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Sultan N, Camilleri J, Scheven BA. Biocompatibility and antimicrobial effect of demineralised dentin matrix hydrogel for dental pulp preservation. Odontology 2024:10.1007/s10266-024-00994-2. [PMID: 39277551 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00994-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Regeneration of dentin and preserving pulp vitality are essential targets for vital pulp therapy. Our study aimed to evaluate a novel biomimetic pulp capping agent with increased dentin regenerative activities. To produce demineralised dentin matrix (DDM) particles, human extracted teeth were ground and treated with ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid solution. DDM particles were added to sodium alginate and this combination was dripped into a 5% calcium chloride to obtain DDM hydrogel (DDMH). The eluants of both DDMH and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) were tested using an MTT assay to detect their cytotoxic effect on dental pulp stem cells (DPSC). Collagen-I (COL-I) gene expression was analysed on DPSC exposed to different dilutions of pulp capping material eluants by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Acridine orange staining was used to monitor the cell growth over the tested materials. Agar diffusion assay was utilised to test the antibacterial effect of DDMH and MTA compared to controls. MTT assay revealed that neat eluates of DDMH promoted DPSC viability. However, neat eluates of MTA were cytotoxic on DPSC after 72 h of culture. Moreover, DPSC were capable of growth and attached to the surface of DDMH, while they showed a marked reduction in their number when cultured on the MTA surface for one week, as shown by the acridine orange stain. In DPSC cultured with DDMH eluates, the COL-I gene was overexpressed compared to those cultured with MTA eluants. DDMH had significant antimicrobial activity in comparison to MTA after 24 h incubation. This in vitro study showed that DDMH could be an alternative pulp capping agent for regenerative endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nessma Sultan
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
- Oral Biology and Dental Morphology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura National University, Gamasa, 7731168, Egypt.
| | - Josette Camilleri
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ben A Scheven
- School of Dentistry, Oral Biology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Zhao F, Zhang Z, Guo W. The 3-dimensional printing for dental tissue regeneration: the state of the art and future challenges. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1356580. [PMID: 38456006 PMCID: PMC10917914 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1356580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Tooth loss or damage poses great threaten to oral and general health. While contemporary clinical treatments have enabled tooth restoration to a certain extent, achieving functional tooth regeneration remains a challenging task due to the intricate and hierarchically organized architecture of teeth. The past few decades have seen a rapid development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, which has provided new breakthroughs in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative dentistry. This review outlined the bioactive materials and stem/progenitor cells used in dental regeneration, summarized recent advancements in the application of 3D printing technology for tooth and tooth-supporting tissue regeneration, including dental pulp, dentin, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and so on. It also discussed current obstacles and potential future directions, aiming to inspire innovative ideas and encourage further development in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Shamszadeh S, Shirvani A, Asgary S. The Role of Growth Factor Delivery Systems on Cellular Activities of Dental Stem Cells: A Systematic Review (Part II). Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:587-610. [PMID: 35692144 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x17666220609093939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current systematic review aims to provide the available ex vivo evidence evaluating the biological interactions of dental stem cells (DSCs) and growth factor delivery systems. METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, systematic search was conducted in the electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) up to January 2022. Studies evaluating the biological interactions of DSCs and growth factor delivery systems were included. The outcome measures were cell cytocompatibility, mineralization, and differentiation. RESULTS Sixteen studies were selected for the qualitative synthesis. The following growth factor delivery systems exhibit adequate cytocompatibility, enhanced mineralization, and osteo/odontoblast differentiation potential of DSCs: 1) Fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2)-loaded-microsphere and silk fibroin, 2) Bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2)-loaded-microsphere and mesoporous calcium silicate scaffold, 3) Transforming growth factor Beta 1 (TGF-ß1)-loaded-microsphere, glass ionomer cement (GIC), Bio-GIC and liposome, 4) TGF-ß1-loaded-nanoparticles/scaffold, 5) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-loaded-fiber and hydrogel, 6) TGF-ß1/VEGF-loaded-nanocrystalline calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite/calcium sulfate, 7) Epidermal growth factor-loaded- nanosphere, 8) Stem cell factor/DSCs-loaded-hydrogel and Silk fibroin, 9) VEGF/BMP-2/DSCs-loaded-Three-dimensional matrix, 10) VEGF/DSCs-loaded-microsphere/hydrogel, and 11) BMP-2/DSCs and VEGF/DSCs-loaded-Collagen matrices. The included delivery systems showed viability, except for Bio-GIC on day 3. The choice of specific growth factors and delivery systems (i.e., BMP-2-loaded-microsphere and VEGF-loaded-hydrogel) resulted in a greater gene expression. CONCLUSIONS This study, with low-level evidence obtained from ex vivo studies, suggests that growth factor delivery systems induce cell proliferation, mineralization, and differentiation toward a therapeutic potential in regenerative endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayna Shamszadeh
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Shirvani
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Asgary
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yuan S, Yang X, Wang X, Chen J, Tian W, Yang B. Injectable Xenogeneic Dental Pulp Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Hydrogel Promotes Functional Dental Pulp Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17483. [PMID: 38139310 PMCID: PMC10743504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present challenge in dental pulp tissue engineering scaffold materials lies in the development of tissue-specific scaffolds that are conducive to an optimal regenerative microenvironment and capable of accommodating intricate root canal systems. This study utilized porcine dental pulp to derive the decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) via appropriate decellularization protocols. The resultant dECM was dissolved in an acid pepsin solution to form dECM hydrogels. The analysis encompassed evaluating the microstructure and rheological properties of dECM hydrogels and evaluated their biological properties, including in vitro cell viability, proliferation, migration, tube formation, odontogenic, and neurogenic differentiation. Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel served as the control. Subsequently, hydrogels were injected into treated dentin matrix tubes and transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice to regenerate dental pulp tissue in vivo. The results showed that dECM hydrogels exhibited exceptional injectability and responsiveness to physiological temperature. It supported the survival, odontogenic, and neurogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in a 3D culture setting. Moreover, it exhibited a superior ability to promote cell migration and angiogenesis compared to GelMA hydrogel in vitro. Additionally, the dECM hydrogel demonstrated the capability to regenerate pulp-like tissue with abundant blood vessels and a fully formed odontoblast-like cell layer in vivo. These findings highlight the potential of porcine dental pulp dECM hydrogel as a specialized scaffold material for dental pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.Y.); (X.W.); (J.C.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xueting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.Y.); (X.W.); (J.C.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.Y.); (X.W.); (J.C.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.Y.); (X.W.); (J.C.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.Y.); (X.W.); (J.C.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.Y.); (X.W.); (J.C.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Clos-Sansalvador M, Monguió-Tortajada M, Grau-Leal F, Ruiz de Porras V, Garcia SG, Sanroque-Muñoz M, Font-Morón M, Franquesa M, Borràs FE. Agarose spot migration assay to measure the chemoattractant potential of extracellular vesicles: applications in regenerative medicine and cancer metastasis. BMC Biol 2023; 21:236. [PMID: 37884994 PMCID: PMC10605981 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recruitment of effector cells is one of the novel functions described for extracellular vesicles (EVs) that needs further study. For instance, cell recruitment by mesenchymal stromal cell derived-EVs (MSC-EVs) is one of the features by which MSC-EVs may induce regeneration and ameliorate tissue injury. On the other hand, increasing evidence suggests that cancer EVs play an important role in the preparation of the pre-metastatic niche (PMN) by recruiting their primary tumour cells. Understanding and measuring the potential of MSC-EVs or cancer-EVs to induce cell migration and recruitment is essential for cell-free therapeutic approaches and/or for a better knowledge of cancer metastasis, respectively. In this context, classical in vitro migration assays do not completely mimic the potential situation by which EVs exert their chemotactic capacity. RESULTS We adapted an agarose spot migration assay as an in vitro system to evaluate the cell recruitment capacity of locally delivered or localized EVs. Cell migration was tracked for 12 h or 48 h, respectively. Thereafter, endpoint migration images and time-lapse videos were analysed to quantify several parameters aiming to determine the migration of cells to either MSC-EV or pro-metastatic EV. The number of cells contained inside the agarose spots, the migration distance, the area occupied by cells, the directionality of the cell movement, and the Euclidean distance were measured. This multi-parametric evaluation revealed the potential of different MSC-EV preparations to recruit endothelial cells and to detect an enhanced recruitment capacity of highly metastatic PC3-derived EVs (PC3-EVs) compared to low-metastatic LNCaP-EVs in a tumour cell-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this agarose spot migration assay may offer a diversity of measurements and migration settings not provided by classical migration assays and reveal its potential use in the EV field in two different contexts with recruitment in common: regeneration and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Clos-Sansalvador
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) & Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08916, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Monguió-Tortajada
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) & Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08916, Spain
- ICREC Research Program, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) & Cardiology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ferran Grau-Leal
- RCPB Group, CARE Program, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP); ProCURE Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Carretera de Can Ruti, Camí de Les Escoles S/N, Badalona, 08916, Spain
| | - Vicenç Ruiz de Porras
- CARE Program, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Badalona, Spain
| | - Sergio G Garcia
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) & Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08916, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Sanroque-Muñoz
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) & Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08916, Spain
| | - Miriam Font-Morón
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) & Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08916, Spain
| | - Marcella Franquesa
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) & Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08916, Spain.
| | - Francesc E Borràs
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) & Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08916, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.
