes is specific to the Gremlin subfamily of BMP antagonists. Grem2 proatrial differentiation activity is conveyed by noncanonical BMP signaling through phosphorylation of JNK and can be reversed by specific JNK inhibitors, but not by dorsomorphin, an inhibitor of canonical BMP signaling. Taken together, our data provide novel mechanistic insights into atrial cardiomyocyte differentiation from pluripotent stem cells and will assist the development of future approaches to study and treat arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Tanwar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Chihara M, Nakamura T, Sakakibara N, Otsuka S, Ichii O, Kon Y. The Onset of Heat-Induced Testicular Calcification in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2480-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nolan K, Thompson TB. The DAN family: modulators of TGF-β signaling and beyond. Protein Sci 2014; 23:999-1012. [PMID: 24810382 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular binding proteins or antagonists are important factors that modulate ligands in the transforming growth factor (TGF-β) family. While the interplay between antagonists and ligands are essential for developmental and normal cellular processes, their imbalance can lead to the pathology of several disease states. In particular, recent studies have implicated members of the differential screening-selected gene in neuroblastoma (DAN) family in disease such as renal fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and reactivation of metastatic cancer stem cells. DAN family members are known to inhibit the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) of the TGF-β family. However, unlike other TGF-β antagonist families, DAN family members have roles beyond ligand inhibition and can modulate Wnt and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathways. This review describes recent structural and functional advances that have expanded our understanding of DAN family proteins with regards to BMP inhibition and also highlights their emerging roles in the modulation of Wnt and VEGF signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Nolan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267
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Vogel P, Liu J, Platt KA, Read RW, Thiel M, Vance RB, Brommage R. Malformation of Incisor Teeth in Grem2-/- Mice. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:224-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985814528218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
GREMLIN 2 ( GREM2)—formerly, protein related to Dan and cerberus ( PRDC)—is a potent antagonist of the bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4, but little else in known about its functions. We found that Grem2-/- mice developed small deformed mandibular and maxillary incisors, indicating that GREMLIN2 is required for normal tooth morphogenesis. Although DEXA scans suggested that bone mineral density might be increased in Grem2-/- mice, histology did not reveal any evident bone phenotype. Grem2-/- mice did not display any other notable phenotypes evaluated in a high-throughput screening process that encompassed a range of immunologic, metabolic, ophthalmic, and behavioral parameters. Our findings indicate that Grem2 can be added to the growing list of genes that affect tooth development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - J. Liu
- Department of Metabolism, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - K. A. Platt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - R. W. Read
- Department of Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - M. Thiel
- Department of Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - R. B. Vance
- Department of Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - R. Brommage
- Department of Metabolism, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
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Starostová M, Cermák V, Dvořáková M, Karafiát V, Kosla J, Dvořák M. The oncoprotein v-Myb activates transcription of Gremlin 2 during in vitro differentiation of the chicken neural crest to melanoblasts. Gene 2014; 540:122-9. [PMID: 24576577 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient dynamic structure of ectodermal origin, found in early vertebrate embryos. The multipotential NC cells migrate along well defined routes, differentiate to various cell types including melanocytes and participate in the formation of various permanent tissues. As there is only limited information about the molecular mechanisms controlling early events in melanocyte specification and development, we exploited the AMV v-Myb transcriptional regulator, which directs differentiation of in vitro chicken NC cells to the melanocyte lineage. This activity is strictly dependent on v-Myb specifically binding to the Myb recognition DNA element (MRE). The two tamoxifen-inducible v-Myb alleles were constructed one which recognizes the MRE and one which does not. These were activated in ex ovo NC cells, and the expression profiles of resulting cells were analyzed using Affymetrix microarrays and RT-PCR. These approaches revealed up-regulation of the BMP antagonist Gremlin 2 mRNA, and down-regulation of mRNAs encoding several epithelial genes including KRT19 as very early events following the activation of melanocyte differentiation by v-Myb. The enforced v-Myb expression in neural tubes of chicken embryos resulted in detectable presence of Gremlin 2 mRNA. However, expression of Gremlin 2 in NC cells did not promote formation of melanocytes suggesting that Gremlin 2 is not the master regulator of melanocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Starostová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Department of Molecular Virology, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Cermák
- Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Department of Molecular Virology, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Marta Dvořáková
- Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Department of Molecular Virology, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Vít Karafiát
- Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Department of Molecular Virology, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Kosla
- Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Department of Molecular Virology, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Dvořák
- Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Department of Molecular Virology, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4 142 20, Czech Republic.
