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Aboouf MA, Guscetti F, von Büren N, Armbruster J, Ademi H, Ruetten M, Meléndez-Rodríguez F, Rülicke T, Seymer A, Jacobs RA, Schneider Gasser EM, Aragones J, Neumann D, Gassmann M, Thiersch M. Erythropoietin receptor regulates tumor mitochondrial biogenesis through iNOS and pAKT. Front Oncol 2022; 12:976961. [PMID: 36052260 PMCID: PMC9425774 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.976961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) is widely expressed in healthy and malignant tissues. In certain malignancies, EPOR stimulates tumor growth. In healthy tissues, EPOR controls processes other than erythropoiesis, including mitochondrial metabolism. We hypothesized that EPOR also controls the mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells. To test this hypothesis, we generated EPOR-knockdown cancer cells to grow tumor xenografts in mice and analyzed tumor cellular respiration via high-resolution respirometry. Furthermore, we analyzed cellular respiratory control, mitochondrial content, and regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis in vivo and in vitro in different cancer cell lines. Our results show that EPOR controls tumor growth and mitochondrial biogenesis in tumors by controlling the levels of both, pAKT and inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, we observed that the expression of EPOR is associated with the expression of the mitochondrial marker VDAC1 in tissue arrays of lung cancer patients, suggesting that EPOR indeed helps to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis in tumors of cancer patients. Thus, our data imply that EPOR not only stimulates tumor growth but also regulates tumor metabolism and is a target for direct intervention against progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A. Aboouf
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Franco Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadine von Büren
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Armbruster
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hyrije Ademi
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maja Ruetten
- PathoVet AG, Pathology Diagnostic Laboratory, Tagelswangen, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Rülicke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Seymer
- Department for Sociology and Social Geography, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert A. Jacobs
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Edith M. Schneider Gasser
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center of Neuroscience Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julian Aragones
- Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Drorit Neumann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Thiersch
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Markus Thiersch,
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Dahlberg D, Rummel J, Distante S, De Souza GA, Stensland ME, Mariussen E, Rootwelt H, Voie Ø, Hassel B. Glioblastoma microenvironment contains multiple hormonal and non-hormonal growth-stimulating factors. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:45. [PMID: 35659255 PMCID: PMC9166426 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The growth of malignant tumors is influenced by their microenvironment. Glioblastoma, an aggressive primary brain tumor, may have cysts containing fluid that represents the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the cyst fluid of cystic glioblastomas contains growth-stimulating factors. Identification of such growth factors may pave the way for the development of targeted anti-glioblastoma therapies. Methods We performed hormone analysis of cyst fluid from 25 cystic glioblastomas and proteomics analysis of cyst fluid from another 12 cystic glioblastomas. Results Glioblastoma cyst fluid contained hormones within wide concentration ranges: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (0–13.7 nmol/L), insulin (1.4–133 pmol/L), erythropoietin (4.7–402 IU/L), growth hormone (0–0.93 µg/L), testosterone (0.2–10.1 nmol/L), estradiol (0–1.0 nmol/L), triiodothyronine (1.0–11.5). Tumor volume correlated with cyst fluid concentrations of growth hormone and testosterone. Survival correlated inversely with cyst fluid concentration of erythropoietin. Several hormones were present at concentrations that have been shown to stimulate glioblastoma growth in vitro. Concentrations of erythropoietin and estradiol (in men) were higher in cyst fluid than in serum, suggesting formation by tumor or brain tissue. Quantitatively, glioblastoma cyst fluid was dominated by serum proteins, illustrating blood–brain barrier leakage. Proteomics identified several proteins that stimulate tumor cell proliferation and invasiveness, others that inhibit apoptosis or mediate adaption to hypoxia and some that induce neovascularization or blood–brain barrier leakage. Conclusion The microenvironment of glioblastomas is rich in growth-stimulating factors that may originate from the circulation, the tumor, or the brain. The wide variation in cyst fluid hormone concentrations may differentially influence tumor growth. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00333-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dahlberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, PO box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jutta Rummel
