1
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Fuchs M, Radeva MY, Spindler V, Vielmuth F, Kugelmann D, Waschke J. Cytoskeletal anchorage of different Dsg3 pools revealed by combination of hybrid STED/SMFS-AFM. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:25. [PMID: 36602635 PMCID: PMC9816259 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) is a desmosomal cadherin mediating cell adhesion within desmosomes and is the antigen of the autoimmune blistering skin disease pemphigus vulgaris. Therefore, understanding of the complex desmosome turnover process is of high biomedical relevance. Recently, super resolution microscopy was used to characterize desmosome composition and turnover. However, studies were limited because adhesion measurements on living cells were not possible in parallel. Before desmosomal cadherins are incorporated into nascent desmosomes, they are not bound to intermediate filaments but were suggested to be associated with the actin cytoskeleton. However, direct proof that adhesion of a pool of desmosomal cadherins is dependent on actin is missing. Here, we applied single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements with the novel single molecule hybrid-technique STED/SMFS-AFM to investigate the cytoskeletal anchorage of Dsg3 on living keratinocytes for the first time. By application of pharmacological agents we discriminated two different Dsg3 pools, only one of which is anchored to actin filaments. We applied the actin polymerization inhibitor Latrunculin B to modify the actin cytoskeleton and the PKCα activator PMA to modulate intermediate filament anchorage. On the cellular surface Dsg3 adhesion was actin-dependent. In contrast, at cell-cell contacts, Dsg3 adhesion was independent from actin but rather is regulated by PKC which is well established to control desmosome turn-over via intermediate filament anchorage. Taken together, using the novel STED/SMFS-AFM technique, we demonstrated the existence of two Dsg3 pools with different cytoskeletal anchorage mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fuchs
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariya Y Radeva
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine and Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Kugelmann
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
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2
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Ahmad US, Uttagomol J, Wan H. The Regulation of the Hippo Pathway by Intercellular Junction Proteins. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1792. [PMID: 36362947 PMCID: PMC9696951 DOI: 10.3390/life12111792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that serves to promote cell death and differentiation while inhibiting cellular proliferation across species. The downstream effectors of this pathway, yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), are considered vital in promoting the output of the Hippo pathway, with activation of upstream kinases negatively regulating YAP/TAZ activity. The upstream regulation of the Hippo pathway is not entirely understood on a molecular level. However, several studies have shown that numerous cellular and non-cellular mechanisms such as cell polarity, contact inhibition, soluble factors, mechanical forces, and metabolism can convey external stimuli to the intracellular kinase cascade, promoting the activation of key components of the Hippo pathway and therefore regulating the subcellular localisation and protein activity of YAP/TAZ. This review will summarise what we have learnt about the role of intercellular junction-associated proteins in the activation of this pathway, including adherens junctions and tight junctions, and in particular our latest findings about the desmosomal components, including desmoglein-3 (DSG3), in the regulation of YAP signalling, phosphorylation, and subcellular translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Sharif Ahmad
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Jutamas Uttagomol
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Hong Wan
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
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Characterization of Desmoglein 3 (DSG3) as a Sensitive and Specific Marker for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2022; 2022:2220940. [PMID: 35251162 PMCID: PMC8894070 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2220940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although P40 and P63 are both sensitive and specific for routine esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) diagnosis, we recently showed that P40 and P63 immunoreactivities were significantly lower in well-differentiated SCC than those in higher grade tumors. Therefore, a novel esophageal SCC marker, ideally performing better in well-differentiated SCC, is still needed. We characterized desmoglein 3 (DSG3) immunohistochemistry in esophageal SCC, esophageal adenocarcinoma, small-cell lung carcinoma, and large B-cell lymphoma, alongside P40 and CK5/6. The World Health Organization classification was used to grade tumors as well-differentiated (WD), moderately differentiated (MD), or poorly differentiated (PD). There were 20 WD, 26 MD, and 17 PD components among 39 esophageal SCC cases. All esophageal SCC components showed significant DSG3 immunoreactivity (mean, 80%; range, 30%–100%), and the proportions of DSG3 immunoreactive cells were higher in the WD and MD components than in the PD components. No esophageal adenocarcinoma cases showed more than 10% DSG3 immunoreactivity with only weak cytoplasmic staining. With a 5% immunoreactivity cutoff, DSG3 positivity was 100% in all 63 SCC components, 18% in adenocarcinoma cases, and 0% in small-cell lung carcinoma or large B-cell lymphoma cases. The overall DSG3 specificity was 94%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize DSG3 as a sensitive and specific marker for esophageal SCC.
