1
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Regard JB, Harrison TJ, Axford J, Axford L, Lee L, Ren X, Deng L, Reynolds A, Mao J, Liu Q, Patnaik A, Cohick E, Hollis-Symynkywicz M, Loi S, Riek S, McKeever U, Dunstan D, Sung M, Ware NF, Brown AP, Hamann LG, Marcinkeviciene J, Patterson AW, Marro ML. Discovery of a novel, highly potent and orally bioavailable pyrrolidinone indole series of irreversible Myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115418. [PMID: 36693437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme-containing peroxidase from phagocytic cells, which plays an important role in the innate immune response. The primary anti-microbial function of MPO is achieved by catalyzing the oxidation of halides by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Upon activation of phagocytes, MPO activity is detectable in both phagosomes and extracellularly, where it can remain or transcytose into interstitial compartments. Activated MPO leads to oxidative stress and tissue damage in many inflammatory states, including cardiovascular disease. Starting from a low molecular weight (LMW) high throughput screening (HTS) hit, here we report the discovery of a novel pyrrolidinone indole (IN-4) as a highly potent MPO inhibitor. This compound displays similar in vitro potency across peroxidation, plasma and NETosis assays. In a dilution/dialysis study, <5% of the original MPO activity was detected post-incubation of MPO with IN-4, suggesting irreversible enzyme inhibition. A fast MPO inactivation rate (kinact/Ki) and low partition ratio (k3/k4) make IN-4 kinetic properties attractive for an MPO inhibitor. This compound also displays significant selectivity over the closely related thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and is selective for extracellular MPO over intracellular (neutrophil) MPO. Moreover, IN-4 shows good exposure, low clearance and high oral bioavailability in mice, rats and dogs. The high in vitro MPO activity and high oral exposure observed with IN-4 result in a dose-dependent inhibition of MPO activity in three mouse models of inflammation. In conclusion, IN-4 is a novel, potent, mechanism-based and selective MPO inhibitor, which may be used as superior therapeutic agent to treat multiple inflammatory conditions, including cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean B Regard
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jake Axford
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura Axford
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Lac Lee
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xianglin Ren
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Justin Mao
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qian Liu
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Evan Cohick
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sally Loi
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simone Riek
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Switzlerland
| | - Una McKeever
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Switzlerland
| | | | - MooJe Sung
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alan P Brown
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Fabrikstrasse 2 Novartis Campus, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Martin L Marro
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
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2
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Patnaik A, Axford L, Deng L, Cohick E, Ren X, Loi S, Kecman S, Hollis-Symynkywicz M, Harrison TJ, Papillon JPN, Dales N, Hamann LG, Lee L, Regard JB, Marcinkeviciene J, Marro ML, Patterson AW. Discovery of a novel indole pharmacophore for the irreversible inhibition of myeloperoxidase (MPO). Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115548. [PMID: 32503688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and subsequent generation of hypochlorous acid has been associated with the killing of host-invading microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, viruses, and fungi). However, during oxidative stress, high MPO activity can damage host tissue and is linked to several chronic inflammatory conditions. Herein, we describe the development of a novel biaryl, indole-pyrazole series of irreversible mechanism-based inhibitors of MPO. Derived from an indole-containing high-throughput screen hit, optimization efforts resulted in potent and selective 6-substituted indoles with good oral bioavailability and in vivo activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Patnaik
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
| | - Laura Axford
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Lin Deng
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Evan Cohick
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Xianglin Ren
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Sally Loi
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Sam Kecman
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Micah Hollis-Symynkywicz
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Tyler J Harrison
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Julien P N Papillon
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Natalie Dales
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Lawrence G Hamann
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Lac Lee
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Jean B Regard
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Jovita Marcinkeviciene