- Department of Neurohabilitation and Complex Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonia Distante
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustavo Antonio De Souza
- Institute of Immunology and Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Maria Ekman Stensland
- Institute of Immunology and Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Mariussen
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway.,Department of Air Quality and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helge Rootwelt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Voie
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Neurohabilitation and Complex Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Tang Z, Yang G, Wang X, Chen F, Liao Z, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Zeng W, Fang M, Wang W, Sun X, Huo G. AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway participates in erythropoietin-promoted glioma proliferation. J Neurooncol 2020; 149:231-242. [PMID: 32909117 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although erythropoietin (EPO) has been proven to significantly promote the proliferation of cancer cells, the mechanism for promoting glioma proliferation is poorly understood. Here, we examined the functional role of the AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway in the EPO-mediated proliferation of glioma. METHODS The distribution of EPO and Ki-67 among clinical samples with different WHO grades was plotted by Immunological Histological Chemistry analysis. U87 and U251 glioma cell lines were treated with short hairpin RNA targeting (shEPO), recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) and/or AKT-specific inhibitor (MK-2206). The changes in phosphorylated AKT, nuclear β-catenin, cyclin D1 and p27kip1 expression were detected. Cell cycle distributions and glioma proliferation in vitro and in vivo were analyzed. RESULTS The expression level of EPO was significantly elevated with the increase of WHO grade and Ki67 in clinical glioma specimens. In vitro, knockdown of endogenous EPO in U87 and U251 cells effectively block the phosphorylation of AKT and GSK-3β and the expression of nuclear β-catenin. shEPO treatment also significantly decreased the expression of cyclin D1 and increased the expression of p27kip1. The cell cycle transition then slowed down and the proliferation of glioma cells or mouse xenograft tumors both decreased. Treatment of cells or tumors with extra rhEPO reversed the above biological effects mediated by shEPO. rhEPO-induced activation of the AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway and proliferation were abolished by MK-2206. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified the AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin axis as a critical mediator of EPO-induced glioma proliferation and further provided a clinically significant dimension to the biology of EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaoshu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Feilan Chen
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhengbu Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zili Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wenxin Zeng
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Min Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Gang Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Impact of Hypoxia on Carbon Ion Therapy in Glioblastoma Cells: Modulation by LET and Hypoxia-Dependent Genes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082019. [PMID: 32718037 PMCID: PMC7464439 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is known to limit the efficacy of ionizing radiations, a concept called oxygen enhancement ratio (OER). OER depends on physical factors such as pO2 and linear energy transfer (LET). Biological pathways, such as the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF), might also modulate the influence of LET on OER. Glioblastoma (GB) is resistant to low-LET radiation (X-rays), due in part to the hypoxic environment in this brain tumor. Here, we aim to evaluate in vitro whether high-LET particles, especially carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT), can overcome the contribution of hypoxia to radioresistance, and whether HIF-dependent genes, such as erythropoietin (EPO), influence GB sensitivity to CIRT. Hypoxia-induced radioresistance was studied in two human GB cells (U251, GL15) exposed to X-rays or to carbon ion beams with various LET (28, 50, 100 keV/µm), and in genetically-modified GB cells with downregulated EPO signaling. Cell survival, radiobiological parameters, cell cycle, and ERK activation were assessed under those conditions. The results demonstrate that, although CIRT is more efficient than X-rays in GB cells, hypoxia can limit CIRT efficacy in a cell-type manner that may involve differences in ERK activation. Using high-LET carbon beams, or targeting hypoxia-dependent genes such as EPO might reduce the effects of hypoxia.
