1
|
Fang Y, Bai Z, Cao J, Zhang G, Li X, Li S, Yan Y, Gao P, Kong X, Zhang Z. Low-intensity ultrasound combined with arsenic trioxide induced apoptosis of glioma via EGFR/AKT/mTOR. Life Sci 2023; 332:122103. [PMID: 37730111 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to explore whether low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS) combined with low-concentration arsenic trioxide (ATO) could inhibit the proliferation of glioma and, if so, to clarify the potential mechanism. MAIN METHODS The effects of ATO and LIUS alone or in combination on glioma were examined by CCK8, EdU, and flow cytometry assays. Western blot analysis was used to detect changes in expression of apoptosis-related proteins and their effects on the EGFR/AKT/mTOR pathway. The effects of ATO and LIUS were verified in vivo in orthotopic xenograft models, and tumor size, arsenic content in brain tissue, survival, and immunohistochemical changes were observed. KEY FINDINGS LIUS enhanced the inhibitory effect of ATO on the proliferation of glioma, and EGF reversed the proliferation inhibition and protein changes induced by ATO and LIUS. The anti-glioma effect of ATO combined with LIUS was related to downstream AKT/mTOR pathway changes caused by inhibition of EGFR activation, which enhanced apoptosis of U87MG and U373 cells. In vivo experiments showed significant increases in arsenic content in brain tissue, as well as decreased tumor sizes and longer survival times in the combined treatment group compared with other groups. The trends of immunohistochemical protein changes were consistent with the in vitro results. SIGNIFICANCE This study showed that LIUS enables ATO to exert anti-glioma effects at a safe dose by inhibiting the activation of EGFR and the downstream AKT/mTOR pathway to regulate apoptosis. LIUS in combination with ATO is a promising novel method for treating glioma and could improve patient prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhiqun Bai
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jibin Cao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Gaosen Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shufeng Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yudie Yan
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Peirong Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangkai Kong
- Department of Ultrasound, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chang MC, Chen JH, Lee HN, Chen SY, Zhong BH, Dhingra K, Pan YH, Chang HH, Chen YJ, Jeng JH. Inducing cathepsin L expression/production, lysosomal activation, and autophagy of human dental pulp cells by dentin bonding agents, camphorquinone and BisGMA and the related mechanisms. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 145:213253. [PMID: 36563508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Camphorquinone (CQ) and resin monomers are included in dentin bonding agents (DBAs) and composite resin to restore tooth defects due to abrasion, crown fracture, or dental caries. DBAs, CQ, and bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA) applications influence the biological activities of the dental pulp. The current investigation aimed to delineate the effect of DBAs, CQ, and BisGMA on cathepsin L production/expression, lysosomal activity, and autophagy induction in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). HDPCs were exposed to DBAs, CQ, or BisGMA with/without inhibitors for 24 h. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to determine the cathepsin L level in culture medium. The cell layer was utilized to measure cell viability by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl -tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate the mRNA expression. Western blotting or immunofluorescent staining was used to study protein expression. Lysosomal density was evaluated by lysotracker red staining. We found that DBAs, CQ, and BisGMA stimulated cathepsin L mRNA, protein expression, and production in HDPCs. In addition, CQ and BisGMA induced lysosomal activity, Beclin1, ATG12, LC3B, Bax, and p53 expression in HDPCs, indicating the stimulation of autophagy. Glutathione (GSH) prevented CQ- and BisGMA-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, E64d, cathepsin L inhibitor (two cathepsin inhibitors), and Pifithrin-α (a p53 inhibitor) showed little preventive effect toward CQ- and BisGMA-induced cytotoxicity. Autophagy inhibitors (NH4Cl, Lys05) mildly enhanced the CQ- and BisGMA-induced cytotoxicity. These results indicate that DBAs stimulated cathepsin L, possibly due to their content of CQ and BisGMA that may induce cathepsin L in HDPCs. CQ and BisGMA stimulated lysosomal activity, autophagy, and apoptosis, possibly via induction of Beclin 1, ATG12, LC-3B, Bax, and p53 expression. In addition, CQ and BisGMA cytotoxicity was related to redox change and autophagy. These events are important role in pulpal changes after the restoration of tooth decay using CQ- and BisGMA-containing DBAs and resin composite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Chang
- Biomedical Science Team, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hao Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Na Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shyuan-Yow Chen
- Department of Dentistry, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Hao Zhong
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kunaal Dhingra
- Periodontics Division, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yu-Hwa Pan
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hua Chang
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jane Chen