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Holiel AA, Mustafa HM, Sedek EM. Biodegradation of an injectable treated dentin matrix hydrogel as a novel pulp capping agent for dentin regeneration. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:126. [PMID: 36841767 PMCID: PMC9960635 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel injectable mixture termed treated dentin matrix hydrogel (TDMH) has been introduced for restoring dentin defect in DPC. However, no study evaluated its physiological biodegradation. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess scaffold homogeneity, mechanical properties and biodegradability in vitro and in vivo and the regenerated dentin induced by TDMH as a novel pulp capping agent in human permanent teeth. METHODS Three TDMH discs were weighted, and dry/wet ratios were calculated in four slices from each disc to evaluate homogeneity. Hydrogel discs were also analyzed in triplicate to measure the compressive strength using a universal testing machine. The in vitro degradation behavior of hydrogel in PBS at 37 °C for 2 months was also investigated by monitoring the percent weight change. Moreover, 20 intact fully erupted premolars were included for assessment of TDMH in vivo biodegradation when used as a novel injectable pulp capping agent. The capped teeth were divided into four equal groups according to extraction interval after 2-, 8-, 12- and 16-weeks, stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histological and histomorphometric evaluation. Statistical analysis was performed using F test (ANOVA) and post hoc test (p = 0.05). RESULTS No statistical differences among hydrogel slices were detected with (p = 0.192) according to homogeneity. TDMH compression modulus was (30.45 ± 1.11 kPa). Hydrogel retained its shape well up to 4 weeks and after 8 weeks completely degraded. Histological analysis after 16 weeks showed a significant reduction in TDMH area and a simultaneous significant increase in the new dentin area. The mean values of TDMH were 58.8% ± 5.9 and 9.8% ± 3.3 at 2 and 16 weeks, while the new dentin occupied 9.5% ± 2.8 at 2 weeks and 82.9% ± 3.8 at 16 weeks. CONCLUSIONS TDMH was homogenous and exhibited significant stability and almost completely recovered after excessive compression. TDMH generally maintained their bulk geometry throughout 7 weeks. The in vivo response to TDMH was characterized by extensive degradation of the hydrogel and dentin matrix particles and abundant formation of new dentin. The degradation rate of TDMH matched the rate of new dentin formation. TRIAL REGISTRATION PACTR201901866476410: 30/1/2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Holiel
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Hossam M Mustafa
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman M Sedek
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Kumar N, Maher N, Amin F, Ghabbani H, Zafar MS, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, Oñate-Sánchez RE. Biomimetic Approaches in Clinical Endodontics. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040229. [PMID: 36546929 PMCID: PMC9775094 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, biomimetic concepts have been widely adopted in various biomedical fields, including clinical dentistry. Endodontics is an important sub-branch of dentistry which deals with the different conditions of pulp to prevent tooth loss. Traditionally, common procedures, namely pulp capping, root canal treatment, apexification, and apexigonesis, have been considered for the treatment of different pulp conditions using selected materials. However, clinically to regenerate dental pulp, tissue engineering has been advocated as a feasible approach. Currently, new trends are emerging in terms of regenerative endodontics which have led to the replacement of diseased and non-vital teeth into the functional and healthy dentine-pulp complex. Root- canal therapy is the standard management option when dental pulp is damaged irreversibly. This treatment modality involves soft-tissue removal and then filling that gap through the obturation technique with a synthetic material. The formation of tubular dentine and pulp-like tissue formation occurs when stem cells are transplanted into the root canal with an appropriate scaffold material. To sum up tissue engineering approach includes three components: (1) scaffold, (2) differentiation, growth, and factors, and (3) the recruitment of stem cells within the pulp or from the periapical region. The aim of this paper is to thoroughly review and discuss various pulp-regenerative approaches and materials used in regenerative endodontics which may highlight the current trends and future research prospects in this particular area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-333-2818500
| | - Nazrah Maher
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Amin
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Hani Ghabbani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah, Al Munawwarah 41311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah, Al Munawwarah 41311, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | | | - Ricardo E. Oñate-Sánchez
- Department of Special Care in Dentistry, Hospital Morales Meseguer, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, 30008 Murcia, Spain
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Sadaghiani L, Alshumrani AM, Gleeson HB, Ayre WN, Sloan AJ. Growth Factor release and dental pulp stem cell attachment following dentine conditioning- an in vitro study. Int Endod J 2022; 55:858-869. [PMID: 35638345 PMCID: PMC9541952 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Aim The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of dentine conditioning agents on growth factor liberation and settlement of dental pulp progenitor cells (DPSCs) on dentine surfaces. Methodology The agents used included ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; 10%, pH 7.2), phosphoric acid (37%, pH < 1), citric acid (10%, pH 1.5) and polyacrylic acid (25%, pH 3.9). Human dentine slices were conditioned for exaggerated conditioning times of 5 and 10 min, so that the growth factor liberation reached quantifiable levels above the limit of detection of the laboratory methods employed. Transforming growth factor beta‐1 (TGF‐β1) release and surface exposure were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunogold labelling. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to assess the morphology of cells and coverage by DPSCs cultured on dentine surfaces for 8 days. Results After 5‐min conditioning of dentine slices, citric acid was the most effective agent for growth factor release into the aqueous environment as measured by ELISA (Mann–Whitney U with Bonferroni correction, p < .01 compared with phosphoric and polyacrylic acid). As well as this, dentine slices treated with phosphoric acid for the same period, displayed significantly less TGF‐β1 on the surface compared with the other agents used, as measured by immunogold labelling (MWU with Bonferroni correction, p < .05). After 8 days, widespread coverage by DPSCs on dentine surfaces conditioned with citric acid and EDTA were evident under SEM. On dentine surfaces conditioned with phosphoric and polyacrylic acid, respectively, less spread cells and inconsistent cell coverage were observed. Conclusions Based on the findings of this in vitro study, a desirable biological growth factor‐mediated effect may be gained when conditioning dentine by milder acidic or chelating agents such as citric acid and EDTA. The results must be interpreted in the context that the potential of the applied materials inducing a desirable biological response in DPSCs is only one consideration amongst other important ones in a clinical setting. However, it is crucial to look beyond the mere physical effects of materials and move towards biologically based treatment approaches as far as the restorative management of teeth with viable dental pulps are concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sadaghiani
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | | | - H B Gleeson
- Department of General Dentistry and Orthodontics, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS foundation trust, UK
| | - W Nishio Ayre
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - A J Sloan
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Aryal YP, Yeon CY, Kim TY, Lee ES, Sung S, Pokharel E, Kim JY, Choi SY, Yamamoto H, Sohn WJ, Lee Y, An SY, An CH, Jung JK, Ha JH, Kim JY. Facilitating Reparative Dentin Formation Using Apigenin Local Delivery in the Exposed Pulp Cavity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:773878. [PMID: 34955887 PMCID: PMC8703200 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.773878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Apigenin, a natural product belonging to the flavone class, affects various cell physiologies, such as cell signaling, inflammation, proliferation, migration, and protease production. In this study, apigenin was applied to mouse molar pulp after mechanically pulpal exposure to examine the detailed function of apigenin in regulating pulpal inflammation and tertiary dentin formation. In vitro cell cultivation using human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and in vivo mice model experiments were employed to examine the effect of apigenin in the pulp and dentin regeneration. In vitro cultivation of hDPSCs with apigenin treatment upregulated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)- and osteogenesis-related signaling molecules such as BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, bone sialoprotein (BSP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and osteocalcin (OCN) after 14 days. After apigenin local delivery in the mice pulpal cavity, histology and cellular physiology, such as the modulation of inflammation and differentiation, were examined using histology and immunostainings. Apigenin-treated specimens showed period-altered immunolocalization patterns of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, myeloperoxidase (MPO), NESTIN, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 at 3 and 5 days. Moreover, the apigenin-treated group showed a facilitated dentin-bridge formation with few irregular tubules after 42 days from pulpal cavity preparation. Micro-CT images confirmed obvious dentin-bridge structures in the apigenin-treated specimens compared with the control. Apigenin facilitated the reparative dentin formation through the modulation of inflammation and the activation of signaling regulations. Therefore, apigenin would be a potential therapeutic agent for regenerating dentin in exposed pulp caused by dental caries and traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang-Yeol Yeon
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eui-Seon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Shijin Sung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Elina Pokharel
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Pre-major of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutics, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hong Ha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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10
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Terranova L, Louvrier A, Hébraud A, Meyer C, Rolin G, Schlatter G, Meyer F. Highly Structured 3D Electrospun Conical Scaffold: A Tool for Dental Pulp Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5775-5787. [PMID: 34846849 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New procedures envisioned for dental pulp regeneration after pulpectomy include cell homing strategy. It involves host endogenous stem cell recruitment and activation. To meet this cell-free approach, we need to design a relevant scaffold to support cell migration from tissues surrounding the dental root canal. A composite membrane made of electrospun poly(lactic acid) nanofibers and electrosprayed polycaprolactone with tannic acid (TA) microparticles which mimics the architecture of the extracellular matrix was first fabricated. After rolling the membrane in the form of a 3D conical scaffold and subsequently coating it with gelatin, it can be directly inserted into the root canal. The porous morphology of the construct was characterized by SEM at different length scales. It was shown that TA was released from the 3D conical scaffold after 2 days in PBS at 37 °C. Biocompatibility studies were first assessed by seeding human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) on planar membranes coated or not coated with gelatin to compare the surfaces. After 24 h, the results highlighted that the gelatin-coating increased the membrane biocompatibility and cell viability. Similar DPSC morphology and proliferation on both membrane surfaces were observed. The culture of DPSCs on conical scaffolds showed cell colonization in the whole cone volume, proving that the architecture of the conical scaffold was suitable for cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Terranova
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité mixte de recherche 1121, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé ICPEES UMR 7515, CNRS, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Aurélien Louvrier
- Service de chirurgie maxillo-faciale, stomatologie et odontologie hospitalière, CHU Besançon, Besançon F-25000, France.,Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon F-25000, France
| | - Anne Hébraud
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé ICPEES UMR 7515, CNRS, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Christophe Meyer
- Service de chirurgie maxillo-faciale, stomatologie et odontologie hospitalière, CHU Besançon, Besançon F-25000, France
| | - Gwenaël Rolin
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon F-25000, France.,Inserm CIC-1431, CHU Besançon, Besançon F-25000, France