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Shimada A, Wada S, Inoue K, Ideno H, Kamiunten T, Komatsu K, Kudo A, Nakamura Y, Sato T, Nakashima K, Nifuji A. Efficient expansion of mouse primary tenocytes using a novel collagen gel culture method. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 142:205-15. [PMID: 24509807 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of regenerative therapies for damaged tendons remains a great challenge, largely because of lack of information regarding the mechanisms responsible for differentiation of tenocytes. Mouse tenocytes have not been fully characterized owing to the absence of efficient and reproducible methods for their in vitro expansion without losing phenotypic features. The objective of the study was to establish an improved and reliable method for stable primary culture of mouse tenocytes by using collagen gel. Achilles and tail tendon tissues were harvested and embedded in collagen gel. After 10 days of continuous culture, the gel was digested and cells were passaged on tissue culture-treated plastic dishes. Mouse tenocytes cultured in collagen gel exhibited significantly shorter doubling time and higher numbers of proliferation when maintained on the plastic dishes compared with those cultured without using gel. Transmission electron microscopic analyses showed that cultured tenocytes retained some morphological features of tenocytes in tendon tissues, such as cell-cell junctional complex formation, well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria in their cytoplasm. mRNA expression of tenocyte markers (tenomodulin, type I collagen, periostin, and scleraxis) was higher in cells cultured in collagen gel than in those cultured in the absence of gel. Our results show that tenocytes cultured using the collagen gel method express typical lineage markers and exhibit improved growth characteristics, thus providing a stable platform for studying molecular mechanisms that control their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Shimada
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan,
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Rose L, Uludağ H. Realizing the potential of gene-based molecular therapies in bone repair. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:2245-62. [PMID: 23553878 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of osteogenesis at genetic and biochemical levels is yielding new molecular entities that can modulate bone regeneration and potentially act as novel therapies in a clinical setting. These new entities are motivating alternative approaches for bone repair by utilizing DNA-derived expression systems, as well as RNA-based regulatory molecules controlling the fate of cells involved in osteogenesis. These sophisticated mediators of osteogenesis, however, pose unique delivery challenges that are not obvious in deployment of conventional therapeutic agents. Viral and nonviral delivery systems are actively pursued in preclinical animal models to realize the potential of the gene-based medicines. This article will summarize promising bone-inducing molecular agents on the horizon as well as provide a critical review of delivery systems employed for their administration. Special attention was paid to synthetic (nonviral) delivery systems because they are more likely to be adopted for clinical testing because of safety considerations. We present a comparative analysis of dose-response relationships, as well as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of various approaches, with the purpose of clearly defining the current frontier in the field. We conclude with the authors' perspective on the future of gene-based therapy of bone defects, articulating promising research avenues to advance the field of clinical bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Komatsu K, Shimada A, Shibata T, Wada S, Ideno H, Nakashima K, Amizuka N, Noda M, Nifuji A. Alendronate promotes bone formation by inhibiting protein prenylation in osteoblasts in rat tooth replantation model. J Endocrinol 2013; 219:145-58. [PMID: 24096963 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are a major class of antiresorptive drug, and their molecular mechanisms of antiresorptive action have been extensively studied. Recent studies have suggested that BPs target bone-forming cells as well as bone-resorbing cells. We previously demonstrated that local application of a nitrogen-containing BP (N-BP), alendronate (ALN), for a short period of time increased bone tissue in a rat tooth replantation model. Here, we investigated cellular mechanisms of bone formation by ALN. Bone histomorphometry confirmed that bone formation was increased by local application of ALN. ALN increased proliferation of bone-forming cells residing on the bone surface, whereas it suppressed the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts in vivo. Moreover, ALN treatment induced more alkaline phosphatase-positive and osteocalcin-positive cells on the