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fang Y, Zhang Z. Arsenic trioxide as a novel anti-glioma drug: a review. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:44. [PMID: 32983240 PMCID: PMC7517624 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide has shown a strong anti-tumor effect with little toxicity when used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). An effect on glioma has also been shown. Its mechanisms include regulation of apoptosis and autophagy; promotion of the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative damage; and inhibition of tumor stem cells. However, glioma cells and tissues from other sources show different responses to arsenic trioxide. Researchers are working to enhance its efficacy in anti-glioma treatments and reducing any adverse reactions. Here, we review recent research on the efficacy and mechanisms of action of arsenic trioxide in the treatment of gliomas to provide guidance for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fang
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cathepsin K inhibition-induced mitochondrial ROS enhances sensitivity of cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs through USP27x-mediated Bim protein stabilization. Redox Biol 2019; 30:101422. [PMID: 31901727 PMCID: PMC6948260 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (Cat K) is expressed in cancer cells, but the effect of Cat K on apoptosis is still elusive. Here, we showed that inhibition of Cat K sensitized the human carcinoma cells to anti-cancer drug through up-regulation of Bim. Inhibition of Cat K increased USP27x expression, and knock down of USP27x markedly blocked Cat K-induced up-regulation of Bim expression. Furthermore, inhibition of Cat K induced proteasome-dependent degradation of regulatory associated protein of mammalian target of rapamycin (Raptor). Down-regulation of Raptor expression increased mitochondrial ROS production, and mitochondria specific superoxide scavengers prevented USP27x-mediated stabilization of Bim by inhibition of Cat K. Moreover, combined treatment with Cat K inhibitor (odanacatib) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) reduced tumor growth and induced cell death in a xenograft model. Our results demonstrate that Cat K inhibition enhances anti-cancer drug sensitivity through USP27x-mediated the up-regulation of Bim via the down-regulation of Raptor. Inhibition of Cat K sensitizes cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs. Reduction of Raptor by inhibition of Cat K induces mitochondria dysfunction. Mitochondrial ROS induction by inhibition of Cat K induces USP27X expression. Up-regulation of USP27X by inhibition of Cat K stabilizes Bim protein.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun Y, Wang C, Wang L, Dai Z, Yang K. Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis and the formation of reactive oxygen species in rat glioma cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018; 23:13. [PMID: 29610575 PMCID: PMC5870496 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-018-0074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has a dramatic therapeutic effect on acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients. It can also cause apoptosis in various tumor cells. This study investigated whether As2O3 has an antitumor effect on glioma and explored the underlying mechanism. Results MTT and trypan blue assays showed that As2O3 remarkably inhibited growth of C6 and 9 L glioma cells. Cell viability decreased in glioma cells to a greater extent than in normal glia cells. The annexin V-FITC/PI and Hoechest/PI staining assays revealed a significant increase in apoptosis that correlated with the duration of As2O3 treatment and occurred in glioma cells to a greater extent than in normal glial cells. As2O3 treatment induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in C6 and 9 L cells in a time-dependent manner. Cells pretreated with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) showed significantly lower As2O3-induced ROS generation. As2O3 significantly inhibited the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, and upregulated the proapoptotic gene Bax in both C6 and 9 L glioma cells in a time-dependent manner. Conclusions As2O3 can significantly inhibit the growth of glioma cells and it can induce cell apoptosis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. ROS were found to be responsible for apoptosis in glioma cells induced by As2O3. These results suggest As2O3 is a promising agent for the treatment of glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sun
- 1Nursing Support Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000 China
| | - Chen Wang
- 2Neurosurgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000 China
| | - Ligang Wang
- 2Neurosurgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000 China
| | - Zhibo Dai
- 2Neurosurgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000 China
| | - Kongbin Yang
- 2Neurosurgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Minatel BC, Sage AP, Anderson C, Hubaux R, Marshall EA, Lam WL, Martinez VD. Environmental arsenic exposure: From genetic susceptibility to pathogenesis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 112:183-197. [PMID: 29275244 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