| | - Guy Schlatter
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé ICPEES UMR 7515, CNRS, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Florent Meyer
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité mixte de recherche 1121, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Pôle de médecine et chirurgie bucco-dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
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11
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Korkmaz Y, Imhof T, Kämmerer PW, Bloch W, Rink-Notzon S, Möst T, Weber M, Kesting M, Galler KM, Deschner J. The colocalizations of pulp neural stem cells markers with dentin matrix protein-1, dentin sialoprotein and dentin phosphoprotein in human denticle (pulp stone) lining cells. Ann Anat 2021; 239:151815. [PMID: 34400302 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary dentin, secondary dentin, and reactive tertiary dentin are formed by terminal differentiated odontoblasts, whereas atubular reparative tertiary dentin is formed by odontoblast-like cells. Odontoblast-like cells differentiate from pulpal stem cells, which express the neural stem cell markers nestin, S100β, Sox10, and P0. The denticle (pulp stone) is an unique mineralized extracellular matrix that frequently occurs in association with the neurovascular structures in the dental pulp. However, to date, the cellular origin of denticles in human dental pulp is unclear. In addition, the non-collagenous extracellular dentin matrix proteins dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), dentin sialoprotein (DSP), and dentin phosphoprotein (DPP) have been well characterized in the dentin matrix, whereas their role in the formation and mineralization of the denticle matrix remains to be clarified. METHODS To characterize the formation of denticle, healthy human third molars (n = 59) were completely sectioned and evaluated by HE staining in different layers at 720 µm intervals. From these samples, molars with (n = 5) and without denticles (n = 8) were selected. Using consecutive cryo-sections from a layer containing denticles of different sizes, we examined DMP1, DSP, and DPP in denticle lining cells and tested their co-localizations with the glial stem cell markers nestin, S100β, Sox10, and P0 by quantitative and double staining methods. RESULTS DMP1, DSP and DPP were found in odontoblasts, whereas denticle lining cells were positive only for DMP1 and DSP but not for DPP. Nestin was detected in both odontoblasts and denticle lining cells. S100β, Sox10, and P0 were co-localized with DMP1 and DSP in different subpopulations of denticle lining cells. CONCLUSIONS The co-localization of S100β, Sox10, and P0 with DMP1 and DSP in denticle lining cells suggest that denticle lining cells are originated from glial and/or endoneurial mesenchymal stem cells which are involved in biomineralization of denticle matrix by secretion of DMP1 and DSP. Since denticles are atubular compared to primary, secondary, reactionary tertiary dentin and denticle formed by odontoblasts, our results suggest that DPP could be one of the proteins involved in the complex regulation of dentinal tubule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yüksel Korkmaz
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Thomas Imhof
- Institute for Experimental Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peer W Kämmerer
- Department of Oral, and Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Svenja Rink-Notzon
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Möst
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuel Weber
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Kesting
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin M Galler
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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12
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Virdee SS, Bashir N, Camilleri J, Cooper PR, Tomson P. Exploiting dentine matrix proteins in cell-free approaches for periradicular tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:707-732. [PMID: 34309453 PMCID: PMC9419954 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of mesenchymal stem cells within periapical lesions (PL-MSC) has presented novel opportunities for managing periradicular diseases in adult teeth by way of enhancing tissue regeneration. This discovery coincides with the current paradigm shift toward biologically driven treatment strategies in endodontics, which have typically been reserved for non-vital immature permanent teeth. One such approach that shows promise is utilizing local endogenous non-collagenous dentine extracellular matrix components (dECM) to recruit and upregulate the intrinsic regenerative capacity of PL-MSCs in situ. At picogram levels, these morphogens have demonstrated tremendous ability to enhance the cellular activities in in vitro and in vivo animal studies that would otherwise be necessary for periradicular regeneration. Briefly, these include proliferation, viability, migration, differentiation, and mineralization. Therefore, topical application of dECMs during ortho- or retrograde root canal treatment could potentially enhance and sustain the regenerative mechanisms within diseased periapical tissues that are responsible for attaining favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes. This would provide many advantages when compared with conventional antimicrobial-only therapies for apical periodontitis (AP), which do not directly stimulate healing and have had stagnant success rates over the past five decades despite significant advances in operative techniques. The aim of this narrative review was to present the novel concept of exploiting endogenous dECMs as clinical tools for treating AP in mature permanent teeth. A large scope of literature was summarized to discuss the issues associated with conventional treatment modalities; current knowledge surrounding PL-MSCs; composition of the dECM; inductive potentials of dECM morphogens in other odontogenic stem cell niches; how treatment protocols can be adapted to take advantage of dECMs and PL-MSCs; and finally, the challenges currently impeding successful clinical translation alongside directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satnam Singh Virdee
- University of Birmingham, 1724, School of Dentistry, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Nasir Bashir
- University of Birmingham, 1724, School of Dentistry, Birmingham Dental Hospital and School of Dentistry, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, B5 7SA;
| | - Josette Camilleri
- University of Birmingham, 1724, School of Dentistry, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Paul R Cooper
- University of Otago, 2495, Faculty of Dentistry, Dunedin, New Zealand;
| | - Phillip Tomson
- University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, 150183, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, B5 7EG.,University of Birmingham;
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13
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Alghutaimel H, Yang X, Drummond B, Nazzal H, Duggal M, Raïf E. Investigating the vascularization capacity of a decellularized dental pulp matrix seeded with human dental pulp stem cells: in vitro and preliminary in vivo evaluations. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1300-1316. [PMID: 33709438 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the vascularization capacity of a decellularized dental pulp matrix (DDP) of bovine origin seeded with human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) in vitro and to present preliminary in vivo findings. METHODOLOGY Bovine dental pulps were decellularized and then analysed using histological staining and DNA quantification. The resultant DDPs were characterized using immunohistochemical staining for the retention of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). Furthermore, DDPs were recellularized with hDPSCs and analysed histologically. The expression of markers involved in angiogenesis by hDPSCs colonizing the DDPs was assessed in vitro. A preliminary in vivo study was then conducted in which hDPSCs-seeded and unseeded DDPs were inserted in debrided human premolars root slices and implanted subcutaneously in immunodeficient mice. Samples were retrieved after 30 days and analysed using histological and immunohistochemical staining. The independent samples t-test, analysis of variance and a Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyse the quantitative data statistically depending on the group numbers and normality of data distribution. The difference between the groups was considered significant when the P-value was less than 0.05. RESULTS Acellular dental pulp matrices were generated following bovine dental pulp decellularization. Evaluation of the developed DDPs revealed a significant DNA reduction (P < 0.0001) with preservation of the native histoarchitecture and vasculature and retention of VEGF-A and FGF-2. Upon recellularization of the DDPs with hDPSCs, the in vitro analyses revealed cell engraftment with progressive repopulation of DDPs' matrices and vasculature and with enhanced expression of markers involved in angiogenesis. In vivo implantation of root slices with hDPSCs-seeded DDPs revealed apparent vascularization enhancement as compared to the unseeded DDP group (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The developed decellularized dental pulp matrix had pro-angiogenic properties characterized by the retention of native vasculature and angiogenic growth factors. Seeding of hDPSCs into the DDP led to progressive repopulation of the vasculature, enhanced expression of markers involved in angiogenesis in hDPSCs and improved in vivo vascularization capacity. The se suggest that a combination of DDP and hDPSCs have the potential to provide a promising vascularization promoting strategy for dental pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Alghutaimel
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - X Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - B Drummond
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - H Nazzal
- Paediatric Dentistry Section, Hamad Dental Centre, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - M Duggal
- College of Dental Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - E Raïf
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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14
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Călin C, Sajin M, Moldovan VT, Coman C, Stratul SI, Didilescu AC. Immunohistochemical expression of non-collagenous extracellular matrix molecules involved in tertiary dentinogenesis following direct pulp capping: a systematic review. Ann Anat 2021; 235:151674. [PMID: 33400977 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular matrix molecules (ECMM) expression during tertiary dentinogenesis provides useful information for regenerative applications and efficacy of pulp capping materials. AIM To identify and review the expression and roles of non-collagenous ECMM after successful direct pulp capping (DPC), following mechanical pulp exposures, via immunohistochemistry (IHC). The study addressed the question of where will successful DPC impact the IHC expression of these molecules. DATA SOURCES In vivo animal and human original clinical studies reporting on ECMM in relation to different follow-up periods were screened and evaluated via descriptive analysis. The electronic literature search was carried out in three databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus), followed by manual screening of relevant journals and cross-referencing, up to December 2018. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTIONS Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, conducted in humans and animals, were selected. Histological evidence for tertiary dentine formation was a prerequisite for IHC evaluation. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS The methodological quality of the included articles was independently assessed using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) and the Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB 1), respectively. RESULTS From a total of 1534 identified studies, 18 were included. Thirteen papers evaluated animal subjects and five studies were carried out on humans. In animals and humans, fibronectin and tenascin expressions were detected in pulp and odontoblast-like cells (OLC); dentine sialoprotein was expressed in both soft and newly-formed mineralized tissue. In animals, bone sialoprotein was early expressed, in association with OLC and predentin; the immunoreactivity for dentine sialophosphoprotein and dentine matrix protein-1 was associated with the OLC and dentine bridge; osteopontin was expressed in OLC, predentine and reparative dentine. A considerable heterogeneity was found in the methodologies of the included studies, as well as interspecies variability of results in terms of time. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS Within the limited scientific evidence, all non-collagenous ECMM expressions during tertiary dentinogenesis are active and related to soft and hard tissues. There is a shortage of human studies, and future research directions should focus more on them. PROSPERO Protocol: CRD42019121304.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Călin
- Division of Embryology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
| | - M Sajin
- Chair of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
| | - V T Moldovan
- Department of Pathology, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - C Coman
- Preclinical Testing Unit, Cantacuzino National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - S I Stratul
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - A C Didilescu
- Division of Embryology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania.