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Ahmad US, Parkinson EK, Wan H. Desmoglein-3 induces YAP phosphorylation and inactivation during collective migration of oral carcinoma cells. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:1625-1649. [PMID: 35000271 PMCID: PMC9019900 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the Hippo-YAP pathway are potential targets for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) therapy, but heterogeneity in this pathway could be responsible for therapeutic resistance. We analysed the Hippo-YAP signatures in a cohort of characterised keratinocyte cell lines derived from the mouth floor and buccal mucosa from different stages of OSCC tumour progression and focused on the specific role of YAP on invasive and metastatic potential. We confirmed heterogeneity in the Hippo-YAP pathway in OSCC lines, including overexpression of YAP1, WWTR1 (often referred to as TAZ) and the major Hippo signalling components, as well as the variations in the genes encoding the intercellular anchoring junctional proteins, which could potentially regulate the Hippo pathway. Specifically, desmoglein-3 (DSG3) exhibits a unique and mutually exclusive regulation of YAP via YAP phosphorylation during the collective migration of OSCC cells. Mechanistically, such regulation is associated with inhibition of phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (S695/Y1086) and its downstream effectors heat shock protein beta-1 (Hsp27) (S78/S82) and transcription factor AP-1 (c-Jun) (S63), leading to YAP phosphorylation coupled with its cytoplasmic translocation and inactivation. Additionally, OSCC lines display distinct phenotypes of YAP dependency or a mixed YAP and TAZ dependency for cell migration, and present distinct patterns in YAP abundance and activity, with the latter being associated with YAP nuclear localisation. In conclusion, this study has provided evidence for a newly identified paradigm in the Hippo-YAP pathway and suggests a new regulation mechanism involved in the control of collective migration in OSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Sharif Ahmad
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Barts and The London, London, UK
| | - Eric Kenneth Parkinson
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Barts and The London, London, UK
| | - Hong Wan
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Barts and The London, London, UK
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Schmitt T, Waschke J. Autoantibody-Specific Signalling in Pemphigus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:701809. [PMID: 34434944 PMCID: PMC8381052 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.701809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a severe autoimmune disease impairing barrier functions of epidermis and mucosa. Autoantibodies primarily target the desmosomal adhesion molecules desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and Dsg 3 and induce loss of desmosomal adhesion. Strikingly, autoantibody profiles in pemphigus correlate with clinical phenotypes. Mucosal-dominant pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is characterised by autoantibodies (PV-IgG) against Dsg3 whereas epidermal blistering in PV and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is associated with autoantibodies against Dsg1. Therapy in pemphigus is evolving towards specific suppression of autoantibody formation and autoantibody depletion. Nevertheless, during the acute phase and relapses of the disease additional treatment options to stabilise desmosomes and thereby rescue keratinocyte adhesion would be beneficial. Therefore, the mechanisms by which autoantibodies interfere with adhesion of desmosomes need to be characterised in detail. Besides direct inhibition of Dsg adhesion, autoantibodies engage signalling pathways interfering with different steps of desmosome turn-over. With this respect, recent data indicate that autoantibodies induce separate signalling responses in keratinocytes via specific signalling complexes organised by Dsg1 and Dsg3 which transfer the signal of autoantibody binding into the cell. This hypothesis may also explain the different clinical pemphigus phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmitt
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Munich, Germany
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Rehman A, Huang Y, Wan H. Evolving Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology of Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Review Emphasizing the Role of Desmoglein 3 in Regulating p53 and the Yes-Associated Protein. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070621. [PMID: 34206820 PMCID: PMC8303937 DOI: 10.3390/life11070621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunobullous condition Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV) is caused by autoantibodies targeting the adhesion proteins of desmosomes, leading to blistering in the skin and mucosal membrane. There is still no cure to the disease apart from the use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents. Despite numerous investigations, the pathological mechanisms of PV are still incompletely understood, though the etiology is thought to be multifactorial. Thus, further understanding of the molecular basis underlying this disease process is vital to develop targeted therapies. Ample studies have highlighted the role of Desmoglein-3 (DSG3) in the initiation of disease as DSG3 serves as a primary target of PV autoantibodies. DSG3 is a pivotal player in mediating outside-in signaling involved in cell junction remodeling, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration or apoptosis, thus validating its biological function in tissue integrity and homeostasis beyond desmosome adhesion. Recent studies have uncovered new activities of DSG3 in regulating p53 and the yes-associated protein (YAP), with the evidence of dysregulation of these pathways demonstrated in PV. The purpose of this review is to summarize the earlier and recent advances highlighting our recent findings related to PV pathogenesis that may pave the way for future research to develop novel specific therapies in curing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Rehman
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (A.R.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Dr Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Yunying Huang
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (A.R.); (Y.H.)
| | - Hong Wan
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (A.R.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Desmoglein-2 harnesses a PDZ-GEF2/Rap1 signaling axis to control cell spreading and focal adhesions independent of cell-cell adhesion. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13295. [PMID: 34168237 PMCID: PMC8225821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes have a central role in mediating extracellular adhesion between cells, but they also coordinate other biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration. In particular, several lines of evidence have implicated desmosomal proteins in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and attachment to the extracellular matrix, indicating signaling crosstalk between cell–cell junctions and cell–matrix adhesions. In our study, we found that cells lacking the desmosomal cadherin Desmoglein-2 (Dsg2) displayed a significant increase in spreading area on both fibronectin and collagen, compared to control A431 cells. Intriguingly, this effect was observed in single spreading cells, indicating that Dsg2 can exert its effects on cell spreading independent of cell–cell adhesion. We hypothesized that Dsg2 may mediate cell–matrix adhesion via control of Rap1 GTPase, which is well known as a central regulator of cell spreading dynamics. We show that Rap1 activity is elevated in Dsg2 knockout cells, and that Dsg2 harnesses Rap1 and downstream TGFβ signaling to influence both cell spreading and focal adhesion protein phosphorylation. Further analysis implicated the Rap GEF PDZ-GEF2 in mediating Dsg2-dependent cell spreading. These data have identified a novel role for Dsg2 in controlling cell spreading, providing insight into the mechanisms via which cadherins exert non-canonical junction-independent effects.
