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Wach MM, Nunns G, Hamed A, Derby J, Jelinek M, Tatsuoka C, Holtzman MP, Zureikat AH, Bartlett DL, Ahrendt SA, Pingpank JF, Choudry MHA, Ongchin M. Normal CEA Levels After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Cytoreduction with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemoperfusion Predict Improved Survival from Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 2024; 31:2391-2400. [PMID: 38270826 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-024-14901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels (≤ 2.5 ng/ml) after resection of localized colorectal cancer or liver metastases are associated with improved survival, however, these trends are understudied for colorectal peritoneal metastases (CRPM). PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective single-institution study of patients with CRPM undergoing cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (CRS/HIPEC) with and without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). CEA was measured before and after NACT and within 3 months after CRS/HIPEC. RESULTS A total of 253 patients (mean age 55.3 years) with CRPM undergoing CRS/HIPEC had complete CEA data and 191 also underwent NACT with complete data. The median peritoneal carcinomatosis index score (PCI) of the overall cohort was 12 and 82.7% of patients had complete cytoreduction (CC0). In total, 64 (33.5%) patients had normal CEA levels after NACT with a median overall survival (OS) of 45.2 months compared with those with an elevated CEA (26.4 months, p = 0.004). Patients with normal CEA after NACT had a lower PCI found at the time of surgery than those with elevated CEA (10 versus 14, p < 0.001), 68 (26.9%) patients with an elevated preoperative CEA level experienced normalization after CRS/HIPEC, and 118 (46.6%) patients had elevated CEA after CRS/HIPEC. Patients who experienced normalization demonstrated similar OS to patients that had normal CEA levels pre- and post-surgery and improved OS compared with those with elevated postop CEA (median 41.9 versus 47 months versus 17.1 months, respectively, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Normal CEA levels after NACT and/or CRS/HIPEC are associated with improved survival for patients with CRPM. Patients that normalize CEA levels after surgery have similar survival to those with normal preoperative levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Wach
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Geoffrey Nunns
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ahmed Hamed
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joshua Derby
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark Jelinek
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Curtis Tatsuoka
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew P Holtzman
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amer H Zureikat
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- AHN Cancer Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - James F Pingpank
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Haroon A Choudry
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melanie Ongchin
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Ngalim SH, Yusoff N, Johnson RR, Abdul Razak SR, Chen X, Hobbs JK, Lee YY. A review on mechanobiology of cell adhesion networks in different stages of sporadic colorectal cancer to explain its tumorigenesis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 175:63-72. [PMID: 36116549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is strongly linked to extraneous factors, like poor diet and lifestyle, but not to inherent factors like familial genetics. The changes at the epigenomics and signalling pathways are known across the sporadic CRC stages. The catch is that temporal information of the onset, the feedback loop, and the crosstalk of signalling and noise are still unclear. This makes it challenging to diagnose and treat colon cancer effectively with no relapse. Various microbial cells and native cells of the colon, contribute to sporadic CRC development. These cells secrete autocrine and paracrine for their bioenergetics and communications with other cell types. Imbalances of the biochemicals affect the epithelial lining of colon. One side of this epithelial lining is interfacing the dense colon tissue, while the other side is exposed to microbiota and excrement from the lumen. Hence, the epithelial lining is prone to tumorigenesis due to the influence of both biochemical and mechanical cues from its complex surrounding. The role of physical transformations in tumorigenesis have been limitedly discussed. In this context, cellular and tissue structures, and force transductions are heavily regulated by cell adhesion networks. These networks include cell anchoring mechanism to the surrounding, cell structural integrity mechanism, and cell effector molecules. This review will focus on the progression of the sporadic CRC stages that are governed by the underlaying cell adhesion networks within the epithelial cells. Additionally, current and potential technologies and therapeutics that target cell adhesion networks for treatments of sporadic CRC will be incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Hawa Ngalim
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Norwahida Yusoff
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rayzel Renitha Johnson
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Razila Abdul Razak
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Xinyue Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie K Hobbs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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CDX2 as a Predictive Biomarker Involved in Immunotherapy Response Suppresses Metastasis through EMT in Colorectal Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:9025668. [PMID: 36277982 PMCID: PMC9582897 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9025668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies have confirmed that Caudal Type Homeobox 2 (CDX2) plays a tumor suppressor role in colorectal cancer (CRC) and as a prognostic and predictive marker for colorectal cancer. The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a transdifferentiation process, providing migratory and invasive properties to cancer cells during tumor progression. However, the role of CDX2 during the activation of EMT in CRC maintains controversial. Aim To investigate whether CDX2 is associated with EMT in CRC. Methods Forty-six CRC patients were included in the study. Expressions of CDX2, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin in all CRC patients were detected by IHC. ROC assays were applied to detect cut-off points for IHC scores to distinguish high and low expressions of CDX2 in 46 CRC samples. The prognostic value of CDX2 was statistically analyzed. MTT, Western blot, invasion, and migration assays in vitro were employed to explore the function of CDX2. Results We observed that high expressions of CDX2 and E-cadherin as well as low expressions of N-cadherin were significantly correlated with favorable prognosis. The levels of CDX2 protein exhibited a positive associated with E-cadherin while negative correlation with N-cadherin. Then, the low expression of CDX2 and high expression of CA199 in combination are positively related with poor prognosis. Overexpression of CDX2 reduced expression of MMP-2 and diminished cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, while knockdown CDX2 enhanced MMP-2 expression and increased cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in HCT-116 cells. CDX2 was correlated with expression of EMT markers. Overexpression of CDX2 suppressed the EMT markers indicating that CDX2 suppresses CRC cell viability, invasion, and metastasis through inhibiting EMT. Finally, we found that the expression of CDX2 was negatively associated with Th1 cells, macrophages, Th2 cells, cytotoxic cells, T cells, and T helper cells. Conclusions These results indicated CDX2 as prognostic biomarkers involved in immunotherapy response for CRC. CDX2 loss promotes metastasis in CRC through a CDX2-dependent mechanism.