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Martin L Marro
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Andrew W Patterson
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
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3
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Marro ML, Patterson AW, Lee L, Deng L, Reynolds A, Ren X, Axford L, Patnaik A, Hollis-Symynkywicz M, Casson N, Custeau D, Ames L, Loi S, Zhang L, Honda T, Blank J, Harrison TJ, Papillon JPN, Hamann LG, Marcinkeviciene J, Regard JB. Discovery of 1-((6-Aminopyridin-3-yl)Methyl)-3-(4-Bromophenyl)Urea as a Potent, Irreversible Myeloperoxidase Inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:147-154. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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4
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Abstract
The skeleton as an organ is widely distributed throughout the entire vertebrate body. Wnt signaling has emerged to play major roles in almost all aspects of skeletal development and homeostasis. Because abnormal Wnt signaling causes various human skeletal diseases, Wnt signaling has become a focal point of intensive studies in skeletal development and disease. As a result, promising effective therapeutic agents for bone diseases are being developed by targeting the Wnt signaling pathway. Understanding the functional mechanisms of Wnt signaling in skeletal biology and diseases highlights how basic and clinical studies can stimulate each other to push a quick and productive advancement of the entire field. Here we review the current understanding of Wnt signaling in critical aspects of skeletal biology such as bone development, remodeling, mechanotransduction, and fracture healing. We took special efforts to place fundamentally important discoveries in the context of human skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean B Regard
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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5
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Camerer E, Barker A, Duong DN, Ganesan R, Kataoka H, Cornelissen I, Darragh MR, Hussain A, Zheng YW, Srinivasan Y, Brown C, Xu SM, Regard JB, Lin CY, Craik CS, Kirchhofer D, Coughlin SR. Local protease signaling contributes to neural tube closure in the mouse embryo. Dev Cell 2010; 18:25-38. [PMID: 20152175 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report an unexpected role for protease signaling in neural tube closure and the formation of the central nervous system. Mouse embryos lacking protease-activated receptors 1 and 2 showed defective hindbrain and posterior neuropore closure and developed exencephaly and spina bifida, important human congenital anomalies. Par1 and Par2 were expressed in surface ectoderm, and Par2 was expressed selectively along the line of closure. Ablation of G(i/z) and Rac1 function in these Par2-expressing cells disrupted neural tube closure, further implicating G protein-coupled receptors and identifying a likely effector pathway. Cluster analysis of protease and Par2 expression patterns revealed a group of membrane-tethered proteases often coexpressed with Par2. Among these, matriptase activated Par2 with picomolar potency, and hepsin and prostasin activated matriptase. Together, our results suggest a role for protease-activated receptor signaling in neural tube closure and identify a local protease network that may trigger Par2 signaling and monitor and regulate epithelial integrity in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Camerer
- Cardiovasular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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6
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Camerer E, Regard JB, Cornelissen I, Srinivasan Y, Duong DN, Palmer D, Pham TH, Wong JS, Pappu R, Coughlin SR. Sphingosine-1-phosphate in the plasma compartment regulates basal and inflammation-induced vascular leak in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1871-9. [PMID: 19603543 DOI: 10.1172/jci38575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of vascular integrity is critical for homeostasis, and temporally and spatially regulated vascular leak is a central feature of inflammation. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) can regulate endothelial barrier function, but the sources of the S1P that provide this activity in vivo and its importance in modulating different inflammatory responses are unknown. We report here that mutant mice engineered to selectively lack S1P in plasma displayed increased vascular leak and impaired survival after anaphylaxis, administration of platelet-activating factor (PAF) or histamine, and exposure to related inflammatory challenges. Increased leak was associated with increased interendothelial cell gaps in venules and was reversed by transfusion with wild-type erythrocytes (which restored plasma S1P levels) and by acute treatment with an agonist for the S1P receptor 1 (S1pr1). S1pr1 agonist did not protect wild-type mice from PAF-induced leak, consistent with plasma S1P levels being sufficient for S1pr1 activation in wild-type mice. However, an agonist for another endothelial cell Gi-coupled receptor, Par2, did protect wild-type mice from PAF-induced vascular leak, and systemic treatment with pertussis toxin prevented rescue by Par2 agonist and sensitized wild-type mice to leak-inducing stimuli in a manner that resembled the loss of plasma S1P. Our results suggest that the blood communicates with blood vessels via plasma S1P to maintain vascular integrity and regulate vascular leak. This pathway prevents lethal responses to leak-inducing mediators in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Camerer