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Torregrossa F, Aguennouz M, La Torre D, Sfacteria A, Grasso G. Role of Erythropoietin in Cerebral Glioma: An Innovative Target in Neuro-Oncology. World Neurosurg 2020; 131:346-355. [PMID: 31658577 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.06.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin (EPO) is a cytokine primarily involved in the regulation of erythropoiesis. In response to hypoxia-ischemia, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 induces EPO production, which, in turn, inhibits apoptosis of erythroid progenitor cells. By the same mechanism and acting through other signaling pathways, EPO exerts neuroprotective effects. Increased resistance to hypoxia and decreased apoptosis are thought to be important mechanisms for tumor progression, including malignant glioma. Because recent studies have demonstrated that EPO and its receptor (EPOR) are expressed in several tumors and can promote tumor growth, in the present study, we investigated EPO and EPOR expression in human glioma and the effect of EPO administration in a rat model of glioma implantation. METHODS Using Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis, we examined the expression of EPO, EPOR, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, and Ki-67 in human glioma specimens and experimentally induced glioma in rats. In the experimental setting, a daily dose of recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) or saline solution were administered for 21 days in Fischer rats subjected to 9L cell line implantation. RESULTS In both human and animal specimens, we found an increase in EPOR expression as long as the lesion presented with an increasing malignant pattern. A significant direct correlation was found between the expression of EPOR and Ki-67 and EPOR and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule in low- and high-grade gliomas. The rats treated with rHuEPO presented with significantly larger tumor spread compared with the saline-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study have shown that the EPO/EPOR complex might play a significant role in the aggressive behavior of high-grade gliomas. The larger tumor spread in rHuEPO-treated rats suggests a feasible role for EPO in the aggressiveness and progression of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Torregrossa
- Neurosurgical Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - M'hammed Aguennouz
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico La Torre
- Neurosurgical Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Grasso
- Neurosurgical Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Peptide Derivatives of Erythropoietin in the Treatment of Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. THERAPEUTIC PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES 2018; 112:309-357. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Ilkovičová L, Trošt N, Szentpéteriová E, Solár P, Komel R, Debeljak N. Overexpression of the erythropoietin receptor in RAMA 37 breast cancer cells alters cell growth and sensitivity to tamoxifen. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:737-746. [PMID: 28714517 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is the main regulator of erythropoiesis, and its receptor (EPOR) is expressed in various tissues, including tumors. Expression of EPOR in breast cancer tissue has been shown to correlate with expression of the estrogen receptor (ER). However, EPOR promotes proliferation in an EPO-independent manner. In patients with breast cancer, EPOR is associated with impaired tamoxifen response in ER-positive tumors, but not in ER-negative tumors. Furthermore, a positive correlation between EPOR/ER status and increased local cancer recurrence has been demonstrated, and EPOR expression is associated with G-protein coupled ER (GPER). Herein, we assessed the effects of EPOR on cell physiology and tamoxifen response in the absence of EPO stimulation using two cell lines that differ only in their EPOR expression status: RAMA 37 cells (low EPOR expression) and RAMA 37-28 cells (high EPOR expression). Alterations in cell growth, morphology, response to tamoxifen cytotoxicity, and EPOR-activated signal transduction were observed. RAMA 37 cells showed higher proliferation capacity without tamoxifen treatment, while RAMA 37-28 cells were more resistant to tamoxifen and proliferated more rapidly in the presence of tamoxifen. EPOR overexpression induced cell-morphology changes upon tamoxifen treatment, which resulted in the production of cell protrusions and subsequent cell death. Short-term treatment with tamoxifen (6 h) prompted RAMA 37 cells to acquired longer protrusions than RAMA 37-28 cells, which indicated a pre-apoptotic stage. Furthermore, prolonged treatment with tamoxifen (72 h) caused a greater reduction in RAMA 37 cell numbers, which indicated a higher rate of cell death. RAMA 37-28 cells showed prolonged activation of AKT signaling. We propose sustained AKT phosphorylation in EPOR-overexpressing cells as a mechanism that can lead to EPOR-induced tamoxifen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Ilkovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Nina Trošt
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Erika Szentpéteriová
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Solár
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Komel
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Debeljak