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Tatar AS, Farcău C, Vulpoi A, Boca S, Astilean S. Development and evaluation of a gold nanourchin (GNU)-based sandwich architecture for SERS immunosensing in liquid. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 273:121069. [PMID: 35231760 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanosensors represent a class of emerging promising nanotools that can be used for the rapid, sensitive and specific detection of relevant molecules such as biomarkers of cancer or other diseases. The sensing platforms that rely on the exceptional physical properties of colloidal gold nanoparticles have gained a special attraction and various architectural designs were proposed with the aim of rapid and real-time detection, identification and monitoring of the capturing events. Moreover, biomarker sensing in liquid samples allows a more facile implementation of the nanosensors by circumventing the need for invasive practices such as biopsies, in favor of non-invasive investigations with potential for use as point-of-care assays. Herein, we propose a sandwich-type surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) immuno-nanosensor which is aimed for detecting and quantifying Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEA-CAM5), a protein involved in intercellular adhesion and signaling pathways that acts as a tumor marker in several types of cancer. For constructing the proposed system, colloidal gold nano spheres (GNS) and gold nano-urchins (GNU) were chemically synthesized, labeled with SERS active molecules, conjugated with polymers, functionalized with antibodies as capturing substrates and tested in two different sensing configurations: pairs of GNUs-GNUs and GNUs-GNSs. When the target antigen is present in the analyte solution, nanoparticle bridging occurs and a subsequent amplification of the characteristic Raman signal of the label molecule appears due to the formation of hot-spots in interparticle gaps. The capability of observing small analyte concentrations in liquid samples with an easy-to-handle portable Raman device makes the proposed system feasible for rapid, non-invasive and cost-effective clinical or laboratory use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra-Sorina Tatar
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Street, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cosmin Farcău
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Street, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Adriana Vulpoi
- Nanostructured Materials and Bio-Nano-Interfaces Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Street, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Sanda Boca
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Street, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Simion Astilean
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Street, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Biomolecular Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, 1 Kogalniceanu Street, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Gao J, Wang Y, Lyu B, Chen J, Chen G. Component Identification of Phenolic Acids in Cell Suspension Cultures of Saussureainvolucrata and Its Mechanism of Anti-Hepatoma Revealed by TMT Quantitative Proteomics. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102466. [PMID: 34681515 PMCID: PMC8535732 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Saussurea involucrata (S. involucrata) had been reported to have anti-hepatoma function. However, the mechanism is complex and unclear. To evaluate the anti-hepatoma mechanism of S. involucrata comprehensively and make a theoretical basis for the mechanical verification of later research, we carried out this work. In this study, the total phenolic acids from S. involucrata determined by a cell suspension culture (ESPI) was mainly composed of 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, according to the LC-MS analysis. BALB/c nude female mice were injected with HepG2 cells to establish an animal model of liver tumor before being divided into a control group, a low-dose group, a middle-dose group, a high-dose group, and a DDP group. Subsequently, EPSI was used as the intervention drug for mice. Biochemical indicators and differences in protein expression determined by TMT quantitative proteomics were used to resolve the mechanism after the low- (100 mg/kg), middle- (200 mg/kg), and high-dose (400 mg/kg) interventions for 24 days. The results showed that EPSI can not only limit the growth of HepG2 cells in vitro, but also can inhibit liver tumors significantly with no toxicity at high doses in vivo. Proteomics analysis revealed that the upregulated differentially expressed proteins (DE proteins) in the high-dose group were over three times that in the control group. ESPI affected the pathways significantly associated with the protein metabolic process, metabolic process, catalytic activity, hydrolase activity, proteolysis, endopeptidase activity, serine-type endopeptidase activity, etc. The treatment group showed significant differences in the pathways associated with the renin-angiotensin system, hematopoietic cell lineage, etc. In conclusion, ESPI has a significant anti-hepatoma effect and the potential mechanism was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Gao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.W.); (B.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Bo Lyu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.W.); (B.L.); (J.C.)
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jian Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.W.); (B.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
- Correspondence:
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Zhao Q, Cheng Z, Han Z, Liu F, Yu X, Tan X, Han B, Dou J, Yu J, Liang P. Percutaneous Microwave Ablation Versus Open Surgical Resection for Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:638165. [PMID: 34046342 PMCID: PMC8144705 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.638165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the therapeutic outcomes between open surgical resection (OSR) and percutaneous microwave ablation (PMWA) for colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) ≤3 cm. Methods In this retrospective study, 200 consecutive patients with 306 CRLMs were reviewed. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), local tumour progression (LTP), intrahepatic distant recurrence, and extrahepatic metastasis were analysed to compare the therapeutic efficacy. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to identify the prognostic factors for OS and DFS. Major complications and postoperative hospital stay were also assessed. Result The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 91.6%, 64.1%, and 46.3%, respectively, in the PMWA group and 89.7%, 62.4% and 44.7%, respectively, in the OSR group (P=0.839). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year DFS rates were 61.9%, 44.8%, and 41.3%, respectively, in the PMWA group and 58.1%, 24.4%, and 18.3%, respectively, in the OSR group (P =0.066). The two groups had comparable 5-year cumulative rates of intrahepatic distant recurrence (P=0.627) and extrahepatic metastasis (P=0.884). The 5-year cumulative LTP rate was lower in the OSR group than in the PMWA group (P=0.023). The rate of major complications was higher in the OSR group than in the PMWA group (P =0.025), and the length of hospital stay after treatment was shorter in the PMWA group (P<0.001). Conclusion There were no significant differences in OS or DFS between the two groups. PMWA was associated with increased LTP, fewer postoperative days and fewer major complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinxian Zhao