bone surface than PBS treatment. In vitro studies revealed that pulse treatment with ALN promoted osteocalcin expression. To track the target cells of N-BPs, we applied fluorescence-labeled ALN (F-ALN) in vivo and in vitro. F-ALN was taken into bone-forming cells both in vivo and in vitro. This intracellular uptake was inhibited by endocytosis inhibitors. Furthermore, the endocytosis inhibitor dansylcadaverine (DC) suppressed ALN-stimulated osteoblastic differentiation in vitro and it suppressed the increase in alkaline phosphatase-positive bone-forming cells and subsequent bone formation in vivo. DC also blocked the inhibition of Rap1A prenylation by ALN in the osteoblastic cells. These data suggest that local application of ALN promotes bone formation by stimulating proliferation and differentiation of bone-forming cells as well as inhibiting osteoclast function. These effects may occur through endocytic incorporation of ALN and subsequent inhibition of protein prenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Komatsu
- Departments of Pharmacology Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan Transcriptome Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Genetic determinants of trabecular and cortical volumetric bone mineral densities and bone microstructure. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003247. [PMID: 23437003 PMCID: PMC3578773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most previous genetic epidemiology studies within the field of osteoporosis have focused on the genetics of the complex trait areal bone mineral density (aBMD), not being able to differentiate genetic determinants of cortical volumetric BMD (vBMD), trabecular vBMD, and bone microstructural traits. The objective of this study was to separately identify genetic determinants of these bone traits as analysed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Separate GWA meta-analyses for cortical and trabecular vBMDs were performed. The cortical vBMD GWA meta-analysis (n = 5,878) followed by replication (n = 1,052) identified genetic variants in four separate loci reaching genome-wide significance (RANKL, rs1021188, p = 3.6×10−14; LOC285735, rs271170, p = 2.7×10−12; OPG, rs7839059, p = 1.2×10−10; and ESR1/C6orf97, rs6909279, p = 1.1×10−9). The trabecular vBMD GWA meta-analysis (n = 2,500) followed by replication (n = 1,022) identified one locus reaching genome-wide significance (FMN2/GREM2, rs9287237, p = 1.9×10−9). High-resolution pQCT analyses, giving information about bone microstructure, were available in a subset of the GOOD cohort (n = 729). rs1021188 was significantly associated with cortical porosity while rs9287237 was significantly associated with trabecular bone fraction. The genetic variant in the FMN2/GREM2 locus was associated with fracture risk in the MrOS Sweden cohort (HR per extra T allele 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.60–0.93) and GREM2 expression in human osteoblasts. In conclusion, five genetic loci associated with trabecular or cortical vBMD were identified. Two of these (FMN2/GREM2 and LOC285735) are novel bone-related loci, while the other three have previously been reported to be associated with aBMD. The genetic variants associated with cortical and trabecular bone parameters differed, underscoring the complexity of the genetics of bone parameters. We propose that a genetic variant in the RANKL locus influences cortical vBMD, at least partly, via effects on cortical porosity, and that a genetic variant in the FMN2/GREM2 locus influences GREM2 expression in osteoblasts and thereby trabecular number and thickness as well as fracture risk. Osteoporosis is a common highly heritable skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and deteriorated bone microstructure, resulting in an increased risk of fracture. Most previous genetic epidemiology studies have focused on the genetics of the complex trait BMD, not being able to separate genetic determinants of the trabecular and cortical bone compartments and bone microstructure. The trabecular and cortical BMDs can be analysed separately by computed tomography. Therefore, we performed separate genome-wide association studies for trabecular and cortical BMDs, demonstrating that the genetic determinants of cortical and trabecular BMDs differ. Genetic variants in the RANKL, LOC285735, OPG, and ESR1 loci were associated with cortical BMD, while a genetic variant in the FMN2/GREM2 locus was associated with trabecular BMD. Two of these are novel bone-related loci. Follow-up analyses of bone microstructure demonstrated that a genetic variant in the RANKL locus is associated with cortical porosity and that the FMN2/GREM2 locus is associated with trabecular number and thickness. We propose that a genetic variant in the RANKL locus influences cortical BMD via effects on cortical porosity, and that a genetic variant in the FMN2/GREM2 locus influences trabecular BMD and fracture risk via effects on both trabecular number and thickness.