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Alural B, Ayyildiz ZO, Tufekci KU, Genc S, Genc K. Erythropoietin Promotes Glioblastoma via miR-451 Suppression. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017. [PMID: 28629521 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is an erythropoiesis stimulating growth factor and hormone. EPO has been widely used in the treatment of chronic renal failure, cancer, and chemotherapy-related anemia for three decades. However, many clinical trials showed that EPO treatment may be associated with tumorigenesis and cancer progression. EPO is able to cross blood-brain barriers, and this may lead to an increased possibility of central nervous system tumors such as glioblastoma. Indeed, EPO promotes glioblastoma growth and invasion in animal studies. Additionally, EPO increases glioblastoma cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, and chemoresistancy in vitro. However, the exact mechanisms of cancer progression induced by EPO treatment are not fully understood. Posttranscriptional gene regulation through microRNAs may contribute to EPO's cellular and biological effects in tumor progression. Here, we aimed to study whether tumor suppressive microRNA, miR-451, counteracts the positive effects of EPO on U87 human glioblastoma cell line. Migration and invasion were evaluated by scratch assay and transwell invasion assay, respectively. We found that EPO decreased basal miR-451 expression and increased cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and cisplatin chemoresistancy in vitro. miR-451 overexpression by transfection of its mimic significantly reversed these effects. Furthermore, ectopic expression of miR-451 inhibited expression of its own target genes, such as metalloproteinases-2 and -9, which are stimulated by EPO treatment and involved in carcinogenesis processes, especially invasion. These findings suggest that miR-451 mimic delivery may be useful as adjuvant therapy in addition to chemotherapy and anemia treatment by EPO and should be tested in experimental glioblastoma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begum Alural
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zeynep O Ayyildiz
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kemal U Tufekci
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Sermin Genc
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kursad Genc
- Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Fecková B, Kimáková P, Ilkovičová L, Szentpéteriová E, Debeljak N, Solárová Z, Sačková V, Šemeláková M, Bhide M, Solár P. Far-western blotting as a solution to the non-specificity of the anti-erythropoietin receptor antibody. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1575-1580. [PMID: 27446474 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is a member of the cytokine receptor family. The interaction between erythropoietin (Epo) and EpoR is important for the production and maturation of erythroid cells, resulting in the stimulation of hematopoiesis. The fact that EpoR was also detected in neoplastic cells has opened the question about the relevance of anemia treatment with recombinant Epo in cancer patients. Numerous studies have reported pro-stimulating and anti-apoptotic effects of Epo in cancer cells, thus demonstrating EpoR functionality in these cells. By contrast, a previous study claims the absence of EpoR in tumor cells. This apparent discrepancy is based, according to certain authors, on the use of non-specific anti-EpoR antibodies. With the aim of bypassing the direct detection of EpoR with an anti-EpoR antibody, the present authors propose a far-western blot methodology, which in addition, confirms the interaction of Epo with EpoR. Applying this technique, the presence of EpoR and its interaction with Epo in human ovarian adenocarcinoma A2780 and normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells was confirmed. Furthermore, modified immunoprecipitation of EpoR followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis confirmed a 57 kDa protein as a human Epo-interacting protein in both cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Fecková
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, SK-04154 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Patrícia Kimáková
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, SK-04154 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Lenka Ilkovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, SK-04154 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Erika Szentpéteriová
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, SK-04154 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Nataša Debeljak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zuzana Solárová
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, SK-04001 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Sačková
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, SK-04154 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Šemeláková
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, SK-04154 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, SK-04181 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Solár
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, SK-04154 Košice, Slovak Republic
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Silencing erythropoietin receptor on glioma cells reinforces efficacy of temozolomide and X-rays through senescence and mitotic catastrophe. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2101-19. [PMID: 25544764 PMCID: PMC4385839 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible genes may contribute to therapy resistance in glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive and hypoxic brain tumours. It has been recently reported that erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor (EPOR) are involved in glioma growth. We now investigated whether EPOR signalling may modulate the efficacy of the GBM current treatment based on chemotherapy (temozolomide, TMZ) and radiotherapy (X-rays). Using RNA interference, we showed on glioma cell lines (U87 and U251) that EPOR silencing induces a G2/M cell cycle arrest, consistent with the slowdown of glioma growth induced by EPOR knock-down. In vivo, we also reported that EPOR silencing combined with TMZ treatment is more efficient to delay tumour recurrence and to prolong animal survival compared to TMZ alone. In vitro, we showed that EPOR silencing not only increases the sensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ as well as X-rays but also counteracts the hypoxia-induced chemo- and radioresistance. Silencing EPOR on glioma cells exposed to conventional treatments enhances senescence and induces a robust genomic instability that leads to caspase-dependent mitotic death by increasing the number of polyploid cells and cyclin B1 expression. Overall these data suggest that EPOR could be an attractive target to overcome therapeutic resistance toward ionising radiation or temozolomide.
