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Holstein TW. The role of cnidarian developmental biology in unraveling axis formation and Wnt signaling. Dev Biol 2022; 487:74-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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2
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Dhasmana D, Veerapathiran S, Azbazdar Y, Nelanuthala AVS, Teh C, Ozhan G, Wohland T. Wnt3 Is Lipidated at Conserved Cysteine and Serine Residues in Zebrafish Neural Tissue. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671218. [PMID: 34124053 PMCID: PMC8189181 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt proteins are a family of hydrophobic cysteine-rich secreted glycoproteins that regulate a gamut of physiological processes involved in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Wnt ligands are post-translationally lipidated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a step essential for its membrane targeting, association with lipid domains, secretion and interaction with receptors. However, at which residue(s) Wnts are lipidated remains an open question. Initially it was proposed that Wnts are lipid-modified at their conserved cysteine and serine residues (C77 and S209 in mWnt3a), and mutations in either residue impedes its secretion and activity. Conversely, some studies suggested that serine is the only lipidated residue in Wnts, and substitution of serine with alanine leads to retention of Wnts in the ER. In this work, we investigate whether in zebrafish neural tissues Wnt3 is lipidated at one or both conserved residues. To this end, we substitute the homologous cysteine and serine residues of zebrafish Wnt3 with alanine (C80A and S212A) and investigate their influence on Wnt3 membrane organization, secretion, interaction and signaling activity. Collectively, our results indicate that Wnt3 is lipid modified at its C80 and S212 residues. Further, we find that lipid addition at either C80 or S212 is sufficient for its secretion and membrane organization, while the lipid modification at S212 is indispensable for receptor interaction and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Dhasmana
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sapthaswaran Veerapathiran
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yagmur Azbazdar
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Cathleen Teh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Stypulkowski E, Feng Q, Joseph I, Farrell V, Flores J, Yu S, Sakamori R, Sun J, Bandyopadhyay S, Das S, Dobrowolski R, Bonder EM, Chen MH, Gao N. Rab8 attenuates Wnt signaling and is required for mesenchymal differentiation into adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100488. [PMID: 33662399 PMCID: PMC8042397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into adipocyte requires coordination of external stimuli and depends upon the functionality of the primary cilium. The Rab8 small GTPases are regulators of intracellular transport of membrane-bound structural and signaling cargo. However, the physiological contribution of the intrinsic trafficking network controlled by Rab8 to mesenchymal tissue differentiation has not been fully defined in vivo and in primary tissue cultures. Here, we show that mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking Rab8 have severely impaired adipocyte differentiation in vivo and ex vivo. Immunofluorescent localization and biochemical analyses of Rab8a-deficient, Rab8b-deficient, and Rab8a and Rab8b double-deficient MEFs revealed that Rab8 controls the Lrp6 vesicular compartment, clearance of basal signalosome, traffic of frizzled two receptor, and thereby a proper attenuation of Wnt signaling in differentiating MEFs. Upon induction of adipogenesis program, Rab8a- and Rab8b-deficient MEFs exhibited severely defective lipid-droplet formation and abnormal cilia morphology, despite overall intact cilia growth and ciliary cargo transport. Our results suggest that intracellular Rab8 traffic regulates induction of adipogenesis via proper positioning of Wnt receptors for signaling control in mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Stypulkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ivor Joseph
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Victoria Farrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Juan Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ryotaro Sakamori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jiaxin Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Soumyashree Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Radek Dobrowolski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Miao-Hsueh Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
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Hsueh YC, Hodgkinson CP, Gomez JA. The role of Sfrp and DKK proteins in cardiomyocyte development. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14678. [PMID: 33587322 PMCID: PMC7883806 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the role of Wnt proteins in cardiomyogenesis. More specifically, we focus on how the development of cardiomyocytes from precursor cells involves a complex interplay between Wnt canonical β-catenin signaling pathways and Wnt noncanonical signaling pathways involving PCP and JNK. We also describe recent literature which suggests that endogenous Wnt inhibitors such as the Sfrp and DKK proteins play important roles in regulating the cardiomyocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chang Hsueh