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Bhushan R, Grünhagen J, Becker J, Robinson PN, Ott CE, Knaus P. miR-181a promotes osteoblastic differentiation through repression of TGF-β signaling molecules. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 45:696-705. [PMID: 23262291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblastic differentiation is controlled by complex interplay of several signaling pathways and associated key transcription factors, as well as by microRNAs (miRNAs). In our current study, we found miR-181a to be highly upregulated during BMP induced osteoblastic differentiation of C2C12 and MC3T3 cells. Overexpression of miR-181a led to upregulation of key markers of osteoblastic differentiation as well as enhanced ALP levels and Alizarin red staining, indicating the importance of this miRNA for osteoblastic differentiation. Further, we show that miR-181 isoforms (181a, 181b, 181c) are expressed during different stages of mouse calvarial and tibial development, implying their role in both endochondral and intramembranous ossification. We found several direct and indirect targets of miR-181a to be downregulated by global mRNA expression profiling. Our results demonstrate that miR-181a promotes osteoblastic differentiation via repression of TGF-β signaling molecules by targeting the negative regulator of osteoblastic differentiation Tgfbi (Tgf-beta induced) and TβR-I/Alk5 (TGF-β type I receptor). Furthermore, our findings suggest that Rgs4 and Gata6 are direct targets of miR-181a. Taken together, we provide evidence for a crucial functional link between a specific miRNA, miR-181a and osteoblastic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Bhushan
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Benisch P, Schilling T, Klein-Hitpass L, Frey SP, Seefried L, Raaijmakers N, Krug M, Regensburger M, Zeck S, Schinke T, Amling M, Ebert R, Jakob F. The transcriptional profile of mesenchymal stem cell populations in primary osteoporosis is distinct and shows overexpression of osteogenic inhibitors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45142. [PMID: 23028809 PMCID: PMC3454401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary osteoporosis is an age-related disease characterized by an imbalance in bone homeostasis. While the resorptive aspect of the disease has been studied intensely, less is known about the anabolic part of the syndrome or presumptive deficiencies in bone regeneration. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are the primary source of osteogenic regeneration. In the present study we aimed to unravel whether MSC biology is directly involved in the pathophysiology of the disease and therefore performed microarray analyses of hMSC of elderly patients (79–94 years old) suffering from osteoporosis (hMSC-OP). In comparison to age-matched controls we detected profound changes in the transcriptome in hMSC-OP, e.g. enhanced mRNA expression of known osteoporosis-associated genes (LRP5, RUNX2, COL1A1) and of genes involved in osteoclastogenesis (CSF1, PTH1R), but most notably of genes coding for inhibitors of WNT and BMP signaling, such as Sclerostin and MAB21L2. These candidate genes indicate intrinsic deficiencies in self-renewal and differentiation potential in osteoporotic stem cells. We also compared both hMSC-OP and non-osteoporotic hMSC-old of elderly donors to hMSC of ∼30 years younger donors and found that the transcriptional changes acquired between the sixth and the ninth decade of life differed widely between osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic stem cells. In addition, we compared the osteoporotic transcriptome to long term-cultivated, senescent hMSC and detected some signs for pre-senescence in hMSC-OP. Our results suggest that in primary osteoporosis the transcriptomes of hMSC populations show distinct signatures and little overlap with non-osteoporotic aging, although we detected some hints for senescence-associated changes. While there are remarkable inter-individual variations as expected for polygenetic diseases, we could identify many susceptibility genes for osteoporosis known from genetic studies. We also found new candidates, e.g. MAB21L2, a novel repressor of BMP-induced transcription. Such transcriptional changes may reflect epigenetic changes, which are part of a specific osteoporosis-associated aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Benisch
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schilling
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Klein-Hitpass
- Institute of Cell Biology (Tumor Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sönke P. Frey
- Department of Trauma, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lothar Seefried
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Raaijmakers
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Krug
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Regensburger
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Zeck
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Regina Ebert
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Franz Jakob
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
From the early 1990s to the middle of the last decade, the search for genes influencing osteoporosis proved difficult with few successes. However, over the last 5 years this has begun to change with the introduction of genome-wide association (GWA) studies. In this short period of time, GWA studies have significantly accelerated the pace of gene discovery, leading to the identification of nearly 100 independent associations for osteoporosis-related traits. However, GWA does not specifically pinpoint causal genes or provide functional context for associations. Thus, there is a need for approaches that provide systems-level insight on how associated variants influence cellular function, downstream gene networks, and ultimately disease. In this review we discuss the emerging field of "systems genetics" and how it is being used in combination with and independent of GWA to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in bone fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Farber