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Oh JG, Chin YW, Kim SJ, Choi JM, Kim SK, Kang HE, Heo TH. Biphasic Effects of Ingenol 3,20-Dibenzoate on the Erythropoietin Receptor: Synergism at Low Doses and Antagonism at High Doses. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:392-400. [PMID: 26048958 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.097436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate (IDB) is known as a selective novel protein kinase C (PKC) agonist, its biologic actions and underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study, we identified IDB as a proliferative agent for an erythropoietin (EPO)-dependent cell line, UT-7/EPO, through the screening of a natural compound library. To clarify the underlying mechanism of IDB's EPO-like activities, we thoroughly analyzed the mutual relation between EPO and IDB in terms of in vitro and in vivo activities, signaling molecules, and a cellular receptor. IDB substantially induced the proliferation of UT-7/EPO cells, but not as much as EPO. IDB also lessened the anemia induced by 5-fluorouracil in an in vivo mouse model. Interestingly, IDB showed a synergistic effect on EPO at low concentration, but an antagonistic effect at higher concentration. Physical interaction and activation of PKCs by IDB- and EPO-competitive binding of IDB to EPO receptor (EPOR) explain these synergistic and antagonistic activities, respectively. Importantly, we addressed IDB's mechanism of action by demonstrating the direct binding of IDB to PKCs, and by identifying EPOR as a novel molecular target of IDB. Based on these dual targeting properties, IDB holds promise as a new small molecule modulator of EPO-related pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Gyo Oh
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea (J.-G.O., H.E.K., T.-H.H.); College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.C.); Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (S.-J.K.); and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.M.C., S.K.K.)
| | - Young-Won Chin
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea (J.-G.O., H.E.K., T.-H.H.); College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.C.); Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (S.-J.K.); and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.M.C., S.K.K.)
| | - Sung-Jo Kim
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea (J.-G.O., H.E.K., T.-H.H.); College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.C.); Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (S.-J.K.); and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.M.C., S.K.K.)
| | - Jong Min Choi
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea (J.-G.O., H.E.K., T.-H.H.); College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.C.); Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (S.-J.K.); and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.M.C., S.K.K.)
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea (J.-G.O., H.E.K., T.-H.H.); College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.C.); Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (S.-J.K.); and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.M.C., S.K.K.)
| | - Hee Eun Kang
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea (J.-G.O., H.E.K., T.-H.H.); College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.C.); Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (S.-J.K.); and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.M.C., S.K.K.)
| | - Tae-Hwe Heo
- Laboratory of Pharmacoimmunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea (J.-G.O., H.E.K., T.-H.H.); College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y.-W.C.); Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea (S.-J.K.); and College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.M.C., S.K.K.)
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Ding J, Li QY, Yu JZ, Wang X, Lu CZ, Ma CG, Xiao BG. The lack of CD131 and the inhibition of Neuro-2a growth by carbamylated erythropoietin. Cell Biol Toxicol 2015; 31:29-38. [PMID: 25656842 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-015-9292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO), a glycohormone, is one of the leading biopharmaceutical products, while carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO), an EPO derivative, is attracting widespread interest due to its neuroprotective effects without erythropoiesis in several cells and animal models. However, exogenous EPO promotes an angiogenic response from tumor cells and is associated with tumor growth, but knowledge of CEPO on tumor growth is lacking. Here we show that CEPO, but not EPO, inhibited Neuro-2a growth and viability. As expected, CEPO--unlike EPO--did not activate JAK-2 either in primary neurons or in Neuro-2a cells. Interestingly, CEPO did not induce GDNF expression and subsequent AKT activation in Neuro-2a cells. Before CEPO/EPO treatment, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) neutralization and GFR receptor blocking decreased the viability of EPO-treated Neuro-2a cells but did not influence CEPO-treated Neuro-2a cells. As compared to primary neurons, the expression of CD131, as a receptor complex binding to CEPO, is almost lacking in Neuro-2a cells. In BABL/C-nu mice, CEPO did not promote the growth of Neuro-2a cells nor extended the survival time compared to mice treated with EPO. The results indicate that CEPO did not promote tumor growth because of lower expression of CD131 and subsequent dysfunction of CD131/GDNF/AKT pathway in Neuro-2a cells, revealing its therapeutic potential in future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, 200040, Shanghai, China