- Mandel Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and the Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Conrad P Hodgkinson
- Mandel Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and the Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jose A Gomez
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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5
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Zhong ZA, Michalski MN, Stevens PD, Sall EA, Williams BO. Regulation of Wnt receptor activity: Implications for therapeutic development in colon cancer. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100782. [PMID: 34000297 PMCID: PMC8214085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of Wnt/β-catenin (canonical) signaling in colorectal cancers (CRCs) was identified in the 1990s. Most CRC patients have mutations in genes that encode components of the Wnt pathway. Inactivating mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, which encodes a protein necessary for β-catenin degradation, are by far the most prevalent. Other Wnt signaling components are mutated in a smaller proportion of CRCs; these include a FZD-specific ubiquitin E3 ligase known as ring finger protein 43 that removes FZDs from the cell membrane. Our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic landscape of CRC has grown exponentially because of contributions from high-throughput sequencing projects such as The Cancer Genome Atlas. Despite this, no Wnt modulators have been successfully developed for CRC-targeted therapies. In this review, we will focus on the Wnt receptor complex, and speculate on recent discoveries about ring finger protein 43regulating Wnt receptors in CRCs. We then review the current debate on a new APC-Wnt receptor interaction model with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong A Zhong
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Megan N Michalski
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Payton D Stevens
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily A Sall
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Bart O Williams
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.
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6
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WNT-β-catenin signalling - a versatile player in kidney injury and repair. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 17:172-184. [PMID: 32989282 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-00343-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The WNT-β-catenin system is an evolutionary conserved signalling pathway that is of particular importance for morphogenesis and cell organization during embryogenesis. The system is usually suppressed in adulthood; however, it can be re-activated in organ injury and regeneration. WNT-deficient mice display severe kidney defects at birth. Transient WNT-β-catenin activation stimulates tissue regeneration after acute kidney injury, whereas sustained (uncontrolled) WNT-β-catenin signalling promotes kidney fibrosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD), podocyte injury and proteinuria, persistent tissue damage during acute kidney injury and cystic kidney diseases. Additionally, WNT-β-catenin signalling is involved in CKD-associated vascular calcification and mineral bone disease. The WNT-β-catenin pathway is tightly regulated, for example, by proteins of the Dickkopf (DKK) family. In particular, DKK3 is released by 'stressed' tubular epithelial cells; DKK3 drives kidney fibrosis and is associated with short-term risk of CKD progression and acute kidney injury. Thus, targeting the WNT-β-catenin pathway might represent a promising therapeutic strategy in kidney injury and associated complications.
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7
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Doubravská L, Dostál V, Knop F, Libusová L, Macůrková M. Human myotubularin-related protein 9 regulates ER-to-Golgi trafficking and modulates WNT3A secretion. Exp Cell Res 2020; 386:111709. [PMID: 31704058 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of phosphatidylinositol phosphates plays a crucial role in signal transduction, membrane trafficking or autophagy. Members of the myotubularin family of lipid phosphatases contribute to phosphoinositide metabolism by counteracting the activity of phosphoinositide kinases. The mechanisms determining their subcellular localization and targeting to specific membrane compartments are still poorly understood. We show here that the inactive phosphatase MTMR9 localizes to the intermediate compartment and to the Golgi apparatus and is able to recruit its active phosphatase partners MTMR6 and MTMR8 to these locations. Furthermore, MTMR8 and MTMR9 co-localize with the small GTPase RAB1A and regulate its localization. Loss of MTMR9 expression compromises the integrity of the Golgi apparatus and results in altered distribution of RAB1A and actin nucleation-promoting factor WHAMM. Loss or overexpression of MTMR9 leads to decreased rate of protein secretion. We demonstrate that secretion of physiologically relevant cargo exemplified by the WNT3A protein is affected after perturbation of MTMR9 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Doubravská
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Dostál
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Knop
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Libusová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Macůrková