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Suzuki D, Yamada A, Aizawa R, Funato S, Matsumoto T, Suzuki W, Takami M, Miyamoto Y, Suzawa T, Yamamoto M, Baba K, Kamijo R. BMP2 differentially regulates the expression of Gremlin1 and Gremlin2, the negative regulators of BMP function, during osteoblast differentiation. Calcif Tissue Int 2012; 91:88-96. [PMID: 22644325 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-012-9614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) control the expressions of many genes involved in bone formation. On the basis of our hypothesis that BMP2 stimulation-regulated gene expression plays a critical role in osteoblast differentiation, we performed genome-wide screening of messenger RNA from BMP2-treated and -untreated C2C12 cells using a DNA microarray technique. We found that the expressions of Gremlin1 and Gremlin2, which are known BMP antagonists, were bidirectionally regulated by BMP2. Gremlin1 was down-regulated by BMP2, while Gremlin2 was up-regulated in both time- and dose-dependent manners. Ablation of Gremlin1 or Gremlin2 enhanced osteoblast differentiation induced by BMP2. On the other hand, treatment with recombinant Gremlin1 inhibited BMP2-induced osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, treatment with Smad4 siRNA and the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 suppressed BMP2-induced Gremlin2 gene expression. The differential regulation of Gremlin1 and Gremlin2 gene expressions by BMP2 may explain the critical function of these genes during osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
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Kattamuri C, Luedeke DM, Thompson TB. Expression and purification of recombinant protein related to DAN and cerberus (PRDC). Protein Expr Purif 2012; 82:389-95. [PMID: 22381466 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted protein ligands that control numerous biological processes, such as cell differentiation and cell proliferation. Ligands are regulated by a large number of structurally diverse extracellular antagonists. PRDC or protein related to DAN and cerberus is a BMP antagonist of the DAN family, which is defined by a conserved pattern of cysteine residues that form a ring structure. Here we present the expression and purification of recombinant mouse PRDC (mPRDC) from bacterial (Escherichia coli) inclusion bodies through oxidative refolding. Functional mPRDC was isolated from a nonfunctional component through reverse phase chromatography and shown to inhibit BMP2 and BMP4 in a cell-based luciferase reporter assay. Recombinant mPRDC also bound directly to BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7, but not activin A. Furthermore, circular dichroism indicated that mPRDC is folded and contains a higher than anticipated helical content for a DAN family member protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
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Beamer WG, Shultz KL, Coombs HF, DeMambro VE, Reinholdt LG, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Canalis E, Rosen CJ, Donahue LR. BMD regulation on mouse distal chromosome 1, candidate genes, and response to ovariectomy or dietary fat. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:88-99. [PMID: 20687154 PMCID: PMC3179313 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The distal end of mouse chromosome 1 (Chr 1) harbors quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that regulate bone mineral density (BMD) and share conserved synteny with human chromosome 1q. The objective of this article was to map this mouse distal Chr 1 region and identify gene(s) responsible for BMD regulation in females. We used X-ray densitometry [ie, dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), micro-computed tomography (µCT), and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)] to phenotype a set of nested congenic strains constructed from C57BL/6BmJ (B6/Bm) and C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice to map the region associated with the BMD QTL. The critical region has been reduced to an interval of 0.152 Mb that contributes to increased BMD when C3H alleles are present. Histomorphometry and osteoblast cultures indicated that increased osteoblast activity was associated with increased BMD in mouse strains with C3H alleles in this critical region. This region contains two genes, Aim2, which binds with cytoplasmic dsDNA and results in apoptosis, and AC084073.22, a predicted gene of unknown function. Ovariectomy induced bone loss in the B6/Bm progenitor and the three congenic strains regardless of the alleles present in the critical BMD region. High dietary fat treatment (thought to suppress distal Chr 1 QTL for BMD in mice) did not induce bone loss in the congenics carrying C3H alleles in the critical 0.152 Mb carrying the AIM2 and AC084073.22 genes. Gene expression studies in whole bone of key congenics showed differential expression of AC084073.22 for strains carrying B6/Bm versus C3H alleles but not for Aim2. In conclusion, our data suggest that osteoblasts are the cellular target of gene action and that AC084073.22 is the best candidate for female BMD regulation in the distal region of mouse Chr 1.
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Bone morphogenetic proteins: a critical review. Cell Signal 2010; 23:609-20. [PMID: 20959140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are potent growth factors belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor Beta superfamily. To date over 20 members have been identified in humans with varying functions during processes such as embryogenesis, skeletal formation, hematopoiesis and neurogenesis. Though their functions have been identified, less is known regarding levels of regulation at the extracellular matrix, membrane surface, and receptor activation. Further, current models of activation lack the integration of these regulatory mechanisms. This review focuses on the different levels of regulation, ranging from the release of BMPs into the extracellular components to receptor activation for different BMPs. It also highlights areas in research that is lacking or contradictory.
