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Cater JH, Mañucat-Tan NB, Georgiou DK, Zhao G, Buhimschi IA, Wyatt AR, Ranson M. A Novel Role for Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-2 as a Hypochlorite-Resistant Serine Protease Inhibitor and Holdase Chaperone. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071152. [PMID: 35406715 PMCID: PMC8997907 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 (PAI-2), a member of the serpin family, is dramatically upregulated during pregnancy and in response to inflammation. Although PAI-2 exists in glycosylated and non-glycosylated forms in vivo, the majority of in vitro studies of PAI-2 have exclusively involved the intracellular non-glycosylated form. This study shows that exposure to inflammation-associated hypochlorite induces the oligomerisation of PAI-2 via a mechanism involving dityrosine formation. Compared to plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), both forms of PAI-2 are more resistant to hypochlorite-induced inactivation of its protease inhibitory activity. Holdase-type extracellular chaperone activity plays a putative non-canonical role for PAI-2. Our data demonstrate that glycosylated PAI-2 more efficiently inhibits the aggregation of Alzheimer’s disease and preeclampsia-associated amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), compared to non-glycosylated PAI-2 in vitro. However, hypochlorite-induced modification of non-glycosylated PAI-2 dramatically enhances its holdase activity by promoting the formation of very high-molecular-mass chaperone-active PAI-2 oligomers. Both PAI-2 forms protect against Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line in vitro. In the villous placenta, PAI-2 is localised primarily to syncytiotrophoblast with wide interpersonal variation in women with preeclampsia and in gestational-age-matched controls. Although intracellular PAI-2 and Aβ staining localised to different placental cell types, some PAI-2 co-localised with Aβ in the extracellular plaque-like aggregated deposits abundant in preeclamptic placenta. Thus, PAI-2 potentially contributes to controlling aberrant fibrinolysis and the accumulation of misfolded proteins in states characterised by oxidative and proteostasis stress, such as in Alzheimer’s disease and preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan H. Cater
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia;
- School of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Noralyn B. Mañucat-Tan
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute and College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Australia; (N.B.M.-T.); (D.K.G.)
| | - Demi K. Georgiou
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute and College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Australia; (N.B.M.-T.); (D.K.G.)
| | - Guomao Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (G.Z.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Irina A. Buhimschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (G.Z.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Amy R. Wyatt
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute and College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Australia; (N.B.M.-T.); (D.K.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.W.); (M.R.)
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia;
- School of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.R.W.); (M.R.)
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Yuan YH, Liu J, You YG, Chen XH, Yuan LC, Wen Y, Li HY, Zhang Y. Transcriptomic Analysis of Mycobacterium leprae-Stimulated Response in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Reveal Potential Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Leprosy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:714396. [PMID: 34993156 PMCID: PMC8724050 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.714396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify an unique host transcriptional signature in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in response to Mycobacterium leprae antigens to distinguish between patients with leprosy and non-leprosy controls for early diagnosis of the disease. Sixteen individuals were enrolled in the discovery cohort [eight patients with leprosy, comprising four multibacillary (MB) and four paucibacillary (PB); and eight non-leprosy controls, comprising four healthy house contacts (HHCs) and four endemic controls (ECs)]. The differences in the transcriptome response of PBMCs to M. leprae sonicate antigen were evaluated between leprosy patients and non-leprosy controls, and 12 differentially expressed genes (CCL2/MCP-1, IL-8, JAKM, ATP, ND1, SERP, FLJ10489, LINC00659, LOC34487, LOC101928143, MIR22, and NCF1C) were identified. The accuracy of the 12 differentially expressed genes was further validated for the diagnosis of leprosy using real-time quantitative PCR in 82 individuals (13 MB, 10 PB, 37 HHCs, and 22 ECs) in the validation cohort. We found that a 5 gene signature set IL-8, CCL2/MCP-1, SERP, LINC00659 and FLJ10489 had a suitable performance in discriminating leprosy from ECs. In addition, elevated expression of IL-8, CCL2/MCP-1, SERP and LINC00659 was associated with MB diagnosis compared with ECs, whereas increased expression of IL-8, CCL2/MCP-1, SERP and FLJ10489 was found to be useful biomarkers for PB diagnosis from ECs. Moreover, we found decreased expression of NCF1C among leprosy patients could distinguish leprosy from HHCs, whereas higher expression of CCL2 among MB than PB could distinguish different leprosy patients. In conclusion, among the 12 candidate host genes identified, a three gene signature IL-8, CCL2/MCP-1, and SERP showed the best performance in distinguishing leprosy patients from healthy controls. These findings may have implications for developing a rapid blood-based test for early diagnosis of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Hua Yuan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University and People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Gang You
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Chen
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lian-Chao Yuan
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wen
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Ying Li