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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8
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Foulquier S, Daskalopoulos EP, Lluri G, Hermans KCM, Deb A, Blankesteijn WM. WNT Signaling in Cardiac and Vascular Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:68-141. [PMID: 29247129 PMCID: PMC6040091 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.013896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT signaling is an elaborate and complex collection of signal transduction pathways mediated by multiple signaling molecules. WNT signaling is critically important for developmental processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and tissue patterning. Little WNT signaling activity is present in the cardiovascular system of healthy adults, but reactivation of the pathway is observed in many pathologies of heart and blood vessels. The high prevalence of these pathologies and their significant contribution to human disease burden has raised interest in WNT signaling as a potential target for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we first will focus on the constituents of the pathway and their regulation and the different signaling routes. Subsequently, the role of WNT signaling in cardiovascular development is addressed, followed by a detailed discussion of its involvement in vascular and cardiac disease. After highlighting the crosstalk between WNT, transforming growth factor-β and angiotensin II signaling, and the emerging role of WNT signaling in the regulation of stem cells, we provide an overview of drugs targeting the pathway at different levels. From the combined studies we conclude that, despite the sometimes conflicting experimental data, a general picture is emerging that excessive stimulation of WNT signaling adversely affects cardiovascular pathology. The rapidly increasing collection of drugs interfering at different levels of WNT signaling will allow the evaluation of therapeutic interventions in the pathway in relevant animal models of cardiovascular diseases and eventually in patients in the near future, translating the outcomes of the many preclinical studies into a clinically relevant context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Foulquier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
| | - Evangelos P Daskalopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
| | - Gentian Lluri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
| | - Kevin C M Hermans
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
| | - Arjun Deb
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
| | - W Matthijs Blankesteijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
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Rapp J, Jaromi L, Kvell K, Miskei G, Pongracz JE. WNT signaling - lung cancer is no exception. Respir Res 2017; 18:167. [PMID: 28870231 PMCID: PMC5584342 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial discovery of the oncogenic activity of WNT ligands our understanding of the complex roles for WNT signaling pathways in lung cancers has increased substantially. In the current review, the various effects of activation and inhibition of the WNT signaling pathways are summarized in the context of lung carcinogenesis. Recent evidence regarding WNT ligand transport mechanisms, the role of WNT signaling in lung cancer angiogenesis and drug transporter regulation and the importance of microRNA and posttranscriptional regulation of WNT signaling are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Rapp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Luca Jaromi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Krisztian Kvell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Miskei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Judit E. Pongracz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Sadigh-Eteghad S, Askari-Nejad MS, Mahmoudi J, Majdi A. Cargo trafficking in Alzheimer’s disease: the possible role of retromer. Neurol Sci 2015; 37:17-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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11
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Protein kinase CK2 is required for Wntless internalization and Wnt secretion. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2601-5. [PMID: 25178265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Wnt proteins are lipid modified signaling molecules that have essential functions in development and adult tissue homeostasis. Secretion of Wnt is mediated by the transmembrane protein Wntless, which binds Wnt and transports it from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface for release. To maintain efficient Wnt secretion, Wntless is recycled back to the Golgi and the endoplasmic reticulum through endocytosis and retromer dependent endosome to Golgi transport. We have previously identified protein kinase CK2 (CK2) in a genome-wide screen for regulators of Wnt signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we show that CK2 function is required in Wnt producing cells for Wnt secretion. This function is evolutionarily conserved, as inhibition of CK2 activity interferes with Wnt5a secretion from mammalian cells. Mechanistically, we show that inhibition of CK2 function results in enhanced plasma membrane localization of Wls in C. elegans and mammalian cells, consistent with the notion that CK2 is involved in the regulation of Wls internalization.