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Moreno-Sosa T, Sánchez MB, Pietrobon EO, Fernandez-Muñoz JM, Zoppino FCM, Neira FJ, Germanó MJ, Cargnelutti DE, Innocenti AC, Jahn GA, Valdez SR, Mackern-Oberti JP. Desmoglein-4 Deficiency Exacerbates Psoriasiform Dermatitis in Rats While Psoriasis Patients Displayed a Decreased Gene Expression of DSG4. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625617. [PMID: 33995349 PMCID: PMC8116535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmogleins are involved in cell adhesion conferring structural skin integrity. However, their role in inflammation has been barely studied, and whether desmoglein-4 modulates psoriasis lesions is completely unknown. In this study, we assessed the impact of desmoglein-4 deficiency on the severity of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced skin inflammation and psoriasiform lesions. To this end, desmoglein-4-/- Oncins France Colony A (OFA) with Sprague-Dawley (SD) genetic background were used. Additionally, human RNA-Seq datasets from psoriasis (PSO), atopic dermatitis (AD), and a healthy cohort were analyzed to obtain a desmosome gene expression overview. OFA rats displayed an intense skin inflammation while SD showed only mild inflammatory changes after IMQ treatment. We found that IMQ treatment increased CD3+ T cells in skin from both OFA and SD, being higher in desmoglein-4-deficient rats. In-depth transcriptomic analysis determined that PSO displayed twofold less DSG4 expression than healthy samples while both, PSO and AD showed more than three-fold change expression of DSG3 and DSC2 genes. Although underlying mechanisms are still unknown, these results suggest that the lack of desmoglein-4 may contribute to immune-mediated skin disease progression, promoting leukocyte recruitment to skin. Although further research is needed, targeting desmoglein-4 could have a potential impact on designing new biomarkers for skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Moreno-Sosa
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Belén Sánchez
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Elisa Olivia Pietrobon
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Fernandez-Muñoz
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Flavia Judith Neira
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María José Germanó
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Diego Esteban Cargnelutti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Graciela Alma Jahn
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Susana Ruth Valdez
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Mackern-Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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Uttagomol J, Ahmad US, Rehman A, Huang Y, Laly AC, Kang A, Soetaert J, Chance R, Teh MT, Connelly JT, Wan H. Evidence for the Desmosomal Cadherin Desmoglein-3 in Regulating YAP and Phospho-YAP in Keratinocyte Responses to Mechanical Forces. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246221. [PMID: 31835537 PMCID: PMC6940936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) plays a crucial role in cell-cell adhesion and tissue integrity. Increasing evidence suggests that Dsg3 acts as a regulator of cellular mechanotransduction, but little is known about its direct role in mechanical force transmission. The present study investigated the impact of cyclic strain and substrate stiffness on Dsg3 expression and its role in mechanotransduction in keratinocytes. A direct comparison was made with E-cadherin, a well-characterized mechanosensor. Exposure of oral and skin keratinocytes to equiaxial cyclic strain promoted changes in the expression and localization of junction assembly proteins. The knockdown of Dsg3 by siRNA blocked strain-induced junctional remodeling of E-cadherin and Myosin IIa. Importantly, the study demonstrated that Dsg3 regulates the expression and localization of yes-associated protein (YAP), a mechanosensory, and an effector of the Hippo pathway. Furthermore, we showed that Dsg3 formed a complex with phospho-YAP and sequestered it to the plasma membrane, while Dsg3 depletion had an impact on both YAP and phospho-YAP in their response to mechanical forces, increasing the sensitivity of keratinocytes to the strain or substrate rigidity-induced nuclear relocation of YAP and phospho-YAP. Plakophilin 1 (PKP1) seemed to be crucial in recruiting the complex containing Dsg3/phospho-YAP to the cell surface since its silencing affected Dsg3 junctional assembly with concomitant loss of phospho-YAP at the cell periphery. Finally, we demonstrated that this Dsg3/YAP pathway has an influence on the expression of YAP1 target genes and cell proliferation. Together, these findings provide evidence of a novel role for Dsg3 in keratinocyte mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Uttagomol
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (J.U.); (U.S.A.); (A.R.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (R.C.); (M.-T.T.)
| | - Usama Sharif Ahmad
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (J.U.); (U.S.A.); (A.R.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (R.C.); (M.-T.T.)
| | - Ambreen Rehman
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (J.U.); (U.S.A.); (A.R.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (R.C.); (M.-T.T.)
| | - Yunying Huang
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (J.U.); (U.S.A.); (A.R.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (R.C.); (M.-T.T.)
| | - Ana C. Laly
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (A.C.L.); (J.S.); (J.T.C.)
| | - Angray Kang
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (J.U.); (U.S.A.); (A.R.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (R.C.); (M.-T.T.)
| | - Jan Soetaert
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (A.C.L.); (J.S.); (J.T.C.)
| | - Randy Chance
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (J.U.); (U.S.A.); (A.R.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (R.C.); (M.-T.T.)
| | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (J.U.); (U.S.A.); (A.R.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (R.C.); (M.-T.T.)
| | - John T. Connelly
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (A.C.L.); (J.S.); (J.T.C.)
| | - Hong Wan
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (J.U.); (U.S.A.); (A.R.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (R.C.); (M.-T.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(44)-020-7882-7139; Fax: +(44)-020-7882-7137
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10
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Li X, Ahmad US, Huang Y, Uttagomol J, Rehman A, Zhou K, Warnes G, McArthur S, Parkinson EK, Wan H. Desmoglein-3 acts as a pro-survival protein by suppressing reactive oxygen species and doming whilst augmenting the tight junctions in MDCK cells. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 184:111174. [PMID: 31678215 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.111174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kidney disease prevalence increases with age, with a common feature of the disease being defects in the epithelial tight junctions. Emerging evidence suggests that the desmosomal adhesion protein Desmoglein-3 (Dsg3) functions beyond the desmosomal adhesion and plays a role in regulating the fundamental pathways that govern cell fate decisions in response to environmental chemical and mechanical stresses. In this study, we explored the role of Dsg3 on dome formation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in MDCK cells, a kidney epithelial cell model widely used to study cell differentiation and tight junction formation and integrity. We show that overexpression of Dsg3 constrained nuclear ROS production and cellular doming in confluent cell cultures and these features coincided with augmented TER and enhanced tight junction integrity. Conversely, cells expressing dominant-negative Dsg3ΔC mutants exhibited heightened ROS production and accelerated doming, accompanied by increased apoptosis, as well as cell proliferation, with massive disruption in F-actin organization and accumulation, and alterations in tight junctions. Inhibition of actin polymerization and protein synthesis was able to sufficiently block dome formation in mutant populations. Taken together, these findings underscore that Dsg3 has a role in controlling cellular viability and differentiation as well as the functional integrity of tight junctions in MDCK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Usama Sharif Ahmad
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Yunying Huang
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Jutamas Uttagomol
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Ambreen Rehman
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Ke Zhou
- CB Joint MHNCRL, Hospital and School of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, China
| | - Gary Warnes
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon McArthur
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Kenneth Parkinson
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - H Wan
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
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The desmosomal cadherin desmoglein-3 acts as a keratinocyte anti-stress protein via suppression of p53. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:750. [PMID: 31582719 PMCID: PMC6776551 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Desmoglein-3 (Dsg3), the Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV) antigen (PVA), plays an essential role in keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion and regulates various signaling pathways involved in the progression and metastasis of cancer where it is upregulated. We show here that expression of Dsg3 impacts on the expression and function of p53, a key transcription factor governing the responses to cellular stress. Dsg3 depletion increased p53 expression and activity, an effect enhanced by treating cells with UVB, mechanical stress and genotoxic drugs, whilst increased Dsg3 expression resulted in the opposite effects. Such a pathway in the negative regulation of p53 by Dsg3 was Dsg3 specific since neither E-cadherin nor desmoplakin knockdown caused similar effects. Analysis of Dsg3-/- mouse skin also indicated an increase of p53/p21WAF1/CIP1 and cleaved caspase-3 relative to Dsg3+/- controls. Finally, we evaluated whether this pathway was operational in the autoimmune disease PV in which Dsg3 serves as a major antigen involved in blistering pathogenesis. We uncovered increased p53 with diffuse cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining in the oral mucosa of patients, including cells surrounding blisters and the pre-lesional regions. This finding was verified by in vitro studies where treatment of keratinocytes with PV sera, as well as a characterized pathogenic antibody specifically targeting Dsg3, evoked pronounced p53 expression and activity accompanied by disruption of cell-cell adhesion. Collectively, our findings suggest a novel role for Dsg3 as an anti-stress protein, via suppression of p53 function, and this pathway is disrupted in PV.
