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Shao W, Liu L, Zheng F, Ma Y, Zhang J. The potent role of Src kinase-regulating glucose metabolism in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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2
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Chang CW, Chen YS, Chen CC, Chan IO, Chen CC, Sheu SJ, Lin TW, Chou SH, Liu CJ, Lee TC, Lo JF. Targeting cancer initiating cells by promoting cell differentiation and restoring chemosensitivity via dual inactivation of STAT3 and src activity using an active component of antrodia cinnamomea mycelia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:73016-73031. [PMID: 27682875 PMCID: PMC5341960 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer initiating cells (CICs) represent a subpopulation of cancer cells, which are responsible for tumor growth and resistance to chemotherapy. Herein, we first used a cell-based aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity assay to identify that YMGKI-2 (also named as Ergone), an active component purified from Antrodia cinnamomea Mycelia extract (ACME), effectively abrogated the ALDH activity and abolished the CICs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells (HNSCCs). Consequently, YMGKI-2 treatment suppressed self-renewal ability and expression of stemness signature genes (Oct-4 and Nanog) of sphere cells with enriched CICs. Moreover, YMGKI-2 treated sphere cells displayed reduction of CICs properties and promotion of cell differentiation, but not significant cytotoxicity. YMGKI-2 treatment also attenuated the tumorigenicity of HNSCC cells in vivo. Mechanistically, treatment of YMGKI-2 resulted in inactivation of STAT3 and Src. Lastly, combinatorial treatments with YMGKI-2 and standard chemotherapeutic drugs (cisplatin or Fluorouracil) restored the chemosensivity on sphere cells and cisplatin-resistant HNSCC cells. Together, we demonstrate that YMGKI-2 treatment effectively induces differentiation and reduces tumorigenicity of CICs. Further, combined treatment of YMGKI-2 and conventional chemotherapy can overcome chemoresistance. These results suggest that YMGKI-2 treatment may be used to improve future clinical responses in head and neck cancer treatment through targeting CICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Syuan Chen
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ik-On Chan
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Shiu-Huey Chou
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ji Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chang Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Fan Lo
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science and Institute of Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Tamm C, Kadekar S, Pijuan-Galitó S, Annerén C. Fast and Efficient Transfection of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Non-Viral Reagents. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:584-591. [PMID: 27358240 PMCID: PMC5050252 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reliable and efficient DNA and RNA transfection methods are required when studying the role of individual genes in mouse pluripotent stem cells. However, these cells usually grow in tight clusters and are therefore more difficult to transfect than many other cell lines. We have found that transfection is especially challenging when mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells are cultured in the newly described 2i medium, which is based on two chemical inhibitors of differentiation pathways. In the present study we have performed a side-by-side comparison of commercially available, non-viral transfection reagents with regard to their ability to deliver plasmid DNA and siRNA into adherent and/or trypsinized mES cells cultured in 2i medium, assessing transfection rates, plasmid gene expression, siRNA mediated knockdown of Oct4 and viability. Finally, we present a fast and efficient method for transfection of trypsinized mES cells using the liposomal-based Lipofectamine 2000. With only a five-minute long transfection time we obtained at least 85 % transfected cells with 80 % maintained viability. Moreover, this protocol saves up to a day of experimental time since the cells are in suspension at the time of transfection, which allows for immediately re-plating into the appropriate format. This fast, simplified and highly efficient transfection method will be valuable for both basic research and high-throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Tamm
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandeep Kadekar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Pijuan-Galitó
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Annerén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
- GE Healthcare BioSciences AB, Björkgatan 30, Uppsala, SE-751 84, Sweden.
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Tan BSN, Kwek J, Wong CKE, Saner NJ, Yap C, Felquer F, Morris MB, Gardner DK, Rathjen PD, Rathjen J. Src Family Kinases and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Regulate Pluripotent Cell Differentiation in Culture. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163244. [PMID: 27723793 PMCID: PMC5056717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple pluripotent cell populations, which together comprise the pluripotent cell lineage, have been identified. The mechanisms that control the progression between these populations are still poorly understood. The formation of early primitive ectoderm-like (EPL) cells from mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells provides a model to understand how one such transition is regulated. EPL cells form from mES cells in response to l-proline uptake through the transporter Slc38a2. Using inhibitors of cell signaling we have shown that Src family kinases, p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and GSK3β are required for the transition between mES and EPL cells. ERK1/2, c-Src and GSK3β are likely to be enforcing a receptive, primed state in mES cells, while Src family kinases and p38 MAPK are involved in the establishment of EPL cells. Inhibition of these pathways prevented the acquisition of most, but not all, features of EPL cells, suggesting that other pathways are required. L-proline activation of differentiation is mediated through metabolism and changes to intracellular metabolite levels, specifically reactive oxygen species. The implication of multiple signaling pathways in the process suggests a model in which the context of Src family kinase activation determines the outcomes of pluripotent cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Siang Nicholas Tan
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Stem Cells Australia, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Joly Kwek
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Stem Cell Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Chong Kum Edwin Wong
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Stem Cell Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Saner
- Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Charlotte Yap
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Fernando Felquer
- Stem Cells Australia, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael B. Morris
- Australian Stem Cell Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David K. Gardner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Stem Cells Australia, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Peter D. Rathjen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Stem Cell Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Joy Rathjen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Stem Cells Australia, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Stem Cell Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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5
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Shoni M, Lui KO, Vavvas DG, Muto MG, Berkowitz RS, Vlahos N, Ng SW. Protein kinases and associated pathways in pluripotent state and lineage differentiation. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 9:366-87. [PMID: 24998240 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x09666140616130217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases (PKs) mediate the reversible conversion of substrate proteins to phosphorylated forms, a key process in controlling intracellular signaling transduction cascades. Pluripotency is, among others, characterized by specifically expressed PKs forming a highly interconnected regulatory network that culminates in a finely-balanced molecular switch. Current high-throughput phosphoproteomic approaches have shed light on the specific regulatory PKs and their function in controlling pluripotent states. Pluripotent cell-derived endothelial and hematopoietic developments represent an example of the importance of pluripotency in cancer therapeutics and organ regeneration. This review attempts to provide the hitherto known kinome profile and the individual characterization of PK-related pathways that regulate pluripotency. Elucidating the underlying intrinsic and extrinsic signals may improve our understanding of the different pluripotent states, the maintenance or induction of pluripotency, and the ability to tailor lineage differentiation, with a particular focus on endothelial cell differentiation for anti-cancer treatment, cell-based tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shu-Wing Ng
- 221 Longwood Avenue, BLI- 449A, Boston MA 02115, USA.