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12
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Lin SS, Ueng SW, Niu CC, Yuan LJ, Yang CY, Chen WJ, Lee MS, Chen JK. Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:56. [PMID: 24568330 PMCID: PMC3938030 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperbaric oxygenation was shown to increase bone healing in a rabbit model. However, little is known about the regulatory factors and molecular mechanism involved.We hypothesized that the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on bone formation is mediated via increases in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which are regulated by Wnt signaling. Methods The phenotypic characterization of the MSCs was analyzed by flow cytometric analysis. To investigate the effects of HBO on Wnt signaling and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, mRNA and protein levels of Wnt3a, beta-catenin, GSK-3beta, Runx 2, as well as alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition, and the intensity of von Kossa staining were analyzed after HBO treatment. To investigate the effects of HBO on Wnt processing and secretion, the expression of Wntless and vacuolar ATPases were quantified after HBO treatment. Results Cells expressed MSC markers such as CD105, CD146, and STRO-1. The mRNA and protein levels of Wnt3a, β-catenin, and Runx 2 were up-regulated, while GSK-3β was down-regulated after HBO treatment. Western blot analysis showed an increased β-catenin translocation with a subsequent stimulation of the expression of target genes after HBO treatment. The above observation was confirmed by small interfering (si)RNA treatment. HBO significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition, and the intensity of von Kossa staining of osteogenically differentiated MSCs. We further showed that HBO treatment increased the expression of Wntless, a retromer trafficking protein, and vacuolar ATPases to stimulate Wnt processing and secretion, and the effect was confirmed by siRNA treatment. Conclusions HBO treatment increased osteogenic differentiation of MSCs via regulating Wnt processing, secretion, and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan-Kan Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, 333 Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Lin SS, Ueng SWN, Niu CC, Yuan LJ, Yang CY, Chen WJ, Lee MS, Chen JK. Hyperbaric oxygen promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells by regulating Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling--an in vitro and in vivo study. Stem Cell Res 2014; 12:260-74. [PMID: 24291646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on bone formation is increased via osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), which is regulated by Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling. Our in vitro data showed that HBO increased cell proliferation, Wnt3a production, LRP6 phosphorylation, and cyclin D1 expression in osteogenically differentiated BMSCs. The mRNA and protein levels of Wnt3a, β-catenin, and Runx2 were upregulated while those of GSK-3β were downregulated after HBO treatment. The relative density ratio (phospho-protein/protein) of Akt and GSK-3β was both up-regulated while that of β-catenin was down-regulated after HBO treatment. We next investigated whether HBO affects the accumulation of β-catenin. Our Western blot analysis showed increased levels of translocated β-catenin that stimulated the expression of target genes after HBO treatment. HBO increased TCF-dependent transcription, Runx2 promoter/Luc gene activity, and the expression of osteogenic markers of BMSCs, such as alkaline phosphatase activity, type I collagen, osteocalcin, calcium, and the intensity of Alizarin Red staining. HBO dose dependently increased the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP2) and osterix production. We further demonstrated that HBO increased the expression of vacuolar-ATPases, which stimulated Wnt3a secretion from BMSCs. Finally, we showed that the beneficial effects of HBO on bone formation were related to Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling in a rabbit model by histology, mechanical testing, and immunohistochemical assays. Accordingly, we concluded that HBO increased the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by regulating Wnt3a secretion and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Shu Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Orthopaedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Steve W N Ueng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Niu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jen Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Yung Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jer Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mel S Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Kan Chen
- Department of Physiology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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14
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de Groot REA, Farin HF, Macůrková M, van Es JH, Clevers HC, Korswagen HC. Retromer dependent recycling of the Wnt secretion factor Wls is dispensable for stem cell maintenance in the mammalian intestinal epithelium. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76971. [PMID: 24130821 PMCID: PMC3793972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In C. elegans and Drosophila, retromer mediated retrograde transport of Wntless (Wls) from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is required for Wnt secretion. When this retrograde transport pathway is blocked, Wls is missorted to lysosomes and degraded, resulting in reduced Wnt secretion and various Wnt related phenotypes. In the mammalian intestine, Wnt signaling is essential to maintain stem cells. This prompted us to ask if retromer mediated Wls recycling is also important for Wnt signaling and stem cell maintenance in this system. To answer this question, we generated a conditional Vps35fl allele. As Vps35 is an essential subunit of the retromer complex, this genetic tool allowed us to inducibly interfere with retromer function in the intestinal epithelium. Using a pan-intestinal epithelial Cre line (Villin-CreERT2), we did not observe defects in crypt or villus morphology after deletion of Vps35 from the intestinal epithelium. Wnt secreted from the mesenchyme of the intestine may compensate for a reduction in epithelial Wnt secretion. To exclude the effect of the mesenchyme, we generated intestinal organoid cultures. Loss of Vps35 in intestinal organoids did not affect the overall morphology of the organoids. We were able to culture Vps35∆/∆ organoids for many passages without Wnt supplementation in the growth medium. However, Wls protein levels were reduced and we observed a subtle growth defect in the Vps35∆/∆ organoids. These results confirm the role of retromer in the retrograde trafficking of Wls in the intestine, but show that retromer mediated Wls recycling is not essential to maintain Wnt signaling or stem cell proliferation in the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinoud E. A. de Groot