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California 94158-2517, USA
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7
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Deming CB, Kim AY, Bian CE, Regard JB, Rade JJ. cDNA Cloning of Rabbit Thrombomodulin and Characterization of Gene Expression in Cardiovascular Tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:399-405. [PMID: 15018348 DOI: 10.1080/10425170310001608416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM), a component of the protein C anticoagulant pathway, is critical for the maintenance of vascular thromboresistance. To facilitate the study of in vivo TM regulation, we cloned and sequenced the cDNA encoding full-length rabbit TM. Translation of the open reading frame predicts a 580 amino acid protein that contains a 19 amino acid signal peptide, one lectin-like and six EGF-like extracellular domains, a 23 amino acid transmembrane domain and a 36 amino acid cytoplasmic domain. In addition, there are three potential N-linked and six O-linked glycosylation sites. Comparison of the predicted rabbit TM protein with those of human, mouse and rat reveals 67-72% primary sequence conservation with identical domain homology. TM gene expression was quantified in rabbit cardiovascular tissue by real-time PCR using primers and probe based on the derived cDNA sequence and found to correlate with protein expression as determined by Western blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton B Deming
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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8
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Regard JB, Sato IT, Coughlin SR. Anatomical profiling of G protein-coupled receptor expression. Cell 2008; 135:561-71. [PMID: 18984166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest family of transmembrane signaling molecules and regulate a host of physiological and disease processes. To better understand the functions of GPCRs in vivo, we quantified transcript levels of 353 nonodorant GPCRs in 41 adult mouse tissues. Cluster analysis placed many GPCRs into anticipated anatomical and functional groups and predicted previously unidentified roles for less-studied receptors. From one such prediction, we showed that the Gpr91 ligand succinate can regulate lipolysis in white adipose tissue, suggesting that signaling by this citric acid cycle intermediate may regulate energy homeostasis. We also showed that pairwise analysis of GPCR expression across tissues may help predict drug side effects. This resource will aid studies to understand GPCR function in vivo and may assist in the identification of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean B Regard
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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9
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Regard JB, Kataoka H, Cano DA, Camerer E, Yin L, Zheng YW, Scanlan TS, Hebrok M, Coughlin SR. Probing cell type-specific functions of Gi in vivo identifies GPCR regulators of insulin secretion. J Clin Invest 2008; 117:4034-43. [PMID: 17992256 DOI: 10.1172/jci32994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo roles of the hundreds of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are incompletely understood. To explore these roles, we generated mice expressing the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin, a known inhibitor of G(i/o) signaling, under the control of the ROSA26 locus in a Cre recombinase-dependent manner (ROSA26(PTX)). Crossing ROSA26(PTX) mice to mice expressing Cre in pancreatic beta cells produced offspring with constitutive hyperinsulinemia, increased insulin secretion in response to glucose, and resistance to diet-induced hyperglycemia. This phenotype underscored the known importance of G(i/o) and hence of GPCRs for regulating insulin secretion. Accordingly, we quantified mRNA for each of the approximately 373 nonodorant GPCRs in mouse to identify receptors highly expressed in islets and examined the role of several. We report that 3-iodothyronamine, a thyroid hormone metabolite, could negatively and positively regulate insulin secretion via the G(i)-coupled alpha(2A)-adrenergic receptor and the G(s)-coupled receptor Taar1, respectively, and protease-activated receptor-2 could negatively regulate insulin secretion and may contribute to physiological regulation of glucose metabolism. The ROSA26(PTX) system used in this study represents a new genetic tool to achieve tissue-specific signaling pathway modulation in vivo that can be applied to investigate the role of G(i/o)-coupled GPCRs in multiple cell types and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean B Regard
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Diabetes Center, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143-2240, USA
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10