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6
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Cicha I, Zitzmann R, Goppelt-Struebe M. Dual inhibition of Src family kinases and Aurora kinases by SU6656 modulates CTGF (connective tissue growth factor) expression in an ERK-dependent manner. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 46:39-48. [PMID: 24275091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Src kinases are regulators of the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), which plays a role in fibrotic injuries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of SU6656, a dual inhibitor of Src family and Aurora kinases, to interfere with the synthesis of this pro-fibrotic factor. SU6656 impaired TGF-β-mediated upregulation of CTGF mRNA and protein in proximal epithelial HKC-8 cells, and also reduced CTGF expression in cells exposed to autocrine growth factors. In association with the inhibition of Src family kinases and diminished focal adhesion kinase activity, adherence of the cells was reduced. Furthermore, SU6656 interfered with Aurora kinase activity resulting in inhibition of cell division and formation multilobular nuclei after 24h. Comparable alterations were observed in primary tubular cells. When cell division was inhibited by SU6656 or ZM447439, a specific inhibitor of Aurora kinases, CTGF levels were back to control or even increased after 48h. The activity of RhoA-Rho kinase and ERK signaling was analyzed to delineate the signaling pathways responsible for the biphasic regulation of CTGF. While Rho kinase was not significantly altered by SU6656, ERK activity was inhibited in the early phase and increased after 24-48h. ERK activity correlated with secreted CTGF. As ZM447439 increased ERK activity only after 48h, cellular reorganization is likely responsible for triggering the ERK-dependent upregulation of CTGF. Taken together, in non-transformed epithelial cells, SU6656 modulates the expression of the pro-fibrotic factor CTGF in a time-dependent manner by inhibition of Src kinases and Aurora kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Cicha
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Rita Zitzmann
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 8, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Margarete Goppelt-Struebe
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 8, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Wang CH, Ma N, Lin YT, Wu CC, Wu HJ, Yu CC, Hsiao M, Lu FL, Schuyler SC, Lu J. Array-based high-throughput screening in mouse embryonic stem cells with shRNAs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 26:5C.3.1-5C.3.19. [PMID: 24510793 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc05c03s26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentivirus screening is a powerful tool for identifying multiple functional regulators in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). shRNA libraries can efficiently down-regulate target genes persistently with high efficiency. The concurrent measurement of relative cell number by alamarBlue (AB) assay and undifferentiated ESC markers via an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay in the same cell culture well provides an efficient and economical way to pinpoint factors crucial for ESC pluripotency and/or expansion. Most of the renewal pathways affect ALP activity. Thus, multiple positive and negative regulators can be identified by this method. In addition, morphological changes and/or the expression levels of specific pluripotency or differentiation markers examined by immunofluorescence can be used as secondary screens for target-gene selection. In summary, we describe an efficient way to identify multiple regulators of ESC renewal using shRNAs. Curr. Protoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nianhan Ma
- Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsen Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jin Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chia Yu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Frank Leigh Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Scott C Schuyler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Jean Lu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genomics and System Biology Program, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Core Facility Program for Biotechnology, National RNAi Platform, Taipei, Taiwan
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Szalmás A, Gyöngyösi E, Ferenczi A, László B, Karosi T, Csomor P, Gergely L, Veress G, Kónya J. Activation of Src, Fyn and Yes non-receptor tyrosine kinases in keratinocytes expressing human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E7 oncoprotein. Virol J 2013; 10:79. [PMID: 23497302 PMCID: PMC3608944 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Src family tyrosine kinases (SFK) are cellular regulatory proteins that influence cell adhesion, proliferation, invasion and survival during tumor development. Elevated activity of Src was associated with increased cell proliferation and invasivity in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated malignancies; therefore, transduced human foreskin keratinocytes (HFK) were used to investigate whether SFK activation is a downstream effect of papillomaviral oncoproteins. Activation of ubiquitously expressed SFKs, namely Src, Yes and Fyn, was investigated in both proliferating and differentiating keratinocytes. RESULTS In proliferating keratinocytes, Src, Yes and Fyn mRNA levels were not affected by HPV 16 E6 or E7 oncoproteins, while at the protein level as detected by western blot, the presence of both E6 and E7 resulted in substantial increase in Src and Yes expression, but did not alter the high constitutive level of Fyn. Phospo-kinase array revealed that all ubiquitously expressed SFKs are activated by phosphorylation in the presence of HPV 16 E7 oncoprotein. Keratinocyte differentiation led to increased Yes mRNA and protein levels in all transduced cell lines, while it did not influence the Src transcription but resulted in elevated Src protein level in HPV16 E7 expressing lines. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that HPV 16 oncoproteins upregulate Src family kinases Src and Yes via posttranscriptional mechanisms. A further effect of HPV 16 E7 oncoprotein is to enhance the activating phosphorylation of SFKs expressed in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Szalmás
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Krt, 98, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
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