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henner F. Farin
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Macůrková
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Johan H. van Es
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C. Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik C. Korswagen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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15
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Regard JB, Zhong Z, Williams BO, Yang Y. Wnt signaling in bone development and disease: making stronger bone with Wnts. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:4/12/a007997. [PMID: 23209148 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The skeleton as an organ is widely distributed throughout the entire vertebrate body. Wnt signaling has emerged to play major roles in almost all aspects of skeletal development and homeostasis. Because abnormal Wnt signaling causes various human skeletal diseases, Wnt signaling has become a focal point of intensive studies in skeletal development and disease. As a result, promising effective therapeutic agents for bone diseases are being developed by targeting the Wnt signaling pathway. Understanding the functional mechanisms of Wnt signaling in skeletal biology and diseases highlights how basic and clinical studies can stimulate each other to push a quick and productive advancement of the entire field. Here we review the current understanding of Wnt signaling in critical aspects of skeletal biology such as bone development, remodeling, mechanotransduction, and fracture healing. We took special efforts to place fundamentally important discoveries in the context of human skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean B Regard
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Elucidating the sources of β-catenin dynamics in human neural progenitor cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42792. [PMID: 22952611 PMCID: PMC3431164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) form a new prospect for replacement therapies in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is known to be involved in the differentiation process of hNPCs. RVM cells form a common cell model of hNPCs for in vitro investigation. Previous observations in RVM cells raise the question of whether observed kinetics of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in later differentiation phases are subject to self-induced signaling. However, a concern when investigating RVM cells is that experimental results are possibly biased by the asynchrony of cells w.r.t. the cell cycle. In this paper, we present, based on experimental data, a computational modeling study on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in RVM cell populations asynchronously distributed w.r.t. to their cell cycle phases. Therefore, we derive a stochastic model of the pathway in single cells from the reference model in literature and extend it by means of cell populations and cell cycle asynchrony. Based on this, we show that the impact of the cell cycle asynchrony on wet-lab results that average over cell populations is negligible. We then further extend our model and the thus-obtained simulation results provide additional evidence that self-induced Wnt signaling occurs in RVM cells. We further report on significant stochastic effects that directly result from model parameters provided in literature and contradict experimental observations.
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17
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Meinhardt H. Turing's theory of morphogenesis of 1952 and the subsequent discovery of the crucial role of local self-enhancement and long-range inhibition. Interface Focus 2012; 2:407-16. [PMID: 23919125 PMCID: PMC3363033 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2011.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In his pioneering work, Alan Turing showed that de novo pattern formation is possible if two substances interact that differ in their diffusion range. Since then, we have shown that pattern formation is possible if, and only if, a self-enhancing reaction is coupled with an antagonistic process of longer range. Knowing this crucial condition has enabled us to include nonlinear interactions, which are required to design molecularly realistic interactions. Different reaction schemes and their relation to Turing's proposal are discussed and compared with more recent observations on the molecular-genetic level. The antagonistic reaction may be accomplished by an inhibitor that is produced in the activated region or by a depletion of a component that is used up during the self-enhancing reaction. The autocatalysis may be realized by an inhibition of an inhibition. Activating molecules can be processed into molecules that have an inhibiting function; patterning of the Wnt pathway is proposed to depend on such a mechanism. Three-component systems, as discussed in Turing's paper, are shown to play a major role in the generation of highly dynamic patterns that never reach a stable state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Meinhardt
- Max Planck Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Abstract