- People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Cheng
- People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyu Han
- People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyi Liu
- People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Yu
- People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xianliang Tan
- Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Bin Han
- Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianping Dou
- People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yu
- People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Liang
- People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Koshkin SA, Anatskaya OV, Vinogradov AE, Uversky VN, Dayhoff GW, Bystriakova MA, Pospelov VA, Tolkunova EN. Isolation and Characterization of Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Stem-Like Cells Based on the Endogenous Expression of the Stem Markers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4682. [PMID: 33925224 PMCID: PMC8124683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells' (CSCs) self-maintenance is regulated via the pluripotency pathways promoting the most aggressive tumor phenotype. This study aimed to use the activity of these pathways for the CSCs' subpopulation enrichment and separating cells characterized by the OCT4 and SOX2 expression. METHODS To select and analyze CSCs, we used the SORE6x lentiviral reporter plasmid for viral transduction of colon adenocarcinoma cells. Additionally, we assessed cell chemoresistance, clonogenic, invasive and migratory activity and the data of mRNA-seq and intrinsic disorder predisposition protein analysis (IDPPA). RESULTS We obtained the line of CSC-like cells selected on the basis of the expression of the OCT4 and SOX2 stem cell factors. The enriched CSC-like subpopulation had increased chemoresistance as well as clonogenic and migration activities. The bioinformatic analysis of mRNA seq data identified the up-regulation of pluripotency, development, drug resistance and phototransduction pathways, and the downregulation of pathways related to proliferation, cell cycle, aging, and differentiation. IDPPA indicated that CSC-like cells are predisposed to increased intrinsic protein disorder. CONCLUSION The use of the SORE6x reporter construct for CSCs enrichment allows us to obtain CSC-like population that can be used as a model to search for the new prognostic factors and potential therapeutic targets for colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A. Koshkin
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia; (M.A.B.); (V.A.P.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Ste. 1024, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Olga V. Anatskaya
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia; (M.A.B.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Alexander E. Vinogradov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia; (M.A.B.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Guy W. Dayhoff
- Department of Chemistry, College of Art and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA;
| | - Margarita A. Bystriakova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia; (M.A.B.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Valery A. Pospelov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia; (M.A.B.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Elena N. Tolkunova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Science, 194064 St-Petersburg, Russia; (M.A.B.); (V.A.P.)
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Paston SJ, Brentville VA, Symonds P, Durrant LG. Cancer Vaccines, Adjuvants, and Delivery Systems. Front Immunol 2021; 12:627932. [PMID: 33859638 PMCID: PMC8042385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.627932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination was first pioneered in the 18th century by Edward Jenner and eventually led to the development of the smallpox vaccine and subsequently the eradication of smallpox. The impact of vaccination to prevent infectious diseases has been outstanding with many infections being prevented and a significant decrease in mortality worldwide. Cancer vaccines aim to clear active disease instead of aiming to prevent disease, the only exception being the recently approved vaccine that prevents cancers caused by the Human Papillomavirus. The development of therapeutic cancer vaccines has been disappointing with many early cancer vaccines that showed promise in preclinical models often failing to translate into efficacy in the clinic. In this review we provide an overview of the current vaccine platforms, adjuvants and delivery systems that are currently being investigated or have been approved. With the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors, we also review the potential of these to be used with cancer vaccines to improve efficacy and help to overcome the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Symonds
- Biodiscovery Institute, Scancell Limited, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy G. Durrant
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Parisi E, Sorolla A, Montal R, González-Resina R, Novell A, Salud A, Sorolla MA. Prognostic Factors Involved in the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Process in Colorectal Cancer Have a Preponderant Role in Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3330. [PMID: 33187205 PMCID: PMC7697515 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the most accepted mechanisms leading to metastasis, which is responsible for most of the cancer-related deaths. In order to identify EMT-related biomarkers able to predict clinical outcomes in colorectal cancer (CRC), a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic factors associated to overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) was conducted. The systematic literature search included studies from June 2014 to June 2019 available at PubMed and Scopus databases. Meta-analysis was performed for those markers appearing in minimum three works with a total number of 8656 participants. The rest were enlisted and subjected to functional enrichment. We identified nine clinical biomarkers and 73 EMT-related molecular biomarkers associated to OS and/or PFS in CRC. The significant enrichment of biomarkers found involved in cellular oxidoreductase activity suggests that ROS generation plays an active role in the EMT process. Clinical practice needs new biomarkers with a reliable prognostic value able to predict clinical outcomes in CRC. Our integrative work supports the role of oxidative stress in tumorigenesis and EMT progress highlighting the importance of deciphering this specific mechanism to get a better understanding of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Parisi
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (E.P.); (R.M.); (R.G.-R.); (A.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Anabel Sorolla
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia;
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Robert Montal
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (E.P.); (R.M.); (R.G.-R.); (A.N.); (A.S.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Rita González-Resina
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (E.P.); (R.M.); (R.G.-R.); (A.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Novell
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (E.P.); (R.M.); (R.G.-R.); (A.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonieta Salud
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (E.P.); (R.M.); (R.G.-R.); (A.N.); (A.S.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Maria Alba Sorolla
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (E.P.); (R.M.); (R.G.-R.); (A.N.); (A.S.)