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Vaher H, Kivihall A, Runnel T, Raam L, Prans E, Maslovskaja J, Abram K, Kaldvee B, Mrowietz U, Weidinger S, Kingo K, Rebane A. SERPINB2 and miR-146a/b are coordinately regulated and act in the suppression of psoriasis-associated inflammatory responses in keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2019; 29:51-60. [PMID: 31630447 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with numerous involved factors. miR-146a and miR-146b (miR-146a/b) are anti-inflammatory miRNAs that are increased in psoriatic skin. SERPINB2 has been shown to be upregulated in the inflammation and infections. Here we aimed to study the relationship between miR-146a/b and SERPINB2 and to delineate the role of SERPINB2 in association of plaque psoriasis. We report increased SERPINB2 expression in the skin of psoriasis patients, which was in a positive relationship with psoriasis severity and in a negative relationship with miR-146a/b in psoriatic lesions. In cultured keratinocytes, both cellular and secreted SERPINB2 levels were strongly induced in response to IFN-γ and TNF-α. Interestingly, SERPINB2 mRNA was downregulated by IL-17A and the combination of TNF-α and IL-17A at time points when miR-146a was increased. The predicted binding site for miR-146a/b in 3' untranslated region of SERPINB2 revealed no activity in luciferase assay, while siRNA silencing of miR-146a/b direct targets IRAK1 and CARD10 resulted in reduced expression of SERPINB2, suggesting that miR-146a/b indirectly control SERPINB2 expression in the skin. The siRNA silencing of SERPINB2 increased the expression of IL-8, CXCL5 and CCL5 and migration of neutrophils revealing its anti-inflammatory role in keratinocytes. Our data together suggest that SERPINB2 and miR-146a/b are part of disease-related network of molecules that are coordinately regulated and act in controlling the inflammatory responses in psoriatic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Vaher
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anet Kivihall
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Runnel
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liisi Raam
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ele Prans
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julia Maslovskaja
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristi Abram
- Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Bret Kaldvee
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ulrich Mrowietz
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Külli Kingo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ana Rebane
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Jin T, Suk Kim H, Ki Choi S, Hye Hwang E, Woo J, Suk Ryu H, Kim K, Moon A, Kyung Moon W. microRNA-200c/141 upregulates SerpinB2 to promote breast cancer cell metastasis and reduce patient survival. Oncotarget 2018; 8:32769-32782. [PMID: 28427146 PMCID: PMC5464826 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNA-200 (miR-200) family is associated with tumor metastasis and poor patient prognosis. We found that miR-200c/141 cluster overexpression upregulated SerpinB2 in the MDA-MB-231 triple-negative (TN) breast cancer cell line. We observed transcription factor (c-Jun, c-Fos, and FosB) upregulation, nuclear localization of c-Jun, and increased SerpinB2 promoter-directed chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in miR-200c/141 cluster-overexpressing cells relative to controls. Additionally, miR-124a and miR-26b, which directly target SepinB2, were downregulated compared to controls. In mouse xenograft models, miR-200c/141 cluster overexpression promoted lymph node and lung metastasis, and siRNA-mediated SerpinB2 knockdown decreased lung metastasis, suggesting that SerpinB2 mediates miR-200c/141-induced lung metastasis. We also explored the clinical significance of SerpinB2 protein status through analysis of primary breast tumor samples and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. High SerpinB2 levels were associated with reduced survival and increased lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients. SerpinB2 was overexpressed in the TN breast cancer subtype as compared to the luminal subtype. The present study demonstrates that SerpinB2 promotes miR-200c/141 cluster overexpression-induced breast cancer cell metastasis, and SerpinB2 overexpression correlates with increased metastatic potential and unfavorable outcomes in breast cancer patients. SerpinB2 may be a useful biomarker for assessing metastasis risk in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiefeng Jin
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Pathology & Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Hoe Suk Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sul Ki Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Hwang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jisu Woo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Han Suk Ryu
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Aree Moon
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Moon
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Wyatt AR, Cater JH, Ranson M. PZP and PAI-2: Structurally-diverse, functionally similar pregnancy proteins? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:113-117. [PMID: 27554634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy zone protein (PZP) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2) are two multifunctional proteins that are elevated in normal pregnancy and numerous other inflammatory states. Both proteins were originally identified as protease inhibitors, but current evidence supports the notion that they may also function as modulators of T-helper cells and/or extracellular chaperones. Exacerbated inflammation, fibrinolytic disturbances and misfolded proteins are all implicated in the pathology of preeclampsia, a leading cause of maternal and foetal mortality and morbidity. Notably, reduced levels of PZP or PAI-2 are associated with preeclampsia and clarification of their diverse functions in normal pregnancy could provide much needed insight regarding the pathogenesis of this disorder. Given that inflammation and protein misfolding underlie the pathology of a very large number of disorders, the contributions of PZP and PAI-2 to extracellular proteostasis and immunoregulation could be broad-reaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Wyatt
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Jordan H Cater
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia.