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12
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Yulis M, Kusters DHM, Nusrat A. Cadherins: cellular adhesive molecules serving as signalling mediators. J Physiol 2018; 596:3883-3898. [PMID: 29968384 PMCID: PMC6117591 DOI: 10.1113/jp275328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The single pass, transmembrane proteins of the cadherin family have been appreciated as important proteins that regulate intercellular adhesion. In addition to this critical function, cadherins contribute to important signalling events that control cellular homeostasis. Many examples exist of classical, desmosomal and atypical cadherins participating in the regulation of signalling events that control homeostatic functions in cells. Much of the work on cadherin mediated signalling focuses on classical cadherins or on specific disease states such as pemphigus vulgaris. Cadherin mediated signalling has been shown to play critical roles during development, in proliferation, apoptosis, disease pathobiology and beyond. It is becoming increasingly clear that cadherins operate through a range of molecular mechanisms. The diversity of pathways and cellular functions regulated by cadherins suggests that we have only scratched the surface in terms of the roles that these versatile proteins play in signalling and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Yulis
- Department of PathologyThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA
| | | | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of PathologyThe University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA
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13
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Sajda T, Sinha AA. Autoantibody Signaling in Pemphigus Vulgaris: Development of an Integrated Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:692. [PMID: 29755451 PMCID: PMC5932349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune skin blistering disease effecting both cutaneous and mucosal epithelia. Blister formation in PV is known to result from the binding of autoantibodies (autoAbs) to keratinocyte antigens. The primary antigenic targets of pathogenic autoAbs are known to be desmoglein 3, and to a lesser extent, desmoglein 1, cadherin family proteins that partially comprise the desmosome, a protein structure responsible for maintaining cell adhesion, although additional autoAbs, whose role in blister formation is still unclear, are also known to be present in PV patients. Nevertheless, there remain large gaps in knowledge concerning the precise mechanisms through which autoAb binding induces blister formation. Consequently, the primary therapeutic interventions for PV focus on systemic immunosuppression, whose side effects represent a significant health risk to patients. In an effort to identify novel, disease-specific therapeutic targets, a multitude of studies attempting to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms downstream of autoAb binding, have led to significant advancements in the understanding of autoAb-mediated blister formation. Despite this enhanced characterization of disease processes, a satisfactory explanation of autoAb-induced acantholysis still does not exist. Here, we carefully review the literature investigating the pathogenic disease mechanisms in PV and, taking into account the full scope of results from these studies, provide a novel, comprehensive theory of blister formation in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sajda
- Department of Dermatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Animesh A Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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14
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Spindler V, Eming R, Schmidt E, Amagai M, Grando S, Jonkman MF, Kowalczyk AP, Müller EJ, Payne AS, Pincelli C, Sinha AA, Sprecher E, Zillikens D, Hertl M, Waschke J. Mechanisms Causing Loss of Keratinocyte Cohesion in Pemphigus. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:32-37. [PMID: 29037765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The autoimmune blistering skin disease pemphigus is caused by IgG autoantibodies against desmosomal cadherins, but the precise mechanisms are in part a matter of controversial discussions. This review focuses on the currently existing models of the disease and highlights the relevance of desmoglein-specific versus nondesmoglein autoantibodies, the contribution of nonautoantibody factors, and the mechanisms leading to cell dissociation and blister formation in response to autoantibody binding. As the review brings together the majority of laboratories currently working on pemphigus pathogenesis, it aims to serve as a solid basis for further investigations for the entire field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Spindler
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sergei Grando
- Institute for Immunology and Departments of Dermatology and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Marcel F Jonkman
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Departments of Cell Biology and Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eliane J Müller
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, Institute of Animal Pathology, Bern, Switzerland; Vetsuisse Faculty, DermFocus, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aimee S Payne
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carlo Pincelli
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Animesh A Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Vielmuth F, Wanuske MT, Radeva MY, Hiermaier M, Kugelmann D, Walter E, Buechau F, Magin TM, Waschke J, Spindler V. Keratins Regulate the Adhesive Properties of Desmosomal Cadherins through Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:121-131. [PMID: 28899688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tightly controlled intercellular adhesion is crucial for the integrity and function of the epidermis. The keratin filament cytoskeleton anchors desmosomes, supramolecular complexes required for strong intercellular adhesion. We tested whether keratin filaments control cell adhesion by regulating the adhesive properties of desmosomal cadherins such as desmoglein (Dsg) 3. Atomic force microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments showed reduced Dsg3 adhesive forces and membrane stability in murine keratinocytes lacking all keratin filaments. Impairment of the actin cytoskeleton also resulted in decreased Dsg3 immobilization but did not affect Dsg3 binding properties, indicating that the latter are exclusively controlled by keratins. Reduced binding forces were dependent on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, which was deregulated in keratin-deficient cells. In contrast, inhibition of protein kinase C signaling, which is known to be controlled by keratins, promoted and spatially stabilized Dsg3-mediated interactions in the membrane. These results show a previously unreported mechanism for how keratins stabilize intercellular adhesion on the level of single desmosomal adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Vielmuth