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15
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Abbass MMS, El-Rashidy AA, Sadek KM, Moshy SE, Radwan IA, Rady D, Dörfer CE, Fawzy El-Sayed KM. Hydrogels and Dentin-Pulp Complex Regeneration: From the Benchtop to Clinical Translation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2935. [PMID: 33316886 PMCID: PMC7763835 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentin-pulp complex is a term which refers to the dental pulp (DP) surrounded by dentin along its peripheries. Dentin and dental pulp are highly specialized tissues, which can be affected by various insults, primarily by dental caries. Regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex is of paramount importance to regain tooth vitality. The regenerative endodontic procedure (REP) is a relatively current approach, which aims to regenerate the dentin-pulp complex through stimulating the differentiation of resident or transplanted stem/progenitor cells. Hydrogel-based scaffolds are a unique category of three dimensional polymeric networks with high water content. They are hydrophilic, biocompatible, with tunable degradation patterns and mechanical properties, in addition to the ability to be loaded with various bioactive molecules. Furthermore, hydrogels have a considerable degree of flexibility and elasticity, mimicking the cell extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly that of the DP. The current review presents how for dentin-pulp complex regeneration, the application of injectable hydrogels combined with stem/progenitor cells could represent a promising approach. According to the source of the polymeric chain forming the hydrogel, they can be classified into natural, synthetic or hybrid hydrogels, combining natural and synthetic ones. Natural polymers are bioactive, highly biocompatible, and biodegradable by naturally occurring enzymes or via hydrolysis. On the other hand, synthetic polymers offer tunable mechanical properties, thermostability and durability as compared to natural hydrogels. Hybrid hydrogels combine the benefits of synthetic and natural polymers. Hydrogels can be biofunctionalized with cell-binding sequences as arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD), can be used for local delivery of bioactive molecules and cellularized with stem cells for dentin-pulp regeneration. Formulating a hydrogel scaffold material fulfilling the required criteria in regenerative endodontics is still an area of active research, which shows promising potential for replacing conventional endodontic treatments in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M. S. Abbass
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.M.S.A.); (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.)
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
| | - Aiah A. El-Rashidy
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
- Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Khadiga M. Sadek
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
- Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Sara El Moshy
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.M.S.A.); (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.)
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
| | - Israa Ahmed Radwan
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.M.S.A.); (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.)
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
| | - Dina Rady
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (M.M.S.A.); (S.E.M.); (I.A.R.); (D.R.)
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
| | - Christof E. Dörfer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Karim M. Fawzy El-Sayed
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (A.A.E.-R.); (K.M.S.)
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
- Oral Medicine and Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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16
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Hattori-Sanuki T, Karakida T, Chiba-Ohkuma R, Miake Y, Yamamoto R, Yamakoshi Y, Hosoya N. Characterization of Living Dental Pulp Cells in Direct Contact with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102336. [PMID: 33096862 PMCID: PMC7589724 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was introduced as a material for dental endodontic regenerative therapy. Here, we show the dynamics of living dental pulp cells in direct contact with an MTA disk. A red fluorescence protein (DsRed) was introduced into immortalized porcine dental pulp cells (PPU7) and cloned. DsRed-PPU7 cells were cultured on the MTA disk and cell proliferation, chemotaxis, the effects of growth factors and the gene expression of cells were investigated at the biological, histomorphological and genetic cell levels. Mineralized precipitates formed in the DsRed-PPU7 cells were characterized with crystal structural analysis. DsRed-PPU7 cells proliferated in the central part of the MTA disk until Day 6 and displayed a tendency to move to the outer circumference. Both transforming growth factor beta and bone morphogenetic protein promoted the proliferation and movement of DsRed-PPU7 cells and also enhanced the expression levels of odontoblastic gene differentiation markers. Mineralized precipitates formed in DsRed-PPU7 were composed of calcium and phosphate but its crystals were different in each position. Our investigation showed that DsRed-PPU7 cells in direct contact with the MTA disk could differentiate into odontoblasts by controlling cell–cell and cell–substrate interactions depending on cell adhesion and the surrounding environment of the MTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Hattori-Sanuki
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (T.H.-S.); (N.H.)
| | - Takeo Karakida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (T.K.); (R.C.-O.); (R.Y.)
| | - Risako Chiba-Ohkuma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (T.K.); (R.C.-O.); (R.Y.)
| | - Yasuo Miake
- Department of Anatomy, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan;
| | - Ryuji Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (T.K.); (R.C.-O.); (R.Y.)
| | - Yasuo Yamakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (T.K.); (R.C.-O.); (R.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-580-8479; Fax: +81-45-573-9599
| | - Noriyasu Hosoya
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (T.H.-S.); (N.H.)
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18
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bioactive molecule carrier systems (BACS) are biomaterial-based substrates that facilitate the delivery of active signaling molecules for different biologically based therapeutic applications, which include regenerative endodontic procedures. Tissue regeneration or organized repair in regenerative endodontic procedures is governed by the dynamic orchestration of interactions between stem/progenitor cells, bioactive molecules, and extracellular matrix. BACS aid in mimicking some of the complex physiological processes, overcoming some of the challenges faced in the clinical translation of regenerative endodontic procedures. AREAS COVERED This narrative review addresses the role of BACS in stem/progenitor cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation with the application for dentin-pulp tissue engineering both in vitro and in vivo. BACS shield the bioactivity of the immobilized molecules against environmental factors, while its design allows the pre-programmed release of bioactive molecules in a spatial and temporal-controlled manner. The polymeric and non-polymeric materials used to synthesize micro and nanoscale-based BACS are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Comprehensive characterization of well-designed and customized BACS is necessary to be able to deliver multiple bioactive molecules in spatiotemporally controlled manner and to address the release kinetics required for potential in vivo application. This warrants further laboratory-based experiments and rigorous clinical investigations to enable their clinical translation for regenerative endodontic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kishen
- The Kishen Lab, Dental Research Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada.,School of Graduate Studies, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Mount Sinai Health System, Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hebatullah Hussein
- The Kishen Lab, Dental Research Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada
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19
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Protein S100-A7 Derived from Digested Dentin Is a Critical Molecule for Dentin Pulp Regeneration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091002. [PMID: 31470634 PMCID: PMC6769619 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentin consists of inorganic hard tissue and organic dentin matrix components (DMCs). Various kinds of bioactive molecules are included in DMCs and some of them can be released after digestion by endogenous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the caries region. Digested DMCs induced by MMP20 have been reported to promote pulpal wound healing processes, but the released critical molecules responsible for this phenomenon are unclear. Here, we identified protein S100-A7 as a critical molecule for pulpal healing in digested DMCs by comprehensive proteomic approaches and following pulp capping experiments in rat molars. In addition, immunohistochemical results indicated the specific distribution of S100-A7 and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) as receptor for S100-A7 in the early stage of the pulpal healing process, and following accumulation of CD146-positive stem cells in wounded pulp. Our findings indicate that protein S100-A7 released from dentin by MMP20 might play a key role in dentin pulp regeneration.
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Youssef AR, Emara R, Taher MM, Al-Allaf FA, Almalki M, Almasri MA, Siddiqui SS. Effects of mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium hydroxide, biodentine and Emdogain on osteogenesis, Odontogenesis, angiogenesis and cell viability of dental pulp stem cells. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:133. [PMID: 31266498 PMCID: PMC6604301 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vital pulp therapy preserves and maintains the integrity and the health of dental pulp tissue that has been injured by trauma, caries or restorative procedures. The enhancement of cells viability and formation of reparative dentine and new blood vessels are vital determinants of the success of direct pulp capping. Therefore, the aims of this study was to evaluate and compare the in vitro osteogenic, odontogenic and angiogenic effects of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], Biodentine and Emdogain on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and examine the effects of the tested materials on cell viability. METHODS DPSCs were treated with MTA, Ca(OH)2, Biodentine or Emdogain. Untreated cells were used as control. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay on day 3. Real-Time PCR with SYBR green was used to quantify the gene expression levels of osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin), odontogenic marker (dentin sialophosphoprotein) and angiogenic factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) on day 7 and day 14. RESULTS All capping materials showed variable cytotoxicity against DPSCs (77% for Emdogain, 53% for MTA, 26% for Biodentine and 16% for Ca(OH)2 compared to control (P value < 0.0001). Osteopontin (OPN) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) gene expression was increased by all four materials. However, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was upregulated by all materials except Emdogain. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was upregulated by all four tested materials except Ca(OH)2. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest MTA, Biodentine and Emdogain exhibit similar attributes and may score better than Ca(OH)2. Emdogain could be a promising alternative to MTA and Biodentine in enhancing pulp repair capacity following dental pulp injury. However, further future research is required to assess the clinical outcomes and compare it with the in vitro findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Rahman Youssef
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Ramy Emara
- Department of Restorative dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohiuddin M Taher
- Department of Medical Genetics, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Science and Technology Unit Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A Al-Allaf
- Department of Medical Genetics, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Science and Technology Unit Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Almalki
- Department of Restorative dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen A Almasri
- Oral Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid S Siddiqui
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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21
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Bjørndal L, Simon S, Tomson PL, Duncan HF. Management of deep caries and the exposed pulp. Int Endod J 2019; 52:949-973. [PMID: 30985944 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Caries prevalence remains high throughout the world, with the burden of disease increasingly affecting older and socially disadvantaged groups in Western cultures. If left untreated, caries will advance through dentine stimulating pulpitis and eventually pulp infection and necrosis; however, if conservatively managed, pulpal recovery occurs even in deep carious lesions. Traditionally, deep caries management was destructive with nonselective (complete) removal of all carious dentine; however, the promotion of minimally invasive biologically based treatment strategies has been advocated for selective (partial) caries removal and a reduced risk of pulp exposure. Selective caries removal strategies can be one-visit as indirect pulp treatment or two-visit using a stepwise approach. Management strategies for the treatment of the cariously exposed pulp are also shifting with avoidance of pulpectomy and the re-emergence of vital pulp treatment (VPT) techniques such as partial and complete pulpotomy. These changes stem from an improved understanding of the pulp-dentine complex's defensive and reparative response to irritation, with harnessing the release of bioactive dentine matrix components and careful handling of the damaged tissue considered critical. Notably, the development of new pulp capping materials such as mineral trioxide aggregate, which although not an ideal material, has resulted in more predictable treatments from both a histological and a clinical perspective. Unfortunately, the changes in management are only supported by relatively weak evidence with case series, cohort studies and preliminary studies containing low patient numbers forming the bulk of the evidence. As a result, critical questions related to the superiority of one caries removal technique over another, the best pulp capping biomaterial or whether pulp exposure is a negative prognostic factor remain unanswered. There is an urgent need to promote minimally invasive treatment strategies in Operative Dentistry and Endodontology; however, the development of accurate diagnostic tools, evidence-based management strategies and education in management of the exposed pulp are critical in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bjørndal
- Cariology and Endodontics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Simon
- Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.,Hôpital de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France.,Laboratoire IN SERM UMR 1138, Paris, France
| | - P L Tomson
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - H F Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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22
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Medina-Fernandez I, Celiz AD. Acellular biomaterial strategies for endodontic regeneration. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:506-519. [PMID: 30569918 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01296b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dental decay is treated by removing infected dental tissues such as dentine and restoring the tooth with a material. However, the vast majority of these materials have been designed to be mechanically robust and bioinert, whereas the potential regenerative properties of a biomaterial have not been considered. In endodontics for example, materials are used to seal the pulp cavity to avoid bacterial colonisation of the tooth and prevent further infection. While these treatments are effective in the short term, many of these materials have not been designed to interface with the pulp tissue in a biocompatible manner and are often cytotoxic. This can lead to less favourable long-term outcomes such as devitalisation of the tooth via root-canal therapy or extraction of the tooth. Clinical outcomes could be improved if regenerative approaches were followed whereby the biology of the tooth is engineered for repair and regeneration often with the support of a biomaterial. Within these, acellular or cell homing approaches are particularly interesting, as some regulatory hurdles associated with cellular therapies could be circumvented which may aid their clinical translation. In this review, we highlight progress in regenerative dentistry and focus on exciting developments using acellular biomaterials for regenerating dental tissues.