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Li X, Luo JY, Zhang L, Yang YN, Xie X, Liu F, Chen BD, Ma YT. Variant of PAI-2 gene is associated with coronary artery disease and recurrent coronary event risk in Chinese Han population. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:148. [PMID: 26573152 PMCID: PMC4647573 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasminogen activator inhibitor −2 (PAI-2) is an important molecular that plays a crucial role in vascular homeostasis and constitutes a critical response mechanism to cardiovascular injury, such as atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods The aim of the current study was to explore the association between the variants in PAI-2 gene and CAD and its prognoses. The three variants (rs8093048, rs9946657, rs9320032) of the PAI-2 gene were detected in 407 patients with CAD and 518 control subjects. All patients with CAD underwent one-year follow-up for major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Results The frequencies of the TT genotype and T allele of rs8093048 was significantly higher in CAD patients than that in control subjects (7.6 % vs.3.5 %, P = 0.003, 28.1 % vs.21.7 %, P < 0.001, respectively). Multifactor logistic regression analysis showed that the TT genotype of rs8093048 was a risk factor for CAD (OR = 1.455, 95 % CI: 1.069-1.980, P = 0.017). In addition, the follow-up data showed that CAD patients with rs8093048 TT genotype had significantly higher rate of refractory angina and MACE than those with CC or CT genotype (P = 0.032, P = 0.009, respectively). Cox regression analysis showed that rs8093048 TT genotype was the risk factor for the MACE (Hazard ratio = 5.672, 95 % CI = 1.992-16.152, P = 0.001). Conclusion We firstly found that the variant of PAI-2 gene was associated with CAD and recurrent coronary event risk in Chinese Han population, in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China.
| | - Jun-Yi Luo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China.
| | - Yi-Ning Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Xiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Fen Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Bang-Dang Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Yi-Tong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
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Ferreras C, Cole CL, Urban K, Jayson GC, Avizienyte E. Segregation of late outgrowth endothelial cells into functional endothelial CD34- and progenitor-like CD34+ cell populations. Angiogenesis 2015; 18:47-68. [PMID: 25269667 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-014-9446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Late outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) that originate from peripheral blood mononuclear cells ex vivo have phenotypic and functional properties of mature endothelial cells. Given the potential therapeutic applications of OECs, understanding their biology is crucial. We have identified two distinct OEC populations based on differential expression of the cell surface marker CD34. OEC colonies lacked CD34 expression (CD34-), expressed CD34 in the majority of cells (CD34+), or showed a mixed expression pattern within a colony (CD34+/-). CD34+ and CD34- OECs were negative for hematopoietic cell marker CD45 and expressed the endothelial cell surface markers CD31, CD146, CD105, and VEGFR-2. Functionally CD34- and CD34+ OECs exhibited strikingly distinct behaviors. CD34- OECs, unlike CD34+ OECs, were capable of sprouting, formed tubes, and responded to angiogenic growth factors in vitro. In vivo, CD34- OECs formed endothelial tubes, while CD34+ OECs, despite being unable to form tubes, promoted infiltration of murine vasculature. Global gene expression profiling in CD34- and CD34+ OECs identified functional importance of the MMP-1/PAR-1 pathway in CD34- OECs. MMP-1 stimulated the expression of VEGFR-2, neuropilin-1, neuropilin-2, and CXCR4 and activated ERK1/2, whereas down-regulation of PAR-1 in CD34- OECs resulted in impaired angiogenic responses in vitro and reduced VEGFR-2 levels. In contrast, the CD34+ OEC colonies expressed high levels of the progenitor cell marker ALDH, which was absent in CD34- OECs. In summary, we show that OECs can be classified into functionally mature endothelial cells (CD34- OECs) that depend on the MMP-1/PAR-1 pathway and progenitor-like angiogenesis-promoting cells (CD34+ OECs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ferreras
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Paterson Building, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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Shea-Donohue T, Zhao A, Antalis TM. SerpinB2 mediated regulation of macrophage function during enteric infection. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:254-8. [PMID: 24637799 PMCID: PMC4063854 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.28093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defense is an orchestrated response involving changes in the expression of receptors and release of mediators from both immune and structural cells. There is a growing recognition of the important role of proteolytic pathways for the protective immune response to enteric pathogens. Enteric nematode infection induces a type 2 immune response with polarization of macrophages toward the alternatively activated phenotype (M2). The Th2 cytokines, IL-4, and IL-13, induce a STAT6-dependent upregulation of the expression of the protease inhibitor, serpinB2, which protects macrophages from apoptosis. M2 are critical to worm clearance and a novel role for serpinB2 is its regulation of the chemokine, CCL2, which is necessary for monocyte and/or macrophage influx into small intestine during infection. There is a growing list of factors including immune (LPS, Th2 cytokines) as well as hormonal (gastrin, 5-HT) that are linked to increased expression of serpinB2. Thus, serpinB2 represents an immune regulated factor that has multiple roles in the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terez Shea-Donohue
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Department of Medicine; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Department of Physiology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Correspondence to: Terez Shea-Donohue,
| | - Aiping Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Department of Medicine; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Toni M Antalis
- Department of Physiology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
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