Wnt genes are important regulators of embryogenesis and cell differentiation in vertebrates and insects. New data revealed by comparative genomics have now shown that members of the Wnt signaling pathway can be found in all clades of metazoans, but not in fungi, plants, or unicellular eukaryotes. This article focuses on new data from recent genomic analyses of several basal metazoan organisms, providing evidence that the Wnt pathway was a primordial signaling pathway during evolution. The formation of a Wnt signaling center at the site of gastrulation was instrumental for the formation of a primary, anterior-posterior body axis, which can be traced throughout animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Holstein
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Holzer T, Liffers K, Rahm K, Trageser B, Ozbek S, Gradl D. Live imaging of active fluorophore labelled Wnt proteins. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1638-44. [PMID: 22554900 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For almost 30 years, Wnt proteins have been known as key regulators of many developmental decisions, including the formation of the embryonic axes, patterning of the CNS, limb bud outgrowth and segment polarity. However, live cell imaging of active Wnt proteins was rarely reported. Here, we have generated a Wnt2b-EGFP fusion protein that retains functionality in bona fide Wnt activity assays, although the secreted protein is rapidly cleaved by extracellular proteases. We can show with this new tool that Wnt2b-EGFP moves along the microtubules of Wnt producing cells and that this directed movement is essential for the secretion of active Wnt protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Holzer
- Zoological Institute II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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20
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Harterink M, Korswagen HC. Dissecting the Wnt secretion pathway: key questions on the modification and intracellular trafficking of Wnt proteins. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 204:8-16. [PMID: 21439025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt family of signalling proteins has essential functions in development and adult tissue homoeostasis throughout the animal kingdom. Although signalling cascades triggered by Wnt proteins have been extensively studied, much remains to be learned about how Wnts are produced and secreted. Over the past few years, it has become clear that the secretion of Wnt proteins requires a specialized trafficking pathway. As this pathway has been discussed in two recent reviews (Lorenowicz & Korswagen 2009, Port & Basler 2010), we will focus our discussion on the key questions that need to be addressed to gain a more complete understanding of the mechanism and regulation of this essential secretion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harterink
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Cullen PJ, Korswagen HC. Sorting nexins provide diversity for retromer-dependent trafficking events. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 14:29-37. [PMID: 22193161 PMCID: PMC3613977 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sorting nexins are a large family of evolutionarily conserved phosphoinositide-binding proteins that have fundamental roles in orchestrating cargo sorting through the membranous maze that is the endosomal network. One ancient group of complexes that contain sorting nexins is the retromer. Here we discuss how retromer complexes regulate endosomal sorting, and describe how this is generating exciting new insight into the central role played by endosomal sorting in development and homeostasis of normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Cullen
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Hendrik C. Korswagen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Galli LM, Burrus LW. Differential palmit(e)oylation of Wnt1 on C93 and S224 residues has overlapping and distinct consequences. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26636. [PMID: 22046319 PMCID: PMC3202554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the mechanisms by which cytosolic/intracellular proteins are regulated by the post-translational addition of palmitate adducts is well understood, little is known about how this lipid modification affects secreted ligands, such as Wnts. Here we use mutational analysis to show that differential modification of the two known palmit(e)oylated residues of Wnt1, C93 and S224, has both overlapping and distinct consequences. Though the relative roles of each residue are similar with respect to stability and secretion, two distinct biological assays in L cells show that modification of C93 primarily modulates signaling via a ß-catenin independent pathway while S224 is crucial for ß-catenin dependent signaling. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of Porcupine (Porcn), an upstream regulator of Wnt, by IWP1, specifically inhibited ß-catenin dependent signaling. Consistent with these observations, mapping of amino acids in peptide domains containing C93 and S224 demonstrate that acylation of C93 is likely to be Porcn-independent while that of S224 is Porcn-dependent. Cumulatively, our data strongly suggest that C93 and S224 are modified by distinct enzymes and that the differential modification of these sites has the potential to influence Wnt signaling pathway choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Galli
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Laura W. Burrus
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Abstract
Bidirectional traffic between the Golgi apparatus and the endosomal system sustains the functions of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) in secretion and organelle biogenesis. Export of cargo from the TGN via anterograde trafficking pathways depletes the organelle of sorting receptors, processing proteases, SNARE molecules, and other factors, and these are subsequently retrieved from endosomes via the retrograde pathway. Recent studies indicate that retrograde trafficking is vital to early metazoan development, nutrient homeostasis, and for processes that protect against Alzheimer's and other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Burd
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA.