More than 200 million people in 70 countries are exposed to arsenic through drinking water. Chronic exposure to this metalloid has been associated with the onset of many diseases, including cancer. Epidemiological evidence supports its carcinogenic potential, however, detailed molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Despite the global magnitude of this problem, not all individuals face the same risk. Susceptibility to the toxic effects of arsenic is influenced by alterations in genes involved in arsenic metabolism, as well as biological factors, such as age, gender and nutrition. Moreover, chronic arsenic exposure results in several genotoxic and epigenetic alterations tightly associated with the arsenic biotransformation process, resulting in an increased cancer risk. In this review, we: 1) review the roles of inter-individual DNA-level variations influencing the susceptibility to arsenic-induced carcinogenesis; 2) discuss the contribution of arsenic biotransformation to cancer initiation; 3) provide insights into emerging research areas and the challenges in the field; and 4) compile a resource of publicly available arsenic-related DNA-level variations, transcriptome and methylation data. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of arsenic exposure and its subsequent health effects will support efforts to reduce the worldwide health burden and encourage the development of strategies for managing arsenic-related diseases in the era of personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda C Minatel
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adam P Sage
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine Anderson
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roland Hubaux
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erin A Marshall
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Victor D Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sui H, Shi C, Yan Z, Wu M. Overexpression of Cathepsin L is associated with chemoresistance and invasion of epithelial ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:45995-46001. [PMID: 27351223 PMCID: PMC5216776 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel is recommended as a first-line chemotherapeutic agent against, ovarian cancer, however, the development of chemoresistance is a major obstacle in patients with aggressive ovarian cancer and results in recurrence after conventional therapy. The key molecule or mechanism associated with paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer still remains unclear. Cathepsin L (CTSL) is overexpressed in various cancers, however, the association between CTSL expression and paclitaxel resistance remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of CTSL in paclitaxel-resistant SKOV3/TAX cells by CTSL silencing. Expression of CTSL was examined by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR in 58 clinical samples, and in SKOV3 cells and SKOV3/TAX cells. Effects of CTSL knockdown on ovarian cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were also studied. The IHC and real-time PCR results showed that the difference of CTSL expression between ovarian cancer and the adjacent non-tumourous ovarian tissues was statistically significant. Western blot analysis showed that the CTSL was overexpressed in SKOV3/TAX cells and weakly detectable in paclitaxel-sensitive SKOV3 cells. Knocking-down of CTSL in ovarian cancer cells could decrease cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and potentiate apoptosis induced by paclitaxel, suggesting CTSL may contribute to Paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Sui
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Hunan cancer hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Caixia Shi
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Hunan cancer hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Zhipeng Yan
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Hunan cancer hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Wu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Hunan cancer hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Primon M, Huszthy PC, Motaln H, Talasila KM, Miletic H, Atai NA, Bjerkvig R, Lah Turnšek T. Cathepsin L silencing increases As 2O 3 toxicity in malignantly transformed pilocytic astrocytoma MPA58 cells by activating caspases 3/7. Exp Cell Res 2017; 356:64-73. [PMID: 28412241 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade, pilocytic astrocytomas are treated by resection, but additional therapy is necessary for those tumors with anaplastic features. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is emerging as an effective chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of malignant glioblastoma multiforme, where Cathepsin L silencing enables lower, less harmful As2O3 concentrations to achieve the desired cytotoxic effect. Here, we evaluated the effects of As2O3 combined with stable Cathepsin L shRNA silencing on cell viability/metabolic activity, and apoptosis in primary cultures of recurrent malignantly transformed pilocytic astrocytoma (MPA). These cells expressed high Cathepsin L levels, and when grown as monolayers and spheroids, they were more resistant to As2O3 than the U87MG glioblastoma cell line. Caspases 3/7 activity in MPA58 spheroids was not significantly affected by As2O3, possibly due to higher chemoresistance of primary biopsy tissue of less malignant astrocytoma versus the malignant U87MG cell line. However, As2O3 treatment was cytotoxic to MPA spheroids after silencing of Cathepsin L expression. While Cathepsin L silencing only slightly decreased the live/dead cell ratio in As2O3-treated MPA-si spheroids under our experimental conditions, there was an increase in As2O3-mediated apoptosis in MPA-si spheroids, as indicated by elevated caspases 3/7 activity. Therefore, Cathepsin L silencing by gene manipulation can be applied when a more aggressive approach is needed in treatment of pilocytic astrocytomas with anaplastic features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Primon
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Bia d.o.o., Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Peter C Huszthy
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Helena Motaln
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Nadia A Atai
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Tamara Lah Turnšek