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23
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Holder MJ, Wright HJ, Couve E, Milward MR, Cooper PR. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Exert Potential Cytotoxic and Proinflammatory Effects in the Dental Pulp. J Endod 2019; 45:513-520.e3. [PMID: 30930016 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are an important innate immune mechanism aimed at limiting the dissemination of bacteria within tissues and localizing antibacterial killing mechanisms. There is significant interest in the role of NETs in a range of infectious and inflammatory diseases; however, their role in diseased pulp has yet to be explored. Our aim was to determine their relevance to infected pulp and how their components affect human dental pulp cell (HDPC) responses. METHODS Diseased pulp tissue was stained for the presence of extracellular DNA and elastase to detect the presence of NETs. Bacteria known to infect pulp were also assayed to determine their ability to stimulate NETs. Coculture studies and NET component challenge were used to determine the effect of extracellular NET release on HDPC viability and inflammatory response. NET-stimulated HDPC secretomes were assessed for their chemotactic activity for lymphocytes and macrophages. RESULTS Data indicate that NETs are present in infected pulp tissue and whole NETs, and their histone components, particularly H2A, decreased HDPC viability and stimulated chemokine release, resulting in an attraction of lymphocyte populations. CONCLUSIONS NETs are likely important in pulpal pathogenesis with injurious and chronic inflammatory effects on HDPCs, which may contribute to disease progression. Macrophages are chemoattracted to NET-induced apoptotic HDPCs, facilitating cellular debris removal. NETs and histones may provide novel prognostic markers and/or therapeutic targets for pulpal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Holder
- Oral Biology, Birmingham Dental School and Hospital, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen J Wright
- Oral Biology, Birmingham Dental School and Hospital, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo Couve
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Instituto de Biología, Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Michael R Milward
- Oral Biology, Birmingham Dental School and Hospital, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Cooper
- Oral Biology, Birmingham Dental School and Hospital, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Shotgun Proteomics of Human Dentin with Different Prefractionation Methods. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4457. [PMID: 30872775 PMCID: PMC6418255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human dentin is not only a composite material of a collagenous matrix and mineral to provide strength and elasticity to teeth, but also a precious reservoir full of bioactive proteins. They are released after demineralization caused by bacterial acids in carious lesions, by decalcifying irrigants or dental materials and they modulate tissue responses in the underlying dental pulp. This work describes a first-time analysis of the proteome of human dentin using a shotgun proteomic approach that combines three different protein fractionation methods. Dentin matrix proteins were extracted by EDTA and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), OFFGEL isoelectric focusing (IEF) or strong cation exchange chromatography (SCX). Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified 813 human proteins with high confidence, however, isoelectric focusing turned out to be the most beneficial prefractionation method. All Proteins were categorized based on the PANTHER system and representation analysis revealed 31 classes and subclasses to be overrepresented. The acquired knowledge provides a comprehensive insight into the number of proteins in human dentin as well as their physiological and pathological functions. Thus, the data presented paves the way to the analysis of specific functions of dentin matrix proteins in vivo and their potential in tissue engineering approaches to regenerate dental pulp.
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25
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Vidovic-Zdrilic I, Vijaykumar A, Mina M. Activation of αSMA expressing perivascular cells during reactionary dentinogenesis. Int Endod J 2019; 52:68-76. [PMID: 29985533 PMCID: PMC6283699 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the contribution of perivascular cells expressing αSMA to reactionary dentinogenesis. METHODOLOGY An inducible, Cre-loxP in vivo fate-mapping approach was used to examine the contribution of the descendants of cells expressing the αSMA-CreERT2 transgene to reactionary dentinogenesis in mice molars. Reactionary dentinogenesis was induced by experimental mild injury to dentine without pulp exposure. The Student's t test was used to determine statistical significance at *P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The lineage tracing experiments revealed that mild injury to dentine first led to activation of αSMA-tdTomato+ cells in the entire pulp chamber. The percentage of areas occupied by αSMA-tdTomato+ in injured (7.5 ± 0.7%) teeth were significantly higher than in teeth without injury (2 ± 0.5%). After their activation, αSMA-tdTomato+ cells migrated towards the site of injury, gave rise to pulp cells and a few odontoblasts that became integrated into the existing odontoblast layer expressing Col2.3-GFP and Dspp. CONCLUSION Mild insult to dentine activated perivascular αSMA-tdTomato+ cells giving rise to pulp cells as well as a few odontoblasts that were integrated into the pre-existing odontoblast layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vidovic-Zdrilic
- Departments of Craniofacial Sciences, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - A Vijaykumar
- Departments of Craniofacial Sciences, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - M Mina
- Departments of Craniofacial Sciences, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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26
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Angelova Volponi A, Zaugg LK, Neves V, Liu Y, Sharpe PT. Tooth Repair and Regeneration. CURRENT ORAL HEALTH REPORTS 2018; 5:295-303. [PMID: 30524931 PMCID: PMC6244610 DOI: 10.1007/s40496-018-0196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current dental treatments are based on conservative approaches, using inorganic materials and appliances.This report explores and discusses the newest achievements in the field of "regenerative dentistry," based on the concept of biological repair as an alternative to the current conservative approach. RECENT FINDINGS The review covers and critically analyzes three main approaches of tooth repair: the re-mineralization of the enamel, the biological repair of dentin, and whole tooth engineering. SUMMARY The development of a concept of biological repair based on the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in reparative dentin formation offers a new translational approach into development of future clinical dental treatments.In the field of bio-tooth engineering, the current focus of the researchers remains the establishment of odontogenic cell-sources that would be viable and easily accessible for future bio-tooth engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Angelova Volponi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Dental Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Lucia K. Zaugg
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Dental Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vitor Neves
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Dental Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Yang Liu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Dental Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Paul T. Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Dental Institute, King’s College London, London, UK
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27
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Alqahtani Q, Zaky SH, Patil A, Beniash E, Ray H, Sfeir C. Decellularized Swine Dental Pulp Tissue for Regenerative Root Canal Therapy. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1460-1467. [PMID: 30067420 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518785124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current theme of dental pulp regeneration, biological and synthetic scaffolds are becoming a potential therapy for pulp revitalization. The goal is to provide a suitable environment for cellular infiltration, proliferation, and differentiation. The extracellular matrix (ECM) represents a natural scaffold material resembling the native tissue chemical and mechanical properties. In the past few years, ECM-based scaffolds have shown promising results in terms of progenitor cells recruitment, promotion of constructive remodeling, and modulation of host response. These properties make ECM-derived scaffolds an ideal candidate for pulp regenerative therapy. Development of strategies for clinically relevant tissue engineering using dental pulp extracellular matrix (DP-ECM) can provide an alternative to conventional root canal treatment. In this work, we successfully decellularized ECM derived from porcine dental pulp. The resulting scaffold was characterized using immunostaining (collagen type I, dentin matrix protein 1, dentin sialoprotein, and Von Willebrand factor) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (transforming growth factor β, vascular endothelial growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor) for extracellular proteins where the ECM retained its proteins and significant amount of growth factors. Furthermore, a pilot in vivo study was conducted where the matrix was implanted for 8 wk in a dog root canal model. Our in vitro and preliminary in vivo data show that the decellularized ECM supports cellular infiltration together with the expression of pulp-dentin and vascular markers (DSP and CD31) compared to the controls. Herein, we show the feasibility to produce a decellularized ECM scaffold and validate the concept of using ECM-based scaffolds for pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Alqahtani
- 1 Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S H Zaky
- 1 Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,2 Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,3 Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A Patil
- 1 Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E Beniash
- 1 Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,3 Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,4 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - H Ray
- 1 Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,4 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,5 Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C Sfeir
- 1 Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,3 Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,4 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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28
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Widbiller M, Eidt A, Wölflick M, Lindner SR, Schweikl H, Hiller KA, Buchalla W, Galler KM. Interactive effects of LPS and dentine matrix proteins on human dental pulp stem cells. Int Endod J 2018; 51:877-888. [PMID: 29377169 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the combinatorial effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and extracted dentine matrix proteins (eDMP) on regenerative and inflammatory responses in human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). METHODOLOGY Culture media were supplemented with several concentrations of LPS, eDMP and combinations of both. Cell viability was assessed over 1 week by MTT assay; cell survival was evaluated after 24 h and 7 days by flow cytometry. The expression of mineralization-associated marker genes was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). To analyse the inflammatory response, secretion of interleukin 6 (IL-6) was quantified in the initial and the late phase of cell culture by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were treated nonparametrically and Mann-Whitney U-tests were performed to compare all experimental groups (α = 0.05). RESULTS Whereas LPS had no impact on viability, eDMP led to a concentration-dependent decrease, which was significant after 7 days (P ≤ 0.024). A moderate decline of cell survival induced by LPS was detected after 48 h (P ≤ 0.026), whereas eDMP was able to reverse this effect. eDMP alone caused increased expression of tested marker genes, LPS had no regulatory effect. Combined eDMP and LPS induced an upregulation of collagen type I and osteocalcin, whereas expression levels of dentine matrix acidic phosphoprotein and dentine sialophosphoprotein were similar to the control. IL-6-secretion was increased by LPS over time. eDMP markedly elevated initial production of IL-6 (P ≤ 0.002), but suppressed LPS-induced cytokine production in the later phase. CONCLUSIONS Lipopolysaccharide did not affect cell viability but interfered with odontoblast-like cell differentiation of DPSCs. Proteins from the dentine matrix may have a protective effect, attenuate the detrimental impact of LPS and thus play an important role during pulp repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Widbiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Eidt