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24
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Harterink M, Port F, Lorenowicz MJ, McGough IJ, Silhankova M, Betist MC, van Weering JRT, van Heesbeen RGHP, Middelkoop TC, Basler K, Cullen PJ, Korswagen HC. A SNX3-dependent retromer pathway mediates retrograde transport of the Wnt sorting receptor Wntless and is required for Wnt secretion. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:914-923. [PMID: 21725319 PMCID: PMC4052212 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wnt proteins are lipid-modified glycoproteins that play a central role in development, adult tissue homeostasis and disease. Secretion of Wnt proteins is mediated by the Wnt-binding protein Wntless (Wls), which transports Wnt from the Golgi network to the cell surface for release. It has recently been shown that recycling of Wls through a retromer-dependent endosome-to-Golgi trafficking pathway is required for efficient Wnt secretion, but the mechanism of this retrograde transport pathway is poorly understood. Here, we report that Wls recycling is mediated through a retromer pathway that is independent of the retromer sorting nexins SNX1-SNX2 and SNX5-SNX6. We have found that the unrelated sorting nexin, SNX3, has an evolutionarily conserved function in Wls recycling and Wnt secretion and show that SNX3 interacts directly with the cargo-selective subcomplex of the retromer to sort Wls into a morphologically distinct retrieval pathway. These results demonstrate that SNX3 is part of an alternative retromer pathway that functionally separates the retrograde transport of Wls from other retromer cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Harterink
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fillip Port
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena J. Lorenowicz
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ian J. McGough
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signaling Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Silhankova
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C. Betist
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan R. T. van Weering
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signaling Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Roy G. H. P. van Heesbeen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Teije C. Middelkoop
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Konrad Basler
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J. Cullen
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signaling Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik C. Korswagen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Doubravska L, Krausova M, Gradl D, Vojtechova M, Tumova L, Lukas J, Valenta T, Pospichalova V, Fafilek B, Plachy J, Sebesta O, Korinek V. Fatty acid modification of Wnt1 and Wnt3a at serine is prerequisite for lipidation at cysteine and is essential for Wnt signalling. Cell Signal 2011; 23:837-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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26
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Schulte G. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXX. The class Frizzled receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:632-67. [PMID: 21079039 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor class Frizzled, which has recently been categorized as a separate group of G protein-coupled receptors by the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, consists of 10 Frizzleds (FZD(1-10)) and Smoothened (SMO). The FZDs are activated by secreted lipoglycoproteins of the Wingless/Int-1 (WNT) family, whereas SMO is indirectly activated by the Hedgehog (HH) family of proteins acting on the transmembrane protein Patched (PTCH). Recent years have seen major advances in our knowledge about these seven-transmembrane-spanning proteins, including: receptor function, molecular mechanisms of signal transduction, and the receptor's role in embryonic patterning, physiology, cancer, and other diseases. Despite intense efforts, many question marks and challenges remain in mapping receptor-ligand interaction, signaling routes, mechanisms of specificity and how these molecular details underlie disease and also the receptor's important role in physiology. This review therefore focuses on the molecular aspects of WNT/FZD and HH/SMO signaling discussing receptor structure, mechanisms of signal transduction, accessory proteins, receptor dynamics, and the possibility of targeting these signaling pathways pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Abstract
Wnt signaling is one of the most important developmental signaling pathways that controls cell fate decisions and tissue patterning during early embryonic and later development. It is activated by highly conserved Wnt proteins that are secreted as palmitoylated glycoproteins and act as morphogens to form a concentration gradient across a developing tissue. Wnt proteins regulate transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes depending on the distance of their origin and activate distinct intracellular cascades, commonly referred to as canonical (β-catenin-dependent) and noncanonical (β-catenin-independent) pathways. Therefore, the secretion and the diffusion of Wnt proteins needs to be tightly regulated to induce short- and long-range downstream signaling. Even though the Wnt signaling cascade has been studied intensively, key aspects and principle mechanisms, such as transport of Wnt growth factors or regulation of signaling specificity between different Wnt pathways, remain unresolved. Here, we introduce basic principles of Wnt/Wg signal transduction and highlight recent discoveries, such as the involvement of vacuolar ATPases and vesicular acidification in Wnt signaling. We also discuss recent findings regarding posttranslational modifications of Wnts, trafficking through the secretory pathway and developmental consequences of impaired Wnt secretion. Understanding the detailed mechanism and regulation of Wnt protein secretion will provide valuable insights into many human diseases based on overactivated Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Buechling