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Motaln H, Koren A, Gruden K, Ramšak Ž, Schichor C, Lah TT. Heterogeneous glioblastoma cell cross-talk promotes phenotype alterations and enhanced drug resistance. Oncotarget 2016; 6:40998-1017. [PMID: 26517510 PMCID: PMC4747385 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most lethal of brain cancer, and it comprises a heterogeneous mixture of functionally distinct cancer cells that affect tumor progression. We examined the U87, U251, and U373 malignant cell lines as in vitro models to determine the impact of cellular cross-talk on their phenotypic alterations in co-cultures. These cells were also studied at the transcriptome level, to define the mechanisms of their observed mutually affected genomic stability, proliferation, invasion and resistance to temozolomide. This is the first direct demonstration of the neural and mesenchymal molecular fingerprints of U87 and U373 cells, respectively. U87-cell conditioned medium lowered the genomic stability of U373 (U251) cells, without affecting cell proliferation. In contrast, upon exposure of U87 cells to U373 (U251) conditioned medium, U87 cells showed increased genomic stability, decreased proliferation rates and increased invasion, due to a plethora of produced cytokines identified in the co-culture media. This cross talk altered the expression 264 genes in U87 cells that are associated with proliferation, inflammation, migration, and adhesion, and 221 genes in U373 cells that are associated with apoptosis, the cell cycle, cell differentiation and migration. Indirect and direct co-culturing of U87 and U373 cells showed mutually opposite effects on temozolomide resistance. In conclusion, definition of transcriptional alterations of distinct glioblastoma cells upon co-culturing provides better understanding of the mechanisms of glioblastoma heterogeneity, which will provide the basis for more informed glioma treatment in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Motaln
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Koren
- Laboratory for Clinical Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University Clinic Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Živa Ramšak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christian Schichor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara T Lah
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mujokoro B, Adabi M, Sadroddiny E, Adabi M, Khosravani M. Nano-structures mediated co-delivery of therapeutic agents for glioblastoma treatment: A review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 69:1092-102. [PMID: 27612807 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a malignant brain tumor and leads to death in most patients. Chemotherapy is a common method for brain cancer in clinics. However, the recent advancements in the chemotherapy of brain tumors have not been efficient enough. With the advancement of nanotechnology, the used drugs can enhance chemotherapy efficiency and increase the access to brain cancers. Combination of therapeutic agents has been recently attracted great attention for glioblastoma chemotherapy. One of the early benefits of combination therapies is the high potential to provide synergistic effects and decrease adverse side effects associated with high doses of single anticancer drugs. Therefore, brain tumor treatments with combination drugs can be considered as a crucial approach for avoiding tumor growth. This review investigates current progress in nano-mediated co-delivery of therapeutic agents with focus on glioblastoma chemotherapy prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basil Mujokoro
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Adabi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Sadroddiny
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Adabi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masood Khosravani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fei Y, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Wang W, Han M, Wang L, Tan C, Liang Z. Cathepsin L knockdown enhances curcumin-mediated inhibition of growth, migration, and invasion of glioma cells. Brain Res 2016; 1646:580-588. [PMID: 27373979 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin can be used to prevent and treat cancer. However, its exact underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Cathepsin L, a lysosomal cysteine protease, is overexpressed in several cancer types. This study aimed to determine the role of cathepsin L in curcumin-mediated inhibition of growth, migration, and invasion of glioma cells. Results revealed that the activity of cathepsin L was enhanced in curcumin-treated glioma cells. Cathepsin L knockdown induced by RNA interference significantly promoted curcumin-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. The knockdown also inhibited the migration and invasion of glioma cells. Our results suggested that the inhibition of cathepsin L can enhance the sensitivity of glioma cells to curcumin. Therefore, cathepsin L may be a new target to enhance the efficacy of curcumin against cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Fei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yajie Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meilin Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Caihong Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqin Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Knockdown of cathepsin L sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to chemotherapy. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:4235-4239. [PMID: 27313771 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a leading gynecological malignancy associated with high mortality. The development of acquired drug resistance is the primary cause of chemotherapy failure in the treatment of ovarian cancer. To examine the mechanism underlying paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer and attempt to reverse it, the present study induced a TAX-resistant ovarian cancer cell line, SKOV3/TAX. Cathepsin L (CTSL) has been found to be overexpressed in ovarian cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible involvement of CTSL in the development of TAX resistance in ovarian cancer. CTSL expression was knocked down in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells and their phenotypic changes were analyzed. The effects of silenced CTSL on the resistant cell line were investigated by proliferation and apoptosis analysis compared with control SKOV3 cells. CTSL was more highly expressed in SKOV3/TAX cells compared with SKOV3 cells. Paclitaxel treatment downregulated the expression of CTSL in SKOV-3 but not in the paclitaxel-resistant SKOV3/TAX cells. CTSL small hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown significantly potentiated apoptosis induced by paclitaxel compared with SKOV3/TAX cells transfected with control shRNA, suggesting that CTSL contributes to paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer cells and that CTSL silencing can enhance paclitaxel-mediated cell apoptosis. Thus, CTSL should be explored as a candidate of therapeutic target for modulating paclitaxel sensitivity in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
13
|
Li L, Gao L, Song Y, Qin ZH, Liang Z. Activated cathepsin L is associated with the switch from autophagy to apoptotic death of SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:579-585. [PMID: 26797274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are common responses to pathological damage in the process of Parkinson's disease (PD), and lysosome dysfunction may contribute to the etiology of PD's neurodegenerative process. In this study, we demonstrated that the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) increased autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells, as determined by detection of the lysosome marker lysosomal-associated membrane protein1, the autophagy protein light chain 3 (LC3)-II and the autophagy substrate P62 protein. Meanwhile, autophagy repression with 3-methyladenine accelerated the activation of caspase-3 and PARP and aggravated the cell apoptotic death induced by 6-OHDA. Furthermore, we found that 6-OHDA treatment resulted in a transient increase in the intracellular and nuclear expression of cathepsin L (CTSL). The CTSL inhibitor, Z-FY-CHO, could promote autophagy, decrease accumulation of P62, and block activation of caspase-3 and PARP. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of autophagy may primarily be a protective process in SH-SY5Y cell death induced by 6-OHDA, and the nuclear translocation of CTSL could enhance the cell apoptotic cascade via disturbing autophagy-apoptotic systems in SH-SY5Y cells. Our findings highlight the potential role of CTSL in the cross talk between autophagy and apoptosis, which might be considered a therapeutic strategy for treatment of pathologic conditions associated with neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Experimental Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
| | - Luyan Gao
- Experimental Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Yunzhen Song
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhongqin Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Podergajs N, Motaln H, Rajčević U, Verbovšek U, Koršič M, Obad N, Espedal H, Vittori M, Herold-Mende C, Miletic H, Bjerkvig R, Turnšek TL. Transmembrane protein CD9 is glioblastoma biomarker, relevant for maintenance of glioblastoma stem cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:593-609. [PMID: 26573230 PMCID: PMC4808020 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell model suggests that glioblastomas contain a subpopulation of stem-like tumor cells that reproduce themselves to sustain tumor growth. Targeting these cells thus represents a novel treatment strategy and therefore more specific markers that characterize glioblastoma stem cells need to be identified. In the present study, we performed transcriptomic analysis of glioblastoma tissues compared to normal brain tissues revealing sensible up-regulation of CD9 gene. CD9 encodes the transmembrane protein tetraspanin which is involved in tumor cell invasion, apoptosis and resistance to chemotherapy. Using the public REMBRANDT database for brain tumors, we confirmed the prognostic value of CD9, whereby a more than two fold up-regulation correlates with shorter patient survival. We validated CD9 gene and protein expression showing selective up-regulation in glioblastoma stem cells isolated from primary biopsies and in primary organotypic glioblastoma spheroids as well as in U87-MG and U373 glioblastoma cell lines. In contrast, no or low CD9 gene expression was observed in normal human astrocytes, normal brain tissue and neural stem cells. CD9 silencing in three CD133+ glioblastoma cell lines (NCH644, NCH421k and NCH660h) led to decreased cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and self-renewal ability, and altered expression of the stem-cell markers CD133, nestin and SOX2. Moreover, CD9-silenced glioblastoma stem cells showed altered activation patterns of the Akt, MapK and Stat3 signaling transducers. Orthotopic xenotransplantation of CD9-silenced glioblastoma stem cells into nude rats promoted prolonged survival. Therefore, CD9 should be further evaluated as a target for glioblastoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neža Podergajs
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena Motaln
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Rajčević
- Department of Biochemistry, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Verbovšek
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Koršič
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Obad