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Wölflick
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S R Lindner
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - H Schweikl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - K-A Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - W Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - K M Galler
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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30
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Galler KM, Widbiller M. Perspectives for Cell-homing Approaches to Engineer Dental Pulp. J Endod 2017; 43:S40-S45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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31
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Duncan HF, Smith AJ, Fleming GJP, Partridge NC, Shimizu E, Moran GP, Cooper PR. The Histone-Deacetylase-Inhibitor Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Promotes Dental Pulp Repair Mechanisms Through Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 Activity. J Cell Physiol 2017; 231:798-816. [PMID: 26264761 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Direct application of histone-deacetylase-inhibitors (HDACis) to dental pulp cells (DPCs) induces chromatin changes, promoting gene expression and cellular-reparative events. We have previously demonstrated that HDACis (valproic acid, trichostatin A) increase mineralization in dental papillae-derived cell-lines and primary DPCs by stimulation of dentinogenic gene expression. Here, we investigated novel genes regulated by the HDACi, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), to identify new pathways contributing to DPC differentiation. SAHA significantly compromised DPC viability only at relatively high concentrations (5 μM); while low concentrations (1 μM) SAHA did not increase apoptosis. HDACi-exposure for 24 h induced mineralization-per-cell dose-dependently after 2 weeks; however, constant 14d SAHA-exposure inhibited mineralization. Microarray analysis (24 h and 14 days) of SAHA exposed cultures highlighted that 764 transcripts showed a significant >2.0-fold change at 24 h, which reduced to 36 genes at 14 days. 59% of genes were down-regulated at 24 h and 36% at 14 days, respectively. Pathway analysis indicated SAHA increased expression of members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. Furthermore, SAHA-supplementation increased MMP-13 protein expression (7 d, 14 days) and enzyme activity (48 h, 14 days). Selective MMP-13-inhibition (MMP-13i) dose-dependently accelerated mineralization in both SAHA-treated and non-treated cultures. MMP-13i-supplementation promoted expression of several mineralization-associated markers, however, HDACi-induced cell migration and wound healing were impaired. Data demonstrate that short-term low-dose SAHA-exposure promotes mineralization in DPCs by modulating gene pathways and tissue proteases. MMP-13i further increased mineralization-associated events, but decreased HDACi cell migration indicating a specific role for MMP-13 in pulpal repair processes. Pharmacological inhibition of HDAC and MMP may provide novel insights into pulpal repair processes with significant translational benefit. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 798-816, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry F Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anthony J Smith
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Garry J P Fleming
- Material Science Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicola C Partridge
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York
| | - Emi Shimizu
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York
| | - Gary P Moran
- Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul R Cooper
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Shrestha S, Kishen A. Bioactive Molecule Delivery Systems for Dentin-pulp Tissue Engineering. J Endod 2017; 43:733-744. [PMID: 28320538 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regenerative endodontic procedures use bioactive molecules (BMs), which are active signaling molecules that initiate and maintain cell responses and interactions. When applied in a bolus form, they may undergo rapid diffusion and denaturation resulting in failure to induce the desired effects on target cells. METHODS The controlled release of BMs from a biomaterial carrier is expected to enhance and accelerate functional tissue engineering during regenerative endodontic procedures. This narrative review presents a comprehensive review of different polymeric BM release strategies with relevance to dentin-pulp engineering. RESULTS Carrier systems designed to allow the preprogrammed release of BMs in a spatial- and temporal-controlled manner would aid in mimicking the natural wound healing process while overcoming some of the challenges faced in clinical translation of regenerative endodontic procedures. CONCLUSIONS Spatial- and temporal-controlled BM release systems have become an exciting option in dentin-pulp tissue engineering; nonetheless, further validation of this concept and knowledge is required for their potential clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suja Shrestha
- Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anil Kishen
- Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Chen J, Cui C, Qiao X, Yang B, Yu M, Guo W, Tian W. Treated dentin matrix paste as a novel pulp capping agent for dentin regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 11:3428-3436. [PMID: 28198096 DOI: 10.1002/term.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Regenerating dentin and preserving pulp vitality are the two key targets for the treatment of dental pulp exposure. Calcium hydroxide (CH), the widely used capping agent, may induce potential tunnel defect in reparative dentin and cause inflammation or even necrosis in pulp tissues. This study aimed to produce a novel pulp capping agent with better bioactivities. Treated dentin matrix (TDM) paste (TDMP) was fabricated consisting of TDM powder and aqueous TDM extract. The chemical and biological characteristics of TDMP were investigated, and its effect on the odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells explored at gene and protein level; the therapeutic effect for pulp exposure in miniature swine was further verified. TDMP possessed better biocompatibility with neutral pH value, significantly promoted the proliferation of dental pulp stem cells, and enhanced the gene and protein expressions of alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, dentin sialoprotein etc., compared with CH. In vivo pulp capping using TDMP presented the formation of continuous reparative dentin bridge thicker and denser than CH group. Moreover, pulp tissues under TDMP capping sites showed relatively slight angiectasis than those induced by CH. TDMP could achieve both dentin regeneration and vital pulp conservation, and might serve as a feasible substitute for CH in dental pulp repair procedure. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caiyun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangchen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Departments of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Regenerative Endodontic Procedures: A Perspective from Stem Cell Niche Biology. J Endod 2017; 43:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Chisini LA, Conde MCM, Alcázar JCB, Silva AFD, Nör JE, Tarquinio SBC, Demarco FF. Immunohistochemical Expression of TGF-β1 and Osteonectin in engineered and Ca(OH)2-repaired human pulp tissues. Braz Oral Res 2016; 30:e93. [PMID: 27737353 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2016.vol30.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and osteonectin (ON) in pulp-like tissues developed by tissue engineering and to compare it with the expression of these proteins in pulps treated with Ca(OH)2 therapy. Tooth slices were obtained from non-carious human third molars under sterile procedures. The residual periodontal and pulp soft tissues were removed. Empty pulp spaces of the tooth slice were filled with sodium chloride particles (250-425 µm). PLLA solubilized in 5% chloroform was applied over the salt particles. The tooth slice/scaffold (TS/S) set was stored overnight and then rinsed thoroughly to wash out the salt. Scaffolds were previously sterilized with ethanol (100-70°) and washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). TS/S was treated with 10% EDTA and seeded with dental pulp stem cells (DPSC). Then, TS/S was implanted into the dorsum of immunodeficient mice for 28 days. Human third molars previously treated with Ca(OH)2 for 90 days were also evaluated. Samples were prepared and submitted to histological and immunohistochemical (with anti-TGF-β1, 1:100 and anti-ON, 1:350) analyses. After 28 days, TS/S showed morphological characteristics similar to those observed in dental pulp treated with Ca(OH)2. Ca(OH)2-treated pulps showed the usual repaired pulp characteristics. In TS/S, newly formed tissues and pre-dentin was colored, which elucidated the expression of TGF-β1 and ON. Immunohistochemistry staining of Ca(OH)2-treated pulps showed the same expression patterns. The extracellular matrix displayed a fibrillar pattern under both conditions. Regenerative events in the pulp seem to follow a similar pattern of TGF-β1 and ON expression as the repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Alexandre Chisini
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, School of Dentistry,Post Graduation Program in Dentistry, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adriana Fernandes da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, School of Dentistry,Post Graduation Program in Dentistry, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Jacques Eduardo Nör
- University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, Ann Arbor, EUA
| | | | - Flávio Fernando Demarco
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, School of Dentistry,Post Graduation Program in Dentistry, Pelotas, Brazil
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36
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Chmilewsky F, About I, Chung SH. C5L2 Receptor Represses Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Secretion in Lipoteichoic Acid-Stimulated Pulp Fibroblasts. J Dent Res 2016; 96:92-99. [PMID: 28033061 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516673832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The anaphylatoxin C5a constitutes a powerful fragment generated by complement system activation. Interestingly, this complement active fragment is also an important mediator of tissue regeneration. Recent findings suggest that C5a could be an initial signal orchestrating pulp nerve sprouting beneath carious injury, a critical step in dentin-pulp regeneration. Indeed, the expression and activation of the C5a active receptor (C5aR/CD88) by injured pulp fibroblasts controls the direction of neurite outgrowth toward carious injuries by modulating the secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by pulp fibroblasts. A second C5a receptor, C5L2, has also been cloned but has received much less attention because its interaction with the ligand induces no signaling. This work aims to investigate the role of C5L2 in pulp nerve regeneration in the secretion of BDNF by pulp fibroblasts under sites of carious injury. Using fluorescence immunostaining on human tooth sections in vivo and on primary human pulp fibroblasts in vitro, the authors reveal that C5L2 and C5aR are co-expressed by pulp fibroblasts under lipoteichoic acid (LTA) stimulation. Moreover, silencing C5L2 significantly increases BDNF secretion by LTA-stimulated pulp fibroblasts. Finally, an analysis of the subcellular distribution of C5aR and C5L2 indicates that the negative regulation of BDNF secretion by C5L2 correlates with C5aR activation and its subsequent intracellular co-localization with C5L2. Overall, the current study sheds light on the mechanism of pulp nerve regeneration by identifying C5L2 as a negative regulator of BDNF secretion by pulp fibroblasts under carious teeth. This knowledge significantly increases the understanding of the functional mechanism linking C5aR and C5L2 in pulp nerve regeneration, which may be useful in future dentin-pulp engineering strategies that target fibroblast C5L2 to induce pulp innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chmilewsky