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg
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28
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Anitei M, Wassmer T, Stange C, Hoflack B. Bidirectional transport between the trans-Golgi network and the endosomal system. Mol Membr Biol 2010; 27:443-56. [DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2010.522601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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29
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Stenmark H. The Sir Hans Krebs Lecture. How a lipid mediates tumour suppression. Delivered on 29 June 2010 at the 35th FEBS Congress in Gothenburg, Sweden. FEBS J 2010; 277:4837-48. [PMID: 20977678 PMCID: PMC3015057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated derivatives of the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), known as phosphoinositides (PIs), regulate membrane-proximal cellular processes by recruiting specific protein effectors involved in cell signalling, membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal dynamics. Two PIs that are generated through the activities of distinct PI 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are of special interest in cancer research. PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃, generated by class I PI3Ks, functions as tumour promotor by recruiting effectors involved in cell survival, proliferation, growth and motility. Conversely, there is evidence that PtdIns3P, generated by class III PI3K, functions in tumour suppression. Three subunits of the class III PI3K complex (Beclin 1, UVRAG and BIF-1) have been independently identified as tumour suppressors in mice and humans, and their mechanism of action in this context has been proposed to entail activation of autophagy, a catabolic pathway that is considered to mediate tumour suppression by scavenging damaged organelles that would otherwise cause DNA instability through the production of reactive oxygen species. Recent studies have revealed two additional functions of PtdIns3P that might contribute to its tumour suppressor activity. The first involves endosomal sorting and lysosomal downregulation of mitogenic receptors. The second involves regulation of cytokinesis, which is the final stage of cell division. Further elucidation of the mechanisms of tumour suppression mediated by class III PI3K and PtdIns3P will identify novel Achilles' heels of the cell's defence against tumourigenesis and will be useful in the search for prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
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30
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Chronic cadmium exposure induces transcriptional activation of the Wnt pathway and upregulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers in mouse kidney. Toxicol Lett 2010; 198:69-76. [PMID: 20478370 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The transition metal cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant which damages the kidneys. Chronic Cd exposure may induce renal fibrosis and/or cancer, but the signaling pathways involved are not understood. The Wnt pathway is a key signaling cascade responsible for renal development, fibrosis and cancer. Hence the effect of chronic in vivo Cd exposure (100 mg/l drinking water for 12 weeks) on transcriptional activation of the Wnt pathway and markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was investigated in mouse kidneys. Cd exposure increased kidney Cd content from 0.023+/-0.001 microg/g to 61+/-7 microg/g wet weight (means+/-S.D. of 6-7 animals). This was accompanied by increased expression of Wnt ligands (Wnt3a/6/7a/7b/9a/9b/10a/11), as determined by RT-PCR. The Wnt receptors Frizzled (Fz1/2/4,5,7-10) were also upregulated, as were the co-receptors low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5/6. Immunoblots with Wnt10a and Fz7 antibodies also revealed increased protein expression induced by Cd exposure. In contrast, Wnt antagonists were largely unaffected. Upregulation of Wnt signaling components induced by Cd was corroborated by increased expression of Wnt target genes, i.e. cell proliferation and survival genes c-Myc, cyclin D1 and the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein Abcb1b, which promote malignancy. Lastly the EMT markers Twist, fibronectin and collagen I, but not alpha-smooth muscle actin, were also upregulated, suggesting that Cd-induced changes of renal epithelial tissue characteristics towards fibrosis and cancer may be mediated by Wnt signaling.
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