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidi Espedal
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Miloš Vittori
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Tamara Lah Turnšek
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
A wide variety of nanomedicine has been designed for cancer therapy. Herein, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of a hypoxia-responsive copolymer for siRNA delivery (Perche et al., Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 53:3362-3366, 2014). The synthesis is achieved using established coupling chemistry and accessible purification procedures. A polyelectrolyte-lipid conjugate (polyethyleneimine 1.8 kDa-dioleyl-phosphatidylinositol, PEI-PE) and polyethylene glycol 2000 (PEG) were assembled via the hypoxia-sensitive azobenzene (Azo) unit to obtain the PEG-Azo-PEI-DOPE copolymer. This copolymer can condense siRNA and shows hypoxia-induced cellular internalization and reporter gene downregulation in vitro and tumor accumulation in vivo after parenteral administration (Perche et al., Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 53:3362-3366, 2014). We also detail procedures to evaluate hypoxia-targeted polymers both in monolayer cultures, cancer cell spheroids and in tumor xenografts murine models.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang W, Long L, Wang L, Tan C, Fei X, Chen L, Huang Q, Liang Z. Knockdown of Cathepsin L promotes radiosensitivity of glioma stem cells both in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Lett 2015; 371:274-84. [PMID: 26706414 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of glioma stem cells (GSCs) in tumor is relevant for glioma treatment resistance. This study assessed whether knockdown of Cathepsin L can influence GSC growth, tumor radiosensitivity, and clinical outcome. Protein levels of Cathepsin L and stem cell markers (CD133 and Nestin) were analyzed in samples from 90 gliomas of different WHO grades and 6 normal brain tissues by immunohistochemistry. Two glioma stem cell lines with overexpressed Cathepsin L were stably transfected with Cathepsin L short hairpin RNA expression vectors. The effects of Cathepsin L inhibition on radiosensitivity, self-renewal, stemness, DNA damage, and apoptosis were evaluated. In addition, an intracranial animal model and subcutaneous tumor xenografts in nude mice were used to assess tumor response to Cathepsin L inhibition in vivo. Our results proved that expressions of Cathepsin L and CD133, but not of Nestin, correlated with malignant grades of glioma tissues. GSCs with high Cathepsin L and CD133 co-expression were extraordinarily radioresistant. Cathepsin L inhibition with radiotherapy significantly reduced GSC growth, promoted apoptosis, and improved radiosensitivity. Knockdown of Cathepsin L resulted in a dramatic reduction of CD133 expression, as well as the decreased phosphorylation of DNA repair checkpoint proteins (ATM and DNA-PKcs). Furthermore, combination of Cathepsin L inhibition and radiotherapy potently blocked tumor growth and decreased blood vessel formation in vivo. Taken together, these findings suggest Cathepsin L as a promising therapeutic target for clinical therapy in GBM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linmei Long
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Caihong Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xifeng Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Leisong Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhongqin Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Balça-Silva J, Matias D, do Carmo A, Girão H, Moura-Neto V, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Lopes MC. Tamoxifen in combination with temozolomide induce a synergistic inhibition of PKC-pan in GBM cell lines. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:722-32. [PMID: 25554223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly proliferative, angiogenic grade IV astrocytoma that develops resistance to the alkylating agents used in chemotherapy, such as temozolomide (TMZ), which is considered the gold standard. The mean survival time for GBM patients is approximately 12 months, increasing to 14.6 months after TMZ treatment. The resistance of GBM to chemotherapy seems to be associated to genetic alterations and to the constitutive activation of several signaling pathways. Therefore, the combination of different drugs with different mechanisms of action may contribute to circumvent the chemoresistance of glioma cells. Here we describe the potential synergistic behavior of the therapeutic combination of tamoxifen (TMX), a known inhibitor of PKC, and TMZ in GBM. METHODS We used two GBM cell lines incubated in absence and presence of TMX and/or TMZ and measured cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration ability, cytoskeletal organization and the phosphorylated amount of the p-PKC-pan. RESULTS The combination of low doses of TMX with increasing doses of TMZ shows an increased antiproliferative and apoptotic effect compared to the effect with TMX alone. CONCLUSIONS The combination of TMX and TMZ seems to potentiate the effect of each other. These alterations seem to be associated to a decrease in the phosphorylation status of PKC. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We emphasize that TMX is an inhibitor of the p-PKC-pan and that these combination is more effective in the reduction of proliferation and in the increase of apoptosis than each drug alone, which presents a new therapeutic strategy in GBM treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Balça-Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Diana Matias
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Anália do Carmo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Henrique Girão
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Portugal.