- 1 Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - I About
- 2 Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Institute Movement Science, Marseille, France
| | - S H Chung
- 1 Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Meng Z, Chen G, Chen J, Yang B, Yu M, Feng L, Jiang Z, Guo W, Tian W. Tumorigenicity analysis of heterogeneous dental stem cells and its self-modification for chromosome instability. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3396-407. [PMID: 26322910 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1036204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity demonstrates that stem cells are constituted by several sub-clones in various differentiation states. The heterogeneous state is maintained by cross-talk among sub-clones, thereby ensuring stem cell adaption. In this study, we investigated the roles of heterogeneity on genetic stability. Three sub-clones (DF2, DF8 and DF18) were isolated from heterogeneous dental stem cells (DSCs), and were proved to be chromosome instability (CIN) after long term expansion. Cell apoptosis were not detected in sub-clones, which exhibited strong tumorigenesis tendency, coupled with weak expression of p53 and aberrant ultra-structure. However, 3 sub-clones did not overexpress tumor related markers or induce tumorigenesis in vivo. The mixed-culture study suggested that 3-clone-mixed culturing cells (DF1) presented apparent decrease in the ratio of aneuploidy. The screening experiment further proved that 3 sub-clones functioned separately in this modification procedure but only mixed culturing all 3 sub-clones, simulated heterogeneous microenvironment, could achieve complete modification. Additionally, osteogenesis capability of 3 sub-clones was partially influenced by CIN while DSCs still kept stronger osteogenesis than sub-clones. These results suggested aberrant sub-clones isolated from heterogeneous DSCs were not tumorigenesis and could modify CIN by cross-talk among themselves, indicating that the heterogeneity played a key role in maintaining genetic stability and differentiation capability in dental stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaosong Meng
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China.,c Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery ; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China
| | - Jinlong Chen
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China.,c Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery ; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China
| | - Bo Yang
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China.,c Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery ; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China
| | - Mei Yu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China
| | - Lian Feng
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China
| | - Zongting Jiang
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China
| | - Weihua Guo
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China.,d Department of Pedodontics ; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China
| | - Weidong Tian
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China.,c Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery ; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University ; Chengdu , China
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38
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Chmilewsky F, Jeanneau C, Dejou J, About I. Sources of dentin-pulp regeneration signals and their modulation by the local microenvironment. J Endod 2016; 40:S19-25. [PMID: 24698688 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of dentin pulp tissue regeneration have been investigated, and it has been shown that dentin pulp has a high regeneration capacity. This seems to be because of the presence of progenitor cells and inductive regeneration signals from different origins. These signals can be liberated after the acidic dissolution of carious dentin as well as from pulp fibroblasts and endothelial cells in cases of traumatic injury. Thus, both carious lesions and pulp cells provide the required mediators for complete dentin-pulp regeneration including reparative dentin secretion, angiogenesis, and innervation. Additionally, all dentin pulp insults including carious "infection," traumatic injuries, application of restorative materials on the injured dentin pulp, and subsequent apoptosis are known activators of the complement system. This activation leads to the production of several biologically active fragments responsible for the vascular modifications and the attraction of immune cells to the inflammatory/injury site. Among these, C5a is involved in the recruitment of pulp progenitor cells, which express the C5a receptor. Thus, in addition to dentin and pulp cells, plasma should be considered as an additional source of regeneration signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chmilewsky
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Movement Unité Mixte de Recherche 7287, Marseille, France
| | - Charlotte Jeanneau
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Movement Unité Mixte de Recherche 7287, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Dejou
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Movement Unité Mixte de Recherche 7287, Marseille, France; Service d'Odontologie, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Imad About
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences du Movement Unité Mixte de Recherche 7287, Marseille, France.
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39
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Schmalz G, Smith AJ. Pulp development, repair, and regeneration: challenges of the transition from traditional dentistry to biologically based therapies. J Endod 2016; 40:S2-5. [PMID: 24698689 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The traditional concept of replacing diseased tooth/pulp tissues by inert materials (restoration) is being challenged by recent advances in pulp biology leading to regenerative strategies aiming at the generation of new vital tissue. New tissue formation in the pulp chamber can be observed after adequate infection control and the formation of a blood clot. However, differentiation of true odontoblasts is still more speculative, and the approach is largely limited to immature teeth with open apices. A more systematic approach may be provided by the adoption of the tissue engineering concepts of using matrices, suitable (stem) cells, and signaling molecules to direct tissue events. With these tools, pulplike constructs have already been generated in experimental animals. However, a number of challenges still remain for clinical translation of pulp regeneration (eg, the cell source [resident vs nonresident stem cells, the latter associated with cell-free approaches], mechanisms of odontoblast differentiation, the pulp environment, the role of infection and inflammation, dentin pretreatment to release fossilized signaling molecules from dentin, and the provision of suitable matrices). Transition as a process, defined by moving from one form of "normal" to another, is based not only on the progress of science but also on achieving change to established treatment concepts in daily practice. However, it is clear that the significant recent achievements in pulp biology are providing an exciting platform from which clinical translation of dental pulp regeneration can advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gottfried Schmalz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Anthony J Smith
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, St Chads Queensway, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Kaushik SN, Kim B, Walma AMC, Choi SC, Wu H, Mao JJ, Jun HW, Cheon K. Biomimetic microenvironments for regenerative endodontics. Biomater Res 2016; 20:14. [PMID: 27257508 PMCID: PMC4890532 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-016-0061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative endodontics has been proposed to replace damaged and underdeveloped tooth structures with normal pulp-dentin tissue by providing a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) mimicking environment; stem cells, signaling molecules, and scaffolds. In addition, clinical success of the regenerative endodontic treatments can be evidenced by absence of signs and symptoms; no bony pathology, a disinfected pulp, and the maturation of root dentin in length and thickness. In spite of the various approaches of regenerative endodontics, there are several major challenges that remain to be improved: a) the endodontic root canal is a strong harbor of the endodontic bacterial biofilm and the fundamental etiologic factors of recurrent endodontic diseases, (b) tooth discolorations are caused by antibiotics and filling materials, (c) cervical root fractures are caused by endodontic medicaments, (d) pulp tissue is not vascularized nor innervated, and (e) the dentin matrix is not developed with adequate root thickness and length. Generally, current clinical protocols and recent studies have shown a limited success of the pulp-dentin tissue regeneration. Throughout the various approaches, the construction of biomimetic microenvironments of pulp-dentin tissue is a key concept of the tissue engineering based regenerative endodontics. The biomimetic microenvironments are composed of a synthetic nano-scaled polymeric fiber structure that mimics native pulp ECM and functions as a scaffold of the pulp-dentin tissue complex. They will provide a framework of the pulp ECM, can deliver selective bioactive molecules, and may recruit pluripotent stem cells from the vicinity of the pulp apex. The polymeric nanofibers are produced by methods of self-assembly, electrospinning, and phase separation. In order to be applied to biomedical use, the polymeric nanofibers require biocompatibility, stability, and biodegradability. Therefore, this review focuses on the development and application of the biomimetic microenvironments of pulp-dentin tissue among the current regenerative endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar N Kaushik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Bogeun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Alexander M Cruz Walma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Sung Chul Choi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, SDB 311, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007 USA
| | - Jeremy J Mao
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration at Columbia University, New York City, NY USA
| | - Ho-Wook Jun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Kyounga Cheon
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, SDB 311, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007 USA
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Dental Pulp Stem Cell Recruitment Signals within Injured Dental Pulp Tissue. Dent J (Basel) 2016; 4:dj4020008. [PMID: 29563450 PMCID: PMC5851269 DOI: 10.3390/dj4020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) is a prerequisite for the regeneration of dentin damaged by severe caries and/or mechanical injury. Understanding the complex process of DPSC recruitment will benefit future in situ tissue engineering applications based on the stimulation of endogenous DPSC for dentin pulp regeneration. The current known mobilization signals and subsequent migration of DPSC towards the lesion site, which is influenced by the pulp inflammatory state and the application of pulp capping materials, are reviewed. The research outcome of migration studies may be affected by the applied methodology, which should thus be chosen with care. Both the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used assays for investigating DPSC migration are discussed. This review highlights the fact that DPSC recruitment is dependent not only on the soluble chemotactic signals, but also on their interaction with neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix, which can be modified under pathological conditions. These are discussed to explain how these modifications lead to the stimulation of DPSC recruitment.