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10
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Peng Q, Shen Y, Zhao P, Cai S, Feng Z, Cheng M, Wu Y, Zhu Y. Biomarker exploration of microRNA-203 as a promising substrate for predicting poor survival outcome in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1003. [PMID: 33059609 PMCID: PMC7559172 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing studies indicated that microRNA-203 (miR-203) may play an important part in the prognosis of CRC. Nevertheless, the prognostic and influential mechanism of miR-203 expression in CRC remains to be inconclusive. Accordingly, we conducted the current study to investigate the biomarker performance of miR-203 in CRC. Methods In the present study, we conducted an evidence synthesis of the published literatures to identify the prognostic roles of miR-203 in patients with CRC. Moreover, several bioinformatics methods were applied for exploring the biomarker roles of miR-203. Results It was demonstrated that elevated miR-203 expression was clearly related to worse overall survival (HR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.07–2.24, P = 0.021) for CRC. The gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that miR-203 targets were primarily involved in a series of GO items closely associated with the molecular pathogenesis of CRC. The pathway analysis exhibited the potential signal pathways of miR-203 involved in CRC including pathways in cancer, wnt pathway, prolactin signaling pathway, proteoglycans in cancer, FoxO pathway, focal adhesion and Ras pathway. By constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the targets of miR-203, ten crucial proteins and a significant network module were retrieved and found to serve important roles in the molecular pathogenesis of CRC. Conclusions Our results indicated that miR-203 may function as a promising biomarker to monitor CRC survival outcomes and progression. Notably, large-scale prospective cohort studies and biological experiments are required to confirm our conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Peng
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, San Xiang Road No. 1055, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Peifeng Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, San Xiang Road No. 1055, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shang Cai
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, San Xiang Road No. 1055, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengyang Feng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongyou Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaqun Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, San Xiang Road No. 1055, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China. .,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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11
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Xu M, Zhu S, Xu R, Lin N. Identification of CELSR2 as a novel prognostic biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:313. [PMID: 32293343 PMCID: PMC7161135 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CELSR2 is postulated to be a receptor involved in contact-mediated communication; however, the specific function of this particular member has not been determined in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Here, we explored the expression and function of CELSR2 in HCC patients through data mining and examined the results using clinical samples and in vitro experiments. Results It was found that CELSR2 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly higher in cancerous tissue than in normal tissue. The increased mRNA expression of CELSR2 was significantly associated with overall survival (OS) in HCC patients. Moreover, the genetic alteration rate of CELSR2 gene in HCC can reach 8%, and these alterations would deeply influence its neighboring genes, then jointly affecting the occurrence and development of tumor through cell adhesion and numerous common carcinogenic pathways. Our in vitro results indicated that the depletion of CELSR2 inhibited liver cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that CELSR2 could be viewed as an independent risk factor for HCC patients. Conclusions This study demonstrated that data mining could efficiently reveal the roles of CELSR2 in HCC and its potential regulatory networks. The CELSR2 protein level may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruiyun Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
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12
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Identification of genes of four malignant tumors and a novel prediction model development based on PPI data and support vector machines. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 27:715-725. [PMID: 31645679 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), ovarian cancer (OV), and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are common malignant tumors, in which significant challenges are still faced in early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Therefore, further identification of genes related to those malignant tumors is of great significance for the improvement of management of the diseases. The database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository was used as the data source of gene expression profiles in this study. Malignant tumors genes were selected using a feature selection algorithm of maximal relevance and minimal redundancy (mRMR) and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. And finally selected 20 genes as potential related genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were performed on the potential related genes, and different tumor-specific genes and similarities and differences between network modules and pathways were analyzed. Further, using the potential cancer-related genes found above in this study as features, a support vector machine (SVM) model was developed to predict high-risk malignant tumors. As a result, the prediction accuracy reached more than 85%, indicating that such a model can effectively predict the four types of malignant tumors. It is demonstrated that such genes found above in this study indeed play important roles in the differentiation of the four types of malignant tumors, providing basis for future experimental biological validation and shedding some light on the understanding of new molecular mechanisms related to the four types of tumors.
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13
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Reduced DAXX Expression Is Associated with Reduced CD24 Expression in Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101242. [PMID: 31614769 PMCID: PMC6830082 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of an activating mutation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is found in ~90% of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases. Death domain-associated protein (DAXX), a nuclear protein, interacts with β-catenin in CRC cells. We investigated DAXX expression in 106 matched sample pairs of CRC and adjacent normal tissue by Western blotting. This study evaluated DAXX expression and its clinical implications in CRC. The results revealed that DAXX expression was significantly lower in the patients with the positive serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) screening results compared to the patients with negative CEA screening levels (p < 0.001). It has been reported that CD24 is a Wnt target in CRC cells. Here, we further revealed that DAXX expression was significantly correlated with CD24 expression (rho = 0.360, p < 0.001) in 106 patients. Consistent with this, in the CEA-positive subgroup, of which the carcinomas expressed DAXX at low levels, they were significantly correlated with CD24 expression (rho = 0.461, p < 0.005). Therefore, reduced DAXX expression is associated with reduced CD24 expression in CRC. Notably, in the Hct116 cells, DAXX knockdown using short-hairpin RNA against DAXX (shDAXX) not only caused significant cell proliferation, but also promoted metastasis. The DAXX-knockdown cells also demonstrated significantly decreased CD24 expression, however the intracellular localization of CD24 did not change. Thus, DAXX might be considered as a potential regulator of CD24 or β-catenin expression, which might be correlated with proliferative and metastatic potential of CRC.
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14
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Research Progress of M13 Bacteriophage-Based Biosensors. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9101448. [PMID: 31614669 PMCID: PMC6835900 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, new virus-based sensor systems that operate on M13 bacteriophage infrastructure have attracted considerable attention. These systems can detect a range of chemicals with excellent sensitivity and selectivity. Filaments consistent with M13 bacteriophages can be ordered by highly established forms of self-assembly. This allows M13 bacteriophages to build a homogeneous distribution and infiltrate the network structure of nanostructures under mild conditions. Phage display, involving the genetic engineering of M13 bacteriophages, is another strong feature of the M13 bacteriophage as a functional building block. The numerous genetic modification possibilities of M13 bacteriophages are clearly the key features, and far more applications are envisaged. This paper reviews the recent progress in the application of the M13 bacteriophage self-assembly structures through to sensor systems and discusses future M13 bacteriophage technology.
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15
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Pan HM, Lang WY, Yao LJ, Wang Y, Li XL. shRNA-interfering LSD1 inhibits proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells via VEGF-C/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2019; 11:622-633. [PMID: 31435463 PMCID: PMC6700030 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v11.i8.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone Lysine Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) is the first histone demethylase to be discovered, which regulates various biological functions by making lysine of histone H3K4, H3K9 and non-histone substrates demethylated. Abnormal regulation of LSD1 is closely related to the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. The change of LSD1 expression level plays an important role in the proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer cells. The study of its function and mechanism may provide a theoretical basis for early diagnosis and targeted therapy of gastric cancer.