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Pappu R, Schwab SR, Cornelissen I, Pereira JP, Regard JB, Xu Y, Camerer E, Zheng YW, Huang Y, Cyster JG, Coughlin SR. Promotion of lymphocyte egress into blood and lymph by distinct sources of sphingosine-1-phosphate. Science 2007; 316:295-8. [PMID: 17363629 DOI: 10.1126/science.1139221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 712] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes require sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor-1 to exit lymphoid organs, but the source(s) of extracellular S1P and whether S1P directly promotes egress are unknown. By using mice in which the two kinases that generate S1P were conditionally ablated, we find that plasma S1P is mainly hematopoietic in origin, with erythrocytes a major contributor, whereas lymph S1P is from a distinct radiation-resistant source. Lymphocyte egress from thymus and secondary lymphoid organs was markedly reduced in kinase-deficient mice. Restoration of S1P to plasma rescued egress to blood but not lymph, and the rescue required lymphocyte expression of S1P-receptor-1. Thus, separate sources provide S1P to plasma and lymph to help lymphocytes exit the low-S1P environment of lymphoid organs. Disruption of compartmentalized S1P signaling is a plausible mechanism by which S1P-receptor-1 agonists function as immunosuppressives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajita Pappu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street S472D, San Francisco, CA 94143-2240, USA
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11
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Regard JB, Scheek S, Borbiev T, Lanahan AA, Schneider A, Demetriades AM, Hiemisch H, Barnes CA, Verin AD, Worley PF. Verge: a novel vascular early response gene. J Neurosci 2004; 24:4092-103. [PMID: 15102925 PMCID: PMC6729408 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4252-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelium forms a continuous, semipermeable barrier that regulates the transvascular movement of hormones, macromolecules, and other solutes. Here, we describe a novel immediate early gene that is expressed selectively in vascular endothelial cells, verge (vascular early response gene). Verge protein includes an N-terminal region of approximately 70 amino acids with modest homology (approximately 30% identity) to Apolipoprotein L but is otherwise unique. Verge mRNA and protein are induced selectively in the endothelium of adult vasculature by electrical or chemical seizures. Verge expression appears to be responsive to local tissue conditions, because it is induced in the hemisphere ipsilateral to transient focal cerebral ischemia. In contrast to the transient expression in adult, Verge mRNA and protein are constitutively expressed at high levels in the endothelium of developing tissues (particularly heart) in association with angiogenesis. Verge mRNA is induced in cultured endothelial cells by defined growth factors and hypoxia. Verge protein is dramatically increased by cysteine proteinase inhibitors, suggesting rapid turnover, and is localized to focal regions near the periphery of the cells. Endothelial cell lines that stably express Verge form monolayers that show enhanced permeability in response to activation of protein kinase C by phorbol esters. This response is accompanied by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and the formation of paracellular gaps. These studies suggest that Verge functions as a dynamic regulator of endothelial cell signaling and vascular function.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Brain Ischemia/metabolism
- Cell Hypoxia
- Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme Activators/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Genes, Immediate-Early/genetics
- Growth Substances/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/biosynthesis
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- Organ Specificity
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Seizures/chemically induced
- Seizures/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean B Regard
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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12
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Thinakaran G, Regard JB, Bouton CM, Harris CL, Price DL, Borchelt DR, Sisodia SS. Stable association of presenilin derivatives and absence of presenilin interactions with APP. Neurobiol Dis 1998; 4:438-53. [PMID: 9666482 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.1998.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in two related genes, presenilin 1 and 2 presenilin 2 (PS1 and PS2), cosegregate with Alzheimer's disease. PS1 and PS2 are highly homologous polytopic membrane proteins that are subject to endoproteolytic cleavage in vivo. The resulting N- and C-terminal derivatives are the preponderant PS-related species that accumulate in cultured cells and tissue. In earlier studies, we demonstrated that PS1 N- and C-terminal derivatives accumulate to 1:1 stoichiometry and that the absolute levels of fragments are established by a tightly regulated and saturable mechanism. These findings led to the suggestion that the levels of PS1 derivatives might be determined by their association with limiting cellular components. In this study, we use in situ chemical cross-linking and coimmunoprecipitation analyses to document that the N- and C-terminal derivatives of either PS1 or PS2 can be coisolated. Moreover, and in contrast to published reports which documented that PS1 and PS2 form stable heteromeric assemblies with the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), we have failed to provide evidence for physiological complexes between PS1 and PS2 holoproteins or their derivatives with APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thinakaran
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2196
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