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Abstract
Biomaterials have played an increasingly prominent role in the success of biomedical devices and in the development of tissue engineering, which seeks to unlock the regenerative potential innate to human tissues/organs in a state of deterioration and to restore or reestablish normal bodily function. Advances in our understanding of regenerative biomaterials and their roles in new tissue formation can potentially open a new frontier in the fast-growing field of regenerative medicine. Taking inspiration from the role and multi-component construction of native extracellular matrices (ECMs) for cell accommodation, the synthetic biomaterials produced today routinely incorporate biologically active components to define an artificial in vivo milieu with complex and dynamic interactions that foster and regulate stem cells, similar to the events occurring in a natural cellular microenvironment. The range and degree of biomaterial sophistication have also dramatically increased as more knowledge has accumulated through materials science, matrix biology and tissue engineering. However, achieving clinical translation and commercial success requires regenerative biomaterials to be not only efficacious and safe but also cost-effective and convenient for use and production. Utilizing biomaterials of human origin as building blocks for therapeutic purposes has provided a facilitated approach that closely mimics the critical aspects of natural tissue with regard to its physical and chemical properties for the orchestration of wound healing and tissue regeneration. In addition to directly using tissue transfers and transplants for repair, new applications of human-derived biomaterials are now focusing on the use of naturally occurring biomacromolecules, decellularized ECM scaffolds and autologous preparations rich in growth factors/non-expanded stem cells to either target acceleration/magnification of the body's own repair capacity or use nature's paradigms to create new tissues for restoration. In particular, there is increasing interest in separating ECMs into simplified functional domains and/or biopolymeric assemblies so that these components/constituents can be discretely exploited and manipulated for the production of bioscaffolds and new biomimetic biomaterials. Here, following an overview of tissue auto-/allo-transplantation, we discuss the recent trends and advances as well as the challenges and future directions in the evolution and application of human-derived biomaterials for reconstructive surgery and tissue engineering. In particular, we focus on an exploration of the structural, mechanical, biochemical and biological information present in native human tissue for bioengineering applications and to provide inspiration for the design of future biomaterials.
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Smith AJ, Duncan HF, Diogenes A, Simon S, Cooper PR. Exploiting the Bioactive Properties of the Dentin-Pulp Complex in Regenerative Endodontics. J Endod 2016; 42:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells can be obtained with ease from dental/oral tissue, making them an attractive source of autologous stem cells. They offer a biological solution for restoring damaged dental tissues such as vital pulp engineering, regeneration of periodontal ligament lost in periodontal disease, and for generation of complete or partial tooth structures to form biological implants. Dental mesenchymal stem cells share properties with mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and there is a considerable potential for these cells to be used in different stem-cell-based therapies, such as bone and muscle regeneration. In addition, their immunosuppressive-immunomodulatory properties make these cells a suitable source for treating immunodisorders like systematic lupus erythematosus. In addition, gingival tissue might also be a very good source of epithelial cells used in the treatment of severe ocular surface disorders. Being such an accessible source for different stem cells, the tooth and the attached gingival tissue (usually discarded in the clinics) represent an ideal source of autologous or allogeneic stem cells that can be used in the treatment of many clinical conditions in dentistry and medicine.
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45
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Smith J, Smith A, Shelton R, Cooper P. Dental Pulp Cell Behavior in Biomimetic Environments. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1552-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034515599767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is emerging recognition of the importance of a physiologically relevant in vitro cell culture environment to promote maintenance of stem cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine purposes. In vivo, appropriate cellular cues are provided by local tissue extracellular matrix (ECM), and these are not currently recapitulated well in vitro using traditional cultureware. We therefore hypothesized that better replication of the in vivo environment for cell culture and differentiation could be achieved by culturing dental pulp cells with their associated ECM. Primary dental pulp cells were subsequently seeded onto pulp-derived ECM-coated cultureware. While at up to 24 h they exhibited the same level of adherence as those cells seeded on tissue culture–treated surfaces, by 4 d cell numbers and proliferation rates were significantly decreased in cells grown on pulp ECM compared with controls. Analysis of stem cell and differentiation marker transcripts, as well as Oct 3/4 protein distribution, supported the hypothesis that cells cultured on ECM better maintained a stem cell phenotype compared with those cultured on standard tissue culture–treated surfaces. Subsequent differentiation analysis of cells cultured on ECM demonstrated that they exhibited enhanced mineralization, as determined by alizarin red staining and mineralized marker expression. Supplementation of a 3% alginate hydrogel with pulp ECM components and dental pulp cells followed by differentiation induction in mineralization medium resulted in a time-dependent mineral deposition at the periphery of the construct, as demonstrated histologically and using micro–computed tomography analysis, which was reminiscent of tooth structure. In conclusion, data indicate that culture of pulp cells in the presence of ECM better replicates the in vivo environment, maintaining a stem cell phenotype suitable for downstream tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.G. Smith
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - A.J. Smith
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - R.M. Shelton
- Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - P.R. Cooper
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Colombo JS, Howard-Jones RA, Young FI, Waddington RJ, Errington RJ, Sloan AJ. A 3D ex vivo mandible slice system for longitudinal culturing of transplanted dental pulp progenitor cells. Cytometry A 2015; 87:921-8. [PMID: 25963448 PMCID: PMC4973699 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing mesenchymal stem cells for tissue repair underpins regenerative medicine. However, how the 3D tissue matrix maintains such cells in a quiescent state whilst at the same time primed to respond to tissue damage remains relatively unknown. Developing more physiologically relevant 3D models would allow us to better understand the matrix drivers and influence on cell‐lineage differentiation in situ. In this study, we have developed an ex vivo organotypic rat mandible slice model; a technically defined platform for the culture and characterization of dental pulp progenitor cells expressing GFP driven by the β‐actin promoter (cGFP DPPCs). Using confocal microscopy we have characterized how the native environment influences the progenitor cells transplanted into the dental pulp. Injected cGFP‐DPPCs were highly viable and furthermore differentially proliferated in unique regions of the mandible slice; in the dentine region, cGFP‐DPPCs showed a columnar morphology indicative of expansion and lineage differentiation. Hence, we demonstrated the systematic capacity for establishing a dental pulp cell‐micro‐community, phenotypically modified in the tooth (the “biology”); and at the same time addressed technical challenges enabling the mandible slice to be accessible on platforms for high‐content imaging (the biology in a “multiplex” format). © 2015 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Colombo
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A Howard-Jones
- Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser I Young
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel J Waddington
- Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel J Errington
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair J Sloan
- Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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Sicari BM, Rubin JP, Dearth CL, Wolf MT, Ambrosio F, Boninger M, Turner NJ, Weber DJ, Simpson TW, Wyse A, Brown EHP, Dziki JL, Fisher LE, Brown S, Badylak SF. An acellular biologic scaffold promotes skeletal muscle formation in mice and humans with volumetric muscle loss. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:234ra58. [PMID: 24786326 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biologic scaffolds composed of naturally occurring extracellular matrix (ECM) can provide a microenvironmental niche that alters the default healing response toward a constructive and functional outcome. The present study showed similarities in the remodeling characteristics of xenogeneic ECM scaffolds when used as a surgical treatment for volumetric muscle loss in both a preclinical rodent model and five male patients. Porcine urinary bladder ECM scaffold implantation was associated with perivascular stem cell mobilization and accumulation within the site of injury, and de novo formation of skeletal muscle cells. The ECM-mediated constructive remodeling was associated with stimulus-responsive skeletal muscle in rodents and functional improvement in three of the five human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Sicari
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Yu Y, Wang L, Yu J, Lei G, Yan M, Smith G, Cooper PR, Tang C, Zhang G, Smith AJ. Dentin matrix proteins (DMPs) enhance differentiation of BMMSCs via ERK and P38 MAPK pathways. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 356:171-82. [PMID: 24562313 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dentin, the predominant mineralized tissue of the tooth, comprises an extracellular matrix of collagen and a heterogeneous mixture of non-collagenous components, many of which have cellular signaling properties. These properties may be important in signaling stem cell involvement in tissue regeneration following injury and the present study investigates their morphogenic effects on differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Stem Cells (BMMSCs) in vitro. Non-collagenous dentin matrix proteins (DMPs) were isolated from healthy human teeth and their effects on BMMSCs behavior examined during in vitro culture. In vitro, DMPs enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization in BMMSCs cultures as well as increasing the expression of dentinogenic and osteogenic differentiation markers (including runt-related transcription factor 2, osterix, bone sialoprotein, dentin sialophosphoprotein and osteocalcin) at both transcript and protein levels, with 10 μg/mL DMPs being the optimal stimulatory concentration. Expression of phosphor-ERK/phosphor-P38 in BMMSCs was up-regulated by DMPs and, in the presence of the ERK1/2- and p38-specific inhibitors, the differentiation of BMMSCs was inhibited. These data indicate that DMPs promote the dentinogenic/osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs via the ERK/p38 MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
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Mathieu S, Jeanneau C, Sheibat-Othman N, Kalaji N, Fessi H, About I. Usefulness of controlled release of growth factors in investigating the early events of dentin-pulp regeneration. J Endod 2014; 39:228-35. [PMID: 23321236 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little information is yet available on the signals involved in progenitor cell migration that precede reparative dentin synthesis. Our aim was to investigate the effect of the controlled release of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) on permanent teeth pulp cell proliferation and progenitor cell migration. METHODS FGF-2 and TGF-β1 were encapsulated into a biodegradable polymer matrix of lactide and glycolide. Human pulp cells were prepared from third molars, and progenitor cells were sorted by STRO-1. The synthesized microsphere toxicity was checked with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test. The growth factor release kinetics were checked by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay while maintaining their biological activity and were evaluated by investigating their effects on pulp cell proliferation. Their chemotactic potential was investigated on STRO-1-sorted cells in a migration chamber on Matrigel (Cambrex Bio Science, Walkersville, MD). RESULTS The cell viability was unaffected by the presence of microspheres. The released amount of FGF-2 and TGF-β1 from the microspheres was maintained after 21 days. Increasing the FGF-2-loaded microsphere concentration or the release period significantly increased dental pulp cell proliferation. TGF-β1 acted as a potent chemotactic factor of STRO-1-sorted cells. CONCLUSIONS Encapsulating TGF-β1 and FGF-2 in a biodegradable polymer of lactide and glycolide microsphere allowed a sustained release of growth factors and provided a protection to their biological activities. Our results clearly show the usefulness of growth factor controlled release in investigating the early events of pulp/dentin regeneration. It provides additional data on the signals required for vital pulp therapy and future tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Mathieu
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie et Oncopharmacologie, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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