AIM To investigate the effect of downregulation of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) expression on proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells and the possible regulatory mechanisms of the VEGF-C/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
METHODS The LSD1-specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) interference plasmid was transiently transfected, and expression of LSD1 was downregulated. The cell proliferation ability of LSD1 was observed by CCK-8 assay after downregulating expression of LSD1. Transwell invasion assay was used to observe the change of cell invasion ability after downregulating expression of LSD1. Expression of phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K), PI3K, p-AKT, AKT, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-3, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in each group was detected by Western blotting.
RESULTS The cell proliferation ability of transiently transfected LSD1-shRNA interference plasmid group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Transwell invasion assay showed that the number of cells across the membrane of the LSD1-shRNA transfection group (238.451 ± 5.216) was significantly lower than that of the control group (49.268 ± 6.984) (P < 0.01). Western blotting showed that expression level of VEGF-C, p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, AKT, VEGFR-3, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the LSD1-shRNA group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION Downregulation of LSD1 expression inhibits metastatic potential of gastric cancer cells, and VEGF-C-mediated activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which may be an important mechanism for inhibiting lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ming Pan
- Department of Biochemistry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wei-Ya Lang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Li-Jie Yao
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Li
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China
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16
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Tong G, Xu W, Zhang G, Liu J, Zheng Z, Chen Y, Niu P, Xu X. The role of tissue and serum carcinoembryonic antigen in stages I to III of colorectal cancer-A retrospective cohort study. Cancer Med 2018; 7:5327-5338. [PMID: 30302946 PMCID: PMC6246925 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tissue carcinoembryonic antigen (t-CEA) and serum carcinoembryonic antigen (s-CEA) expression profiles are the most useful tumor markers for the diagnosis and evaluation of colorectal cancer (CRC) worldwide; however, their roles in CRC progression remain controversial. This study aimed to compare the prognostic values of both s-CEA and t-CEA in CRC. METHODS A total of 517 patients from January 2006 to December 2010 with stages I-III CRC were retrospectively examined, with 5-year postoperative follow-up and death as end-points. T-CEA expression, s-CEA expression, and clinical pathological parameters were inputted into the SPSS 21.0 software. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate of patients in different tumor node metastasis (TNM) stages based on t-CEA and s-CEA expression. RESULTS Tumor differentiation and the number of positive lymph node harvests were significantly different among the t-CEA groups (P < 0.001, P = 0.002); however, clinicopathological features showed no significant difference. The groups with high s-CEA and t-CEA expression had a significantly poorer prognosis than those with low s-CEA (P = 0.021) and t-CEA (P < 0.01) expression, respectively. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that t-CEA was an independent prognostic factor in CRC (P < 0.001), but s-CEA was not (P = 0.339). The 5-year disease-free survival rates among the t-CEA groups were significantly different in stages I, II, and III of CRC (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001), whereas in the s-CEA groups, this difference was observed only in stage III (P = 0.014). CONCLUSION This study shows that postoperative t-CEA expression is an independent factor associated with poorer CRC prognosis and has a higher prognostic value than that of preoperative s-CEA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Tong
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryHuzhou Central HospitalZhejiangChina
- Central LaboratoryHuzhou Central HospitalZhejiangChina
| | - Wei Xu
- Pathological DepartmentHuzhou Central HospitalZhejiangChina
| | - Guiyang Zhang
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryHuzhou Central HospitalZhejiangChina
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryHuzhou Central HospitalZhejiangChina
| | - Zhaozheng Zheng
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryHuzhou Central HospitalZhejiangChina
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryHuzhou Central HospitalZhejiangChina
| | - Pingping Niu
- Central LaboratoryHuzhou Central HospitalZhejiangChina
| | - Xuting Xu
- Central LaboratoryHuzhou Central HospitalZhejiangChina
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17
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Jin Q, Liu G, Bao L, Ma Y, Qi H, Yun Z, Dai Y, Zhang S. High Spy1 expression predicts poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:2757-2765. [PMID: 30147372 PMCID: PMC6101001 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s169329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spy1 (SPDYA) is a new discovered cell cycle protein capable of promoting cell proliferation dependent on cyclin-dependent kinase-2 activation. However, to the best of our knowledge, the expression of Spy1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues remains virtually unknown. Materials and methods In this retrospective study, we investigated the mRNA and protein expression levels of Spy1 in CRC tissues and corresponding non-cancerous tissues with the analyses of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. In our research, the prognostic significances of Spy1 expression were further explored by univariate and multivariate survival analyses of 203 patients who were followed up. Results The results demonstrated that the levels of Spy1 mRNA were significantly higher in CRC tissues compared with corresponding non-cancerous tissues (p=0.0002). The results of immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the expressions of Spy1 were significantly associated with clinicopathological parameters, including T stage (χ2=7.126, p=0.028) and TNM stage (χ2=9.461, p=0.009). Kaplan-Meier analysis results indicated that high Spy1 expression (HR=2.573, p<0.001) and TNM stage (HR=1.494, p=0.011) were independent factors to predict poor prognosis for patients with CRC. Conclusion We concluded that high Spy1 expression is significantly associated with unfavorable prognosis in CRC and could serve as a potential prognostic marker in clinical diagnosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jin
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China,
| | - Luri Bao
- Department of Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Ma
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Inner Mongolia Hospital, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Huidong Qi
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhong Yun
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Inner Mongolia Hospital, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China,
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China,
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18