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Debeljak N, Solár P, Sytkowski AJ. Erythropoietin and cancer: the unintended consequences of anemia correction. Front Immunol 2014; 5:563. [PMID: 25426117 PMCID: PMC4227521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Until 1990, erythropoietin (EPO) was considered to have a single biological purpose and action, the stimulation of red blood cell growth and differentiation. Slowly, scientific and medical opinion evolved, beginning with the discovery of an effect on endothelial cell growth in vitro and the identification of EPO receptors (EPORs) on neuronal cells. We now know that EPO is a pleiotropic growth factor that exhibits an anti-apoptotic action on numerous cells and tissues, including malignant ones. In this article, we present a short discussion of EPO, receptors involved in EPO signal transduction, and their action on non-hematopoietic cells. This is followed by a more detailed presentation of both pre-clinical and clinical data that demonstrate EPO’s action on cancer cells, as well as tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Clinical trials with reported adverse effects of chronic erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) treatment as well as clinical studies exploring the prognostic significance of EPO and EPOR expression in cancer patients are reviewed. Finally, we address the use of EPO and other ESAs in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Debeljak
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Peter Solár
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University , Košice , Slovakia
| | - Arthur J Sytkowski
- Oncology Therapeutic Area, Quintiles Transnational , Arlington, MA , USA
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Inbar D, Cohen-Armon M, Neumann D. Erythropoietin-driven signalling and cell migration mediated by polyADP-ribosylation. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1317-26. [PMID: 22955851 PMCID: PMC3494439 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is the leading biotechnology engineered hormone for treatment of anaemia associated with chronic conditions including kidney failure and cancer. The finding of EPO receptors on cancer cells has raised the concern that in addition to its action in erythropoiesis, EPO may promote tumour cell growth. We questioned whether EPO-induced signalling and consequent malignant cell manifestation is mediated by polyADP-ribosylation. Methods: Erythropoietin-mediated PARP (polyADP-ribose polymerase-1) activation, gene expression and core histone H4 acetylation were examined in UT7 cells, using western blot analysis, RT–PCR and immunofluorescence. Erythropoietin-driven migration of the human breast epithelial cell line MDA-MB-435 was determined by the scratch assay and in migration chambers. Results: We have found that EPO treatment induced PARP activation. Moreover, EPO-driven c-fos and Egr-1 gene expression as well as histone H4 acetylation were mediated via polyADP-ribosylation. Erythropoietin-induced cell migration was blocked by the PARP inhibitor, ABT-888, indicating an essential role for polyADP-ribosylation in this process. Conclusions: We have identified a novel pathway by which EPO-induced gene expression and breast cancer cell migration are regulated by polyADP-ribosylation. This study introduces new possibilities regarding EPO treatment for cancer-associated anaemia where combining systemic EPO treatment with targeted administration of PARP inhibitors to the tumour may allow safe treatment with EPO, minimising its possible undesirable proliferative effects on the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Inbar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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Amlin-Van Schaick JC, Kim S, Broman KW, Reilly KM. Scram1 is a modifier of spinal cord resistance for astrocytoma on mouse Chr 5. Mamm Genome 2012; 23:277-85. [PMID: 22160242 PMCID: PMC3299925 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor location can profoundly affect morbidity and patient prognosis, even for the same tumor type. Very little is known about whether tumor location is determined stochastically or whether genetic risk factors can affect where tumors arise within an organ system. We have taken advantage of the Nf1-/+;Trp53-/+cis mouse model of astrocytoma/glioblastoma to map genetic loci affecting whether astrocytomas are found in the spinal cord. We identify a locus on distal Chr 5, termed Scram1 for spinal cord resistance to astrocytoma modifier 1, with a LOD score of 5.0 and a genome-wide significance of P < 0.004. Mice heterozygous for C57BL/6J×129S4/SvJae at this locus show less astrocytoma in the spinal cord compared to 129S4/SvJae homozygous mice, although we have shown previously that 129S4/SvJae mice are more resistant to astrocytoma than C57BL/6J. Furthermore, the astrocytomas that are found in the spinal cord of Scram1 heterozygous mice arise in older mice. Because spinal cord astrocytomas are very rare and difficult to treat, a better understanding of the genetic factors that govern astrocytoma in the spine may lead to new targets of therapy or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Amlin-Van Schaick
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, 20037, USA
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Karl W. Broman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Karlyne M. Reilly
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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