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie-Therès Wanuske
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariya Y Radeva
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Hiermaier
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Kugelmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elias Walter
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fanny Buechau
- Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, Sächsischer Inkubator für klinische Translation, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, Sächsischer Inkubator für klinische Translation, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Volker Spindler
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
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16
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Moftah H, Dias K, Apu EH, Liu L, Uttagomol J, Bergmeier L, Kermorgant S, Wan H. Desmoglein 3 regulates membrane trafficking of cadherins, an implication in cell-cell adhesion. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 11:211-232. [PMID: 27254775 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1195942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin mediated cell-cell adhesion plays a critical role in epithelial cell polarization and morphogenesis. Our recent studies suggest that the desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) cross talks with E-cadherin and regulates its adhesive function in differentiating keratinocytes. However, the underlying mechanism remains not fully elucidated. Since E-cadherin trafficking has been recognized to be a central determinant in cell-cell adhesion and homeostasis we hypothesize that Dsg3 may play a role in regulating E-cadherin trafficking and hence the cell-cell adhesion. Here we investigated this hypothesis in cells with loss of Dsg3 function through RNAi mediated Dsg3 knockdown or the stable expression of the truncated mutant Dsg3ΔC. Our results showed that loss of Dsg3 resulted in compromised cell-cell adhesion and reduction of adherens junction and desmosome protein expression as well as the cortical F-actin formation. As a consequence, cells failed to polarize but instead displayed aberrant cell flattening. Furthermore, retardation of E-cadherin internalization and recycling was consistently observed in these cells during the process of calcium induced junction assembling. In contrast, enhanced cadherin endocytosis was detected in cells with overexpression of Dsg3 compared to control cells. Importantly, this altered cadherin trafficking was found to be coincided with the reduced expression and activity of Rab proteins, including Rab5, Rab7 and Rab11 which are known to be involved in E-cadherin trafficking. Taken together, our findings suggest that Dsg3 functions as a key in cell-cell adhesion through at least a mechanism of regulating E-cadherin membrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Moftah
- a Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , Whitechapel, London , UK
| | - Kasuni Dias
- a Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , Whitechapel, London , UK
| | - Ehsanul Hoque Apu
- a Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , Whitechapel, London , UK
| | - Li Liu
- a Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , Whitechapel, London , UK
| | - Jutamas Uttagomol
- a Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , Whitechapel, London , UK
| | - Lesley Bergmeier
- a Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , Whitechapel, London , UK
| | - Stephanie Kermorgant
- b Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Center , Charterhouse Square, London , UK
| | - Hong Wan
- a Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , Whitechapel, London , UK
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17
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Desmoglein 3-Dependent Signaling Regulates Keratinocyte Migration and Wound Healing. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:301-10. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Determining the potential of desmoglein 3 as a sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker for the detection of micrometastasis in patients with primary oral squamous cell carcinoma. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2016; 20:374-380. [PMID: 28373818 PMCID: PMC5371703 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2016.64596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study Despite advances in surgical and radiotherapy techniques, the presence of lymph node metastasis drastically decreases the survival rate of patients with primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Thus the accurate pathological staging of the neck is critical. Desmoglein 3 (DSG3), a desmosomal cadherin protein is said to be highly expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and in metastatic cervical lymph nodes, but absent in non-invaded nodes. With an aim to improve the sensitivity of tumour cell detection, we investigated the potential of DSG3 as an immunohistochemical marker for the detection of occult lymph node metastasis in patients with primary OSCC. Material and methods Forty-seven lymph node specimens from 10 patients who underwent neck dissection for primary OSCC were immunostained with DSG3. Results The DSG3 positivity was noted in the six positive lymph nodes. However, when using DSG3 as an immunohistochemical marker, no additional micrometastatic deposits were evident in the histologically negative nodes. Interestingly, tumour marker DSG3-positive macrophages could be identified within the subcapsular sinuses, medullary sinuses, and the interfollicular areas. Conclusions Our findings suggest that although DSG3 is overexpressed in HNSCC, it is not specific and may not prove to be a potent immunohistochemical marker to detect micrometastasis. The role of tumour marker-positive macrophages within the lymph nodes needs to be investigated further.