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Peng S, Huang P, Yu H, Wen Y, Luo Y, Wang X, Zhou J, Qin S, Li T, Chen Y, Liu G, Huang M. Prognostic value of carcinoembryonic antigen level in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis treated with percutaneous microwave ablation under ultrasound guidance. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0044. [PMID: 29517661 PMCID: PMC5882454 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal ablation is an alternative treatment for colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM). However, prognostic factors in patients with CRLM who have undergone microwave ablation (MWA) have not been clearly defined. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with early recurrence in patients with CRLM treated with MWA.Herein, we retrospectively analyzed data for 140 patients with CRLM who underwent MWA from 2013 to 2015 in our institution. Patients were grouped by median pretreatment carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level into the high CEA level (>3.7 ng/mL) group and low CEA level (≤3.7 ng/mL) group. Variables that might affect overall survival were subjected to univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis.Our results showed a median progression-free survival (PFS) and median liver progression-free survival (LPFS) of 9 and 11.5 months, respectively, for the 99 CRLM patients analyzed. Both the median PFS duration (7.5 vs. 12.0 months; hazard ratio [HR]: 1.852; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.131-3.034; P = .014) and LPFS duration (7.5 vs 14.0 months; HR: 2.117; 95% CI: 1.247-3.593; P = .005) were significantly shorter in the high CEA level group than in the low level group. In multivariable analysis, high CEA level, >3 tumors, and positive node status for the primary tumor were independent factors for PFS, with corrected HRs of 2.11 (95% CI: 1.257-3.555; P = .005), 2.450 (95% CI: 1.420-4.226; P = .001), and 2.265 (95% CI: 1.304-3.935; P = .004), respectively. However, age, tumor size, regional lymph node were not associated with LPFS.CEA level could be a valuable prognostic factor for early recurrence in patients with CRLM after MWA irrespective of the presence of early local recurrence in the liver or disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Peng
- Department of Colon and Rectum Surgery
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenteroloy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease
| | - Pinzhu Huang
- Department of Colon and Rectum Surgery
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenteroloy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease
| | - Huichuan Yu
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenteroloy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease
| | - Yanlin Wen
- Department of Ultrasound, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong,China
| | - Yanxin Luo
- Department of Colon and Rectum Surgery
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenteroloy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenteroloy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease
| | | | - Si Qin
- Department of Ultrasound, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong,China
| | | | - Yao Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong,China
| | - Guangjian Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong,China
| | - Meijin Huang
- Department of Colon and Rectum Surgery
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenteroloy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease
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Yan C, Hu Y, Zhang B, Mu L, Huang K, Zhao H, Ma C, Li X, Tao D, Gong J, Qin J. The CEA-/lo colorectal cancer cell population harbors cancer stem cells and metastatic cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:80700-80715. [PMID: 27813496 PMCID: PMC5348349 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is the most commonly used tumor marker in a variety of cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC) for tumor diagnosis and monitoring. Recent studies have shown that colonic crypt cells expressing little or no CEA may enrich for stem cells. Numerous studies have clearly shown that there exist CRC patients with normal serum CEA levels during tumor progression or even tumor relapse, although CEA itself is considered to promote metastasis and block cell differentiation. These seemingly contradictory observations prompted us to investigate, herein, the biological properties as well as tumorigenic and metastatic capacity of CRC cells that express high (CEA+) versus low CEA (CEA−/lo) levels of CEA. Our findings show that the abundance of CEA−/lo cells correlate with poor differentiation and poor prognosis, and moreover, CEA−/lo cells form more spheres in vitro, generate more tumors and exhibit a higher potential in developing liver and lung metastases than corresponding CEA+ cells. Applying RNAi-mediated approach, we found that IGF1R mediated tumorigenic and capacity of CEA−/lo cells but did not mediate those of CEA+ cells. Notably, our data demonstrated that CEA molecule was capable of protecting CEA−/lo cells from anoikis, implying that CEA+ cells, although themselves possessing less tumorigenic and metastatic capacity, may promote metastasis of CEA−/lo cells via secreting CEA molecule. Our observations suggest that, besides targeting CEA molecule, CEA−/lo cells may represent a critical source of tumor progression and metastasis, and should therefore be the target of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yan
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yibing Hu
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Mu
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiyu Huang
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chensen Ma
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Deding Tao
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianping Gong
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jichao Qin
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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Murgas P, Bustamante N, Araya N, Cruz-Gómez S, Durán E, Gaete D, Oyarce C, López E, Herrada AA, Ferreira N, Pieringer H, Lladser A. A filamentous bacteriophage targeted to carcinoembryonic antigen induces tumor regression in mouse models of colorectal cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:183-193. [PMID: 29026949 PMCID: PMC11028317 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a deadly disease, which is frequently diagnosed at advanced stages, where conventional treatments are no longer effective. Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a new form to treat different malignancies by turning-on the immune system against tumors. However, tumors are able to evade antitumor immune responses by promoting an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Single-stranded DNA containing M13 bacteriophages are highly immunogenic and can be specifically targeted to the surface of tumor cells to trigger inflammation and infiltration of activated innate immune cells, overcoming tumor-associated immunosuppression and promoting antitumor immunity. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is highly expressed in colorectal cancers and has been shown to promote several malignant features of colorectal cancer cells. In this work, we targeted M13 bacteriophage to CEA, a tumor-associated antigen over-expressed in a high proportion of colorectal cancers but largely absent in normal cells. The CEA-targeted M13 bacteriophage was shown to specifically bind to purified CEA and CEA-expressing tumor cells in vitro. Both intratumoral and systemic administration of CEA-specific bacteriophages significantly reduced tumor growth of mouse models of colorectal cancer, as compared to PBS and control bacteriophage administration. CEA-specific bacteriophages promoted tumor infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, as well as maturation dendritic cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes, suggesting that antitumor T-cell responses were elicited. Finally, we demonstrated that tumor protection provided by CEA-specific bacteriophage particles is mediated by CD8+ T cells, as depletion of circulating CD8+ T cells completely abrogated antitumor protection. In summary, we demonstrated that CEA-specific M13 bacteriophages represent a potential immunotherapy against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Murgas
- Laboratory of Gene Immunotherapy, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Bustamante
- Laboratory of Gene Immunotherapy, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Araya
- Laboratory of Gene Immunotherapy, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Cruz-Gómez
- Laboratory of Gene Immunotherapy, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Durán
- Laboratory of Gene Immunotherapy, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diana Gaete
- Laboratory of Gene Immunotherapy, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - César Oyarce
- Laboratory of Gene Immunotherapy, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ernesto López
- Laboratory of Gene Immunotherapy, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Alonso Herrada
- Laboratory of Gene Immunotherapy, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Ferreira
- Phage Technologies, Parque Tecnológico Zañartu, Av. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hans Pieringer
- Phage Technologies, Parque Tecnológico Zañartu, Av. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro Lladser
- Laboratory of Gene Immunotherapy, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile.