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center of Investigation on Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Coimbra, Portugal; Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Portugal.
| | - Maria Celeste Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang J, Li Y, Jiang C. MiR-133b contributes to arsenic-induced apoptosis in U251 glioma cells by targeting the hERG channel. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:985-94. [PMID: 25355491 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that the human ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channel (hERG, Kv11.1, KCNH2) is overexpressed in human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) specimens and plays an essential role in the malignant proliferation of glioma cells. However, its upstream regulator in glioma cells is not fully elucidated. The present study was designed to determine whether the expression of hERG gene is regulated by miR-133b or miR-34a, thereby contributing to the anti-proliferation effect of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in U251 human glioma cells. Real-time polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR) and Western blot results demonstrated that hERG mRNA and protein levels were dramatically upregulated in clinical GBM specimens. Conversely, both miR-133b and miR-34a were markedly downregulated in clinical GBM specimens by qRT-PCR. The hERG gene was a direct target of miR-133b and miR-34a by bioinformatics analyses and luciferase reporter assays. Moreover, ATO, which is an emerging chemotherapy drug for glioma disease, remarkably elevated the level of miR-133b, but not miR-34a in U251 glioma cells. The level of miR-133b upstream transactivator serum response factor (SRF) was also suppressed by ATO. The transfection of anti-miR-133b oligonucleotide (AMO-133b) remarkably prevented the decrease of hERG protein by 5 μM ATO treatment for 24 h in U251 cells, whereas anti-miR-34a oligonucleotide (AMO-34a) did not exhibit recuperated effect. Finally, the transient overexpression by miR-133b mimics and treatment with the hERG channel-specific blocker E4031 markedly facilitated the ATO inhibition of proliferation of and induced apoptosis in U251 cells, whereas AMO-miR-133b attenuated these changes. Our study provided the evidence for the pathological role of miR-133b and miR-34a in the development of GBM and thus expanded our understanding of the hERG gene expression and ATO chemotherapeutic roles of miRNAs. Targeting miR-133b/hERG pathway may be a new strategy for chemotherapy of malignant gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhong L, Wang Y, Li W, Gu J, Li X, Wang X, Yue Z, Mu Y, Bai J, Li R, Zhang H. Heme oxygenase-1 silencing increases the sensitivity of human osteosarcoma MG63 cells to arsenic trioxide. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 392:135-44. [PMID: 24676542 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been successfully used to treat leukemia and some solid malignant tumors. Our previous study regarding the effects of ATO on mesenchymal-derived human osteosarcoma MG63 cells showed that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was strongly induced upon treatment with ATO. The present study sought to investigate the effect of silencing HO-1 on the sensitivity of osteosarcoma cells to ATO to determine the potential for therapeutic applications. Small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated interference was used to silence HO-1 in MG63 cells. Viability, apoptosis, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) of the cells were assessed to evaluate the sensitivity of the cells to ATO as well as the potential mechanisms responsible. shRNA-mediated interference prevented the induction of HO-1, increased cell death, and increased intracellular ROS levels in MG63 cells upon treatment with ATO. Silencing HO-1 increased the susceptibility of MG63 cells to the chemotherapeutic drug ATO by enhancing intracellular accumulation of ROS. Our results suggest that the inhibition of HO-1 could improve the outcome of osteosarcoma treated with ATO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|