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19
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Rötzer V, Hartlieb E, Vielmuth F, Gliem M, Spindler V, Waschke J. E-cadherin and Src associate with extradesmosomal Dsg3 and modulate desmosome assembly and adhesion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4885-97. [PMID: 26115704 PMCID: PMC11113844 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomes provide strong intercellular cohesion essential for the integrity of cells and tissues exposed to continuous mechanical stress. For desmosome assembly, constitutively synthesized desmosomal cadherins translocate to the cell-cell border, cluster and mature in the presence of Ca(2+) to stable cell contacts. As adherens junctions precede the formation of desmosomes, we investigated in this study the relationship between the classical cadherin E-cadherin and the desmosomal cadherin Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), the latter of which is indispensable for cell-cell adhesion in keratinocytes. By using autoantibodies from patients with the blistering skin disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV), we showed in loss of function studies that E-cadherin compensates for effects of desmosomal disassembly. Overexpression of E-cadherin reduced the loss of cell cohesion induced by PV autoantibodies and attenuated activation of p38 MAPK. Silencing of E-cadherin abolished the localization of Dsg3 at the membrane and resulted in a shift of Dsg3 from the cytoskeletal to the non-cytoskeletal protein pool which conforms to the notion that E-cadherin regulates desmosome assembly. Mechanistically, we identified a complex consisting of extradesmosomal Dsg3, E-cadherin, β-catenin and Src and that the stability of this complex is regulated by Src. Moreover, Dsg3 and E-cadherin are phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in a Src-dependent manner and Src activity is required for recruiting Dsg3 to the cytoskeletal pool as well as for desmosome maturation towards a Ca(2+)-insensitive state. Our data provide new insights into the role of E-cadherin and the contribution of Src signaling for formation and maintenance of desmosomal junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Rötzer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Hartlieb
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Gliem
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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20
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Di Zenzo G, Amber KT, Sayar BS, Müller EJ, Borradori L. Immune response in pemphigus and beyond: progresses and emerging concepts. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:57-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of epithelial cell-cell junctions is crucially important to regulate adhesion, apico-basal polarity and motility of epithelial cells, and ultimately controls the architecture and physiology of epithelial organs. Junctions are supported, shaped and regulated by cytoskeletal filaments, whose dynamic organization and contractility are finely tuned by GTPases of the Rho family, primarily RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42. Recent research has identified new molecular mechanisms underlying the cross-talk between these GTPases and epithelial junctions. Here we briefly summarize the current knowledge about the organization, molecular evolution and cytoskeletal anchoring of cell-cell junctions, and we comment on the most recent advances in the characterization of the interactions between Rho GTPases and junctional proteins, and their consequences with regards to junction assembly and regulation of cell behavior in vertebrate model systems. The concept of “zonular signalosome” is proposed, which highlights the close functional relationship between proteins of zonular junctions (zonulae occludentes and adhaerentes) and the control of cytoskeletal organization and signaling through Rho GTPases, transcription factors, and their effectors.
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Key Words
- AJ, adherens junction
- AMOT, angiomotin
- AMPK, Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase
- APC, adenomatous poliposis coli
- CD2AP, CD2-associated protein
- CGN, cingulin
- CGNL1, paracingulin
- Cdc42
- Cdc42, cell division cycle 42
- DLC, deleted in liver cancer
- Dbl, diffuse B-cell lymphoma
- EPLIN, epithelial protein lost in neoplasm
- ERK, extracellular regulated kinase
- FERM, four.point.one, ezrin, radixin, moesin
- FGD5, FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain containing 5
- GAP, GTPase activating protein
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GST, glutathione -S- transferase; JAM = junctional adhesion molecule
- MCF-7, Michigan Cancer Foundation - 7
- MDCK, Madin Darby Canine Kidney
- MKLP1, mitotic kinesin-like protein-1
- MRCK, myotonic dystrophy-related Cdc42-binding kinase
- MgcRacGAP, male germ cell racGAP
- PA, puncta adhaerentia
- PAK, p21-activated kinase; PATJ, Pals1 associated tight junction protein
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PDZ, Post synaptic density protein (PSD95), Drosophila, disc large tumour suppressor (DlgA), and zonula occludens-1
- PLEKHA7, pleckstrin homology domain containing, family A member 7
- RICH-1, RhoGAP interacting with CIP4 homologues
- ROCK, Rho-associated protein kinase
- Rac
- Rho
- SH3BP1, (SH3 domain 490 binding protein-1)
- TJ, tight junction
- Tbx-3, T-box-3
- Tiam, Tumor invasion and metastasis
- WASP, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein
- WAVE, WASP family Verprolin-homologous protein
- ZA, zonula adhaerens
- ZO, zonula occludens
- ZONAB, (ZO-1)–associated nucleic acid binding protein.
- cytoseleton
- epithelium
- junctions
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Citi
- a Department of Cell Biology ; University of Geneva ; Geneva , Switzerland
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22
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Abstract
Desmosomes represent adhesive, spot-like intercellular junctions that in association with intermediate filaments mechanically link neighboring cells and stabilize tissue architecture. In addition to this structural function, desmosomes also act as signaling platforms involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, morphogenesis, and apoptosis. Thus, deregulation of desmosomal proteins has to be considered to contribute to tumorigenesis. Proteolytic fragmentation and downregulation of desmosomal cadherins and plaque proteins by transcriptional or epigenetic mechanisms were observed in different cancer entities suggesting a tumor-suppressive role. However, discrepant data in the literature indicate that context-dependent differences based on alternative intracellular, signal transduction lead to altered outcome. Here, modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by plakoglobin or desmoplakin and of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling appears to be of special relevance. This review summarizes current evidence on how desmosomal proteins participate in carcinogenesis, and depicts the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmar Huber
- a Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Nonnenplan 2-4, 07743 Jena , Germany.,b Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital , Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena , Germany
| | - Iver Petersen
- c Institute of Pathology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Ziegelmühlenweg 1, 07743 Jena , Germany
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23