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21
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Kozman MA, Fisher OM, Rebolledo BAJ, Parikh R, Valle SJ, Arrowaili A, Alzahrani N, Liauw W, Morris DL. CEA to peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI) ratio is prognostic in patients with colorectal cancer peritoneal carcinomatosis undergoing cytoreduction surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy: A retrospective cohort study. J Surg Oncol 2017; 117:725-736. [PMID: 29266235 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Serum tumor markers are prognostic in patients with colorectal cancer peritoneal carcinomatosis (CRPC) undergoing cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC). Assessment of the ratio of tumor marker to volume, as depicted by peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI), and how this may affect overall (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS) has not been reported. METHODS Survival effect of this ratio was analyzed in patients with CRPC managed from 1996 to 2016 with CRS and IPC. RESULTS Of 260 patients included, those with low CEA/PCI ratio (<2.3) had longer median OS (56 vs 24 months, P = 0.001) and RFS (13 vs 9 months, P = 0.02). The prognostic impact of CEA/PCI ratio was most pronounced in patients with PCI ≤ 10 (OS of 72 vs 30 months, P < 0.001; RFS of 21 vs 10 months, P = 0.002). In multivariable analysis, elevated CEA/PCI ratio was independently associated with poorer OS (adjusted HR 1.85, 95%CI 1.11-3.10, P = 0.02) and RFS (adjusted HR 1.58, 95%CI 1.04-2.41, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION CEA/PCI ratio is an independent prognostic factor for OS and RFS in CRPC. This novel approach allows both tumor activity and volume to be accounted for in one index, thus potentially providing a more accurate indication of tumor biological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A Kozman
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Oliver M Fisher
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bree-Anne J Rebolledo
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - Roneil Parikh
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah J Valle
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - Arief Arrowaili
- College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Ismalic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nayef Alzahrani
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Ismalic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Winston Liauw
- St George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - David L Morris
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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22
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Molecular Genetic Analysis of Human Endometrial Mesenchymal Stem Cells That Survived Sublethal Heat Shock. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:2362630. [PMID: 29375621 PMCID: PMC5742502 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2362630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High temperature is a critical environmental and personal factor. Although heat shock is a well-studied biological phenomenon, hyperthermia response of stem cells is poorly understood. Previously, we demonstrated that sublethal heat shock induced premature senescence in human endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (eMSC). This study aimed to investigate the fate of eMSC-survived sublethal heat shock (SHS) with special emphasis on their genetic stability and possible malignant transformation using methods of classic and molecular karyotyping, next-generation sequencing, and transcriptome functional analysis. G-banding revealed random chromosome breakages and aneuploidy in the SHS-treated eMSC. Molecular karyotyping found no genomic imbalance in these cells. Gene module and protein interaction network analysis of mRNA sequencing data showed that compared to untreated cells, SHS-survived progeny revealed some difference in gene expression. However, no hallmarks of cancer were found. Our data identified downregulation of oncogenic signaling, upregulation of tumor-suppressing and prosenescence signaling, induction of mismatch, and excision DNA repair. The common feature of heated eMSC is the silence of MYC, AKT1/PKB oncogenes, and hTERT telomerase. Overall, our data indicate that despite genetic instability, SHS-survived eMSC do not undergo transformation. After long-term cultivation, these cells like their unheated counterparts enter replicative senescence and die.
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23
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The role of vitamin D in hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 20:259-273. [PMID: 28801869 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant health burden worldwide, comprising approximately 10% of annual cancer cases globally. Hepatic metastases are the most common site of CRC metastasis, and are the leading cause of death in CRC patients. There is strong epidemiologic evidence for an inverse association between vitamin D status and risk of CRC; however, the role of vitamin D in the natural history of liver metastases has not yet been investigated. Several researchers have proposed hallmarks of metastases; crucially, metastases can be blocked by interrupting just one rate-limiting step. Vitamin D status has been implicated in each proposed hallmark of metastasis. The aim of this review is to examine the potential role for vitamin D in reducing the development of hepatic metastases from CRC and outline the candidate mechanisms by which vitamin D may mediate these effects. The results of ongoing randomised intervention trials are eagerly awaited to determine whether addressing vitamin D insufficiency in CRC patients could reduce the occurrence of liver metastases, and the consequent morbidity and mortality.