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Bone morphogenetic protein and growth differentiation factor cytokine families and their protein antagonists. Biochem J 2010; 429:1-12. [PMID: 20545624 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) and the GDFs (growth and differentiation factors) together form a single family of cystine-knot cytokines, sharing the characteristic fold of the TGFbeta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily. Besides the ability to induce bone formation, which gave the BMPs their name, the BMP/GDFs display morphogenetic activities in the development of a wide range of tissues. BMP/GDF homo- and hetero-dimers interact with combinations of type I and type II receptor dimers to produce multiple possible signalling complexes, leading to the activation of one of two competing sets of SMAD transcription factors. BMP/GDFs have highly specific and localized functions. These are regulated in a number of ways, including the developmental restriction of BMP/GDF expression and through the secretion of several specific BMP antagonist proteins that bind with high affinity to the cytokines. Curiously, a number of these antagonists are also members of the TGF-beta superfamily. Finally a number of both the BMP/GDFs and their antagonists interact with the heparan sulphate side chains of cell-surface and extracellular-matrix proteoglycans.
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Extracellular BMP-antagonist regulation in development and disease: tied up in knots. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:244-56. [PMID: 20188563 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Developmental processes are regulated by the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of secreted molecules. BMPs bind to serine/threonine kinase receptors and signal through the canonical Smad pathway and other intracellular effectors. Integral to the control of BMPs is a diverse group of secreted BMP antagonists that bind to BMPs and prevent engagement with their cognate receptors. Tight temporospatial regulation of both BMP and BMP-antagonist expression provides an exquisite control system for developing tissues. Additional facets of BMP-antagonist biology, such as crosstalk with Wnt and Sonic hedgehog signaling during development, have been revealed in recent years. In addition, previously unappreciated roles for the BMP antagonists in kidney fibrosis and cancer have been elucidated. This review provides a description of BMP-antagonist biology, together with highlights of recent novel insights into the role of these antagonists in development, signal transduction and human disease.
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Nifuji A, Ideno H, Ohyama Y, Takanabe R, Araki R, Abe M, Noda M, Shibuya H. Nemo-like kinase (NLK) expression in osteoblastic cells and suppression of osteoblastic differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1127-36. [PMID: 20116374 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate proliferation and differentiation in osteoblasts. The vertebral homologue of nemo, nemo-like kinase (NLK), is an atypical MAPK that targets several signaling components, including the T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/Lef1) transcription factor. Recent studies have shown that NLK forms a complex with the histone H3-K9 methyltransferase SETDB1 and suppresses peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma:: action in the mesenchymal cell line ST2. Here we investigated whether NLK regulates osteoblastic differentiation. We showed that NLK mRNA is expressed in vivo in osteoblasts at embryonic day 18.5 (E18.5) mouse calvariae. By using retrovirus vectors, we performed forced expression of NLK in primary calvarial osteoblasts (pOB cells) and the mesenchymal cell line ST2. Wild-type NLK (NLK-WT) suppressed alkaline phosphatase activity and expression of bone marker genes such as alkaline phosphatase, type I procollagen, runx2, osterix, steopontin and osteocalcin in these cells. NLK-WT also decreased type I collagen protein expression in pOB and ST2 cells. Furthermore, mineralized nodule formation was reduced in pOB cells overexpressing NLK-WT. In contrast, kinase-negative form of NLK (NLK-KN) did not suppress or partially suppress ALP activity and bone marker gene expression in pOB and ST2 cells. NLK-KN did not suppress nodule formation in pOB cells. In addition to forced expression, suppression of endogenous NLK expression by siRNA increased bone marker gene expression in pOB and ST2 cells. Finally, transcriptional activity analysis of gene promoters revealed that NLK-WT suppressed Wnt1 activation of TOP flash promoter and Runx2 activation of the osteocalcin promoter. Taken together, these results suggest that NLK negatively regulates osteoblastic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nifuji
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
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Nifuji A, Ideno H, Takanabe R, Noda M. Extracellular Modulators Regulate Bone Morphogenic Proteins in Skeletal Tissue. J Oral Biosci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(10)80011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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