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Wang Y, Kunit T, Ciotkowska A, Rutz B, Schreiber A, Strittmatter F, Waidelich R, Liu C, Stief CG, Gratzke C, Hennenberg M. Inhibition of prostate smooth muscle contraction and prostate stromal cell growth by the inhibitors of Rac, NSC23766 and EHT1864. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2905-17. [PMID: 25631101 PMCID: PMC4439884 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Medical therapy of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) targets smooth muscle contraction in the prostate, or prostate growth. However, current therapeutic options are insufficient. Here, we investigated the role of Rac in the control of smooth muscle tone in human prostates and growth of prostate stromal cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Experiments were performed using human prostate tissues from radical prostatectomy and cultured stromal cells (WPMY-1). Expression of Rac was examined by Western blot and fluorescence staining. Effects of Rac inhibitors (NSC23766 and EHT1864) on contractility were assessed in the organ bath. The effects of Rac inhibitors were assessed by pull-down, cytotoxicity using a cell counting kit, cytoskeletal organization by phalloidin staining and cell growth using an 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay. KEY RESULTS Expression of Rac1-3 was observed in prostate samples from each patient. Immunoreactivity for Rac1-3 was observed in the stroma, where it colocalized with the smooth muscle marker, calponin. NSC23766 and EHT1864 significantly reduced contractions of prostate strips induced by noradrenaline, phenylephrine or electrical field stimulation. NSC23766 and EHT1864 inhibited Rac activity in WPMY-1 cells. Survival of WPMY-1 cells ranged between 64 and 81% after incubation with NSC23766 (50 or 100 μM) or EHT1864 (25 μM) for 24 h. NSC23766 and EHT1864 induced cytoskeletal disorganization in WPMY-1 cells. Both inhibitors impaired the growth of WPMY-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Rac may be a link connecting the control of prostate smooth muscle tone with proliferation of smooth muscle cells. Improvements in LUTS suggestive of BPH by Rac inhibitors appears possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - T Kunit
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
- University Hospital for Urology and AndrologySalzburg, Austria
| | - A Ciotkowska
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - B Rutz
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - A Schreiber
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - F Strittmatter
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - R Waidelich
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - C Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - C G Stief
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - C Gratzke
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - M Hennenberg
- Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilian UniversityMunich, Germany
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24
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Abstract
Cell-cell adhesions are necessary for structural integrity and barrier formation of the epidermis. Here, we discuss insights from genetic and cell biological studies into the roles of individual cell-cell junctions and their composite proteins in regulating epidermal development and function. In addition to individual adhesive functions, we will discuss emerging ideas on mechanosensation/transduction of junctions in the epidermis, noncanonical roles for adhesion proteins, and crosstalk/interdependencies between the junctional systems. These studies have revealed that cell adhesion proteins are connected to many aspects of tissue physiology including growth control, differentiation, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelyn D Sumigray
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Brown L, Wan H. Desmoglein 3: a help or a hindrance in cancer progression? Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:266-86. [PMID: 25629808 PMCID: PMC4381258 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmoglein 3 is one of seven desmosomal cadherins that mediate cell-cell adhesion in desmosomes. Desmosomes are the intercellular junctional complexes that anchor the intermediate filaments of adjacent cells and confer strong cell adhesion thus are essential in the maintenance of tissue architecture and structural integrity. Like adherens junctions, desmosomes function as tumour suppressors and are down regulated in the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and in tumour cell invasion and metastasis. However, recently several studies have shown that various desmosomal components, including desmoglein 3, are up-regulated in cancer with increased levels of expression correlating with the clinical stage of malignancy, implicating their potentiality to serve as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. Furthermore, in vitro studies have demonstrated that overexpression of desmoglein 3 in cancer cell lines activates several signal pathways that have an impact on cell morphology, adhesion and locomotion. These additional signalling roles of desmoglein 3 may not be associated to its adhesive function in desmosomes but rather function outside of the junctions, acting as a key regulator in the control of actin based cellular processes. This review will discuss recent advances which support the role of desmoglein 3 in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Brown
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Center for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Blizard Building, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Hong Wan
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Center for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Blizard Building, London E1 2AT, UK.
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26
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Li Y, Zhang Z, Zhou X, Li L, Liu Q, Wang Z, Bai X, Zhao Y, Shi H, Zhang X, Ye L. The oncoprotein HBXIP enhances migration of breast cancer cells through increasing filopodia formation involving MEKK2/ERK1/2/Capn4 signaling. Cancer Lett 2014; 355:288-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Johnson JL, Najor NA, Green KJ. Desmosomes: regulators of cellular signaling and adhesion in epidermal health and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a015297. [PMID: 25368015 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that mediate cell-cell adhesion and anchor the intermediate filament network to the plasma membrane, providing mechanical resilience to tissues such as the epidermis and heart. In addition to their critical roles in adhesion, desmosomal proteins are emerging as mediators of cell signaling important for proper cell and tissue functions. In this review we highlight what is known about desmosomal proteins regulating adhesion and signaling in healthy skin-in morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis, wound healing, and protection against environmental damage. We also discuss how human diseases that target desmosome molecules directly or interfere indirectly with these mechanical and signaling functions to contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611 Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Nicole A Najor
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611 Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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28
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Plasticity of Mammary Cell Boundaries Governed by EGF and Actin Remodeling. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1722-1730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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29
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Fang WK, Chen B, Xu XE, Liao LD, Wu ZY, Wu JY, Shen J, Xu LY, Li EM. Altered expression and localization of desmoglein 3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:803-9. [PMID: 24630396 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Desmoglein 3 (DSG3), a transmembrane cadherin of the desmosomal cell-cell adhesion structure, plays vital roles in the maintenance of normal epithelial tissue architecture. Reports implicating a role for DSG3 expression in cancer are few and contradictory. In this study, immunohistochemical staining was employed to investigate DSG3 expression and subcellular localization in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and to correlate changes with clinical characteristics. Results indicate that in normal squamous cell epithelia, strong DSG3 immunoreactivity was observed in the Stratum spinosum, and localization occurred only at the cell membrane. In ESCC, DSG3 immunoreactivity displayed an abnormal cytoplasmic localization that was correlated with cell differentiation (P=0.018). Most strikingly, in 74.1% of the tumors, DSG3 expression was up-regulated and correlated with regional lymph node metastasis (P=0.036). Moreover, in patients without lymph node metastasis, cytoplasmic localization of DSG3 correlated with poor prognosis (P=0.044). These results suggest that DSG3 is involved in the development of ESCC and imply that DSG3 overexpression is likely to be an essential contributor to the aggressive features of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Kai Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiu-E Xu