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24
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Cai Z, Xiao J, He X, Ke J, Zou Y, Chen Y, Wu X, Li X, Wang L, Wang J, Lan P, Wu X. Accessing new prognostic significance of preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal cancer receiving tumor resection: More than positive and negative. Cancer Biomark 2017; 19:161-168. [PMID: 28128739 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zerong Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaosheng He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Ke
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifeng Zou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianrui Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Faculty of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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25
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Bajenova O, Gorbunova A, Evsyukov I, Rayko M, Gapon S, Bozhokina E, Shishkin A, O’Brien SJ. The Genome-Wide Analysis of Carcinoembryonic Antigen Signaling by Colorectal Cancer Cells Using RNA Sequencing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161256. [PMID: 27583792 PMCID: PMC5008809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Сarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA, CEACAM5, CD66) is a promoter of metastasis in epithelial cancers that is widely used as a prognostic clinical marker of metastasis. The aim of this study is to identify the network of genes that are associated with CEA-induced colorectal cancer liver metastasis. We compared the genome-wide transcriptomic profiles of CEA positive (MIP101 clone 8) and CEA negative (MIP 101) colorectal cancer cell lines with different metastatic potential in vivo. The CEA-producing cells displayed quantitative changes in the level of expression for 100 genes (over-expressed or down-regulated). They were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. The KEGG pathway analysis identified 4 significantly enriched pathways: cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, TGF-beta signaling pathway and pyrimidine metabolism. Our results suggest that CEA production by colorectal cancer cells triggers colorectal cancer progression by inducing the epithelial- mesenchymal transition, increasing tumor cell invasiveness into the surrounding tissues and suppressing stress and apoptotic signaling. The novel gene expression distinctions establish the relationships between the existing cancer markers and implicate new potential biomarkers for colorectal cancer hepatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bajenova
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Gorbunova
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor Evsyukov
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael Rayko
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana Gapon
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Alexander Shishkin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. O’Brien
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Oceanographic Center, 8000 N. Ocean Drive, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, Florida, 33004, United States of America
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26
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Huo YR, Glenn D, Liauw W, Power M, Zhao J, Morris DL. Evaluation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) density as a prognostic factor for percutaneous ablation of pulmonary colorectal metastases. Eur Radiol 2016; 27:128-137. [PMID: 27165139 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prognostic value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) density and other clinicopathological factors for percutaneous ablation of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer. METHODS CEA density was calculated as: "absolute serum CEA pre-ablation/volume of all lung metastases [mm3]". Median CEA density was the cut-off for high and low groups. Cox-regression was used to determine prognostic factors for survival. RESULTS A total of 85 patients (102 ablation sessions) were followed for a median of 27 months. High CEA density was significantly associated with worse overall survival compared to low CEA density (adjusted HR: 2.12; 95 % CI: 1.22-3.70, p=0.002; median survival: 25.7 vs. 44.3 months). The interval between primary resection of the colorectal carcinoma and first ablation was also a prognostic factor, a duration >24 months being associated with better survival compared to a shorter interval (0-24 months) (adjusted HR: 0.55; 95 % CI: 0.31-0.98, p=0.04). Moreover, a disease-free interval >24 months was significantly associated with low CEA density compared to a shorter interval (0-24 months) (adjusted OR: 0.29; 95 % CI: 0.11-0.77, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Serum CEA density and interval between primary resection of a colorectal carcinoma and pulmonary ablation are independent prognostic factors for overall survival. In two patients with identical CEA serum levels, the patient with the lower/smaller pulmonary tumour load would have a worse prognosis than the one with the higher/larger pulmonary metastases. KEY POINTS • CEA density is an independent prognostic factor for colorectal pulmonary metastases. • A lower CEA density is associated with better overall survival. • CEA may play a functional role in tumour progression. • High CEA density is associated with smaller tumours. • Interval between pulmonary ablation and primary colorectal carcinoma is a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Ruth Huo
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, UNSW Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Level 3, Pitney Building, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia.,St George Hospital Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Derek Glenn
- St George Hospital Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Department of Radiology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - Winston Liauw
- St George Hospital Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Power
- Department of Radiology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - Jing Zhao
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, UNSW Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Level 3, Pitney Building, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - David L Morris
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, UNSW Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Level 3, Pitney Building, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia. .,St George Hospital Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
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27
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Evidence for embryonic stem-like signature and epithelial-mesenchymal transition features in the spheroid cells derived from lung adenocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11843-11859. [PMID: 27048287 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of the cellular and molecular aspects of lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs) that are suggested to be the main culprit of tumor initiation, maintenance, drug resistance, and relapse is a prerequisite for targeted therapy of lung cancer. In the current study, LCSCs subpopulation of A549 cells was enriched, and after characterization of the spheroid cells, complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray analysis was applied to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the spheroid and parental cells. Microarray results were validated using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry, and western blotting. Our results showed that spheroid cells had higher clonogenic potential, up-regulation of stemness gene Sox2, loss of CD44 expression, and gain of CD24 expression compared to parental cells. Among a total of 160 genes that were differentially expressed between the spheroid cells and the parental cells, 104 genes were up-regulated and 56 genes were down-regulated. Analysis of cDNA microarray revealed an embryonic stem cell-like signature and over-expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated genes in the spheroid cells. cDNA microarray results were validated at the gene expression level using qRT-PCR, and further validation was performed at the protein level by flow cytometry and western blotting. The embryonic stem cell-like signature in the spheroid cells supports two important notions: maintenance of CSCs phenotype by dedifferentiating mechanisms activated through oncogenic pathways and the origination of CSCs from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). PI3/AKT3, as the most common up-regulated pathway, and other pathways related to aggressive tumor behavior and EMT process can confer to the spheroid cells' high potential for metastasis and distant seeding.
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28
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SHI XINPENG, LUO XIAOYONG, YAN QINGQING, ZHANG WENJING, WU YAO, ZHANG MENGNAN, ZHAO JINJUN, PENG YING, CHEN YE, ZHANG YALI, CHEN CUNLONG, CHENG TIANMING, CHEN CHUDI, LIU SIDE, BAI YANG, WANG JIDE. Suppression of KLF8 induces cell differentiation and sensitizes colorectal cancer to 5-fluorouracil. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1221-30. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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29
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Jensen-Jarolim E, Fazekas J, Singer J, Hofstetter G, Oida K, Matsuda H, Tanaka A. Crosstalk of carcinoembryonic antigen and transforming growth factor-β via their receptors: comparing human and canine cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:531-7. [PMID: 25832000 PMCID: PMC4412651 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) pathways are tightly connected and play a key role in malignant transformation in cancer. Immune infiltration by regulatory T- and B-lymphocytes (Tregs, Bregs) has recently gained increased attention for being an important source of TGF-β. There is a plethora of studies examining the pro-tumorigenic functions of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), but its receptor CEAR is far less studied. So far, there is a single connecting report that TGF-β also may signal through CEAR. The crosstalk between cancer tissues is further complicated by the expression of CEAR and TGF-β receptors in stromal cells, and implications of TGF-β in epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, tumor-infiltrating Tregs and Bregs may directly instruct cancer cells by secreting TGF-β binding to their CEAR. Therefore, both TGF-β and CEA may act synergistically in breast cancer and cause disease progression, and NFκB could be a common crossing point between their signaling. CEAR, TGF-β1–3, TGF-β-R types I–III and NFκB class I and II molecules have an outstanding human–canine sequence identity, and only a canine CEA homolog has not yet been identified. For these reasons, the dog may be a valid translational model patient for investigating the crosstalk of the interconnected CEA and TGF-β networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, c/o Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, AKH 4Q, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria,
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