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lian-Di Liao
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shantou, China
| | - Jian-Yi Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - En-Min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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Rötzer V, Breit A, Waschke J, Spindler V. Adducin is required for desmosomal cohesion in keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14925-40. [PMID: 24711455 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.527127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adducin is a protein organizing the cortical actin cytoskeleton and a target of RhoA and PKC signaling. However, the role for intercellular cohesion is unknown. We found that adducin silencing induced disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, reduced intercellular adhesion of human keratinocytes, and decreased the levels of the desmosomal adhesion molecule desmoglein (Dsg)3 by reducing its membrane incorporation. Because loss of cell cohesion and Dsg3 depletion is observed in the autoantibody-mediated blistering skin disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV), we applied antibody fractions of PV patients. A rapid phosphorylation of adducin at serine 726 was detected in response to these autoantibodies. To mechanistically link autoantibody binding and adducin phosphorylation, we evaluated the role of several disease-relevant signaling molecules. Adducin phosphorylation at serine 726 was dependent on Ca(2+) influx and PKC but occurred independent of p38 MAPK and PKA. Adducin phosphorylation is protective, because phosphorylation-deficient mutants resulted in loss of cell cohesion and Dsg3 fragmentation. Thus, PKC elicits both positive and negative effects on cell adhesion, since its contribution to cell dissociation in pemphigus is well established. We additionally evaluated the effect of RhoA on adducin phosphorylation because RhoA activation was shown to block pemphigus autoantibody-induced cell dissociation. Our data demonstrate that the protective effect of RhoA activation was dependent on the presence of adducin and its phosphorylation at serine 726. These experiments provide novel mechanisms for regulation of desmosomal adhesion by RhoA- and PKC-mediated adducin phosphorylation in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Rötzer
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich D-80336 and
| | - Andreas Breit
- the Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich D-80336, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich D-80336 and
| | - Volker Spindler
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich D-80336 and
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Waschke J, Spindler V. Desmosomes and Extradesmosomal Adhesive Signaling Contacts in Pemphigus. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:1127-45. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich; Pettenkoferstrasse 11 D-80336 Munich Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich; Pettenkoferstrasse 11 D-80336 Munich Germany
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Spindler V, Waschke J. Desmosomal Cadherins and Signaling: Lessons from Autoimmune Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:77-84. [DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.877000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Brown L, Waseem A, Cruz IN, Szary J, Gunic E, Mannan T, Unadkat M, Yang M, Valderrama F, O'Toole EA, Wan H. Desmoglein 3 promotes cancer cell migration and invasion by regulating activator protein 1 and protein kinase C-dependent-Ezrin activation. Oncogene 2013; 33:2363-74. [PMID: 23752190 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), the pemphigus vulgaris antigen, has recently been shown to be upregulated in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and has been identified as a good tumor-specific marker for clinical staging of cervical sentinel lymph nodes in head and neck SCC. However, little is known about its biological function in cancer. The actin-binding protein Ezrin and the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor are implicated in cancer progression and metastasis. Here, we report that Dsg3 regulates the activity of c-Jun/AP-1 as well as protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation of Ezrin-Thr567, which contributes to the accelerated motility of cancer cells. Ectopic expression of Dsg3 in cancer cell lines caused enhanced phosphorylation at Ezrin-Thr567 with concomitant augmented membrane protrusions, cell spreading and invasive phenotype. We showed that Dsg3 formed a complex with Ezrin at the plasma membrane that was required for its proper function of interacting with F-actin and CD44 as Dsg3 knockdown impaired these associations. The increased Ezrin phosphorylation in Dsg3-overexpressing cells could be abrogated substantially by various pharmacological inhibitors for Ser/Thr kinases, including PKC and Rho kinase that are known to activate Ezrin. Furthermore, a marked increase in c-Jun S63 phosphorylation, among others, was found in Dsg3-overexpressing cells and the activation of c-Jun/AP-1 was further supported by a luciferase reporter assay. Taken together, our study identifies a novel Dsg3-mediated c-Jun/AP-1 regulatory mechanism and PKC-dependent Ezrin phosphorylation that could be responsible for Dsg3-associated cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brown
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - A Waseem
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - I N Cruz
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - J Szary
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - E Gunic
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - T Mannan
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - M Unadkat
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - M Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - F Valderrama
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
| | - E A O'Toole
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, London, UK
| | - H Wan
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
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Desmoglein 2 is less important than desmoglein 3 for keratinocyte cohesion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53739. [PMID: 23326495 PMCID: PMC3543261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes provide intercellular adhesive strength required for integrity of epithelial and some non-epithelial tissues. Within the epidermis, the cadherin-type adhesion molecules desmoglein (Dsg) 1-4 and desmocollin (Dsc) 1-3 build the adhesive core of desmosomes. In keratinocytes, several isoforms of these proteins are co-expressed. However, the contribution of specific isoforms to overall cell cohesion is unclear. Therefore, in this study we investigated the roles of Dsg2 and Dsg3, the latter of which is known to be essential for keratinocyte adhesion based on its autoantibody-induced loss of function in the autoimmune blistering skin disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV). The pathogenic PV antibody AK23, targeting the Dsg3 adhesive domain, led to profound loss of cell cohesion in human keratinocytes as revealed by the dispase-based dissociation assays. In contrast, an antibody against Dsg2 had no effect on cell cohesion although the Dsg2 antibody was demonstrated to interfere with Dsg2 transinteraction by single molecule atomic force microscopy and was effective to reduce cell cohesion in intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells which express Dsg2 as the only Dsg isoform. To substantiate these findings, siRNA-mediated silencing of Dsg2 or Dsg3 was performed in keratinocytes. In contrast to Dsg3-depleted cells, Dsg2 knockdown reduced cell cohesion only under conditions of increased shear. These experiments indicate that specific desmosomal cadherins contribute differently to keratinocyte cohesion and that Dsg2 compared to Dsg3 is less important in this context.
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